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Nölle N, Hörnstein A, Lambert C. Vitamin D fortification of selected edible insect species through UVB-treatment. Food Chem 2024; 444:138679. [PMID: 38341920 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Edible insects are attracting increased interest worldwide, because they are arguably more sustainable than more established animal foods. Apart from being rich in protein and minerals, they can also form vitamin D3 after treatment with UVB light (290-315 nm). However, only limited research, which has almost exclusively been conducted on living insects, reared under UVB lamps, has been done in this regard. As research on mushrooms has shown, that vitamin D formation is much more effective and less time consuming, when a previously sliced or ground product is treated with UVB light, it would likely be more practical to treat powdered insects with UVB light, rather than rearing them under UVB lamps. Therefore, the aim of this work was to confirm the presence of vitamin D3 in powdered UVB-treated yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), migratory locusts (Locusta migratoria) and two-spotted crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) as well as to subsequently quantify potential vitamin D content. Samples were analyzed via HPLC, and presence of vitamin D3 was verified via standard addition and spectrum analysis. UVB-treated migratory locusts and two-spotted crickets did not contain quantifiable amounts of vitamin D3. However, UVB-treated mealworms showed substantial amounts of vitamin D3 (8.95-18.24 µg/g dry matter). Thus, the UVB-treatment of powdered mealworm is an effective approach via which to enhance their vitamin D3 content and even modest serving sizes can supply the recommended daily intake of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Nölle
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Aranya Hörnstein
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christine Lambert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany
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2
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Kingsley S, Hoover M, Pettit-Bacovin T, Sawyer AR, Chouinard CD. SLIM-Based High-Resolution Ion Mobility Reveals New Structural Insights into Isomeric Vitamin D Metabolites and their Isotopologues. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024. [PMID: 38709652 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Testing for vitamin D deficiency remains a high-volume clinical assay, much of which is done using mass spectrometry-based methods to alleviate challenges in selectivity associated with immunoassays. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has been proposed as a rapid alternative to traditional LC-MS/MS methods, but understanding the structural ensemble that contributes to the ion mobility behavior of this molecular class is critical. Herein we demonstrate the first application of high-resolution Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (SLIM) IM separations of several groups of isomeric vitamin D metabolites. Despite previous IM studies of these molecules, the high resolving power of SLIM (Rp ∼ 200) has revealed additional conformations for several of the compounds. The highly similar collision cross sections (CCS), some differing by as little as 0.7%, precluded adequate characterization with low-resolution IM techniques where, in some cases, wider than expected peak widths and/or subtle shoulders may have hinted at their presence. Importantly, these newly resolved peaks often provided a unique mobility that could be used to separate isomers and provides potential for their use in quantification. Lastly, the contribution of isotopic labeling to arrival time distribution for commonly used 13C- and deuterium-labeled internal standards was explored. Minor shifts of ∼0.2-0.3% were observed, and in some instances these shifts were specific to the conformer being measured (i.e., "closed" vs "open"). Accounting for these shifts is important during raw data extraction to ensure reproducible peak area integration, which will be a critical consideration in future quantitative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Kingsley
- Clemson University, Department of Chemistry; Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Lake Superior State University, Department of Chemistry, Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
| | - Makenna Hoover
- Clemson University, Department of Chemistry; Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Terra Pettit-Bacovin
- Clemson University, Department of Chemistry; Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Anna Rose Sawyer
- Clemson University, Department of Chemistry; Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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Pilařová V, Socas-Rodríguez B, Nováková L, Essén S, Holm C, Turner C, Sandahl M. Analysis of vitamin D and its metabolites in biological samples - Part I: Optimization and comparison of UHPSFC-MS/MS and UHPLC-MS/MS methods. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1237:124087. [PMID: 38513431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Fat-soluble vitamin D is an essential bioactive compound important for human health. Insufficient vitamin D levels can result not only in bone disease but also in other disorders, such as cancer, metabolic disorders, and diseases related to poor immune function. The current methods commonly used for vitamin D analysis are often applied to determine the levels of the most abundant metabolite in plasma, i.e., 25-OH-D2/D3. These methods do not consider the presence of other hydroxylated and esterified metabolites, including isomers and epimers, which are typically found in low concentrations. In this study, we developed a fast and selective ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography (UHPSFC) method using a 150 mm long 1-amino anthracene (1-AA) column and a mobile phase consisting of carbon dioxide and methanol/isopropanol (1/1, v/v) mixed with 8 % water. After thorough optimization of column temperature and back pressure, the separation of four vitamin D3 esters, vitamin D3 and D2, and eight mono- and di-hydroxylated metabolites, including three groups of isomers, was achieved in 10 min. Two ion sources, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization optimized within this study, were compared in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection. No significant sensitivity differences were observed. Subsequently, the same 1-AA column chemistry was examined in ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) as the stationary phase that could hypothetically bring different selectivity in the separation of vitamin D and its metabolites. However, this hypothesis was rejected, and C18 was used as a stationary phase in the final optimized UHPLC-MS/MS method. Despite detailed optimization, the final 15 min UHPLC method was not able to separate di-hydroxylated isomers of vitamin D3, while it enabled better resolution of esterified forms compared to UHPSFC. Optimized methods provided similar repeatability of retention times and peak areas, with RSD < 2 % and 10 %, respectively. The lowest limits of quantification were in the range of 1.2 - 4.9 ng/mL for UHPSFC-APCI-MS/MS, while for UHPLC-APCI-MS/MS, they were typically in the range of 2.6 - 9.6 ng/mL. Based on the obtained results, the UHPSFC-APCI-MS/MS method was the most promising approach for fast, selective, and sensitive analysis that could be applied in the analysis of biological samples with emphasis on the separation of both hydroxylated and esterified metabolites, including isomeric forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Pilařová
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund, Sweden; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund, Sweden; University of La Laguna, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Sofia Essén
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Holm
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Turner
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sandahl
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund, Sweden.
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Wise SA, Kuszak AJ, Camara JE. Evolution and impact of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for determining vitamin D metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2335-2358. [PMID: 38236394 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05143-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements (NIH ODS), introduced the first Standard Reference Material® (SRM) for determining vitamin D metabolites in 2009 motivated by significant concerns about the comparability and accuracy of different assays to assess vitamin D status. After 14 years, a suite of five serum matrix SRMs and three calibration solution SRMs are available. Values were also assigned for vitamin D metabolites in five additional SRMs intended primarily to support measurements of other clinical diagnostic markers. Both the SRMs and the certification approach have evolved from significant exogenous serum content to primarily endogenous content and from value assignment by combining the results of multiple analytical methods to the use of measurements exclusively from reference measurement procedures (RMPs). The impact of the availability of these SRMs can be assessed by both the distribution information (sales) and by reports in the scientific literature describing their use for method validation, quality control, and research. In this review, we describe the development of these SRMs, the evolution in design and value assignment, the expansion of information reported, and SRM use in validating analytical methods and providing quality assurance within the vitamin D measurement community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Wise
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA.
