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Wang S, Eckstein KN, Guertler CA, Johnson CL, Okamoto RJ, McGarry MD, Bayly PV. Post-mortem changes of anisotropic mechanical properties in the porcine brain assessed by MR elastography. BRAIN MULTIPHYSICS 2024; 6:100091. [PMID: 38933498 PMCID: PMC11207183 DOI: 10.1016/j.brain.2024.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the mechanical properties of brain tissue in vivo is essential to understanding the mechanisms underlying traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to creating accurate computational models of TBI and neurosurgical simulation. Brain white matter, which is composed of aligned, myelinated, axonal fibers, is structurally anisotropic. White matter in vivo also exhibits mechanical anisotropy, as measured by magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), but measurements of anisotropy obtained by mechanical testing of white matter ex vivo have been inconsistent. The minipig has a gyrencephalic brain with similar white matter and gray matter proportions to humans and therefore provides a relevant model for human brain mechanics. In this study, we compare estimates of anisotropic mechanical properties of the minipig brain obtained by identical, non-invasive methods in the live (in vivo) and dead animals (in situ). To do so, we combine wave displacement fields from MRE and fiber directions derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with a finite element-based, transversely-isotropic nonlinear inversion (TI-NLI) algorithm. Maps of anisotropic mechanical properties in the minipig brain were generated for each animal alive and at specific times post-mortem. These maps show that white matter is stiffer, more dissipative, and more anisotropic than gray matter when the minipig is alive, but that these differences largely disappear post-mortem, with the exception of tensile anisotropy. Overall, brain tissue becomes stiffer, less dissipative, and less mechanically anisotropic post-mortem. These findings emphasize the importance of testing brain tissue properties in vivo. Statement of Significance In this study, MRE and DTI in the minipig were combined to estimate, for the first time, anisotropic mechanical properties in the living brain and in the same brain after death. Significant differences were observed in the anisotropic behavior of brain tissue post-mortem. These results demonstrate the importance of measuring brain tissue properties in vivo as well as ex vivo, and provide new quantitative data for the development of computational models of brain biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaihu Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, United States
| | - Kevin N. Eckstein
- Washington University in St. Louis, Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, United States
| | - Charlotte A. Guertler
- Washington University in St. Louis, Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, United States
| | | | - Ruth J. Okamoto
- Washington University in St. Louis, Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, United States
| | | | - Philip V. Bayly
- Washington University in St. Louis, Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, United States
- Washington University in St. Louis, Biomedical Engineering, United States
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Caban-Rivera DA, Williams LT, McGarry MDJ, Smith DR, Van Houten EEW, Paulsen KD, Bayly PV, Johnson CL. Mechanical Properties of White Matter Tracts in Aging Assessed via Anisotropic MR Elastography. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.08.593260. [PMID: 38766139 PMCID: PMC11100698 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.08.593260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a promising neuroimaging technique to probe tissue microstructure, which has revealed widespread softening with loss of structural integrity in the aging brain. Traditional MRE approaches assume mechanical isotropy. However, white matter is known to be anisotropic from aligned, myelinated axonal bundles, which can lead to uncertainty in mechanical property estimates in these areas when using isotropic MRE. Recent advances in anisotropic MRE now allow for estimation of shear and tensile anisotropy, along with substrate shear modulus, in white matter tracts. The objective of this study was to investigate age-related differences in anisotropic mechanical properties in human brain white matter tracts for the first time. Anisotropic mechanical properties in all tracts were found to be significantly lower in older adults compared to young adults, with average property differences ranging between 0.028-0.107 for shear anisotropy and between 0.139-0.347 for tensile anisotropy. Stiffness perpendicular to the axonal fiber direction was also significantly lower in older age, but only in certain tracts. When compared with fractional anisotropy measures from diffusion tensor imaging, we found that anisotropic MRE measures provided additional, complementary information in describing differences between the white matter integrity of young and older populations. Anisotropic MRE provides a new tool for studying white matter structural integrity in aging and neurodegeneration.
