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De T, Sharma P, Upilli B, Vivekanand A, Bari S, Sonakar AK, Srivastava AK, Faruq M. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 27B (SCA27B) in India: insights from a large cohort study suggest ancient origin. Neurogenetics 2024:10.1007/s10048-024-00770-y. [PMID: 38976084 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-024-00770-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ethnic diversity of India provides a unique opportunity to study the history of the origin of mutations of genetic disorders. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 27B (SCA27B), a recently identified dominantly inherited cerebellar disorder is caused by GAA-repeat expansions in intron 1 of Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 (FGF14). Predominantly reported in the European population, we aimed to screen this mutation and study the founder haplotype of SCA27B in Indian ataxia patients. METHODS We have undertaken screening of GAA repeats in a large Indian cohort of ~ 1400 uncharacterised ataxia patients and kindreds and long-read sequencing-based GAA repeat length assessment. High throughput genotyping-based haplotype analysis was also performed. We utilized ~ 1000 Indian genomes to study the GAA at-risk expansion alleles. FINDINGS We report a high frequency of 1.83% (n = 23) of SCA27B in the uncharacterized Indian ataxia cohort. We observed several biallelic GAA expansion mutations (n = 5) with younger disease onset. We observed a risk haplotype (AATCCGTGG) flanking the FGF14-GAA locus over a 74 kb region in linkage disequilibrium. We further studied the frequency of this risk haplotype across diverse geographical population groups. The highest prevalence of the risk haplotype was observed in the European population (29.9%) followed by Indians (21.5%). The observed risk haplotype has existed through ~ 1100 generations (~ 22,000 years), assuming a correlated genealogy. INTERPRETATION This study provides valuable insights into SCA27B and its Upper Paleolithic origin in the Indian subcontinent. The high occurrence of biallelic expansion is probably relevant to the endogamous nature of the Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiyasha De
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall road, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall road, New Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Bharathram Upilli
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall road, New Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - A Vivekanand
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall road, New Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Shreya Bari
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall road, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Sonakar
- Neurology Department, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, 110029, India
| | - Achal Kumar Srivastava
- Neurology Department, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, 110029, India
| | - Mohammed Faruq
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall road, New Delhi, 110007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
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Mukherjee A, Pandey S. Tremor in Spinocerebellar Ataxia: A Scoping Review. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2024; 14:31. [PMID: 38911333 PMCID: PMC11192095 DOI: 10.5334/tohm.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) denotes an expanding list of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias. Although tremor is an important aspect of the clinical spectrum of the SCAs, its prevalence, phenomenology, and pathophysiology are unknown. Objectives This review aims to describe the various types of tremors seen in the different SCAs, with a discussion on the pathophysiology of the tremors, and the possible treatment modalities. Methods The authors conducted a literature search on PubMed using search terms including tremor and the various SCAs. Relevant articles were included in the review after excluding duplicate publications. Results While action (postural and intention) tremors are most frequently associated with SCA, rest and other rare tremors have also been documented. The prevalence and types of tremors vary among the different SCAs. SCA12, common in certain ethnic populations, presents a unique situation, where the tremor is typically the principal manifestation. Clinical manifestations of SCAs may be confused with essential tremor or Parkinson's disease. The pathophysiology of tremors in SCAs predominantly involves the cerebellum and its networks, especially the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit. Additionally, connections with the basal ganglia, and striatal dopaminergic dysfunction may have a role. Medical management of tremor is usually guided by the phenomenology and associated clinical features. Deep brain stimulation surgery may be helpful in treatment-resistant tremors. Conclusions Tremor is an elemental component of SCAs, with diverse phenomenology, and emphasizes the role of the cerebellum in tremor. Further studies will be useful to delineate the clinical, pathophysiological, and therapeutic aspects of tremor in SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adreesh Mukherjee
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Amrita Hospital, Mata Amritanandamayi Marg Sector 88, Faridabad, Delhi National Capital Region, India
| | - Sanjay Pandey
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Amrita Hospital, Mata Amritanandamayi Marg Sector 88, Faridabad, Delhi National Capital Region, India
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Ransdell JL, Carrasquillo Y, Bosch MK, Mellor RL, Ornitz DM, Nerbonne JM. Loss of Intracellular Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 (iFGF14) Increases the Excitability of Mature Hippocampal and Cortical Pyramidal Neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.04.592532. [PMID: 38746081 PMCID: PMC11092765 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.04.592532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in FGF14 , which encodes intracellular fibroblast growth factor 14 (iFGF14), have been linked to spinocerebellar ataxia type 27 (SCA27), a multisystem disorder associated with progressive deficits in motor coordination and cognitive function. Mice ( Fgf14 -/- ) lacking iFGF14 display similar phenotypes, and we have previously shown that the deficits in motor coordination reflect reduced excitability of cerebellar Purkinje neurons, owing to the loss of iFGF14-mediated regulation of the voltage-dependence of inactivation of the fast transient component of the voltage-gated Na + (Nav) current, I NaT . Here, we present the results of experiments designed to test the hypothesis that loss of iFGF14 also attenuates the intrinsic excitability of mature hippocampal and cortical pyramidal neurons. Current-clamp recordings from adult mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in acute in vitro slices, however, revealed that repetitive firing rates were higher in Fgf14 -/- , than in wild type (WT), cells. In addition, the waveforms of individual action potentials were altered in Fgf14 -/- hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, and the loss of iFGF14 reduced the time delay between the initiation of axonal and somal action potentials. Voltage-clamp recordings revealed that the loss of iFGF14 altered the voltage-dependence of activation, but not inactivation, of I NaT in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Similar effects of the loss of iFGF14 on firing properties were evident in current-clamp recordings from layer 5 visual cortical pyramidal neurons. Additional experiments demonstrated that the loss of iFGF14 does not alter the distribution of anti-Nav1.6 or anti-ankyrin G immunofluorescence labeling intensity along the axon initial segments (AIS) of mature hippocampal CA1 or layer 5 visual cortical pyramidal neurons in situ . Taken together, the results demonstrate that, in contrast with results reported for neonatal (rat) hippocampal pyramidal neurons in dissociated cell culture, the loss of iFGF14 does not disrupt AIS architecture or Nav1.6 localization/distribution along the AIS of mature hippocampal (or cortical) pyramidal neurons in situ .
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Salari M, Etemadifar M, Rashedi R, Mardani S. A Review of Ocular Movement Abnormalities in Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxias. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:702-721. [PMID: 37000369 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias are a wide heterogeneous group of disorders that may present with fine motor deficits as well as gait and balance disturbances that have a significant influence on everyday activities. To review the ocular movements in cerebellar ataxias in order to improve the clinical knowledge of cerebellar ataxias and related subtypes. English papers published from January 1990 to May 2022 were selected by searching PubMed services. The main search keywords were ocular motor, oculomotor, eye movement, eye motility, and ocular motility, along with each ataxia subtype. The eligible papers were analyzed for clinical presentation, involved mutations, the underlying pathology, and ocular movement alterations. Forty-three subtypes of spinocerebellar ataxias and a number of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive ataxias were discussed in terms of pathology, clinical manifestations, involved mutations, and with a focus on the ocular abnormalities. A flowchart has been made using ocular movement manifestations to differentiate different ataxia subtypes. And underlying pathology of each subtype is reviewed in form of illustrated models to reach a better understanding of each disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Salari
- Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Etemadifar
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ronak Rashedi
- Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sayna Mardani
- Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rafehi H, Bennett MF, Bahlo M. Detection and discovery of repeat expansions in ataxia enabled by next-generation sequencing: present and future. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:349-359. [PMID: 37733280 PMCID: PMC10754322 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary cerebellar ataxias are a heterogenous group of progressive neurological disorders that are disproportionately caused by repeat expansions (REs) of short tandem repeats (STRs). Genetic diagnosis for RE disorders such as ataxias are difficult as the current gold standard for diagnosis is repeat-primed PCR assays or Southern blots, neither of which are scalable nor readily available for all STR loci. In the last five years, significant advances have been made in our ability to detect STRs and REs in short-read sequencing data, especially whole-genome sequencing. Given the increasing reliance of genomics in diagnosis of rare diseases, the use of established RE detection pipelines for RE disorders is now a highly feasible and practical first-step alternative to molecular testing methods. In addition, many new pathogenic REs have been discovered in recent years by utilising WGS data. Collectively, genomes are an important resource/platform for further advancements in both the discovery and diagnosis of REs that cause ataxia and will lead to much needed improvement in diagnostic rates for patients with hereditary ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haloom Rafehi
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark F Bennett
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Huang H, Shakkottai VG. Targeting Ion Channels and Purkinje Neuron Intrinsic Membrane Excitability as a Therapeutic Strategy for Cerebellar Ataxia. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1350. [PMID: 37374132 DOI: 10.3390/life13061350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In degenerative neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, a convergence of widely varying insults results in a loss of dopaminergic neurons and, thus, the motor symptoms of the disease. Dopamine replacement therapy with agents such as levodopa is a mainstay of therapy. Cerebellar ataxias, a heterogeneous group of currently untreatable conditions, have not been identified to have a shared physiology that is a target of therapy. In this review, we propose that perturbations in cerebellar Purkinje neuron intrinsic membrane excitability, a result of ion channel dysregulation, is a common pathophysiologic mechanism that drives motor impairment and vulnerability to degeneration in cerebellar ataxias of widely differing genetic etiologies. We further propose that treatments aimed at restoring Purkinje neuron intrinsic membrane excitability have the potential to be a shared therapy in cerebellar ataxia akin to levodopa for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Huang
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vikram G Shakkottai