| | - Adam J Kuszak
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Johanna E Camara
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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Delanghe JR, Speeckaert MM, Maenhout T. Factors to take into account when interpreting 25-hydroxy-vitamin D serum levels. Acta Clin Belg 2024; 79:97-102. [PMID: 38454315 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2024.2327218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing vitamin D status, typically evaluated using serum or plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration, is complex because of various influencing factors. METHODS Seasonality significantly affects intra-individual variability in 25(OH)D levels. This variation can be addressed by employing cosinor functions that are tailored to the geographical location of the patient to correct for seasonal effects. In addition to seasonality, genetic factors, such as DBP polymorphism and body composition, particularly adiposity, play crucial roles. Dialysis patients with DBP 2-2 phenotype exhibit higher vitamin D requirements. Genotyping/phenotyping of DBP allows for better tailored vitamin D supplementation. The lipid-soluble nature of vitamin D also interacts with plasma components such as serum triglycerides, which can influence vitamin D measurements. Adiposity, which is negatively correlated with vitamin D concentration, necessitates body mass-based mathematical adjustments for accurate vitamin D assessment in subjects with extreme BMI values. CONCLUSIONS Accordingly, vitamin D replacement therapy must be personalized, taking into account factors such as body size and seasonal variations, to effectively reach the target serum 25(OH)D concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marijn M Speeckaert
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
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Wang X, Qin Q, Li F, Fu Y, Liu N. A novel LC-MS/MS method combined with derivatization for simultaneous quantification of vitamin D metabolites in human serum with diabetes as well as hyperlipidemia. RSC Adv 2023; 13:34157-34166. [PMID: 38020011 PMCID: PMC10663881 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05700c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. Recent studies indicate that vitamin D deficiency has become a major public health problem. In order to define vitamin D status, many analytical methods were used to quantify 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), as circulating 25OHD is regarded as the best indicator to evaluate vitamin D status. The current LC-MS/MS technology is internationally recognized as the "gold standard" for the detection of vitamin D and its metabolites. The impediment to the analysis of vitamin D metabolites is the low level of 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D. Therefore, it is challenging to achieve the desired sensitivity and accuracy in the determination of trace vitamin D compounds in biological liquids. Here, a method based on liquid-liquid extraction in combination with derivatization, followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray/tandem mass spectrometry was developed for determination of the vitamin D metabolites, including 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The method was simple and rapid, and it was validated with good linearity (R2 > 0.998), excellent recovery (average value with 81.66-110.31%) and high precision of intra-day and inter-day (0.06-6.38% and 0.20-6.82%). The values of limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were as low as 0.3 ng mL-1 and 1.0 ng mL-1, respectively. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to determination of the vitamin D metabolites from the human serum samples of healthy subjects and patients with diabetes as well as hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Wang
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning 116044 China
- Department of General Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital Linyi Shandong 276600 China
| | - Qian Qin
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning 116044 China
| | - Fasheng Li
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning 116044 China
| | - Ying Fu
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning 116044 China
| | - Na Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning 116044 China
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Tietel Z, Hammann S, Meckelmann SW, Ziv C, Pauling JK, Wölk M, Würf V, Alves E, Neves B, Domingues MR. An overview of food lipids toward food lipidomics. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:4302-4354. [PMID: 37616018 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence regarding lipids' beneficial effects on human health has changed the common perception of consumers and dietary officials about the role(s) of food lipids in a healthy diet. However, lipids are a wide group of molecules with specific nutritional and bioactive properties. To understand their true nutritional and functional value, robust methods are needed for accurate identification and quantification. Specific analytical strategies are crucial to target specific classes, especially the ones present in trace amounts. Finding a unique and comprehensive methodology to cover the full lipidome of each foodstuff is still a challenge. This review presents an overview of the lipids nutritionally relevant in foods and new trends in food lipid analysis for each type/class of lipids. Food lipid classes are described following the LipidMaps classification, fatty acids, endocannabinoids, waxes, C8 compounds, glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids (i.e., glycolipids, betaine lipids, and triglycerides), sphingolipids, sterols, sercosterols (vitamin D), isoprenoids (i.e., carotenoids and retinoids (vitamin A)), quinones (i.e., coenzyme Q, vitamin K, and vitamin E), terpenes, oxidized lipids, and oxylipin are highlighted. The uniqueness of each food group: oil-, protein-, and starch-rich, as well as marine foods, fruits, and vegetables (water-rich) regarding its lipid composition, is included. The effect of cooking, food processing, and storage, in addition to the importance of lipidomics in food quality and authenticity, are also discussed. A critical review of challenges and future trends of the analytical approaches and computational methods in global food lipidomics as the basis to increase consumer awareness of the significant role of lipids in food quality and food security worldwide is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipora Tietel
- Department of Food Science, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, M.P. Negev, Israel
| | - Simon Hammann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven W Meckelmann
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Carmit Ziv
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Josch K Pauling
- LipiTUM, Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Michele Wölk
- Lipid Metabolism: Analysis and Integration; Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research; Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vivian Würf
- LipiTUM, Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Eliana Alves
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruna Neves
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Department of Chemistry, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Department of Chemistry, Santiago University Campus, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Schorr P, Stokes CS, Volmer DA. Improved quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of vitamin D metabolites in serum after one-pot double derivatization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115522. [PMID: 37329649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a one-pot double derivatization scheme, which used acetylation after a Diels-Alder reaction using 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD) to improve separation efficiency and provide baseline separations of the five vitamin D metabolites 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3), 3β-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3β-25(OH)D3), 3α-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3α-25(OH)D3) and vitamin D3 on a C-18 stationary phase. Vitamin D metabolites are often very challenging to measure quantitatively using mass spectrometry, due to their low serum concentration levels and low ionization efficiencies. Moreover, some of these species are isomers with virtually identical mass spectral dissociation behavior. To overcome the low ionization efficiency and unspecific fragmentation behavior, derivatization using Diels-Alder reactions with Cookson-type reagents such as PTAD are common. These derivatization reactions generally result in more complicated liquid chromatography separations, because both 6R- and 6S-isomers are formed during Diels-Alder reactions. It has been shown that separations have been particularly challenging for the 3α-25(OH)D3 and 3β-25(OH)D3 epimers. Here, we optimized the PTAD derivatization and the esterification using acetic anhydride. By utilizing the esterification catalyst 4-dimethylaminopyridine, we avoided quenching and evaporation between the two derivatization steps, but were also able to perform the esterification at room temperature without heating. The optimized one-pot double derivatization LC-MS/MS assay was validated with respect to inter/intra-day precision, accuracy, recovery and linear dynamic range and applied to metabolic fingerprinting of vitamin D3 metabolites in serum samples. The metabolites 3α-25(OH)D3, 3β-25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3, were readily quantified in all investigated samples. The method was, in principle, also fit for purpose for quantification of the native vitamin D3 species; the relatively high blank concentration of the commercial vitamin D-depleted serum used for calibration, however, limited the limits of quantification for this metabolite. The method provided insufficient limits of quantification for serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Schorr
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Caroline S Stokes
- Thaer Institute, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 75, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, Berlin 12489, Germany.
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夏 芹, 杨 文, 朱 艳, 俸 家. [Applying Serum Vitamin D Metabolites in the Assessment of Renal Impairment in Diabetic Kidney Disease of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Retrospective Study]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2023; 54:1006-1012. [PMID: 37866960 PMCID: PMC10579084 DOI: 10.12182/20230960208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective Total 25(OH)D (t-25[OH]D), a marker traditionally used in the assessment of vitamin D (VitD) in the human body, includes 25(OH)D 2, 25(OH)D 3, and C 3-epimers-25(OH)D 3(C 3-epi). In this study, we analyzed the relationship between serum VitD metabolites and renal impairment in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Methods We covered, in the study, 339 subjects, including 114 otherwise healthy controls (HC), 74 type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with no glomerular filtration dysfunction, and 151 DKD patients. According to the results of combined evaluation of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), the DKD patients were further divided into four subgroups, stage 2 subgroup of patients of DM combined with stage-2 chronic kidney disease (CKD2), stage 3 subgroup of patients of DM combined with CKD3, stage 4 subgroup of patients of DM combined with CKD4, and stage 5 subgroup of patients of DM combined with CKD5. The levels of 25(OH)D 2, 25(OH)D 3, and C 3-epi were measured by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and the activity level of 25(OH) 3 (AVitD 3), t-25(OH)D concentration, 25(OH)D 2/25(OH)D 3 ratio, C 3-epi/t-25(OH)D ratio, and C 3-epi/AVitD 3 ratio were calculated. Results The levels of 25(OH)D 3, t-25(OH)D, and AVitD 3 were lower in the DKD group than those in the DM and HC groups (all P<0.05). C 3-epi/t-25(OH)D ratio and C 3-epi/AVitD 3 ratio were higher in the DKD group than those in the HC group (all P<0.05). The levels of 25(OH)D 3, t-25(OH)D, AVitD 3, and C 3-epi were lower in the stage 5 subgroup than those in the stage 2 and stage 3 subgroups (all P<0.05). The levels of 25(OH)D 3, t-25(OH)D, and C 3-epi were lower in the stage 4 subgroup than those in the stage 3 subgroup (all P<0.05). The 25(OH)D 3, t-25(OH)D, and AVitD 3 levels were lower in the stage 4 subgroup than those in the stage 2 subgroup (all P<0.05). Conclusions UPLC-MS/MS can be used to perform accurate evaluation of VitD nutritional status in DKD patients. DKD patients have decreased levels of serum t-25(OH)D, 25(OH)D 3, and AVitD 3, all of which progressively decrease along with the rise in CKD staging. The trend of C 3-epi and 25(OH)D 3 changes were not consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- 芹芹 夏
- 西南医科大学临床医学院 检验科 (泸州 646000)Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- 成都市第二人民医院 检验科 (成都 610021)Department of Medical Laboratory, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu 610021, China
| | - 文玉 杨
- 西南医科大学临床医学院 检验科 (泸州 646000)Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - 艳 朱
- 西南医科大学临床医学院 检验科 (泸州 646000)Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - 家富 俸
- 西南医科大学临床医学院 检验科 (泸州 646000)Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- 成都市第二人民医院 检验科 (成都 610021)Department of Medical Laboratory, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu 610021, China
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Birhanu AG. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics as an emerging tool in clinical laboratories. Clin Proteomics 2023; 20:32. [PMID: 37633929 PMCID: PMC10464495 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-023-09424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics have been increasingly implemented in various disciplines of laboratory medicine to identify and quantify biomolecules in a variety of biological specimens. MS-based proteomics is continuously expanding and widely applied in biomarker discovery for early detection, prognosis and markers for treatment response prediction and monitoring. Furthermore, making these advanced tests more accessible and affordable will have the greatest healthcare benefit.This review article highlights the new paradigms MS-based clinical proteomics has created in microbiology laboratories, cancer research and diagnosis of metabolic disorders. The technique is preferred over conventional methods in disease detection and therapy monitoring for its combined advantages in multiplexing capacity, remarkable analytical specificity and sensitivity and low turnaround time.Despite the achievements in the development and adoption of a number of MS-based clinical proteomics practices, more are expected to undergo transition from bench to bedside in the near future. The review provides insights from early trials and recent progresses (mainly covering literature from the NCBI database) in the application of proteomics in clinical laboratories.