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Marmin A, Dufour N, Facca S, Catheline S, Chatelin S, Nahas A. Full-field noise-correlation elastography for in-plane mechanical anisotropy imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:2622-2635. [PMID: 38633096 PMCID: PMC11019699 DOI: 10.1364/boe.516166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Elastography contrast imaging has great potential for the detection and characterization of abnormalities in soft biological tissues to help physicians in diagnosis. Transient shear-waves elastography has notably shown promising results for a range of clinical applications. In biological soft tissues such as muscle, high mechanical anisotropy implies different stiffness estimations depending on the direction of the measurement. In this study, we propose the evolution of a noise-correlation elastography approach for in-plane anisotropy mapping. This method is shown to retrieve anisotropy from simulation images before being validated on agarose anisotropic tissue-mimicking phantoms, and the first results on in-vivo biological fibrous tissues are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Marmin
- Université de
Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube, UMR 7357, 67000 Strasbourg,
France
| | - Nina Dufour
- Université de
Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube, UMR 7357, 67000 Strasbourg,
France
| | - Sybille Facca
- Université de
Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube, UMR 7357, 67000 Strasbourg,
France
- Department of Hand Surgery, SOS hand,
University Hospital of Strasbourg, FMTS, 1
avenue Molière, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stefan Catheline
- LabTAU, Inserm, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Simon Chatelin
- Université de
Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube, UMR 7357, 67000 Strasbourg,
France
- RoDIn, Inserm ERL1328, 1 place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Amir Nahas
- Université de
Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube, UMR 7357, 67000 Strasbourg,
France
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4
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Yang Y, Shahryari M, Meyer T, Marticorena Garcia SR, Görner S, Salimi Majd M, Guo J, Braun J, Sack I, Tzschätzsch H. Explorative study using ultrasound time-harmonic elastography for stiffness-based quantification of skeletal muscle function. Z Med Phys 2024:S0939-3889(24)00027-8. [PMID: 38508947 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Time-harmonic elastography (THE) is an emerging ultrasound imaging technique that allows full-field mapping of the stiffness of deep biological tissues. THE's unique ability to rapidly capture stiffness in multiple tissues has never been applied for imaging skeletal muscle. Therefore, we addressed the lack of data on temporal changes in skeletal muscle stiffness while simultaneously covering stiffness of different muscles. Acquiring repeated THE scans every five seconds we quantified shear-wave speed (SWS) as a marker of stiffness of the long head (LHB) and short head (SHB) of biceps brachii and of the brachialis muscle (B) in ten healthy volunteers. SWS was continuously acquired during a 3-min isometric preloading phase, a 3-min loading phase with different weights (4, 8, and 12 kg), and a 9-min postloading phase. In addition, we analyzed temporal SWS standard deviation (SD) as a marker of muscle contraction regulation. Our results (median [min, max]) showed both SWS at preloading (LHB: 1.04 [0.94, 1.12] m/s, SHB: 0.86 [0.78, 0.94] m/s, B: 0.96 [0.87, 1.09] m/s, p < 0.001) and the increase in SWS with loading weight to be muscle-specific (LHB: 0.010 [0.002, 0.019] m/s/kg, SHB: 0.022 [0.017, 0.042] m/s/kg, B: 0.039 [0.019, 0.062] m/s/kg, p < 0.001). Additionally, SWS during loading increased continuously over time by 0.022 [0.004, 0.051] m/s/min (p < 0.01). Using an exponential decay model, we found an average relaxation time of 27 seconds during postloading. Analogously, SWS SD at preloading was also muscle-specific (LHB: 0.018 [0.011, 0.029] m/s, SHB: 0.021 [0.015, 0.027] m/s, B: 0.024 [0.018, 0.037] m/s, p < 0.05) and increased by 0.005 [0.003, 0.008] m/s/kg (p < 0.01) with loading. SWS SD did not change over loading time and decreased immediately in the postloading phase. Taken together, THE of skeletal muscle is a promising imaging technique for in vivo quantification of stiffness and stiffness changes in multiple muscle groups within seconds. Both the magnitude of stiffness changes and their temporal variation during isometric exercise may reflect the functional status of skeletal muscle and provide additional information to the morphological measures obtained by conventional imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mehrgan Shahryari
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tom Meyer
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Rodrigo Marticorena Garcia
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Görner
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mahsa Salimi Majd
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Braun
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingolf Sack
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Tzschätzsch
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Ngo HHP, Andrade RJ, Lancelot J, Loumeaud A, Cornu C, Nordez A, Chatelin S, Gennisson JL. Unravelling anisotropic nonlinear shear elasticity in muscles: Towards a non-invasive assessment of stress in living organisms. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106325. [PMID: 38150816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Acoustoelasticity theory describes propagation of shear waves in uniaxially stressed medium and allows the retrieval of nonlinear elastic coefficients of tissues. In transverse isotropic medium such as muscles the theory leads to 9 different configurations of propagating shear waves (stress axis vs. fibers axis vs. shear wave polarization axis vs. shear wave propagation axis). In this work we propose to use 4 configurations to quantify these nonlinear parameters ex vivo and in vivo. Ex vivo experiments combining ultrasound shear wave elastography and mechanical testing were conducted on iliopsoas pig muscles to quantify three third-order nonlinear coefficients A, H and K that are possibly linked to the architectural structure of muscles. In vivo experiments were performed with human volunteers on biceps brachii during a stretching exercise on an ergometer. A combination of the third order nonlinear elastic parameters was assessed. The knowledge of this nonlinear elastic parameters paves the way to quantify in vivo the local forces produced by muscle during exercise, contraction or movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Hien Phuong Ngo