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Ortega Suero G, Abenza Abildúa MJ, Serrano Munuera C, Rouco Axpe I, Arpa Gutiérrez FJ, Adarmes Gómez AD, Rodríguez de Rivera FJ, Quintans Castro B, Posada Rodríguez I, Vadillo Bermejo A, Domingo Santos Á, Blanco Vicente E, Infante Ceberio I, Pardo Fernández J, Costa Arpín E, Painous Martí C, Muñoz JE, Mir Rivera P, Montón Álvarez F, Bataller Alberola L, Gascón Bayarri J, Casasnovas Pons C, Vélez Santamaría V, López de Munain A, Fernández-Eulate G, Gazulla Abío J, Sanz Gallego I, Rojas Bartolomé L, Ayo Martín Ó, Segura Martín T, González Mingot C, Baraldés Rovira M, Sivera Mascaró R, Cubo Delgado E, Echavarría Íñiguez A, Vázquez Sánchez F, Bártulos Iglesias M, Casadevall Codina MT, Martínez Fernández EM, Labandeira Guerra C, Alemany Perna B, Carvajal Hernández A, Fernández Moreno C, Palacín Larroy M, Caballol Pons N, Ávila Rivera A, Navacerrada Barrero FJ, Lobato Rodríguez R, Sobrido Gómez MJ. Epidemiology of ataxia and hereditary spastic paraplegia in Spain: a cross-sectional study. Neurologia 2023:S2173-5808(23)00023-8. [PMID: 37120112 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ataxia and hereditary spastic paraplegia are rare neurodegenerative syndromes. We aimed to determine the prevalence of these disorders in Spain in 2019. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional, multicentre, retrospective, descriptive study of patients with ataxia and hereditary spastic paraplegia in Spain between March 2018 and December 2019. RESULTS We gathered data from a total of 1933 patients from 11 autonomous communities, provided by 47 neurologists or geneticists. Mean (SD) age in our sample was 53.64 (20.51) years; 982 patients were men (50.8%) and 951 were women (49.2%). The genetic defect was unidentified in 920 patients (47.6%). A total of 1371 patients (70.9%) had ataxia and 562 (29.1%) had hereditary spastic paraplegia. Prevalence rates for ataxia and hereditary spastic paraplegia were estimated at 5.48 and 2.24 cases per 100 000 population, respectively. The most frequent type of dominant ataxia in our sample was SCA3, and the most frequent recessive ataxia was Friedreich ataxia. The most frequent type of dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia in our sample was SPG4, and the most frequent recessive type was SPG7. CONCLUSIONS In our sample, the estimated prevalence of ataxia and hereditary spastic paraplegia was 7.73 cases per 100 000 population. This rate is similar to those reported for other countries. Genetic diagnosis was not available in 47.6% of cases. Despite these limitations, our study provides useful data for estimating the necessary healthcare resources for these patients, raising awareness of these diseases, determining the most frequent causal mutations for local screening programmes, and promoting the development of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ortega Suero
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Alcázar de San Juan, Complejo La Mancha-Centro, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M J Abenza Abildúa
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - I Rouco Axpe
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Bilbao, Spain
| | - F J Arpa Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Asesoría Docente de Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - A D Adarmes Gómez
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - B Quintans Castro
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Posada Rodríguez
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Vadillo Bermejo
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Mancha Centro, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Á Domingo Santos
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital G. Tomelloso, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - I Infante Ceberio
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Cantabria, Spain
| | - J Pardo Fernández
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - E Costa Arpín
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - C Painous Martí
- Servicio de Neurología, Unidad de Neurogenética, Hospital Universitario Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J E Muñoz
- Servicio de Neurología, Unidad de Neurogenética, Hospital Universitario Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Mir Rivera
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - F Montón Álvarez
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Nuestra señora de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - J Gascón Bayarri
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Casasnovas Pons
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Vélez Santamaría
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A López de Munain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - G Fernández-Eulate
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J Gazulla Abío
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - I Sanz Gallego
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Sonsoles, Ávila, Spain
| | - L Rojas Bartolomé
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Ó Ayo Martín
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - T Segura Martín
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - C González Mingot
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - M Baraldés Rovira
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - R Sivera Mascaró
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Francesc de Borja, Gandía, Spain
| | - E Cubo Delgado
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - F Vázquez Sánchez
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | | | | | | | - C Labandeira Guerra
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - B Alemany Perna
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - A Carvajal Hernández
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - N Caballol Pons
- Sección de Neurología, Hospital Moisés Broggi, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Ávila Rivera
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital General L´Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - R Lobato Rodríguez
- Sección de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Madrid, Spain
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Tichanek F. Psychiatric-Like Impairments in Mouse Models of Spinocerebellar Ataxias. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:14-25. [PMID: 35000108 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many patients with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) suffer from diverse neuropsychiatric issues, including memory impairments, apathy, depression, or anxiety. These neuropsychiatric aspects contribute per se to the reduced quality of life and worse prognosis. However, the extent to which SCA-related neuropathology directly contributes to these issues remains largely unclear. Behavioral profiling of various SCA mouse models can bring new insight into this question. This paper aims to synthesize recent findings from behavioral studies of SCA patients and mouse models. The role of SCA neuropathology for shaping psychiatric-like impairments may be exemplified in mouse models of SCA1. These mice evince robust cognitive impairments which are shaped by both the cerebellar as well as out-of-cerebellar pathology. Although emotional-related alternations are also present, they seem to be less robust and more affected by the specific distribution and character of the neuropathology. For example, cerebellar-specific pathology seems to provoke behavioral disinhibition, leading to seemingly decreased anxiety, whereas complex SCA1 neuropathology induces anxiety-like phenotype. In SCA1 mice with complex neuropathology, some of the psychiatric-like impairments are present even before marked cerebellar degeneration and ataxia and correlate with hippocampal atrophy. Similarly, complete or partial deletion of the implicated gene (Atxn1) leads to cognitive dysfunction and anxiety-like behavior, respectively, without apparent ataxia and cerebellar degeneration. Altogether, these findings collectively suggest that the neuropsychiatric issues have a biological basis partially independent of the cerebellum. As some neuropsychiatric issues may stem from weakening the function of the implicated gene, therapeutic reduction of its expression by molecular approaches may not necessarily mitigate the neuropsychiatric issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Tichanek
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic.
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Erro R, Magrinelli F, Bhatia KP. Paroxysmal movement disorders: Paroxysmal dyskinesia and episodic ataxia. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 196:347-365. [PMID: 37620078 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Paroxysmal movement disorders have traditionally been classified into paroxysmal dyskinesia (PxD), which consists in attacks of involuntary movements (mainly dystonia and/or chorea) without loss of consciousness, and episodic ataxia (EA), which features spells of cerebellar dysfunction with or without interictal neurological manifestations. In this chapter, PxD will be discussed first according to the trigger-based classification, thus reviewing clinical, genetic, and molecular features of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia, and paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia. EA will be presented thereafter according to their designated gene or genetic locus. Clinicogenetic similarities among paroxysmal movement disorders have progressively emerged, which are herein highlighted along with growing evidence that their pathomechanisms overlap those of epilepsy and migraine. Advances in our comprehension of the biological pathways underlying paroxysmal movement disorders, which involve ion channels as well as proteins associated with the vesical synaptic cycle or implicated in neuronal energy metabolism, may represent the cornerstone for defining a shared pathophysiologic framework and developing target-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Erro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesca Magrinelli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Dvorak NM, Tapia CM, Singh AK, Baumgartner TJ, Wang P, Chen H, Wadsworth PA, Zhou J, Laezza F. Pharmacologically Targeting the Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 Interaction Site on the Voltage-Gated Na + Channel 1.6 Enables Isoform-Selective Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413541. [PMID: 34948337 PMCID: PMC8708424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channels are the primary molecular determinant of the action potential. Among the nine isoforms of the Nav channel α subunit that have been described (Nav1.1-Nav1.9), Nav1.1, Nav1.2, and Nav1.6 are the primary isoforms expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Crucially, these three CNS Nav channel isoforms display differential expression across neuronal cell types and diverge with respect to their subcellular distributions. Considering these differences in terms of their localization, the CNS Nav channel isoforms could represent promising targets for the development of targeted neuromodulators. However, current therapeutics that target Nav channels lack selectivity, which results in deleterious side effects due to modulation of off-target Nav channel isoforms. Among the structural components of the Nav channel α subunit that could be pharmacologically targeted to achieve isoform selectivity, the C-terminal domains (CTD) of Nav channels represent promising candidates on account of displaying appreciable amino acid sequence divergence that enables functionally unique protein–protein interactions (PPIs) with Nav channel auxiliary proteins. In medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical brain region of the mesocorticolimbic circuit, the PPI between the CTD of the Nav1.6 channel and its auxiliary protein fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) is central to the generation of electrical outputs, underscoring its potential value as a site for targeted neuromodulation. Focusing on this PPI, we previously developed a peptidomimetic derived from residues of FGF14 that have an interaction site on the CTD of the Nav1.6 channel. In this work, we show that whereas the compound displays dose-dependent effects on the activity of Nav1.6 channels in heterologous cells, the compound does not affect Nav1.1 or Nav1.2 channels at comparable concentrations. In addition, we show that the compound correspondingly modulates the action potential discharge and the transient Na+ of MSNs of the NAc. Overall, these results demonstrate that pharmacologically targeting the FGF14 interaction site on the CTD of the Nav1.6 channel is a strategy to achieve isoform-selective modulation, and, more broadly, that sites on the CTDs of Nav channels interacted with by auxiliary proteins could represent candidates for the development of targeted therapeutics.