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Micalizzi G, Vento F, Buzzanca C, Salerno TMG, Mondello L. Fast gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry under milder electron ionization conditions for the assay of vitamin D metabolites in human serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1227:123813. [PMID: 37451138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The proposed research was focused on the development of a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS) method under milder electron ionization (EI) conditions for the assay of vitamin D metabolites in human serum. Efficiency of three different silylation agents was evaluated for the conversion of vitamin D species into trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives, among which N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) proved to be the most effective. Indeed, the MSTFA reagent was able to convert in TMS ether even the 25-hydroxyl vitamin D derivative that, as known, possesses steric hindrance problems. The separation of vitamin D compounds was obtained in about 11.5 min using a narrow-bore column of dimensions 30 m × 0.25 mm ID × 0.10 μm df with a poly(5% diphenyl/95% dimethyl siloxane) stationary phase. The mass spectrometry ionization of the silylated derivatives was performed under milder EI conditions (20-eV energy) that, respect to common 70-eV energy, generated scan mass spectra with higher relative and absolute intensities of high-mass diagnostic ions, along with a reduced abundance of the low-mass. The signals of the ionized compounds were acquired in multi-reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode, thus enabling the obtainment of highly-sensitive and selective quantitative data. The developed method was validated in term of linearity, accuracy, limits of detection (LoD) and quantification (LoQ). In detail, regression coefficients of the calibration curves were between 0.9959 and 0.9999; LoDs ranged from 0.06 ng mL-1 to 0.73 ng mL-1 and LoQs from 0.16 ng mL-1 to 2.45 ng mL-1. With respect to accuracy, the serum SRM 972a certified reference material (Vitamin D metabolites in frozen human serum) (Levels 1-4) was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Micalizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Vento
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Chiara Buzzanca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tania Maria Grazia Salerno
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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12
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Alexandridou A, Schorr P, Volmer DA. Comparing derivatization reagents for quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of a variety of vitamin D metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04753-0. [PMID: 37219579 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study systematically compares the sensitivity and selectivity of the analysis of multiple vitamin D metabolites after chemical derivatization using different reagents for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Generally, chemical derivatization is applied to vitamin D metabolites to increase the ionization efficiency, which is particularly important for very low abundant metabolites. Derivatization can also improve the selectivity of the LC separation. A wide variety of derivatization reagents has been reported in recent years, but information on their relative performance and applicability to different vitamin D metabolites is, unfortunately, not available in the literature. To fill this gap, we investigated vitamin D3, 3β-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3β-25(OH)D3), 3α-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3α-25(OH)D3), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3) and compared response factors and selectivity after derivatizing with several important reagents, including four dienophile reagents (4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD), 4-[2-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalinyl)ethyl]-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (DMEQ-TAD), Amplifex, 2-nitrosopyridine (PyrNO)) as well as two reagents targeting hydroxyl groups: isonicotinoyl chloride (INC) and 2-fluoro-1-methylpyridinium-p-toluenesulfonate (FMP-TS). In addition, a combination of dienophiles and hydroxyl group reagents was examined. For LC separations, reversed-phase C-18 and mixed-mode pentafluorophenyl HPLC columns using different compositions of the mobile phase were compared. With respect to detection sensitivity, the optimum derivatization reagent for the profiling of multiple metabolites was Amplifex. Nevertheless, FMP-TS, INC, PTAD, or PTAD combined with an acetylation reaction showed very good performance for selected metabolites. These reagent combinations provided signal enhancements on the order of 3- to 295-fold depending on the compound. Chromatographic separation of the dihydroxylated vitamin D3 species was readily achieved using any of the derivatization reactions, while for 25(OH)D3 epimers, only PyrNO, FMP, INC, and PTAD combined with acetylation enabled complete separation. In conclusion, we believe this study can serve as a useful reference for vitamin D laboratories, to help analytical and clinical scientists decide which derivatization reagent to choose for their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Alexandridou
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Schorr
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Usoltseva L, Ioutsi V, Panov Y, Antsupova M, Rozhinskaya L, Melnichenko G, Mokrysheva N. Serum Vitamin D Metabolites by HPLC-MS/MS Combined with Differential Ion Mobility Spectrometry: Aspects of Sample Preparation without Derivatization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098111. [PMID: 37175816 PMCID: PMC10179168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In current clinical practice, a thorough understanding of vitamin D metabolism is in high demand both for patients with various diseases and for healthy individuals. Analytical techniques that provide simultaneous measurement of multiple metabolites are preferred. Herein, the development of an HPLC-DMS-MS/MS method for the quantitation of vitamin D compounds (25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D2, 1,25(OH)2D3, 3-epi-25(OH)D3, 24,25(OH)2D3, and D3) in serum is described. The selected sample preparation procedure based on the combination of liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction, which excluded a lengthy derivatization step, was compared with other common approaches. Sensitivity was increased through the implementation of differential ion mobility separation. The proposed assay allowed us to determine the low abundant 1,25(OH)2D3 with the detection limit of 10 pg/mL. The validation study showed good linearity (r2 > 0.99), a wide analytical range (2.5-75 ng/mL for 25(OH)D3), and acceptable precision (<7%) for all metabolites. The recovery ranged from 71% to 93% and the matrix effect from 0.80 to 0.95 depending on the metabolite; accuracy determination was performed using DEQAS controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuriy Panov
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292 Moscow, Russia
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14
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Tuma C, Thomas A, Braun H, Thevis M. Quantification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 2 and D 3 in Mitra® devices with volumetric absorptive microsampling technology (VAMS®) by UHPLC-HRMS for regular vitamin D status monitoring. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 228:115314. [PMID: 36870118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The numbers of vitamin D inadequacies has reportedly increased in the general population, especially in the Northern hemisphere. However, routine measurement of 25(OH) vitamin D is usually associated with a substantial effort due to the requirement of a venous blood sample taken by medical professionals. Thus, the objective of this work is to develop and validate an easy and minimal-invasive method, using a microsampling technique for autonomous blood collections by medically untrained individuals. The assay enables a simplified monitoring of the vitamin D-status in both, risk group and normal population throughout the year. For this purpose, a simple methanol extraction without derivatization combined with a UHPLC-HRMS method was developed to quantify 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 in capillary blood. For sample collection, a 20 μl Mitra® device with VAMS® technology is used. By employing the six-fold deuterium-labelled 25(OH)D3 as internal standard, the validated assay provides accurate (<10%) and precise (<11%) results. With a LOQ of 5 ng/ml, the approach also proved sensitive enough to adequately identify potential vitamin D deficiencies (< 12 ng/ml), and proof-of-concept analyses of authentic VAMS® samples (n = 20) yielded test results in the expected blood concentration range. Implementing VAMS® sampling for vitamin D-status monitoring enables a higher frequency due to a simplified, straightforward, and time-effective sample collection. VAMS® assures accurate sample volumes because of its absorptive capacities and, thus, area bias and homogeneity issues associated with conventional DBS are avoided. Regular monitoring of 25(OH)D status throughout the year supports people in high-risk groups for vitamin D-deficiency by early identifying inadequacies and, thus, preventing adverse health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tuma
- Institute of Biochemistry/ Center of Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Research Centre of Elite Sports (momentum), German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/ Center of Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Braun
- Institute of Biochemistry/ Center of Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Research Centre of Elite Sports (momentum), German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/ Center of Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany.
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15
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Ala-Korpela M. The epidemiological quest for the role of vitamin D turned non-linear-and simply made sense. Int J Epidemiol 2023; 52:1-4. [PMID: 36416418 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyac218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Ala-Korpela
- Systems Epidemiology, Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland and NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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16
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Alonso N, Zelzer S, Eibinger G, Herrmann M. Vitamin D Metabolites: Analytical Challenges and Clinical Relevance. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:158-177. [PMID: 35238975 PMCID: PMC8892115 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent research activities have provided new insights in vitamin D metabolism in various conditions. Furthermore, substantial progress has been made in the analysis of vitamin D metabolites and related biomarkers, such as vitamin D binding protein. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) methods are capable of accurately measuring multiple vitamin D metabolites in parallel. Nevertheless, only 25(OH)D and the biologically active form 1,25(OH)2D are routinely measured in clinical practice. While 25(OH)D remains the analyte of choice for the diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency, 1,25(OH)2D is only recommended in a few conditions with a dysregulated D metabolism. 24,25(OH)2D, free and bioavailable 25(OH)D, and the vitamin D metabolite ratio (VMR) have shown promising results, but technical pitfalls in their quantification, limited clinical data and the lack of reference values, impede their use in clinical practice. LC-MS/MS is the preferred method for the measurement of all vitamin D related analytes as it offers high sensitivity and specificity. In particular, 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D can accurately be measured with this technology. When interpreted together, they seem to provide a functional measure of vitamin D metabolism beyond the analysis of 25(OH)D alone. The determination of VDBP, free and bioavailable 25(OH)D is compromised by unresolved analytical issues, lacking reference intervals and insufficient clinical data. Therefore, future research activities should focus on analytical standardization and exploration of their clinical value. This review provides an overview on established and new vitamin D related biomarkers including their pathophysiological role, preanalytical and analytical aspects, expected values, indications and influencing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Alonso
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - S Zelzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - G Eibinger
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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17
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Naik M, Kamath U S, Uppangala S, Adiga SK, Patil A. Vitamin D metabolites and analytical challenges. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:399-410. [PMID: 36628933 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01692c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D is an essential micronutrient for bone health and the general cellular functions of the body. Its insufficiency/deficiency leads to the pathophysiology of disorders like diabetes, cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases. Clinical interest in Vitamin D metabolites and their role in various medical disorders have contributed to an increase in laboratory demands for vitamin D measurements. For clinical and research laboratories worldwide, analysis of vitamin D and associated metabolites is a significant problem. The best way for determining vitamin D levels is constantly being debated. Various methods such as immunoassays and chromatographic techniques are available for determining vitamin D levels. Additionally, biosensors have recently been considered promising options for routine vitamin D analysis. The existing methods and other developments in the measurement of vitamin D metabolites and associated analytical challenges are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Naik
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), India-576 104.
| | - Saritha Kamath U
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India-576 104
| | - Shubhashree Uppangala
- Division of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India-576 104
| | - Satish Kumar Adiga
- Division of Clinical Embryology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India-576 104
| | - Ajeetkumar Patil
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), India-576 104.