- Laboratoire d'imagerie biomédicale multimodale (BioMaps), University Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS UMR 9011, Inserm UMR 1281, Orsay, F-91401, France
| | - Ricardo J Andrade
- Mouvement Interactions Performance (MIP), University of Nantes, UR 4334, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Juliette Lancelot
- Mouvement Interactions Performance (MIP), University of Nantes, UR 4334, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Aude Loumeaud
- Engineering Science, Computer Science and Imaging Laboratory (ICube), University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7357, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Corentin Cornu
- Laboratoire d'imagerie biomédicale multimodale (BioMaps), University Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS UMR 9011, Inserm UMR 1281, Orsay, F-91401, France
| | - Antoine Nordez
- Mouvement Interactions Performance (MIP), University of Nantes, UR 4334, F-44000, Nantes, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Simon Chatelin
- Engineering Science, Computer Science and Imaging Laboratory (ICube), University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7357, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gennisson
- Laboratoire d'imagerie biomédicale multimodale (BioMaps), University Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS UMR 9011, Inserm UMR 1281, Orsay, F-91401, France.
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6
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Hooijmans MT, Schlaffke L, Bolsterlee B, Schlaeger S, Marty B, Mazzoli V. Compositional and Functional MRI of Skeletal Muscle: A Review. J Magn Reson Imaging 2023:10.1002/jmri.29091. [PMID: 37929681 PMCID: PMC11070452 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its exceptional sensitivity to soft tissues, MRI has been extensively utilized to assess anatomical muscle parameters such as muscle volume and cross-sectional area. Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (qMRI) adds to the capabilities of MRI, by providing information on muscle composition such as fat content, water content, microstructure, hypertrophy, atrophy, as well as muscle architecture. In addition to compositional changes, qMRI can also be used to assess function for example by measuring muscle quality or through characterization of muscle deformation during passive lengthening/shortening and active contractions. The overall aim of this review is to provide an updated overview of qMRI techniques that can quantitatively evaluate muscle structure and composition, provide insights into the underlying biological basis of the qMRI signal, and illustrate how qMRI biomarkers of muscle health relate to function in healthy and diseased/injured muscles. While some applications still require systematic clinical validation, qMRI is now established as a comprehensive technique, that can be used to characterize a wide variety of structural and compositional changes in healthy and diseased skeletal muscle. Taken together, multiparametric muscle MRI holds great potential in the diagnosis and monitoring of muscle conditions in research and clinical applications. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T Hooijmans
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Schlaffke
- Department of Neurology BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bart Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah Schlaeger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Marty
- Institute of Myology, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, NMR Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Valentina Mazzoli
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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7
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Smith DR, Helm CA, Zonnino A, McGarry MD, Johnson CL, Sergi F. Individual Muscle Force Estimation in the Human Forearm Using Multi-Muscle MR Elastography (MM-MRE). IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2023; 70:3206-3215. [PMID: 37279119 PMCID: PMC10636590 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2023.3283185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the sensitivity of magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) to active muscle contraction in multiple muscles of the forearm. METHODS We combined MRE of forearm muscles with an MRI-compatible device, the MREbot, to simultaneously measure the mechanical properties of tissues in the forearm and the torque applied by the wrist joint during isometric tasks. We measured shear wave speed of thirteen forearm muscles via MRE in a series of contractile states and wrist postures and fit these outputs to a force estimation algorithm based on a musculoskeletal model. RESULTS Shear wave speed changed significantly upon several factors, including whether the muscle was recruited as an agonist or antagonist (p = 0.0019), torque amplitude (p = <0.0001), and wrist posture (p = 0.0002). Shear wave speed increased significantly during both agonist (p = <0.0001) and antagonist (p = 0.0448) contraction. Additionally, there was a greater increase in shear wave speed at greater levels of loading. The variations due to these factors indicate the sensitivity to functional loading of muscle. Under the assumption of a quadratic relationship between shear wave speed and muscle force, MRE measurements accounted for an average of 70% of the variance in the measured joint torque. CONCLUSION This study shows the ability of MM-MRE to capture variations in individual muscle shear wave speed due to muscle activation and presents a method to estimate individual muscle force through MM-MRE derived measurements of shear wave speed. SIGNIFICANCE MM-MRE could be used to establish normal and abnormal muscle co-contraction patterns in muscles of the forearm controlling hand and wrist function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE, 19713