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11
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Ortega Suero G, Abenza Abildúa MJ, Serrano Munuera C, Rouco Axpe I, Arpa Gutiérrez FJ, Adarmes Gómez AD, Rodríguez de Rivera FJ, Quintans Castro B, Posada Rodríguez I, Vadillo Bermejo A, Domingo Santos Á, Blanco Vicente E, Infante Ceberio I, Pardo Fernández J, Costa Arpín E, Painous Martí C, Muñoz JE, Mir Rivera P, Montón Álvarez F, Bataller Alberola L, Gascón Bayarri J, Casasnovas Pons C, Vélez Santamaría V, López Munain A, Fernández García Eulate G, Gazulla Abío J, Sanz Gallego I, Rojas Bartolomé L, Ayo Martín Ó, Segura Martín T, González Mingot C, Baraldés Rovira M, Sivera Mascaró R, Cubo Delgado E, Echevarría Íñiguez A, Vázquez Sánchez F, Bártulos Iglesias M, Casadevall Codina MT, Martínez Fernández EM, Labandeira Guerra C, Alemany Perna B, Carvajal Hernández A, Fernández Moreno C, Palacín Larroy M, Caballol Pons N, Ávila Rivera A, Navacerrada Barrero FJ, Lobato Rodríguez R, Sobrido Gómez MJ. Epidemiology of ataxia and hereditary spastic paraplegia in Spain: a cross-sectional study. Neurologia 2021; 38:S0213-4853(21)00021-9. [PMID: 33775475 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ataxia and hereditary spastic paraplegia are rare neurodegenerative syndromes. We aimed to determine the prevalence of these disorders in Spain in 2019. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional, multicentre, retrospective, descriptive study of patients with ataxia and hereditary spastic paraplegia in Spain between March 2018 and December 2019. RESULTS We gathered data from a total of 1.809 patients from 11 autonomous communities, provided by 47 neurologists or geneticists. Mean (SD) age in our sample was 53.64 (20.51) years; 920 patients were men (50.8%) and 889 were women (49.2%). The genetic defect was unidentified in 920 patients (47.6%). A total of 1371 patients (70.9%) had ataxia and 562 (29.1%) had hereditary spastic paraplegia. Prevalence rates for ataxia and hereditary spastic paraplegia were estimated at 5.48 and 2.24 cases per 100 000 population, respectively. The most frequent type of dominant ataxia in our sample was SCA3, and the most frequent recessive ataxia was Friedreich ataxia. The most frequent type of dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia in our sample was SPG4, and the most frequent recessive type was SPG7. CONCLUSIONS In our sample, the estimated prevalence of ataxia and hereditary spastic paraplegia was 7.73 cases per 100 000 population. This rate is similar to those reported for other countries. Genetic diagnosis was not available in 47.6% of cases. Despite these limitations, our study provides useful data for estimating the necessary healthcare resources for these patients, raising awareness of these diseases, determining the most frequent causal mutations for local screening programmes, and promoting the development of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ortega Suero
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Alcázar de San Juan, Complejo La Mancha-Centro, Ciudad Real, España
| | - M J Abenza Abildúa
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Madrid, España.
| | - C Serrano Munuera
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Martorell, España
| | - I Rouco Axpe
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Bilbao, España
| | - F J Arpa Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Asesoría Docente de Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
| | - A D Adarmes Gómez
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España
| | - F J Rodríguez de Rivera
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III-Cantoblanco, Madrid, España
| | - B Quintans Castro
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, España
| | - I Posada Rodríguez
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
| | - A Vadillo Bermejo
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Mancha Centro, Ciudad Real, España
| | - Á Domingo Santos
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital G. Tomelloso, Ciudad Real, España
| | - E Blanco Vicente
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Villarrobledo, Albacete, España
| | - I Infante Ceberio
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Cantabria, España
| | - J Pardo Fernández
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, España
| | - E Costa Arpín
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, España
| | - C Painous Martí
- Servicio de Neurología, Unidad de Neurogenética, Hospital Universitario Clinic, Barcelona, España
| | - J E Muñoz
- Servicio de Neurología, Unidad de Neurogenética, Hospital Universitario Clinic, Barcelona, España
| | - P Mir Rivera
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España
| | - F Montón Álvarez
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Nuestra señora de Candelaria, Tenerife, España
| | | | - J Gascón Bayarri
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Bellvitge, Barcelona, España
| | - C Casasnovas Pons
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Bellvitge, Barcelona, España
| | - V Vélez Santamaría
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Bellvitge, Barcelona, España
| | - A López Munain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, España
| | | | - J Gazulla Abío
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, España
| | - I Sanz Gallego
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Sonsoles, Ávila, España
| | - L Rojas Bartolomé
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, España
| | - Ó Ayo Martín
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, España
| | - T Segura Martín
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, España
| | - C González Mingot
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, España
| | - M Baraldés Rovira
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, España
| | - R Sivera Mascaró
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Francesc de Borja, Gandía, España
| | - E Cubo Delgado
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, España
| | | | - F Vázquez Sánchez
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, España
| | | | | | | | - C Labandeira Guerra
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, España
| | - B Alemany Perna
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Josep Trueta, Girona, España
| | - A Carvajal Hernández
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, España
| | | | | | - N Caballol Pons
- Sección de Neurología, Hospital Moisés Broggi, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, España
| | - A Ávila Rivera
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital General ĹHospitalet, Barcelona, España
| | | | - R Lobato Rodríguez
- Sección de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Madrid, España
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12
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A Variation in FGF14 Is Associated with Downbeat Nystagmus in a Genome-Wide Association Study. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:348-357. [PMID: 32157568 PMCID: PMC7198638 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Downbeat nystagmus (DBN) is a frequent form of acquired persisting central fixation nystagmus, often associated with other cerebellar ocular signs, such as saccadic smooth pursuit or gaze-holding deficits. Despite its distinct clinical features, the underlying etiology of DBN often remains unclear. Therefore, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted in 106 patients and 2609 healthy controls of European ancestry to identify genetic variants associated with DBN. A genome-wide significant association (p < 5 × 10-8) with DBN was found for a variation on chromosome 13 located within the fibroblast growth factor 14 gene (FGF14). FGF14 is expressed in Purkinje cells (PCs) and a reduction leads to a decreased spontaneous firing rate and excitability of PCs, compatible with the pathophysiology of DBN. In addition, mutations in the FGF14 gene cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 27. Suggestive associations (p < 1 × 10-05) could be detected for 15 additional LD-independent loci, one of which is also located in the FGF14 gene. An association of a region containing the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and MutS Homolog 3 (MSH3) genes on chromosome 5 was slightly below the genome-wide significance threshold. DHFR is relevant for neuronal regulation, and a dysfunction is known to induce cerebellar damage. Among the remaining twelve suggestive associations, four genes (MAST4, TPPP, FTMT, and IDS) seem to be involved in cerebral pathological processes. Thus, this GWAS analysis has identified a potential genetic contribution to idiopathic DBN, including suggestive associations to several genes involved in postulated pathological mechanisms of DBN (i.e., impaired function of cerebellar PCs).
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13
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Shaikh AG, Manto M. Genome-Wide Association Study Points New Direction for Downbeat Nystagmus Research. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 19:345-347. [PMID: 32253642 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aasef G Shaikh
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Neurology Service and Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Louis Stokes Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44110, USA.
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium.,University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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14
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Paucar M, Lundin J, Alshammari T, Bergendal Å, Lindefeldt M, Alshammari M, Solders G, Di Re J, Savitcheva I, Granberg T, Laezza F, Iwarsson E, Svenningsson P. Broader phenotypic traits and widespread brain hypometabolism in spinocerebellar ataxia 27. J Intern Med 2020; 288:103-115. [PMID: 32112487 PMCID: PMC10123866 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to characterize a Swedish family with members affected by spinocerebellar ataxia 27 (SCA27), a rare autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14). Despite normal structural neuroimaging, psychiatric manifestations and intellectual disability are part of the SCA27 phenotype raising the need for functional neuroimaging. Here, we used clinical assessments, structural and functional neuroimaging to characterize these new SCA27 patients. Since one patient presents with a psychotic disorder, an exploratory study of markers of schizophrenia associated with GABAergic neurotransmission was performed in fgf14-/- mice, a preclinical model that replicates motor and learning deficits of SCA27. METHODS A comprehensive characterization that included clinical assessments, cognitive tests, structural neuroimaging studies, brain metabolism with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET ([18F] FDG PET) and genetic analyses was performed. Brains of fgf14-/- mice were studied with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Nine patients had ataxia, and all affected patients harboured an interstitial deletion of chromosome 13q33.1 encompassing the entire FGF14 and integrin subunit beta like 1 (ITGBL1) genes. New features for SCA27 were identified: congenital onset, psychosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and widespread hypometabolism that affected the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in all patients. Hypometabolism in the PFC was far more pronounced in a SCA27 patient with psychosis. Reduced expression of VGAT was found in the mPFC of fgf14-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS This is the second largest SCA27 family identified to date. We provide new clinical and preclinical evidence for a significant psychiatric component in SCA27, strengthening the hypothesis of FGF14 as an important modulator of psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paucar
- From the, Departments of, Department of, Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of, Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Lundin
- Department of, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Å Bergendal
- From the, Departments of, Department of, Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Lindefeldt
- Department of, Pediatric Neurology, Astrid Lindgren's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - G Solders
- From the, Departments of, Department of, Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of, Neurophysiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Di Re
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - I Savitcheva
- Departments of, Department of, Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Granberg
- From the, Departments of, Department of, Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of, Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - E Iwarsson
- Department of, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Svenningsson
- From the, Departments of, Department of, Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of, Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Sochacka M, Opalinski L, Szymczyk J, Zimoch MB, Czyrek A, Krowarsch D, Otlewski J, Zakrzewska M. FHF1 is a bona fide fibroblast growth factor that activates cellular signaling in FGFR-dependent manner. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:69. [PMID: 32357892 PMCID: PMC7193404 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) via their receptors (FGFRs) transduce signals from the extracellular space to the cell interior, modulating pivotal cellular processes such as cell proliferation, motility, metabolism and death. FGF superfamily includes a group of fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHFs), proteins whose function is still largely unknown. Since FHFs lack the signal sequence for secretion and are unable to induce FGFR-dependent cell proliferation, these proteins were considered as intracellular proteins that are not involved in signal transduction via FGFRs. Here we demonstrate for the first time that FHF1 directly interacts with all four major FGFRs. FHF1 binding causes efficient FGFR activation and initiation of receptor-dependent signaling cascades. However, the biological effect of FHF1 differs from the one elicited by canonical FGFs, as extracellular FHF1 protects cells from apoptosis, but is unable to stimulate cell division. Our data define FHF1 as a FGFR ligand, emphasizing much greater similarity between FHFs and canonical FGFs than previously indicated. Video Abstract. (MP4 38460 kb)
Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Sochacka
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Opalinski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Szymczyk
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta B Zimoch
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Czyrek
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Krowarsch
- Department of Protein Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zakrzewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
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16
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Binda F, Pernaci C, Saxena S. Cerebellar Development and Circuit Maturation: A Common Framework for Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:293. [PMID: 32300292 PMCID: PMC7145357 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) affect the cerebellum and its afferent and efferent systems that degenerate during disease progression. In the cerebellum, Purkinje cells (PCs) are the most vulnerable and their prominent loss in the late phase of the pathology is the main characteristic of these neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the constant advancement in the discovery of affected molecules and cellular pathways, a comprehensive description of the events leading to the development of motor impairment and degeneration is still lacking. However, in the last years the possible causal role for altered cerebellar development and neuronal circuit wiring in SCAs has been emerging. Not only wiring and synaptic transmission deficits are a common trait of SCAs, but also preventing the expression of the mutant protein during cerebellar development seems to exert a protective role. By discussing this tight relationship between cerebellar development and SCAs, in this review, we aim to highlight the importance of cerebellar circuitry for the investigation of SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Binda
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carla Pernaci
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Smita Saxena
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. Motor Performances of Spontaneous and Genetically Modified Mutants with Cerebellar Atrophy. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:615-634. [PMID: 30820866 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chance discovery of spontaneous mutants with atrophy of the cerebellar cortex has unearthed genes involved in optimizing motor coordination. Rotorod, stationary beam, and suspended wire tests are useful in delineating behavioral phenotypes of spontaneous mutants with cerebellar atrophy such as Grid2Lc, Grid2ho, Rorasg, Agtpbp1pcd, Relnrl, and Dab1scm. Likewise, transgenic or null mutants serving as experimental models of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) are phenotyped with the same tests. Among experimental models of autosomal dominant SCA, rotorod deficits were reported in SCA1 to 3, SCA5 to 8, SCA14, SCA17, and SCA27 and stationary beam deficits in SCA1 to 3, SCA5, SCA6, SCA13, SCA17, and SCA27. Beam tests are sensitive to experimental therapies of various kinds including molecules affecting glutamate signaling, mesenchymal stem cells, anti-oligomer antibodies, lentiviral vectors carrying genes, interfering RNAs, or neurotrophic factors, and interbreeding with other mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- Department of Psychology, University of Rouen, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, and Pathogens EA7300, and CHRU of Nancy, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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18
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Schesny M, Joncourt F, Tarnutzer AA. Acetazolamide-Responsive Episodic Ataxia Linked to Novel Splice Site Variant in FGF14 Gene. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:649-653. [PMID: 30607796 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe the case of a patient with episodic dizziness and gait imbalance for 7 years and a negative family history. On clinical examination, interictally, the patient presented with gaze-evoked nystagmus and rebound nystagmus and slight dysarthria. MRI of the brain was normal and peripheral-vestibular function was bilaterally intact. Based on genetic testing (episodic ataxia panel), a heterozygote splice site variant in intron 1 of the FGF14 gene was identified. This report adds important new evidence to previous observations that pathogenic variants in the FGF14 gene may result in variable phenotypes, either in progressive spinocerebellar ataxia (type 27) or in episodic ataxia as in our case. Our patient responded well to acetazolamide (reduction in the frequency of attacks by about two thirds), supporting the hypothesis of a sodium channelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schesny
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstr. 26, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - F Joncourt
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander A Tarnutzer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstr. 26, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland. .,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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19
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Szpisjak L, Zadori D, Klivenyi P, Vecsei L. Clinical Characteristics and Possible Drug Targets in Autosomal Dominant Spinocerebellar Ataxias. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2019; 18:279-293. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666190311155846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective:
The autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) belong
to a large and expanding group of neurodegenerative disorders. SCAs comprise more than 40 subtypes
characterized by progressive ataxia as a common feature. The most prevalent diseases among SCAs
are caused by CAG repeat expansions in the coding-region of the causative gene resulting in polyglutamine
(polyQ) tract formation in the encoded protein. Unfortunately, there is no approved therapy to
treat cerebellar motor dysfunction in SCA patients. In recent years, several studies have been conducted
to recognize the clinical and pathophysiological aspects of the polyQ SCAs more accurately.
This scientific progress has provided new opportunities to develop promising gene therapies, including
RNA interference and antisense oligonucleotides.
Conclusion:
The aim of the current work is to give a brief summary of the clinical features of SCAs
and to review the cardinal points of pathomechanisms of the most common polyQ SCAs. In addition,
we review the last few year’s promising gene suppression therapies of the most frequent polyQ SCAs
in animal models, on the basis of which human trials may be initiated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Szpisjak
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Denes Zadori
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Klivenyi
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Vecsei
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Miura S, Kosaka K, Fujioka R, Uchiyama Y, Shimojo T, Morikawa T, Irie A, Taniwaki T, Shibata H. Spinocerebellar ataxia 27 with a novel nonsense variant (Lys177X) in FGF14. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 62:172-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Sex-Specific Proteomic Changes Induced by Genetic Deletion of Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 (FGF14), a Regulator of Neuronal Ion Channels. Proteomes 2019; 7:proteomes7010005. [PMID: 30678040 PMCID: PMC6473632 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) is a member of the intracellular FGFs, which is a group of proteins involved in neuronal ion channel regulation and synaptic transmission. We previously demonstrated that male Fgf14−/− mice recapitulate the salient endophenotypes of synaptic dysfunction and behaviors that are associated with schizophrenia (SZ). As the underlying etiology of SZ and its sex-specific onset remain elusive, the Fgf14−/− model may provide a valuable tool to interrogate pathways related to disease mechanisms. Here, we performed label-free quantitative proteomics to identify enriched pathways in both male and female hippocampi from Fgf14+/+ and Fgf14−/− mice. We discovered that all of the differentially expressed proteins measured in Fgf14−/− animals, relative to their same-sex wildtype counterparts, are associated with SZ based on genome-wide association data. In addition, measured changes in the proteome were predominantly sex-specific, with the male Fgf14−/− mice distinctly enriched for pathways associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. In the male Fgf14−/− mouse, we found molecular characteristics that, in part, may explain a previously described neurotransmission and behavioral phenotype. This includes decreased levels of ALDH1A1 and protein kinase A (PRKAR2B). ALDH1A1 has been shown to mediate an alternative pathway for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis, while PRKAR2B is essential for dopamine 2 receptor signaling, which is the basis of current antipsychotics. Collectively, our results provide new insights in the role of FGF14 and support the use of the Fgf14−/− mouse as a useful preclinical model of SZ for generating hypotheses on disease mechanisms, sex-specific manifestation, and therapy.
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22
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Niu J, Dick IE, Yang W, Bamgboye MA, Yue DT, Tomaselli G, Inoue T, Ben-Johny M. Allosteric regulators selectively prevent Ca 2+-feedback of Ca V and Na V channels. eLife 2018; 7:35222. [PMID: 30198845 PMCID: PMC6156082 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) serves as a pervasive regulatory subunit of CaV1, CaV2, and NaV1 channels, exploiting a functionally conserved carboxy-tail element to afford dynamic Ca2+-feedback of cellular excitability in neurons and cardiomyocytes. Yet this modularity counters functional adaptability, as global changes in ambient CaM indiscriminately alter its targets. Here, we demonstrate that two structurally unrelated proteins, SH3 and cysteine-rich domain (stac) and fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (fhf) selectively diminish Ca2+/CaM-regulation of CaV1 and NaV1 families, respectively. The two proteins operate on allosteric sites within upstream portions of respective channel carboxy-tails, distinct from the CaM-binding interface. Generalizing this mechanism, insertion of a short RxxK binding motif into CaV1.3 carboxy-tail confers synthetic switching of CaM regulation by Mona SH3 domain. Overall, our findings identify a general class of auxiliary proteins that modify Ca2+/CaM signaling to individual targets allowing spatial and temporal orchestration of feedback, and outline strategies for engineering Ca2+/CaM signaling to individual targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Niu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Ivy E Dick
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States
| | - Wanjun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | | | - David T Yue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Gordon Tomaselli
- Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Manu Ben-Johny
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
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Hoxha E, Marcinnò A, Montarolo F, Masante L, Balbo I, Ravera F, Laezza F, Tempia F. Emerging roles of Fgf14 in behavioral control. Behav Brain Res 2018; 356:257-265. [PMID: 30189289 PMCID: PMC10082543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sexual disturbances, and aggressivity are a major social problem. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of these behaviors are largely unknown. FGF14, which is an intracellular protein controlling neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission, has been implied in neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Mice with Fgf14 deletion show blunted responses to drugs of abuse. By behavioral tests we show that male Fgf14 knockout mice have a marked reduction of several behaviors including aggressivity and sexual behavior. Other behaviors driven by spontaneous initiative like burying novel objects and spontaneous digging and climbing are also reduced in Fgf14 knockout mice. These deficits cannot be attributed to a generalized decrease of activity levels, because in the open field test Fgf14 knockout mice have the same spontaneous locomotion as wild types and increased rearing. Our results show that Fgf14 is important to preserve a set of behaviors and suggest that fine tuning of neuronal function by Fgf14 is an important mechanism of control for such behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriola Hoxha
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Andrea Marcinnò
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Francesca Montarolo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Linda Masante
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Balbo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesco Ravera
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy; National Neuroscience Institute (Italy), Corso Massimo D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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24