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18
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Herrmann M. Assessing vitamin D metabolism - four decades of experience. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:880-894. [PMID: 36639845 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
One hundred years ago, the role of vitamin D for bone mineralization and the prevention of rickets was discovered. Vitamin D comprises a group of over 50 metabolites with multiple functions that go far beyond calcium homeostasis and bone mineralization. Approximately 50 years ago, first methods for the measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in human blood were developed. Over the years, different analytical principals were employed including competitive protein binding assays, high-performance liquid chromatography, various immunoassay and mass spectrometric formats. Until the recent standardization of serum 25(OH)D measurement, agreement between methods was unsatisfactory. Since then, comparability has improved, but substantial variability between methods remains. With the advent of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the accurate determination of 25(OH)D and other metabolites, such as 24,25(OH)2D, becomes increasingly accessible for clinical laboratories. Easy access to 25(OH)D testing has triggered extensive clinical research showing that large parts of the population are vitamin D deficient. The variable response of vitamin D deficient individuals to supplementation indicates that assessing patients' vitamin D stores by measuring 25(OH)D provides limited insight into the metabolic situation. Meanwhile, first evidence has emerged suggesting that the simultaneous measurement of 25(OH)D, 24,25(OH)2D and other metabolites allows a dynamic evaluation of patients' vitamin D status on metabolic principals. This may help to identify patients with functional vitamin D deficiency from those without. It can be expected that research into the assessment vitamin D status will continue for another 50 years and that this will help rationalizing our approach in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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19
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Alexandridou A, Volmer DA. Stability of sample extracts of vitamin D 3 metabolites after chemical derivatization for LC-MS/MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:327-333. [PMID: 36342509 PMCID: PMC9823060 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is widely used to determine vitamin D3 metabolites in biological samples. The ionization efficiencies of these metabolites, however, are poor under electrospray ionization conditions. Moreover, the chromatographic separation of multiple vitamin D metabolites and their epimers can be challenging. For these reasons, chemical derivatization reagents are often used to improve sensitivity and selectivity of analysis. While the derivatization schemes have been proven to be very effective, one missing aspect is the investigation of the stability of the chemical derivatization products in stored sample extracts. In this study, we investigated the long-term stability of several vitamin D3 metabolites after 1 and 3 months of storage at - 20 °C. Five vitamin D3 metabolites were examined after derivatization with seven different derivatization reagents. Generally, Amplifex products were the most stable in the long term in our study with 11-20% degraded after 1 month of storage and 14-35% after 3 months. The stabilities for some of the metabolites' 4-[2-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalyl)ethyl]-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (DMEQ-TAD), 2-fluoro-1-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (FMP-TS), isonicotinoyl chloride (INC) and 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione acetylated (PTAD-Ac) products were also acceptable after 1 month of storage. Other derivatized metabolites, however, degraded extensively already after 1 month of storage, such as 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD) (54-72% degradation) and 2-nitrosopyridine (PyrNO) (32-100% degradation). Importantly, for every metabolite, there was an optimum derivatization reagent that met the criteria of stability proposed by international regulatory bodies after 1 month of storage. Some derivatives were stable for even up to 3 months of storage, with degradation of less than 15%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Alexandridou
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Janoušek J, Pilařová V, Macáková K, Nomura A, Veiga-Matos J, Silva DDD, Remião F, Saso L, Malá-Ládová K, Malý J, Nováková L, Mladěnka P. Vitamin D: sources, physiological role, biokinetics, deficiency, therapeutic use, toxicity, and overview of analytical methods for detection of vitamin D and its metabolites. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2022; 59:517-554. [PMID: 35575431 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2022.2070595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D has a well-known role in the calcium homeostasis associated with the maintenance of healthy bones. It increases the efficiency of the intestinal absorption of dietary calcium, reduces calcium losses in urine, and mobilizes calcium stored in the skeleton. However, vitamin D receptors are present ubiquitously in the human body and indeed, vitamin D has a plethora of non-calcemic functions. In contrast to most vitamins, sufficient vitamin D can be synthesized in human skin. However, its production can be markedly decreased due to factors such as clothing, sunscreens, intentional avoidance of the direct sunlight, or the high latitude of the residence. Indeed, more than one billion people worldwide are vitamin D deficient, and the deficiency is frequently undiagnosed. The chronic deficiency is not only associated with rickets/osteomalacia/osteoporosis but it is also linked to a higher risk of hypertension, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or cancer. Supplementation of vitamin D may be hence beneficial, but the intake of vitamin D should be under the supervision of health professionals because overdosing leads to intoxication with severe health consequences. For monitoring vitamin D, several analytical methods are employed, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Janoušek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pilařová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Macáková
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Anderson Nomura
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Veiga-Matos
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Dias da Silva
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Kateřina Malá-Ládová
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Malý
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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21
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Sommer K, Hillinger M, Eigenmann A, Vetter W. Characterization of various isomeric photoproducts of ergosterol and vitamin D2 generated by UV irradiation. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractVitamin D2 is produced from its precursor ergosterol under the impact of ultraviolet (UV) light which is also commercially carried out to increase vitamin D2 contents in mushrooms (‘Novel Food’). However, this process is accompanied by the formation of various isomers that partly co-elute with the target compound and are currently difficult to analyze. For this reason, vitamin D2 and ergosterol were irradiated with the goal to generate and characterize various isomeric photoproducts with three analytical methods. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC–UV) was accompanied by using a chiral detector (CD) which was serially linked with the UV detector. Applied for the first time in this research area, HPLC-CD chromatograms provided complementary information which was crucial for the identification of several co-elutions that would have been overlooked without this approach. Additional information was derived from gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis. Diagnostic fragment ions in the GC/MS spectra allowed to distinguish four classes of tri- (n = 2), tetra-, and pentacyclic isomer groups. Despite several drawbacks of each of the applied methods, the shared evaluation allowed to characterize more than ten isomeric photoproducts of vitamin D2 including previtamin D2, lumisterol2, tachysterol2,trans-vitamin D2 isomers, and two pentacyclic isomers (suprasterols2 I and II), which were isolated and characterized by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR).