| | - Cody A. Helm
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE, 19713
| | | | | | - Curtis L. Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE, 19713
| | - Fabrizio Sergi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE, 19713
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Pagé G, Bied M, Garteiser P, Van Beers B, Etaix N, Fraschini C, Bel-Brunon A, Gennisson JL. Comparison of ultrasound elastography, magnetic resonance elastography and finite element model to quantify nonlinear shear modulus. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:205003. [PMID: 37703895 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acf98c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective. The aim of this study is to validate the estimation of the nonlinear shear modulus (A) from the acoustoelasticity theory with two experimental methods, ultrasound (US) elastography and magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), and a finite element method.Approach. Experiments were performed on agar (2%)-gelatin (8%) phantom considered as homogeneous, elastic and isotropic. Two specific setups were built to ensure a uniaxial stress step by step on the phantom, one for US and a nonmagnetic version for MRE. The stress was controlled identically in both imaging techniques, with a water tank placed on the top of the phantom and filled with increasing masses of water during the experiment. In US, the supersonic shear wave elastography was implemented on an ultrafast US device, driving a 6 MHz linear array to measure shear wave speed. In MRE, a gradient-echo sequence was used in which the three spatial directions of a 40 Hz continuous wave displacement generated with an external driver were encoded successively. Numerically, a finite element method was developed to simulate the propagation of the shear wave in a uniaxially stressed soft medium.Main results. Similar shear moduli were estimated at zero stress using experimental methods,μ0US= 12.3 ± 0.3 kPa andμ0MRE= 11.5 ± 0.7 kPa. Numerical simulations were set with a shear modulus of 12 kPa and the resulting nonlinear shear modulus was found to be -58.1 ± 0.7 kPa. A very good agreement between the finite element model and the experimental models (AUS= -58.9 ± 9.9 kPa andAMRE= -52.8 ± 6.5 kPa) was obtained.Significance. These results show the validity of such nonlinear shear modulus measurement quantification in shear wave elastography. This work paves the way to develop nonlinear elastography technique to get a new biomarker for medical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaël Pagé
- BioMaps, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS UMR 9011, Inserm UMR 1281, Service hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Marion Bied
- BioMaps, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS UMR 9011, Inserm UMR 1281, Service hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Philippe Garteiser
- Laboratory of imaging biomarkers, Center for Research on inflammation, UMR 1149, Université Paris-Cité, Inserm, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Bernard Van Beers
- Laboratory of imaging biomarkers, Center for Research on inflammation, UMR 1149, Université Paris-Cité, Inserm, F-75018 Paris, France
- Department of Radiology, Beaujon university hospital Paris Nord, AP-HP, F-92110 Clichy, France
| | - Nicolas Etaix
- Hologic - Supersonic Imagine, F-13290 Aix en Provence, France
| | | | - Aline Bel-Brunon
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, LaMCoS, UMR5259, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gennisson
- BioMaps, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS UMR 9011, Inserm UMR 1281, Service hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, F-91401 Orsay, France
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9
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Wang S, Guertler CA, Okamoto RJ, Johnson CL, McGarry MDJ, Bayly PV. Mechanical stiffness and anisotropy measured by MRE during brain development in the minipig. Neuroimage 2023; 277:120234. [PMID: 37369255 PMCID: PMC11081136 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between brain development and mechanical properties of brain tissue is important, but remains incompletely understood, in part due to the challenges in measuring these properties longitudinally over time. In addition, white matter, which is composed of aligned, myelinated, axonal fibers, may be mechanically anisotropic. Here we use data from magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to estimate anisotropic mechanical properties in six female Yucatan minipigs at ages from 3 to 6 months. Fiber direction was estimated from the principal axis of the diffusion tensor in each voxel. Harmonic shear waves in the brain were excited by three different configurations of a jaw actuator and measured using a motion-sensitive MR imaging sequence. Anisotropic mechanical properties are estimated from displacement field and fiber direction data with a finite element- based, transversely-isotropic nonlinear inversion (TI-NLI) algorithm. TI-NLI finds spatially resolved TI material properties that minimize the error between measured and simulated displacement fields. Maps of anisotropic mechanical properties in the minipig brain were generated for each animal at all four ages. These maps show that white matter is more dissipative and anisotropic than gray matter, and reveal significant effects of brain development on brain stiffness and structural anisotropy. Changes in brain mechanical properties may be a fundamental biophysical signature of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaihu Wang
- Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University in St. Louis, United States
| | - Charlotte A Guertler
- Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University in St. Louis, United States
| | - Ruth J Okamoto
- Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University in St. Louis, United States
| | | | | | - Philip V Bayly
- Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University in St. Louis, United States; Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, United States.