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Ali SR, Liu Z, Nenov MN, Folorunso O, Singh A, Scala F, Chen H, James TF, Alshammari M, Panova-Elektronova NI, White MA, Zhou J, Laezza F. Functional Modulation of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels by a FGF14-Based Peptidomimetic. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:976-987. [PMID: 29359916 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPI) offer unexploited opportunities for CNS drug discovery and neurochemical probe development. Here, we present ZL181, a novel peptidomimetic targeting the PPI interface of the voltage-gated Na+ channel Nav1.6 and its regulatory protein fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14). ZL181 binds to FGF14 and inhibits its interaction with the Nav1.6 channel C-tail. In HEK-Nav1.6 expressing cells, ZL181 acts synergistically with FGF14 to suppress Nav1.6 current density and to slow kinetics of fast inactivation, but antagonizes FGF14 modulation of steady-state inactivation that is regulated by the N-terminal tail of the protein. In medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens, ZL181 suppresses excitability by a mechanism that is dependent upon expression of FGF14 and is consistent with a state-dependent inhibition of FGF14. Overall, ZL181 and derivatives could lay the ground for developing allosteric modulators of Nav channels that are of interest for a broad range of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Musaad Alshammari
- King Saud University Graduate Studies Abroad Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Groth CL, Berman BD. Spinocerebellar Ataxia 27: A Review and Characterization of an Evolving Phenotype. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2018; 8:534. [PMID: 29416937 PMCID: PMC5801325 DOI: 10.7916/d80s0zjq] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is an uncommon form of progressive cerebellar ataxia with multiple genetic causes and marked variability in phenotypic expression even across patients with identical genetic abnormalities. SCA27 is a recently identified SCA caused by mutations in the Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 gene, with a phenotypic expression that is only beginning to be fully appreciated. We report here a case of a 70-year-old male who presented with slowly worsening tremor and gait instability that began in his early adulthood along with additional features of parkinsonism on examination. Work-up revealed a novel pathogenic mutation in the Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 gene, and symptoms improved with amantadine and levodopa. We also provide a review of the literature in order to better characterize the phenotypic expression of this uncommon condition. Methods Case report and review of the literature. Results Review of the literature revealed a total of 32 previously reported clinical cases of SCA27. Including our case, we found that early-onset tremor (12.1 ± 10.5 years) was present in 95.8%, while gait ataxia tended to present later in life (23.7 ± 16.7 years) and was accompanied by limb ataxia, dysarthria, and nystagmus. Other features of SCA27 that may distinguish it from other SCAs include the potential for episodic ataxia, accompanying psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive impairment. Discussion Testing for SCA27 should be considered in individuals with ataxia who report tremor as an initial or early symptom, as well as those with additional findings of episodic ataxia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, or parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Groth
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brian D. Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Neurology Section, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
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26
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27
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Paulson HL, Shakkottai VG, Clark HB, Orr HT. Polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias - from genes to potential treatments. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:613-626. [PMID: 28855740 PMCID: PMC6420820 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The dominantly inherited spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a large and diverse group of neurodegenerative diseases. The most prevalent SCAs (SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6 and SCA7) are caused by expansion of a glutamine-encoding CAG repeat in the affected gene. These SCAs represent a substantial portion of the polyglutamine neurodegenerative disorders and provide insight into this class of diseases as a whole. Recent years have seen considerable progress in deciphering the clinical, pathological, physiological and molecular aspects of the polyglutamine SCAs, with these advances establishing a solid base from which to pursue potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Vikram G Shakkottai
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - H Brent Clark
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Harry T Orr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
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28
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Abstract
The vertebrate endoskeleton is not a mere frame for muscle attachment to facilitate locomotion, but is a massive organ integrated with many physiologic functions including mineral and energy metabolism. Mineral balance is maintained by tightly controlled ion fluxes that are external (intestine and kidney) and internal (between bone and other organs), and are regulated and coordinated by many endocrine signals between these organs. The endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and Klotho gene families are complex systems that co-evolved with the endoskeleton. In particular, FGF23 and αKlotho which are primarily derived from bone and kidney respectively, are critical in maintaining mineral metabolism where each of these proteins serving highly diverse roles; abound with many unanswered questions regarding their upstream regulation and downstream functions. Genetic lesions of components of this network produce discreet disturbances in many facets of mineral metabolism. One acquired condition with colossal elevations of FGF23 and suppression of αKlotho is chronic kidney disease where multiple organ dysfunction contributes to the morbidity and mortality. However, the single most important group of derangements that encompasses the largest breadth of complications is mineral metabolism disorders. Mineral metabolic disorders in CKD impact negatively and significantly on the progression of renal disease as well as extra-renal complications. Knowledge of the origin, nature, and impact of phosphate, FGF23, and αKlotho derangements is pivotal to understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kuro-O
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Orson W Moe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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29
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Hsu WCJ, Wildburger NC, Haidacher SJ, Nenov MN, Folorunso O, Singh AK, Chesson BC, Franklin WF, Cortez I, Sadygov RG, Dineley KT, Rudra JS, Taglialatela G, Lichti CF, Denner L, Laezza F. PPARgamma agonists rescue increased phosphorylation of FGF14 at S226 in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 295:1-17. [PMID: 28522250 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment in humans with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in animal models of Aβ-pathology can be ameliorated by treatments with the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) agonists, such as rosiglitazone (RSG). Previously, we demonstrated that in the Tg2576 animal model of AD, RSG treatment rescued cognitive deficits and reduced aberrant activity of granule neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG), an area critical for memory formation. METHODS We used a combination of mass spectrometry, confocal imaging, electrophysiology and split-luciferase assay and in vitro phosphorylation and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. RESULTS Using an unbiased, quantitative nano-LC-MS/MS screening, we searched for potential molecular targets of the RSG-dependent rescue of DG granule neurons. We found that S226 phosphorylation of fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14), an accessory protein of the voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channels required for neuronal firing, was reduced in Tg2576 mice upon treatment with RSG. Using confocal microscopy, we confirmed that the Tg2576 condition decreased PanNav channels at the AIS of the DG, and that RSG treatment of Tg2576 mice reversed the reduction in PanNav channels. Analysis from previously published data sets identified correlative changes in action potential kinetics in RSG-treated T2576 compared to untreated and wildtype controls. In vitro phosphorylation and mass spectrometry confirmed that the multifunctional kinase GSK-3β, a downstream target of insulin signaling highly implicated in AD, phosphorylated FGF14 at S226. Assembly of the FGF14:Nav1.6 channel complex and functional regulation of Nav1.6-mediated currents by FGF14 was impaired by a phosphosilent S226A mutation. Bioinformatics pathway analysis of mass spectrometry and biochemistry data revealed a highly interconnected network encompassing PPARγ, FGF14, SCN8A (Nav 1.6), and the kinases GSK-3 β, casein kinase 2β, and ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS These results identify FGF14 as a potential PPARγ-sensitive target controlling Aβ-induced dysfunctions of neuronal activity in the DG underlying memory loss in early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun J Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; M.D./Ph.D. Combined Degree Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Norelle C Wildburger
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Sigmund J Haidacher
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Miroslav N Nenov
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Oluwarotimi Folorunso
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Aditya K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Brent C Chesson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Whitney F Franklin
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Ibdanelo Cortez
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Rovshan G Sadygov
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Kelly T Dineley
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Jay S Rudra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Giulio Taglialatela
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Cheryl F Lichti
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Larry Denner
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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Di Re J, Wadsworth PA, Laezza F. Intracellular Fibroblast Growth Factor 14: Emerging Risk Factor for Brain Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:103. [PMID: 28469558 PMCID: PMC5396478 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The finely tuned regulation of neuronal firing relies on the integrity of ion channel macromolecular complexes. Minimal disturbances of these tightly regulated networks can lead to persistent maladaptive plasticity of brain circuitry. The intracellular fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) belongs to the nexus of proteins interacting with voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channels at the axonal initial segment. Through isoform-specific interactions with the intracellular C-terminal tail of neuronal Nav channels (Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Nav1.6), FGF14 controls channel gating, axonal targeting and phosphorylation in neurons effecting excitability. FGF14 has been also involved in synaptic transmission, plasticity and neurogenesis in the cortico-mesolimbic circuit with cognitive and affective behavioral outcomes. In translational studies, interest in FGF14 continues to rise with a growing list of associative links to diseases of the cognitive and affective domains such as neurodegeneration, depression, anxiety, addictive behaviors and recently schizophrenia, suggesting its role as a converging node in the etiology of complex brain disorders. Yet, a full understanding of FGF14 function in neurons is far from being complete and likely to involve other functions unrelated to the direct regulation of Nav channels. The goal of this Mini Review article is to provide a summary of studies on the emerging role of FGF14 in complex brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Di Re
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Paul A Wadsworth
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA.,Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA.,Center for Addiction Research, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
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31