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22
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Wang J, Li X, Gan Y, Fan T, Yang J, Rao F, Yang J. Comparison of the Serum Total 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Using Chemiluminescent Immunoassay and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Children. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2022; 68:181-188. [PMID: 35768249 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.68.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the difference and agreement between the CL-series Vitamin D Total assay (Mindray), which was a kind of chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in children. We compared the 25(OH)D concentrations of 92 children using the CLIA and LC-MS/MS. Paired samples t-test was used to compare the two groups. Linear regression was used to show the correlation between CLIA and LC-MS/MS. The difference and bias between 2 methods were revealed in Bland-Altman plot. Agreement in classification of deficiency between CLIA and LC-MS/MS was assessed using Cohen's Kappa. p value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Using Shapiro-Wilk Test to assess whether the data follows a normal distribution. Using 95% children's serum 25(OH)D concentrations by LC-MS/MS as the reference interval. The regression equation was CLIA=1.185×LC-MS/MS-3.328. The fitness adjusted r2 was 0.589. The CLIA showed positive bias compared to LC-MS/MS, p<0.05, bias=(1.94±16.56) ng/mL. Cohen's Kappa=0.53, p<0.001. The agreement of 2 methods in diagnosing "deficiency" was good. According to Shapiro-Wilk Test, the data followed a normal distribution (W=0.99). The reference interval of children's serum 25(OH)D concentrations by LC-MS/MS was 11.35-44.57 ng/mL. In measuring 25(OH)D concentration of children, CLIA represented higher levels than LC-MS/MS. The two methods were consistent in diagnosing vitamin D deficiency. The reference interval of children's serum 25(OH)D concentrations by LC-MS/MS was 11.35-44.57 ng/mL in our area in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University
| | | | - Yongyi Gan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University
| | - Tianxing Fan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University
| | - Fang Rao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University
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23
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Haris A, Lam YPY, Wootton CA, Theisen A, Marzullo BP, Schorr P, Volmer DA, O’Connor PB. Differentiation of Dihydroxylated Vitamin D 3 Isomers Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1022-1030. [PMID: 35561028 PMCID: PMC9164238 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D compounds are a group of secosteroids derived from cholesterol that are vital for maintaining bone health in humans. Recent studies have shown extraskeletal effects of vitamin D, involving vitamin D metabolites such as the dihydroxylated vitamin D3 compounds 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Differentiation and characterization of these isomers by mass spectrometry can be challenging due to the zero-mass difference and minor structural differences between them. The isomers usually require separation by liquid chromatography (LC) prior to mass spectrometry, which adds extra complexity to the analysis. Herein, we investigated and revisited the use of fragmentation methods such as collisional induced dissociation (CID), infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD), electron induced dissociation (EID), and ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), available on a 12T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS) to generate characteristic fragments for the dihydroxylated vitamin D3 isomers that can be used to distinguish between them. Isomer-specific fragments were observed for the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which were clearly absent in the 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 MS/MS spectra using all fragmentation methods mentioned above. The fragments generated due to cleavage of the C-6/C-7 bond in the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 compound demonstrate that the fragile OH groups were retained during fragmentation, thus enabling differentiation between the two dihydroxylated vitamin D3 isomers without the need for prior chromatographic separation or derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Haris
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Yuko P. Y. Lam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Alina Theisen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Bryan P. Marzullo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Pascal Schorr
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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24
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Alexandridou A, Volmer DA. Sample preparation techniques for extraction of vitamin D metabolites from non-conventional biological sample matrices prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4613-4632. [PMID: 35501505 PMCID: PMC9174318 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The determination of vitamin D metabolites as status marker or for diagnostic purposes is almost entirely conducted from blood serum or plasma. Other biological matrices, however, have also interested researchers, for two main reasons: (1) alternative matrices may allow non-invasive sampling, permit easier sample transfer and require less demanding storage conditions; and (2) the levels of vitamin D metabolites in other body compartments may further aid the understanding of vitamin D metabolism and function. Thus, the development of reliable and efficient sample preparation protocols for sample matrices other than serum/plasma, which will remove potential interferences and selectively extract the targeted metabolites, is of great importance. This review summarizes sample preparation methods for measurement of vitamin D metabolites using liquid chromatography-(tandem)mass spectrometry in more than ten different human tissues, including hair, saliva, adipose tissue, brain and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Alexandridou
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Zelzer S, Le Goff C, Peeters S, Calaprice C, Meinitzer A, Enko D, Goessler W, Herrmann M, Cavalier E. Comparison of two LC-MS/MS methods for the quantification of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in patients and external quality assurance samples. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:74-81. [PMID: 34727586 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In-house developed liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods are used more and more frequently for the simultaneous quantification of vitamin D metabolites. Among these, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3) is of clinical interest. This study assessed the agreement of this metabolite in two validated in-house LC-MS/MS methods. METHODS 24,25(OH)2D3 was measured in 20 samples from the vitamin D external quality assurance (DEQAS) program and in a mixed cohort of hospital patients samples (n=195) with the LC-MS/MS method at the Medical University of Graz (LC-MS/MS 1) and at the University of Liège (LC-MS/MS 2). RESULTS In DEQAS samples, 24,25(OH)2D3 results with LC-MS/MS 1 had a proportional bias of 1.0% and a negative systemic difference of -0.05%. LC-MS/MS 2 also showed a proportional bias of 1.0% and the negative systemic bias was -0.22%. Comparing the EQA samples with both methods, no systemic bias was found (0.0%) and the slope was 1%. The mean difference of 195 serum sample measurements between the two LC-MS/MS methods was minimal (-0.2%). Both LC-MS/MS methods showed a constant bias of 0.31 nmol/L and a positive proportional bias of 0.90%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to assess the comparability of 24,25(OH)2D3 concentrations in a mixed cohort of hospitalized patients with two fully validated in-house LC-MS/MS methods. Despite different sample preparation, chromatographic separation and ionization, both methods showed high precision measurements of 24,25(OH)2D3. Furthermore, we demonstrate the improvement of accuracy and precision measurements of 24,25(OH)2D3 in serum samples and in the DEQAS program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieglinde Zelzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Caroline Le Goff
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Peeters
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Chiara Calaprice
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Andreas Meinitzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dietmar Enko
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital Steyr, Steyr, Austria
| | | | - Markus Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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26
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Alexandridou A, Schorr P, Stokes CS, Volmer DA. Analysis of vitamin D metabolic markers by mass spectrometry: Recent progress regarding the "gold standard" method and integration into clinical practice. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021. [PMID: 34967037 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry is firmly established today as the gold standard technique for analysis of vitamin D, both for vitamin D status assessments as well as for measuring complex and intricate vitamin D metabolic fingerprints. While the actual mass spectrometry technology has seen only incremental performance increases in recent years, there have been major, very impactful changes in the front- and back-end of MS-based vitamin D assays; for example, the extension to new types of biological sample matrices analyzed for an increasing number of different vitamin D metabolites, novel sample preparation techniques, new powerful chemical derivatization reagents, as well the continued integration of high resolution mass spectrometers into clinical laboratories, replacing established triple-quadrupole instruments. At the same time, the sustainability of mass spectrometry operation in the vitamin D field is now firmly established through proven analytical harmonization and standardization programs. The present review summarizes the most important of these recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Schorr
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline S Stokes
- Food and Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Luu GT, Sanchez LM. Toward improvement of screening through mass spectrometry-based proteomics: ovarian cancer as a case study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 469:116679. [PMID: 34744497 PMCID: PMC8570641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2021.116679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths affecting United States women. Early-stage detection of ovarian cancer has been linked to increased survival, however, current screening methods, such as biomarker testing, have proven to be ineffective in doing so. Therefore, further developments are necessary to be able to achieve positive patient prognosis. Ongoing efforts are being made in biomarker discovery towards clinical applications in screening for early-stage ovarian cancer. In this perspective, we discuss and provide examples for several workflows employing mass spectrometry-based proteomics towards protein biomarker discovery and characterization in the context of ovarian cancer; workflows include protein identification and characterization as well as intact protein profiling. We also discuss the opportunities to merge these workflows for a multiplexed approach for biomarkers. Lastly, we provide our insight as to future developments that may serve to enhance biomarker discovery workflows while also considering translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon T Luu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High St. Santa Cruz, CA, 95064
| | - Laura M Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High St. Santa Cruz, CA, 95064
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28
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Jin Z, Bertholf RL, Yi X. Overcome Isomer Interference in 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Quantitation by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Appl Lab Med 2021; 7:737-746. [PMID: 34632483 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The circulating concentration of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1α,25(OH)2D] is very low, and the presence of multiple isomers may lead to inaccurate quantitation if not separated prior to analysis. Antibody-based immunoextraction procedures are sometimes used to remove structurally related isomers of 1α,25(OH)2D prior to an LC-MS/MS analysis. However, immunoextraction increases sample preparation time and cost. In addition, some dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites are not completely removed by immunoextraction. METHOD We developed an HPLC method using a phenyl-hexyl column to investigate interfering isomers of 1α,25(OH)2D. RESULT Using this method, 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD) derivatization product of 1α,25(OH)2D was found to be present as 2 epimers, which were separated chromatographically with an area ratio of 2:1. PTAD derivatized metabolite of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [i.e., 4β,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (4β,25(OH)2D3)] eluted out between 6R and 6S epimers of derivatized 1α,25(OH)2D3. If not chromatographically resolved, 4β,25(OH)2D can affect 1α,25(OH)2D quantitation. In a method comparison study, it was found that the presence of 4β,25(OH)2D produced positive bias up to 127% on 1α,25(OH)2D3 quantitation. CONCLUSION The LC-MS/MS method we developed without an immunoextraction procedure was able to resolve the major interference peak from 1α,25(OH)2D and achieved reliable quantitation of 1α,25(OH)2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roger L Bertholf
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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29
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Travica N, Ried K, Hudson I, Scholey A, Pipingas A, Sali A. The effects of cardiovascular and orthopaedic surgery on vitamin concentrations: a narrative review of the literature and mechanisms of action. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-31. [PMID: 34619992 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1983762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Given the rise in worldwide chronic diseases, supplemented by an aging population, the volume of global major surgeries, encompassing cardiac and orthopedic procedures is anticipated to surge significantly. Surgical trauma can be accompanied by numerous postoperative complications and metabolic changes. The present review summarized the results from studies assessing the effects of orthopedic and cardiovascular surgery on vitamin concentrations, in addition to exploring the possible mechanisms associated with changes in concentrations. Studies have revealed a potentially severe depletion in plasma/serum concentrations of numerous vitamins following these surgeries acutely. Vitamins C, D and B1 appear particularly vulnerable to significant depletions, with vitamin C and D depletions consistently transpiring into inadequate and deficient concentrations, respectively. The possible multifactorial mechanisms impacting postoperative vitamin concentrations include changes in hemodilution and vitamin utilization, redistribution, circulatory transport and absorption. For a majority of vitamins, there has been a lack of investigation into the effects of both, cardiac and orthopedic surgery. Additionally, studies were predominantly restricted to short-term postoperative investigations, primarily performed within the first postoperative week of surgery. Overall, results indicated that further examination is necessary to determine the severity and clinical significance of the possible depletions in vitamin concentrations that ensue cardiovascular and orthopedic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Travica
- Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Geelong, Australia.,Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.,The National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karin Ried
- The National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Melbourne, Australia.,Honorary Associate Professor, Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Torrens University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Irene Hudson
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.,Digital Health, CRC, College of STEM, Mathematical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, Australia.,School of Mathematical and Physical Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Avni Sali
- The National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
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30
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Evaluation of different biological matrices to assess the vitamin D status in newborns using LC-MS/MS. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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31
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Zelzer S, Meinitzer A, Herrmann M, Goessler W, Enko D. A Novel Method for the Determination of Vitamin D Metabolites Assessed at the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091288. [PMID: 34572501 PMCID: PMC8470512 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain’s supply with vitamin D is poorly understood. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25(OH)D) and 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (24,25(OH)2D3) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from individuals with intact and disturbed brain-CSF-barrier (BCB) function. In 292 pairs of serum and CSF samples the vitamin D metabolites were measured with liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). CSF/serum ratios (QALB, Q25(OH)D, Q24,25(OH)2D3) were calculated. Median (IQR) serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D3 were 63.8 (43.4–83.9) nmol/L and 4.2 (2.2–6.2) nmol/L. The CSF concentrations of both metabolites accounted for 3.7 and 3.3% of the respective serum concentrations. Serum 25(OH)D correlated inversely with Q25(OH)D and Q24,25(OH)2D3 implying a more efficient transport of both metabolites across the BCB when the serum concentration of 25(OH)D is low. In patients with BCB dysfunction, the CSF concentrations and the CSF/serum ratios of both vitamin D metabolites were higher than in individuals with intact BCB. The CSF concentrations of 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D3 depend on BCB function and the respective serum concentrations of both metabolites. Higher vitamin D metabolite concentrations in CSF of patients with impaired BCB function may be due to passive diffusion across the BCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieglinde Zelzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.M.); (D.E.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (M.H.); Tel.: +43-316-385-13145 (S.Z. & M.H.); Fax: +43-316-385-13430 (S.Z. & M.H.)
| | - Andreas Meinitzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.M.); (D.E.)
| | - Markus Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.M.); (D.E.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (M.H.); Tel.: +43-316-385-13145 (S.Z. & M.H.); Fax: +43-316-385-13430 (S.Z. & M.H.)
| | - Walter Goessler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Dietmar Enko
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.M.); (D.E.)
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital Hochsteiermark, 8700 Leoben, Austria
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32
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Clarke KE, Hurst EA, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D metabolism and disorders in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:935-947. [PMID: 34323302 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D plays an important role in regulating calcium metabolism and in the development and maintenance of skeletal health of companion animals. There is also a growing interest in understanding the role vitamin D plays in non-skeletal health in both human and veterinary patients. This review provides an update of our current understanding of vitamin D biology in dogs and cats and gives an overview of how vitamin D metabolism can be assessed in companion animals. Congenital and acquired vitamin D disorders are then summarised before the review concludes with a summary of recent studies which have explored the role of vitamin D in the development and outcomes of non-skeletal diseases of dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Clarke
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - E A Hurst
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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33
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Baseline Levels of Vitamin D in a Healthy Population from a Region with High Solar Irradiation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051647. [PMID: 34068177 PMCID: PMC8152961 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of vitamin D (VitD) supplements has become widespread in the last decade due not only to the dissociation between the blood levels recommended as "optimal" and those shown by the healthy population but also to its presumed beneficial effects on multiple disorders. This work evaluated the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in a healthy population of European origin living in a region with high solar irradiation. In serum samples from a population-based study conducted in the Canary Islands, levels of 25(OH)D were analyzed. In 876 individuals who had no history of kidney or malabsorption disorders and, who had not been treated with calcium and/or VitD supplementation, the median 25(OH)D level was 26.3 (5th; 95th percentile, 14.3; 45.8) ng/mL. Notably, 65.4% of the population had 25(OH)D blood levels below 30 ng/mL, 23.4% below 20 ng/mL and 6.4% below 15 ng/mL. Based on the lack of evidence supporting causality between 25(OH)D levels below what is recommended as optimal (≥20 ng/mL, or even ≥30 ng/mL) and major skeletal and non-skeletal diseases, and in light of the distribution of the concentration of this vitamin in healthy adults living under optimal conditions of solar irradiation, it seems reasonable to consider 25(OH)D levels below 20 ng/mL and close to 15 ng/mL as adequate for the general population.
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34
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Lay JO, Liyanage R, Gidden JA. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH-RESOLUTION MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD FOR ULTRA-TRACE ANALYSIS OF CHLORINATED DIOXINS IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES INCLUDING VIET NAM ERA VETERANS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:236-254. [PMID: 32530096 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated dioxins are labeled and recognized by both the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) as "persistent organic pollutants". Their potential for high toxicity is one of the primary factors behind intense public and regulatory scrutiny and the need to measure the compounds at very low limits, specifically the isomer 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD). This article highlights the early mass spectrometry methods to investigate, detect, confirm, and quantify chlorinated dioxins and the initial applications involving human biomonitoring, as attempts were made to attribute health effects to TCDD exposure. This effort represented a complex and difficult scientific response to the pressing need to investigate expected exposures and alleged subsequent medical effects, which in the case of the Viet Nam veterans was being attempted a decade or more after their exposure. It is noteworthy that this method and its development touched on delicate issues involving human subjects, war veterans, environmental contamination, and was difficult not only scientifically, but for ethical and political reasons as well. Stable-isotope dilution with analysis by gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS) became the method of choice because of its ability to monitor characteristic ions and isotope ratios to quantify and qualify/confirm the analyte in the presence of coextracting and coeluting interferences at these low levels with the highest possible confidence. This method was rigorously tested and validated before it was used to discover and monitor levels in the environment and in various populations at then unprecedented low levels. These early studies demonstrated the feasibility of monitoring dioxins in humans even decades after exposure, and led to the detection of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in the general population as well as specific overexposed populations. These studies also provided strong evidence regarding the origins of the 2,3,7,8-isomer in the environment. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson O Lay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arkansas Statewide Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701
| | - Rohana Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arkansas Statewide Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701
| | - Jennifer A Gidden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arkansas Statewide Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701
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Clemen R, Freund E, Mrochen D, Miebach L, Schmidt A, Rauch BH, Lackmann J, Martens U, Wende K, Lalk M, Delcea M, Bröker BM, Bekeschus S. Gas Plasma Technology Augments Ovalbumin Immunogenicity and OT-II T Cell Activation Conferring Tumor Protection in Mice. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003395. [PMID: 34026437 PMCID: PMC8132054 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS/RNS) are produced during inflammation and elicit protein modifications, but the immunological consequences are largely unknown. Gas plasma technology capable of generating an unmatched variety of ROS/RNS is deployed to mimic inflammation and study the significance of ROS/RNS modifications using the model protein chicken ovalbumin (Ova vs oxOva). Dynamic light scattering and circular dichroism spectroscopy reveal structural modifications in oxOva compared to Ova. T cells from Ova-specific OT-II but not from C57BL/6 or SKH-1 wild type mice presents enhanced activation after Ova addition. OxOva exacerbates this activation when administered ex vivo or in vivo, along with an increased interferon-gamma production, a known anti-melanoma agent. OxOva vaccination of wild type mice followed by inoculation of syngeneic B16F10 Ova-expressing melanoma cells shows enhanced T cell number and activation, decreased tumor burden, and elevated numbers of antigen-presenting cells when compared to their Ova-vaccinated counterparts. Analysis of oxOva using mass spectrometry identifies three hot spots regions rich in oxidative modifications that are associated with the increased T cell activation. Using Ova as a model protein, the findings suggest an immunomodulating role of multi-ROS/RNS modifications that may spur novel research lines in inflammation research and for vaccination strategies in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Clemen
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 2Greifswald17489Germany
| | - Eric Freund
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 2Greifswald17489Germany
- Department of GeneralVisceralThoracicand Vascular SurgeryUniversity Medicine GreifswaldSauerbruchstr. DZ7Greifswald17475Germany
| | - Daniel Mrochen
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 2Greifswald17489Germany
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldSauerbruchstr. DZ7Greifswald17475Germany
| | - Lea Miebach
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 2Greifswald17489Germany
- Department of GeneralVisceralThoracicand Vascular SurgeryUniversity Medicine GreifswaldSauerbruchstr. DZ7Greifswald17475Germany
| | - Anke Schmidt
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 2Greifswald17489Germany
| | - Bernhard H. Rauch
- Institute of Pharmacology (C_Dat)University Medicine GreifswaldFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 1Greifswald17489Germany
| | - Jan‐Wilm Lackmann
- CECAD proteomics facilityUniversity of CologneJoseph‐Stelzmann‐Str. 26Cologne50931Germany
| | - Ulrike Martens
- ZIK HIKEUniversity of GreifswaldFleischmannstr. 42–44Greifswald17489Germany
- Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 4Greifswald17489Germany
| | - Kristian Wende
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 2Greifswald17489Germany
| | - Michael Lalk
- Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 4Greifswald17489Germany
| | - Mihaela Delcea
- ZIK HIKEUniversity of GreifswaldFleischmannstr. 42–44Greifswald17489Germany
- Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 4Greifswald17489Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldSauerbruchstr. DZ7Greifswald17475Germany
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 2Greifswald17489Germany
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Makris K, Bhattoa HP, Cavalier E, Phinney K, Sempos CT, Ulmer CZ, Vasikaran SD, Vesper H, Heijboer AC. Recommendations on the measurement and the clinical use of vitamin D metabolites and vitamin D binding protein - A position paper from the IFCC Committee on bone metabolism. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 517:171-197. [PMID: 33713690 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D, an important hormone with a central role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, is required for bone and muscle development as well as preservation of musculoskeletal function. The most abundant vitamin D metabolite is 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], which is currently considered the best marker to evaluate overall vitamin D status. 25(OH)D is therefore the most commonly measured metabolite in clinical practice. However, several other metabolites, although not broadly measured, are useful in certain clinical situations. Vitamin D and all its metabolites are circulating in blood bound to vitamin D binding protein, (VDBP). This highly polymorphic protein is not only the major transport protein which, along with albumin, binds over 99% of the circulating vitamin D metabolites, but also participates in the transport of the 25(OH)D into the cell via a megalin/cubilin complex. The accurate measurement of 25(OH)D has proved a difficult task. Although a reference method and standardization program are available for 25(OH)D, the other vitamin D metabolites still lack this. Interpretation of results, creation of clinical supplementation, and generation of therapeutic guidelines require not only accurate measurements of vitamin D metabolites, but also the accurate measurements of several other "molecules" related with bone metabolism. IFCC understood this priority and a committee has been established with the task to support and continue the standardization processes of vitamin D metabolites along with other bone-related biomarkers. In this review, we present the position of this IFCC Committee on Bone Metabolism on the latest developments concerning the measurement and standardization of vitamin D metabolites and its binding protein, as well as clinical indications for their measurement and interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Makris
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, KAT General Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece; Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System "Th. Garofalidis", Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Harjit P Bhattoa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, Domaine du Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Karen Phinney
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T Sempos
- Coordinator, Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP), Havre de Grace, MD 21078, USA
| | - Candice Z Ulmer
- Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samuel D Vasikaran