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Hoxha E, Tempia F, Lippiello P, Miniaci MC. Modulation, Plasticity and Pathophysiology of the Parallel Fiber-Purkinje Cell Synapse. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:35. [PMID: 27857688 PMCID: PMC5093118 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The parallel fiber-Purkinje cell (PF-PC) synapse represents the point of maximal signal divergence in the cerebellar cortex with an estimated number of about 60 billion synaptic contacts in the rat and 100,000 billions in humans. At the same time, the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is a site of remarkable convergence of more than 100,000 parallel fiber synapses. Parallel fiber activity generates fast postsynaptic currents via α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, and slower signals, mediated by mGlu1 receptors, resulting in Purkinje cell depolarization accompanied by sharp calcium elevation within dendritic regions. Long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) have been widely described for the PF-PC synapse and have been proposed as mechanisms for motor learning. The mechanisms of induction for LTP and LTD involve different signaling mechanisms within the presynaptic terminal and/or at the postsynaptic site, promoting enduring modification in the neurotransmitter release and change in responsiveness to the neurotransmitter. The PF-PC synapse is finely modulated by several neurotransmitters, including serotonin, noradrenaline and acetylcholine. The ability of these neuromodulators to gate LTP and LTD at the PF-PC synapse could, at least in part, explain their effect on cerebellar-dependent learning and memory paradigms. Overall, these findings have important implications for understanding the cerebellar involvement in a series of pathological conditions, ranging from ataxia to autism. For example, PF-PC synapse dysfunctions have been identified in several murine models of spino-cerebellar ataxia (SCA) types 1, 3, 5 and 27. In some cases, the defect is specific for the AMPA receptor signaling (SCA27), while in others the mGlu1 pathway is affected (SCA1, 3, 5). Interestingly, the PF-PC synapse has been shown to be hyper-functional in a mutant mouse model of autism spectrum disorder, with a selective deletion of Pten in Purkinje cells. However, the full range of methodological approaches, that allowed the discovery of the physiological principles of PF-PC synapse function, has not yet been completely exploited to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases involving the cerebellum. We, therefore, propose to extend the spectrum of experimental investigations to tackle this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriola Hoxha
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO) and Department of Neuroscience, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO) and Department of Neuroscience, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
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32
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Chaikind B, Bessen JL, Thompson DB, Hu JH, Liu DR. A programmable Cas9-serine recombinase fusion protein that operates on DNA sequences in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:9758-9770. [PMID: 27515511 PMCID: PMC5175349 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the development of ‘recCas9’, an RNA-programmed small serine recombinase that functions in mammalian cells. We fused a catalytically inactive dCas9 to the catalytic domain of Gin recombinase using an optimized fusion architecture. The resulting recCas9 system recombines DNA sites containing a minimal recombinase core site flanked by guide RNA-specified sequences. We show that these recombinases can operate on DNA sites in mammalian cells identical to genomic loci naturally found in the human genome in a manner that is dependent on the guide RNA sequences. DNA sequencing reveals that recCas9 catalyzes guide RNA-dependent recombination in human cells with an efficiency as high as 32% on plasmid substrates. Finally, we demonstrate that recCas9 expressed in human cells can catalyze in situ deletion between two genomic sites. Because recCas9 directly catalyzes recombination, it generates virtually no detectable indels or other stochastic DNA modification products. This work represents a step toward programmable, scarless genome editing in unmodified cells that is independent of endogenous cellular machinery or cell state. Current and future generations of recCas9 may facilitate targeted agricultural breeding, or the study and treatment of human genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Chaikind
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Jeffrey L Bessen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - David B Thompson
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Johnny H Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA .,Howard Hughes Medical institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
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Alshammari TK, Alshammari MA, Nenov MN, Hoxha E, Cambiaghi M, Marcinno A, James TF, Singh P, Labate D, Li J, Meltzer HY, Sacchetti B, Tempia F, Laezza F. Genetic deletion of fibroblast growth factor 14 recapitulates phenotypic alterations underlying cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e806. [PMID: 27163207 PMCID: PMC5070049 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive processing is highly dependent on the functional integrity of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) interneurons in the brain. These cells regulate excitability and synaptic plasticity of principal neurons balancing the excitatory/inhibitory tone of cortical networks. Reduced function of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons and disruption of GABAergic synapses in the cortical circuitry result in desynchronized network activity associated with cognitive impairment across many psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. However, the mechanisms underlying these complex phenotypes are still poorly understood. Here we show that in animal models, genetic deletion of fibroblast growth factor 14 (Fgf14), a regulator of neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission, leads to loss of PV interneurons in the CA1 hippocampal region, a critical area for cognitive function. Strikingly, this cellular phenotype associates with decreased expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) and vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) and also coincides with disrupted CA1 inhibitory circuitry, reduced in vivo gamma frequency oscillations and impaired working memory. Bioinformatics analysis of schizophrenia transcriptomics revealed functional co-clustering of FGF14 and genes enriched within the GABAergic pathway along with correlatively decreased expression of FGF14, PVALB, GAD67 and VGAT in the disease context. These results indicate that Fgf14(-/-) mice recapitulate salient molecular, cellular, functional and behavioral features associated with human cognitive impairment, and FGF14 loss of function might be associated with the biology of complex brain disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Alshammari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- King Saud University Graduate Studies Abroad Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Alshammari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- King Saud University Graduate Studies Abroad Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M N Nenov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - E Hoxha
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - M Cambiaghi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - A Marcinno
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
| | - T F James
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - P Singh
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - D Labate
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - H Y Meltzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - B Sacchetti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - F Tempia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - F Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Center for Addiction Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA. E-mail:
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Perkins E, Suminaite D, Jackson M. Cerebellar ataxias: β-III spectrin's interactions suggest common pathogenic pathways. J Physiol 2016; 594:4661-76. [PMID: 26821241 PMCID: PMC4983618 DOI: 10.1113/jp271195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders all characterised by postural abnormalities, motor deficits and cerebellar degeneration. Animal and in vitro models have revealed β‐III spectrin, a cytoskeletal protein present throughout the soma and dendritic tree of cerebellar Purkinje cells, to be required for the maintenance of dendritic architecture and for the trafficking and/or stabilisation of several membrane proteins: ankyrin‐R, cell adhesion molecules, metabotropic glutamate receptor‐1 (mGluR1), voltage‐gated sodium channels (Nav) and glutamate transporters. This scaffold of interactions connects β‐III spectrin to a wide variety of proteins implicated in the pathology of many SCAs. Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding β‐III spectrin (SPTBN2) underlie SCA type‐5 whereas homozygous mutations cause spectrin associated autosomal recessive ataxia type‐1 (SPARCA1), an infantile form of ataxia with cognitive impairment. Loss‐of β‐III spectrin function appears to underpin cerebellar dysfunction and degeneration in both diseases resulting in thinner dendrites, excessive dendritic protrusion with loss of planarity, reduced resurgent sodium currents and abnormal glutamatergic neurotransmission. The initial physiological consequences are a decrease in spontaneous activity and excessive excitation, likely to be offsetting each other, but eventually hyperexcitability gives rise to dark cell degeneration and reduced cerebellar output. Similar molecular mechanisms have been implicated for SCA1, 2, 3, 7, 13, 14, 19, 22, 27 and 28, highlighting alterations to intrinsic Purkinje cell activity, dendritic architecture and glutamatergic transmission as possible common mechanisms downstream of various loss‐of‐function primary genetic defects. A key question for future research is whether similar mechanisms underlie progressive cerebellar decline in normal ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Perkins
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Daumante Suminaite
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Mandy Jackson
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
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Hsu WCJ, Scala F, Nenov MN, Wildburger NC, Elferink H, Singh AK, Chesson CB, Buzhdygan T, Sohail M, Shavkunov AS, Panova NI, Nilsson CL, Rudra JS, Lichti CF, Laezza F. CK2 activity is required for the interaction of FGF14 with voltage-gated sodium channels and neuronal excitability. FASEB J 2016; 30:2171-86. [PMID: 26917740 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent data shows that fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) binds to and controls the function of the voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel with phenotypic outcomes on neuronal excitability. Mutations in the FGF14 gene in humans have been associated with brain disorders that are partially recapitulated in Fgf14(-/-) mice. Thus, signaling pathways that modulate the FGF14:Nav channel interaction may be important therapeutic targets. Bioluminescence-based screening of small molecule modulators of the FGF14:Nav1.6 complex identified 4,5,6,7 -: tetrabromobenzotriazole (TBB), a potent casein kinase 2 (CK2) inhibitor, as a strong suppressor of FGF14:Nav1.6 interaction. Inhibition of CK2 through TBB reduces the interaction of FGF14 with Nav1.6 and Nav1.2 channels. Mass spectrometry confirmed direct phosphorylation of FGF14 by CK2 at S228 and S230, and mutation to alanine at these sites modified FGF14 modulation of Nav1.6-mediated currents. In 1 d in vitro hippocampal neurons, TBB induced a reduction in FGF14 expression, a decrease in transient Na(+) current amplitude, and a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of Nav channel steady-state inactivation. In mature neurons, TBB reduces the axodendritic polarity of FGF14. In cornu ammonis area 1 hippocampal slices from wild-type mice, TBB impairs neuronal excitability by increasing action potential threshold and lowering firing frequency. Importantly, these changes in excitability are recapitulated in Fgf14(-/-) mice, and deletion of Fgf14 occludes TBB-dependent phenotypes observed in wild-type mice. These results suggest that a CK2-FGF14 axis may regulate Nav channels and neuronal excitability.-Hsu, W.-C. J., Scala, F., Nenov, M. N., Wildburger, N. C., Elferink, H., Singh, A. K., Chesson, C. B., Buzhdygan, T., Sohail, M., Shavkunov, A. S., Panova, N. I., Nilsson, C. L., Rudra, J. S., Lichti, C. F., Laezza, F. CK2 activity is required for the interaction of FGF14 with voltage-gated sodium channels and neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Scala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy; and
| | | | - Norelle C Wildburger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Neurology, Washington, University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Charles B Chesson
- Human Pathophysiology and Translational Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | - Carol L Nilsson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine
| | | | - Cheryl F Lichti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Addiction Research, and Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA;
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Bosch MK, Nerbonne JM, Townsend RR, Miyazaki H, Nukina N, Ornitz DM, Marionneau C. Proteomic analysis of native cerebellar iFGF14 complexes. Channels (Austin) 2016; 10:297-312. [PMID: 26889602 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2016.1153203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 (iFGF14) and the other intracellular FGFs (iFGF11-13) regulate the properties and densities of voltage-gated neuronal and cardiac Na(+) (Nav) channels. Recent studies have demonstrated that the iFGFs can also regulate native voltage-gated Ca(2+) (Cav) channels. In the present study, a mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic approach was used to identify the components of native cerebellar iFGF14 complexes. Using an anti-iFGF14 antibody, native iFGF14 complexes were immunoprecipitated from wild type adult mouse cerebellum. Parallel control experiments were performed on cerebellar proteins isolated from mice (Fgf14(-/-)) harboring a targeted disruption of the Fgf14 locus. MS analyses of immunoprecipitated proteins demonstrated that the vast majority of proteins identified in native cerebellar iFGF14 complexes are Nav channel pore-forming (α) subunits or proteins previously reported to interact with Nav α subunits. In contrast, no Cav channel α or accessory subunits were revealed in cerebellar iFGF14 immunoprecipitates. Additional experiments were completed using an anti-PanNav antibody to immunoprecipitate Nav channel complexes from wild type and Fgf14(-/-) mouse cerebellum. Western blot and MS analyses revealed that the loss of iFGF14 does not measurably affect the protein composition or the relative abundance of Nav channel interacting proteins in native adult mouse cerebellar Nav channel complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie K Bosch