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Hubert Vesper
- Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Annemieke C Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Lehner A, Johnson M, Zimmerman A, Zyskowski J, Buchweitz J. Vitamin D analyses in veterinary feeds by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2021; 27:48-62. [PMID: 33722092 DOI: 10.1177/14690667211000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This report examines the feasibility of determination of Vitamin D3, D2 and their 25-hydroxy metabolites utilizing Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) as a potential alternative to popular Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) methodologies. The GC/MS/MS approach was found to operate reasonably well despite long-standing concerns that gas-liquid chromatography of vitamin D compounds invoke thermal rearrangements owing to the relatively high inlet and capillary column temperatures used. The workup procedure involved incubation of feed samples with concentrated potassium hydroxide for overnight fat saponification, extraction of D Vitamins in n-hexane and reaction with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide at 70 °C for 30 mins. In addition to parent compounds, small amounts of pyro-, isopyro-, and iso-vitamin D and isotachysterol3 variants were obtained from each Vitamin D-related compound upon extraction and GC/MS/MS analysis. Mass spectral and chromatographic behavior of these compounds are herein described and interpreted. Multiple Reaction Monitoring settings on GC/MS/MS included m/z 456→351 for Vitamin D3 and m/z 486→363 for Vitamin D2. Trimethylsilylation enabled single predominant peaks for Vitamins D3 and D2, and sample workup in the presence of deuterated Vitamin D analogs enabled accurate and precise sensitivity to 1 ppb (ng/g) in feeds. The method could be extended with reasonable accuracy to 25-hydroxy (25OH) compounds, but accuracies would be significantly improved by inclusion of respective 25OH-specific deuterated internal standards. The method was applied to 27 submissions of suspect dog foods of which 22% were discovered elevated and 44% were discovered to contain toxic levels of Vitamin D3. The described method was thus discovered to provide a suitable mass spectrometric approach for Vitamin D, proving itself here specifically of value in detection of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol in animal feeds. The specificity and sensitivity of the tandem quadrupole approach can enable suitable applicability to serum determination if desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lehner
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Margaret Johnson
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alan Zimmerman
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Justin Zyskowski
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John Buchweitz
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Vitamin D status in children and adults in Sweden: dietary intake and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in children aged 10-12 years and adults aged 18-80 years. J Nutr Sci 2020; 9:e47. [PMID: 33101664 PMCID: PMC7550965 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2020.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to estimate vitamin D intake and plasma/serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations, investigate determinants of 25(OH)D concentrations and compare two 25(OH)D assays. We conducted two nationwide cross-sectional studies in Sweden with 206 school children aged 10-12 years and 1797 adults aged 18-80 years (n 268 provided blood samples). A web-based dietary record was used to assess dietary intake. Plasma/serum 25(OH)D was analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and immunoassay in adults and LC-MS/MS in children. Most participants reported a vitamin D intake below the average requirement (AR), 16 % of children and 33 % of adults met the AR (7⋅5 μg). In adults, plasma 25(OH)D below 30 and 50 nmol/l were found in 1 and 18 % of participants during the summer period and in 9 and 40 % of participants during the winter period, respectively. In children, serum 25(OH)D below 30 and 50 nmol/l were found in 5 and 42 % of participants (samples collected March-May), respectively. Higher 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with the summer season, vacations in sunny locations (adults), and dietary intake of vitamin D and use of vitamin D supplements, while lower concentrations were associated with a higher BMI and an origin outside of Europe. Concentrations of 25(OH)D were lower using the immunoassay than with the LC-MS assay, but associations with dietary factors and seasonal variability were similar. In conclusion, vitamin D intake was lower than the AR, especially in children. The 25(OH)D concentrations were low in many participants, but few participants had a concentration below 30 nmol/l.
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Simultaneous determination of 24,25- and 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in serum samples with liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry - A useful tool for the assessment of vitamin D metabolism. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1158:122394. [PMID: 33091679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D status is typically assessed by the measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). However, in selected patient groups the sole determination of 25(OH)D has been proven insufficient for this purpose. The simultaneous measurement of additional vitamin D metabolites may provide useful information for a better evaluation of the vitamin D status. Therefore, we developed and validated a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of 25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D2, 24,25(OH)2D3 and additionally 25,26(OH)2D3, which was identified with a synthesized pure substance. Pure and deuterated substances were used to prepare calibrators and internal standards for all target metabolites. Pre-analytical sample preparation comprised protein precipitation followed by liquid-liquid-extraction and derivatization with 4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-dione (PTAD) using 50 µL sample volume. Samples were analyzed on an Agilent HPLC 1260 system equipped with a silica-based Kinetex® 5 µm F5 100 Å core-shell column (150 × 4.6 mm) coupled to a Sciex 4500 mass spectrometer. For all four metabolites, limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification (LoQ) ranged from 0.3 to 1.5 nmol/L and 1.0 to 3.1 nmol/L, respectively. Recovery varied between 76.1 % and 84.3 %. Intra- and inter-assay imprecision were <8.6 % and <11.5 %, respectively. The analysis of external and internal quality control samples showed good accuracy for 25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D2, 24(R),25(OH)2D3 and 25,26(OH)2D3. Method comparison studies with human samples that were also analyzed with two other LC-MS/MS methods showed close agreement. Finally, the present method has been shown capable of identifying patients with 24-hydroxylase deficiency, which proves its clinical utility.
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40
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Puangthong C, Sukhong P, Saengnual P, Srikuea R, Chanda M. A single bout of high-intensity exercise modulates the expression of vitamin D receptor and vitamin D-metabolising enzymes in horse skeletal muscle. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:796-805. [PMID: 32902017 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expressions of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D-metabolising enzymes (CYP27B1 and CYP24A1) in skeletal muscle have been reported. However, the regulation of this vitamin D system in horse skeletal muscle after high-intensity exercise has not yet been elucidated. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of high-intensity exercise on the expression of vitamin D system-related proteins in horse skeletal muscle and its associations with skeletal muscle stem cell (SMSC) activity and serum 25(OH)D level. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal study. METHODS Six healthy ponies (5 geldings, 1 mare; age 6.3 ± 2.2 years) were studied. Serum and muscle samples were taken from the jugular vein and gluteus medius respectively. Samples were collected at pre-exercise, post-exercise, 1 and 3 weeks after a single bout of high-intensity exercise. Protein expression levels of VDR, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, OxPhos and Pax7 (SMSC marker) were determined using immunohistochemical analysis. Oxidative capacity and intramuscular glycogen content were evaluated using histochemical analysis. Blood biochemistry was analysed for lactate concentration and creatine kinase (CK), and 25(OH)D activity. RESULTS High-intensity exercise significantly upregulated Pax7 and VDR protein expression, which correlated with significantly increased blood lactate and serum CK levels immediately post-exercise. Serum 25(OH)D2 level correlated with CYP27B1 protein expression in skeletal muscle, and it reduced significantly immediately post-exercise and at 1 and 3 weeks post-exercise. However, CYP24A1 protein expression was unchanged throughout study periods. MAIN LIMITATION The healthy ponies could not represent a fit population of racehorses and eventers. CONCLUSIONS The rapid increase in Pax7 and VDR protein expression along with serum CK level after high-intensity exercise demonstrated an association between SMSC activity and activation of the vitamin D system in response to muscle injury in horses. Moreover, a decrease in CYP27B1 protein expression, correlated with a reduction in serum 25(OH)D2 , may indicate a compromised vitamin D metabolism after high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanikarn Puangthong
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Patskit Sukhong
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pattrawut Saengnual
- Pathological unit, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ratchakrit Srikuea
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Metha Chanda
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Center of Veterinary Research and Academic Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Bang Khen Campus, Bangkok, Thailand
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Hurst EA, Homer NZ, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D Metabolism and Profiling in Veterinary Species. Metabolites 2020; 10:E371. [PMID: 32942601 PMCID: PMC7569877 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for vitamin D analysis in veterinary species is increasing with the growing knowledge of the extra-skeletal role vitamin D plays in health and disease. The circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) metabolite is used to assess vitamin D status, and the benefits of analysing other metabolites in the complex vitamin D pathway are being discovered in humans. Profiling of the vitamin D pathway by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) facilitates simultaneous analysis of multiple metabolites in a single sample and over wide dynamic ranges, and this method is now considered the gold-standard for quantifying vitamin D metabolites. However, very few studies report using LC-MS/MS for the analysis of vitamin D metabolites in veterinary species. Given the complexity of the vitamin D pathway and the similarities in the roles of vitamin D in health and disease between humans and companion animals, there is a clear need to establish a comprehensive, reliable method for veterinary analysis that is comparable to that used in human clinical practice. In this review, we highlight the differences in vitamin D metabolism between veterinary species and the benefits of measuring vitamin D metabolites beyond 25(OH)D. Finally, we discuss the analytical challenges in profiling vitamin D in veterinary species with a focus on LC-MS/MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Hurst
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Natalie Z. Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
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Saponaro F, Saba A, Zucchi R. An Update on Vitamin D Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186573. [PMID: 32911795 PMCID: PMC7554947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone classically involved in the calcium metabolism and bone homeostasis. Recently, new and interesting aspects of vitamin D metabolism has been elucidated, namely the special role of the skin, the metabolic control of liver hydroxylase CYP2R1, the specificity of 1α-hydroxylase in different tissues and cell types and the genomic, non-genomic and epigenomic effects of vitamin D receptor, which will be addressed in the present review. Moreover, in the last decades, several extraskeletal effects which can be attributed to vitamin D have been shown. These beneficial effects will be here summarized, focusing on the immune system and cardiovascular system.