- a Department of Developmental Biology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Jeanne M Nerbonne
- a Department of Developmental Biology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,b Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - R Reid Townsend
- b Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,c Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Haruko Miyazaki
- d Laboratory of Structural Pathology, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto , Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nukina
- d Laboratory of Structural Pathology, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto , Japan
| | - David M Ornitz
- a Department of Developmental Biology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Céline Marionneau
- e L'Institut du Thorax, INSERM UMR1087, CNRS UMR6291, Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
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Vlismas A, Bletsa R, Mavrogianni D, Mamali G, Pergamali M, Dinopoulou V, Partsinevelos G, Drakakis P, Loutradis D, Kiessling AA. Microarray Analyses Reveal Marked Differences in Growth Factor and Receptor Expression Between 8-Cell Human Embryos and Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:160-77. [PMID: 26493868 PMCID: PMC4733324 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous microarray analyses of RNAs from 8-cell (8C) human embryos revealed a lack of cell cycle checkpoints and overexpression of core circadian oscillators and cell cycle drivers relative to pluripotent human stem cells [human embryonic stem cells/induced pluripotent stem (hES/iPS)] and fibroblasts, suggesting growth factor independence during early cleavage stages. To explore this possibility, we queried our combined microarray database for expression of 487 growth factors and receptors. Fifty-one gene elements were overdetected on the 8C arrays relative to hES/iPS cells, including 14 detected at least 80-fold higher, which annotated to multiple pathways: six cytokine family (CSF1R, IL2RG, IL3RA, IL4, IL17B, IL23R), four transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) family (BMP6, BMP15, GDF9, ENG), one fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family [FGF14(FH4)], one epidermal growth factor member (GAB1), plus CD36, and CLEC10A. 8C-specific gene elements were enriched (73%) for reported circadian-controlled genes in mouse tissues. High-level detection of CSF1R, ENG, IL23R, and IL3RA specifically on the 8C arrays suggests the embryo plays an active role in blocking immune rejection and is poised for trophectoderm development; robust detection of NRG1, GAB1, -2, GRB7, and FGF14(FHF4) indicates novel roles in early development in addition to their known roles in later development. Forty-four gene elements were underdetected on the 8C arrays, including 11 at least 80-fold under the pluripotent cells: two cytokines (IFITM1, TNFRSF8), five TGFBs (BMP7, LEFTY1, LEFTY2, TDGF1, TDGF3), two FGFs (FGF2, FGF receptor 1), plus ING5, and WNT6. The microarray detection patterns suggest that hES/iPS cells exhibit suppressed circadian competence, underexpression of early differentiation markers, and more robust expression of generic pluripotency genes, in keeping with an artificial state of continual uncommitted cell division. In contrast, gene expression patterns of the 8C embryo suggest that it is an independent circadian rhythm-competent equivalence group poised to signal its environment, defend against maternal immune rejection, and begin the rapid commitment events of early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Vlismas
- 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of University of Athens, “Alexandra” Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ritsa Bletsa
- 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of University of Athens, “Alexandra” Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Mavrogianni
- 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of University of Athens, “Alexandra” Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgina Mamali
- 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of University of Athens, “Alexandra” Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Pergamali
- 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of University of Athens, “Alexandra” Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Dinopoulou
- 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of University of Athens, “Alexandra” Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Bedford Research Foundation, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - George Partsinevelos
- 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of University of Athens, “Alexandra” Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter Drakakis
- 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of University of Athens, “Alexandra” Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Loutradis
- 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of University of Athens, “Alexandra” Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Alshammari MA, Alshammari TK, Nenov MN, Scala F, Laezza F. Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 Modulates the Neurogenesis of Granule Neurons in the Adult Dentate Gyrus. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:7254-7270. [PMID: 26687232 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, the production of mature neurons from progenitor cells in the adult mammalian brain, is linked to the etiology of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. However, a thorough understanding of the molecular elements at the base of adult neurogenesis remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence for a previously undescribed function of fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14), a brain disease-associated factor that controls neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity, in regulating adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG). We found that FGF14 is dynamically expressed in restricted subtypes of sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2)-positive and doublecortin (DCX)-positive neural progenitors in the DG. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation studies and confocal imaging revealed that genetic deletion of Fgf14 in Fgf14 -/- mice leads to a significant change in the proportion of proliferating and immature and mature newly born adult granule cells. This results in an increase in the late immature and early mature population of DCX and calretinin (CR)-positive neurons. Electrophysiological extracellular field recordings showed reduced minimal threshold response and impaired paired-pulse facilitation at the perforant path to DG inputs in Fgf14 -/- compared to Fgf14 +/+ mice, supporting disrupted synaptic connectivity as a correlative read-out to impaired neurogenesis. These new insights into the biology of FGF14 in neurogenesis shed light into the signaling pathways associated with disrupted functions in complex brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musaad A Alshammari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Graduate Studies Abroad Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Medical Research Building 7.102B, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Tahani K Alshammari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Graduate Studies Abroad Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Medical Research Building 7.102B, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Miroslav N Nenov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Medical Research Building 7.102B, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Federico Scala
- Biophysics Graduate Program, Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Medical Research Building 7.102B, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Center for Addiction Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Medical Research Building 7.102B, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Abstract
While the onset of a dominantly inherited ataxia is typically taken to be the onset of gait ataxia, a wide range of other symptoms related to central and/or peripheral nervous system impairment, or even to non-neurological involvement, can be the presenting feature. Knowledge of these is fairly robust for the commonest spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs 1, 2, 3 and 6) and for those where a striking non-ataxic presentation is the norm (SCAs 7 and 12), but the literature is potentially misleading in the rarer dominant ataxias. This review summarises what is currently known of these non-ataxic presentations and outlines and explains the difficulties associated with determining non-ataxic presentations of dominant ataxias. The relevant literature was surveyed, including systematic reviews (where available) and case reports. Non-ataxic presentations of dominant ataxias are classified by symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsdon Storey
- Department of Medicine (Neuroscience), Monash University, Alfred Hospital Campus, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Neuroscience, Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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Restoration of Central Programmed Movement Pattern by Temporal Electrical Stimulation-Assisted Training in Patients with Spinal Cerebellar Atrophy. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:462182. [PMID: 26417459 PMCID: PMC4568379 DOI: 10.1155/2015/462182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupted triphasic electromyography (EMG) patterns of agonist and antagonist muscle pairs during fast goal-directed movements have been found in patients with hypermetria. Since peripheral electrical stimulation (ES) and motor training may modulate motor cortical excitability through plasticity mechanisms, we aimed to investigate whether temporal ES-assisted movement training could influence premovement cortical excitability and alleviate hypermetria in patients with spinal cerebellar ataxia (SCA). The EMG of the agonist extensor carpi radialis muscle and antagonist flexor carpi radialis muscle, premovement motor evoked potentials (MEPs) of the flexor carpi radialis muscle, and the constant and variable errors of movements were assessed before and after 4 weeks of ES-assisted fast goal-directed wrist extension training in the training group and of general health education in the control group. After training, the premovement MEPs of the antagonist muscle were facilitated at 50 ms before the onset of movement. In addition, the EMG onset latency of the antagonist muscle shifted earlier and the constant error decreased significantly. In summary, temporal ES-assisted training alleviated hypermetria by restoring antagonist premovement and temporal triphasic EMG patterns in SCA patients. This technique may be applied to treat hypermetria in cerebellar disorders. (This trial is registered with NCT01983670.).
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Intracellular FGF14 (iFGF14) Is Required for Spontaneous and Evoked Firing in Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons and for Motor Coordination and Balance. J Neurosci 2015; 35:6752-69. [PMID: 25926453 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2663-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in FGF14, which encodes intracellular fibroblast growth factor 14 (iFGF14), have been linked to spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA27). In addition, mice lacking Fgf14 (Fgf14(-/-)) exhibit an ataxia phenotype resembling SCA27, accompanied by marked changes in the excitability of cerebellar granule and Purkinje neurons. It is not known, however, whether these phenotypes result from defects in neuronal development or if they reflect a physiological requirement for iFGF14 in the adult cerebellum. Here, we demonstrate that the acute and selective Fgf14-targeted short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated in vivo "knock-down" of iFGF14 in adult Purkinje neurons attenuates spontaneous and evoked action potential firing without measurably affecting the expression or localization of voltage-gated Na(+) (Nav) channels at Purkinje neuron axon initial segments. The selective shRNA-mediated in vivo "knock-down" of iFGF14 in adult Purkinje neurons also impairs motor coordination and balance. Repetitive firing can be restored in Fgf14-targeted shRNA-expressing Purkinje neurons, as well as in Fgf14(-/-) Purkinje neurons, by prior membrane hyperpolarization, suggesting that the iFGF14-mediated regulation of the excitability of mature Purkinje neurons depends on membrane potential. Further experiments revealed that the loss of iFGF14 results in a marked hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation of the Nav currents in adult Purkinje neurons. We also show here that expressing iFGF14 selectively in adult Fgf14(-/-) Purkinje neurons rescues spontaneous firing and improves motor performance. Together, these results demonstrate that iFGF14 is required for spontaneous and evoked action potential firing in adult Purkinje neurons, thereby controlling the output of these cells and the regulation of motor coordination and balance.
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Tempia F, Hoxha E, Negro G, Alshammari MA, Alshammari TK, Panova-Elektronova N, Laezza F. Parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synaptic impairment in a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 27. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:205. [PMID: 26089778 PMCID: PMC4455242 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically inherited mutations in the fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) gene lead to spinocerebellar ataxia type 27 (SCA27), an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by heterogeneous motor and cognitive impairments. Consistently, genetic deletion of Fgf14 in Fgf14 (-/-) mice recapitulates salient features of the SCA27 human disease. In vitro molecular studies in cultured neurons indicate that the FGF14 (F145S) SCA27 allele acts as a dominant negative mutant suppressing the FGF14 wild type function and resulting in inhibition of voltage-gated Na(+) and Ca(2+) channels. To gain insights in the cerebellar deficits in the animal model of the human disease, we applied whole-cell voltage-clamp in the acute cerebellar slice preparation to examine the properties of parallel fibers (PF) to Purkinje neuron synapses in Fgf14 (-/-) mice and wild type littermates. We found that the AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents evoked by PF stimulation (PF-EPSCs) were significantly reduced in Fgf14 (-/-) animals, while short-term plasticity, measured as paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), was enhanced. Measuring Sr(2+)-induced release of quanta from stimulated synapses, we found that the size of the PF-EPSCs was unchanged, ruling out a postsynaptic deficit. This phenotype was corroborated by decreased expression of VGLUT1, a specific presynaptic marker at PF-Purkinje neuron synapses. We next examined the mGluR1 receptor-induced response (mGluR1-EPSC) that under normal conditions requires a gradual build-up of glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft, and found no changes in these responses in Fgf14 (-/-) mice. These results provide evidence of a critical role of FGF14 in maintaining presynaptic function at PF-Purkinje neuron synapses highlighting critical target mechanisms to recapitulate the complexity of the SCA27 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Tempia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino Torino, Italy ; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Torino, Italy ; National Institute of Neuroscience-Torino Italy
| | - Eriola Hoxha
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino Torino, Italy ; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Negro
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Torino, Italy
| | - Musaad A Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA ; Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas, USA ; King Saud University Graduate Studies Abroad Program Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani K Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA ; Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas, USA ; King Saud University Graduate Studies Abroad Program Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neli Panova-Elektronova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA ; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA ; Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA ; Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. The Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling pathway. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:215-66. [PMID: 25772309 PMCID: PMC4393358 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1317] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The signaling component of the mammalian Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family is comprised of eighteen secreted proteins that interact with four signaling tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs). Interaction of FGF ligands with their signaling receptors is regulated by protein or proteoglycan cofactors and by extracellular binding proteins. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues that mediate interaction with cytosolic adaptor proteins and the RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT intracellular signaling pathways. Four structurally related intracellular non-signaling FGFs interact with and regulate the family of voltage gated sodium channels. Members of the FGF family function in the earliest stages of embryonic development and during organogenesis to maintain progenitor cells and mediate their growth, differentiation, survival, and patterning. FGFs also have roles in adult tissues where they mediate metabolic functions, tissue repair, and regeneration, often by reactivating developmental signaling pathways. Consistent with the presence of FGFs in almost all tissues and organs, aberrant activity of the pathway is associated with developmental defects that disrupt organogenesis, impair the response to injury, and result in metabolic disorders, and cancer. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
- *
Correspondence to:
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto UniversitySakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Hekman KE, Gomez CM. The autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias: emerging mechanistic themes suggest pervasive Purkinje cell vulnerability. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86:554-61. [PMID: 25136055 PMCID: PMC6718294 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-308421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The spinocerebellar ataxias are a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders with clinically overlapping phenotypes arising from Purkinje cell degeneration, cerebellar atrophy and varying degrees of degeneration of other grey matter regions. For 22 of the 32 subtypes, a genetic cause has been identified. While recurring themes are emerging, there is no clear correlation between the clinical phenotype or penetrance, the type of genetic defect or the category of the disease mechanism, or the neuronal types involved beyond Purkinje cells. These phenomena suggest that cerebellar Purkinje cells may be a uniquely vulnerable neuronal cell type, more susceptible to a wider variety of genetic/cellular insults than most other neuron types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Hekman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Planes M, Rooryck C, Vuillaume ML, Besnard L, Bouron J, Lacombe D, Arveiler B, Goizet C. SCA27 is a cause of early-onset ataxia and developmental delay. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2015; 19:271-3. [PMID: 25530029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Planes
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Caroline Rooryck
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), EA 4576 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Laure Vuillaume
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), EA 4576 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lucie Besnard
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Bouron
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), EA 4576 Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Arveiler
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), EA 4576 Bordeaux, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), EA 4576 Bordeaux, France
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Identifying a kinase network regulating FGF14:Nav1.6 complex assembly using split-luciferase complementation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117246. [PMID: 25659151 PMCID: PMC4319734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinases play fundamental roles in the brain. Through complex signaling pathways, kinases regulate the strength of protein:protein interactions (PPI) influencing cell cycle, signal transduction, and electrical activity of neurons. Changes induced by kinases on neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity and brain connectivity are linked to complex brain disorders, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these cellular events remain for the most part elusive. To further our understanding of brain disease, new methods for rapidly surveying kinase pathways in the cellular context are needed. The bioluminescence-based luciferase complementation assay (LCA) is a powerful, versatile toolkit for the exploration of PPI. LCA relies on the complementation of two firefly luciferase protein fragments that are functionally reconstituted into the full luciferase enzyme by two interacting binding partners. Here, we applied LCA in live cells to assay 12 kinase pathways as regulators of the PPI complex formed by the voltage-gated sodium channel, Nav1.6, a transmembrane ion channel that elicits the action potential in neurons and mediates synaptic transmission, and its multivalent accessory protein, the fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14). Through extensive dose-dependent validations of structurally-diverse kinase inhibitors and hierarchical clustering, we identified the PI3K/Akt pathway, the cell-cycle regulator Wee1 kinase, and protein kinase C (PKC) as prospective regulatory nodes of neuronal excitability through modulation of the FGF14:Nav1.6 complex. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis shows convergence of these pathways on glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and functional assays demonstrate that inhibition of GSK3 impairs excitability of hippocampal neurons. This combined approach provides a versatile toolkit for rapidly surveying PPI signaling, allowing the discovery of new modular pathways centered on GSK3 that might be the basis for functional alterations between the normal and diseased brain.
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Choquet K, La Piana R, Brais B. A novel frameshift mutation in FGF14 causes an autosomal dominant episodic ataxia. Neurogenetics 2015; 16:233-6. [PMID: 25566820 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-014-0436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Episodic ataxias (EAs) are a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent attacks of ataxia. Mutations in KCNA1 and CACNA1A account for the majority of EA cases worldwide. We recruited a two-generation family affected with EA of unknown subtype and performed whole-exome sequencing on two affected members. This revealed a novel heterozygous mutation c.211_212insA (p.I71NfsX27) leading to a premature stop codon in FGF14. Mutations in FGF14 are known to cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 27 (SCA27). Sanger sequencing confirmed segregation within the family. Our findings expand the phenotypic spectrum of SCA27 by underlining the possible episodic nature of this ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Choquet
- Neurogenetics of Motion Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
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Pablo JL, Pitt GS. Fibroblast Growth Factor Homologous Factors: New Roles in Neuronal Health and Disease. Neuroscientist 2014; 22:19-25. [PMID: 25492945 DOI: 10.1177/1073858414562217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHFs) are a noncanonical subset of intracellular fibroblast growth factors that have been implicated in a variety of neurobiological processes and in disease. They are most prominently regulators of voltage-gated Na(+) channels (NaVs). In this review, we discuss new insights into how FHFs modulate NaVs. This is followed by a summary of a growing body of evidence that FHFs operate in much broader fashion. Finally, we highlight unknown aspects of FHF function as areas of future interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Pablo
- Ion Channel Research Unit, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Pitt
- Ion Channel Research Unit, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Abstract
Heredoataxias are a group of genetic disorders with a cerebellar syndrome as the leading clinical manifestation. The current classification distinguishes heredoataxias according to the trait of inheritance into autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and maternally inherited heredoataxias. The autosomal dominant heredoataxias are separated into spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA1-8, 10-15, 17-23, 25-30, and dentato-rubro-pallido-luysian atrophy), episodic ataxias (EA1-7), and autosomal dominant mitochondrial heredoataxias (Leigh syndrome, MIRAS, ADOAD, and AD-CPEO). The autosomal recessive ataxias are separated into Friedreich ataxia, ataxia due to vitamin E deficiency, ataxia due to Abeta-lipoproteinemia, Refsum disease, late-onset Tay-Sachs disease, cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis, spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy, ataxia telangiectasia, ataxia telangiectasia-like disorder, ataxia with oculomotor apraxia 1 and 2, spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay, Cayman ataxia, Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome, and autosomal recessive mitochondrial ataxias (AR-CPEO, SANDO, SCAE, AHS, IOSCA, MEMSA, LBSL CoQ-deficiency, PDC-deficiency). Only two of the heredoataxias, fragile X/tremor/ataxia syndrome, and XLSA/A are transmitted via an X-linked trait. Maternally inherited heredoataxias are due to point mutations in genes encoding for tRNAs, rRNAs, respiratory chain subunits or single large scale deletions/duplications of the mitochondrial DNA and include MELAS, MERRF, KSS, PS, MILS, NARP, and non-syndromic mitochondrial disorders. Treatment of heredoataxias is symptomatic and supportive and may have a beneficial effect in single patients.**Please see page 424 for abbreviation list.
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Hsu WCJ, Nilsson CL, Laezza F. Role of the axonal initial segment in psychiatric disorders: function, dysfunction, and intervention. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:109. [PMID: 25191280 PMCID: PMC4139700 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The progress of developing effective interventions against psychiatric disorders has been limited due to a lack of understanding of the underlying cellular and functional mechanisms. Recent research findings focused on exploring novel causes of psychiatric disorders have highlighted the importance of the axonal initial segment (AIS), a highly specialized neuronal structure critical for spike initiation of the action potential. In particular, the role of voltage-gated sodium channels, and their interactions with other protein partners in a tightly regulated macromolecular complex has been emphasized as a key component in the regulation of neuronal excitability. Deficits and excesses of excitability have been linked to the pathogenesis of brain disorders. Identification of the factors and regulatory pathways involved in proper AIS function, or its disruption, can lead to the development of novel interventions that target these mechanistic interactions, increasing treatment efficacy while reducing deleterious off-target effects for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Jim Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
- M.D.–Ph.D. Combined Degree Program, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Carol Lynn Nilsson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
- Center for Addiction Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
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