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43
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Rola R, Kowalski K, Bieńkowski T, Studzińska S. Improved sample preparation method for fast LC-MS/MS analysis of vitamin D metabolites in serum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 190:113529. [PMID: 32841780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that more than 90% of vitamin D analysis are performed using immuno-enzymatic techniques, it is liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry that is currently the reference method. It allows for specific and selective analysis of all relevant vitamin D metabolites from a variety of biological materials, including serum or a dried blood spot. This paper presents development of a fast, cheap and high-throughput method of serum sample preparation using protein precipitation. For this purpose, organic solvent is used. Several substances were tested, including acetonitrile, methanol and their mixtures with zinc sulfate. However, the highest recovery values for the vitamin D metabolites were obtained for acetonitrile, with an organic solvent to serum ratio of 8:1. The preparation of a sample is carried out in 96-well plates and takes an hour and a half, together with a derivatization reaction using Cookson-type reagent 4-(4'-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione. Due to the fact that vitamin D metabolites are bound to proteins, the relationship between the content of organic solvent in the sample preparation process and their release from the protein complex was examined. The results indicate that the organic solvent content should be 30-70% in order to completely release the tested compounds from the proteins. In addition, the developed chromatographic method has eliminated false positive signals for the 24,25(OH)2D3 metabolite. Total analysis time is 5.5 min., while maintaining resolution necessary to separate the analyzed compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rola
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., PL - 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Masdiag - Diagnostic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, 33 Stefana Żeromskiego St. PL - 01-882 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - K Kowalski
- Masdiag - Diagnostic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, 33 Stefana Żeromskiego St. PL - 01-882 Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Bieńkowski
- Masdiag - Diagnostic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, 33 Stefana Żeromskiego St. PL - 01-882 Warsaw, Poland
| | - S Studzińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., PL - 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Smith KW, Flinders B, Thompson PD, Cruickshank FL, Mackay CL, Heeren RMA, Cobice DF. Spatial Localization of Vitamin D Metabolites in Mouse Kidney by Mass Spectrometry Imaging. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:13430-13437. [PMID: 32548531 PMCID: PMC7288721 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D plays a key role in the maintenance of calcium/phosphate homeostasis and elicits biological effects that are relevant to immune function and metabolism. It is predominantly formed through UV exposure in the skin by conversion of 7-dehydrocholsterol (vitamin D3). The clinical biomarker, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)-D), is enzymatically generated in the liver with the active hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D then formed under classical endocrine control in the kidney. Vitamin D metabolites are measured in biomatrices by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In LC-MS/MS, chemical derivatization (CD) approaches have been employed to achieve the desired limit of quantitation. Recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has also been reported as an alternative method. However, these quantitative approaches do not offer any spatial information. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has been proven to be a powerful tool to image the spatial distribution of molecules from the surface of biological tissue sections. On-tissue chemical derivatization (OTCD) enables MSI to image molecules with poor ionization efficiently. In this technical report, several derivatization reagents and OTCD methods were evaluated using different MSI ionization techniques. Here, a method for detection and spatial distribution of vitamin D metabolites in murine kidney tissue sections using an OTCD-MALDI-MSI platform is presented. Moreover, the suitability of using the Bruker ImagePrep for OTCD-based platforms has been demonstrated. Importantly, this method opens the door for expanding the range of other poor ionizable molecules that can be studied by OTCD-MSI by adapting existing CD methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl W. Smith
- Mass
Spectrometry Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute (BMSRI),
School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, U.K.
- The
Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Biomedical
Sciences Research Institute (BMSRI), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, U.K.
| | - Bryn Flinders
- Dutch
Screening Group, Gaetano
Martinolaan 63-65, Maastricht, 6229 GS, The Netherlands
| | - Paul D. Thompson
- The
Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Biomedical
Sciences Research Institute (BMSRI), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, U.K.
| | - Faye L. Cruickshank
- Scottish
Instrumentation and Research Centre for Advanced Mass Spectrometry
(SIRCAMS), EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - C. Logan Mackay
- Scottish
Instrumentation and Research Centre for Advanced Mass Spectrometry
(SIRCAMS), EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- Maastricht
Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Diego F. Cobice
- Mass
Spectrometry Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute (BMSRI),
School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, U.K.
- . Phone: +442892604456
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45
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Song S, Yin L, Sun D, Gu J. Recent advances in the bioanalytical methods of polyethylene glycols and PEGylated pharmaceuticals. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1978-1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life ScienceJilin University Changchun P. R. China
- Beijing Institute of Drug Metabolism Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life ScienceJilin University Changchun P. R. China
- Beijing Institute of Drug Metabolism Beijing P. R. China
| | - Shiwen Song
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life ScienceJilin University Changchun P. R. China
- Beijing Institute of Drug Metabolism Beijing P. R. China
| | - Lei Yin
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life ScienceJilin University Changchun P. R. China
- Research Institute of Translational MedicineThe First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University Changchun P. R. China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life ScienceJilin University Changchun P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education”Yantai University Yantai P. R. China
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life ScienceJilin University Changchun P. R. China
- Beijing Institute of Drug Metabolism Beijing P. R. China
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46
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Banerjee S. Empowering Clinical Diagnostics with Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2041-2048. [PMID: 32064364 PMCID: PMC7016904 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The unmet need for highly accurate methods of disease diagnosis poses new challenges for developments in laboratory medicine. Advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based disease biomarker discoveries are continuously expanding the clinical diagnostic landscape. Although a number of MS-based in vitro diagnostics are already adopted in routine clinical practices, more are expected to undergo transition from bench to bedside in the near future. The ultrahigh sensitivity, specificity, and low turnaround time in molecular detection by MS make this technology highly powerful in disease detection and therapy monitoring. This mini-review highlights how MS has created a new paradigm in clinical diagnosis, which is growing in importance for public health.
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47
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Vieth R. Neither human nor mouse is hypercalcaemic with 250 nmol/l 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Brain 2020; 143:e9. [PMID: 31848581 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Vieth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Häusler D, Torke S, Peelen E, Bertsch T, Weber M, Heilmann M, Djukic M, Nau R, Larochelle C, Zamvil SS, Brück W, Weber MS. Reply: Neither human nor mouse is hypercalcaemic with 250 nmol/l 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Brain 2020; 143:e10. [PMID: 31848576 PMCID: PMC7009594 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Darius Häusler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Torke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Evelyn Peelen
- Department of Neurosciences, Centre de recherche de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Bertsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Weber
- LaborDiagnostik-Karlsruhe GmbH, Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marcus Heilmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Marija Djukic
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Nau
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- Department of Neurosciences, Centre de recherche de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin S Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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49
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Vitamin D testing: advantages and limits of the current assays. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 74:231-247. [DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0553-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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50
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Oberson JM, Bénet S, Redeuil K, Campos-Giménez E. Quantitative analysis of vitamin D and its main metabolites in human milk by supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:365-375. [PMID: 31832707 PMCID: PMC6992569 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel method to quantitate vitamin D and its main metabolites (vitamin D3, vitamin D2, and their 25-hydroxy metabolites) in breast milk by supercritical fluid chromatography has been developed and fully validated. A small volume of sample (1 mL) is subjected to ethanolic protein precipitation and liquid-liquid extraction. Final extracts are derivatized with 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione and vitamin D derivatives analyzed by supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated to tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Multiple reaction monitoring is used for quantitation. Separation conditions were optimized using a gradient of methanol-water-ammonium formate into carbon dioxide. Make-up solvent was methanol containing ammonium formate. The quantitation limit reached levels as low as 50 pmol/L, with intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations lower than 15% and 20% for all analytes. Accuracy was evaluated by spiking experiments and was well within acceptability ratios (± 15%). The method was then applied to a subset of commercially available human milk samples. The newly developed method provides opportunities to determine the nutritional status of mother-infant dyads from a non-invasive measure, or for interventional or observational studies building knowledge on the composition of human milk. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Oberson
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Bénet
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Redeuil
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Campos-Giménez
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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