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10
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Hatt A, Lloyd R, Bolsterlee B, Bilston LE. Strain-dependent shear properties of human adipose tissue in vivo. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 143:105924. [PMID: 37276651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human adipose tissue (fat) deforms substantially under normal physiological loading and during impact. Thus, accurate data on strain-dependent stiffness of fat is essential for the creation of accurate biomechanical models. Previous studies on ex vivo samples reported human fat to be nonlinear and viscoelastic. When static compression is combined with magnetic resonance (MR) elastography (an imaging technique used to measure viscoelasticity in vivo), the large deformation properties of tissues can be determined. Here, we use magnetic resonance elastography to quantify fat shear modulus in vivo under increasing compressive strain and compare it to the underlying passive gluteal muscle. METHODS The right buttocks of ten female participants were incrementally compressed at four levels while MR elastography (50 Hz) and mDixon images were acquired. Maps of tissue shear modulus (G*) were reconstructed from the MR elastography phase images. Tissue strain was estimated from registration of deformed and undeformed mDixon images. Linear mixed models were fit to the natural logarithm of the compressive strain and shear modulus data for each tissue. RESULTS Shear modulus increased in an exponential relationship with compressive strain in fat: Gfat*=748.5*Cyy-1.18Pa, and to a lesser extent in muscle: Gmuscle*=956.4*Cyy-0.36Pa. The baseline (undeformed) stiffness of fat was significantly lower than that of muscle (mean G*fat = 752 Pa, mean G*muscle = 1000 Pa, paired samples t-test, t = -4.24, p = 0.001). However, fat exhibited a significantly higher degree of strain dependence (characterised by the exponent of the curve, t = -6.47, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION Static compression of human adipose tissue results in an increase in apparent viscoelastic shear modulus (stiffness), in an exponentially increasing relationship. The relationships defined here can be used in the development of physiologically realistic computational models for impact, injury and biomechanical modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Hatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, PO Box 1165, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Robert Lloyd
- Neuroscience Research Australia, PO Box 1165, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine & Health, 18 High St, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Bart Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia, PO Box 1165, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; University of New South Wales, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Library Rd, Kensington, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | - Lynne E Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia, PO Box 1165, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine & Health, 18 High St, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Dick TJM, Hug F. Advances in imaging for assessing the design and mechanics of skeletal muscle in vivo. J Biomech 2023; 155:111640. [PMID: 37244210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the engine that powers what is arguably the most essential and defining feature of human and animal life-locomotion. Muscles function to change length and produce force to enable movement, posture, and balance. Despite this seemingly simple role, skeletal muscle displays a variety of phenomena that still remain poorly understood. These phenomena are complex-the result of interactions between active and passive machinery, as well as mechanical, chemical and electrical processes. The emergence of imaging technologies over the past several decades has led to considerable discoveries regarding how skeletal muscles function in vivo where activation levels are submaximal, and the length and velocity of contracting muscle fibres are transient. However, our knowledge of the mechanisms of muscle behaviour during everyday human movements remains far from complete. In this review, we discuss the principal advancements in imaging technology that have led to discoveries to improve our understanding of in vivo muscle function over the past 50 years. We highlight the knowledge that has emerged from the development and application of various techniques, including ultrasound imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and elastography to characterise muscle design and mechanical properties. We emphasize that our inability to measure the forces produced by skeletal muscles still poses a significant challenge, and that future developments to accurately and reliably measure individual muscle forces will promote newfrontiers in biomechanics, physiology, motor control, and robotics. Finally, we identify critical gaps in our knowledge and future challenges that we hope can be solved as a biomechanics community in the next 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J M Dick
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - François Hug
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
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12
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Multi-frequency shear modulus measurements discriminate tumorous from healthy tissues. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 140:105721. [PMID: 36791572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
As far as their mechanical properties are concerned, cancerous lesions can be confused with healthy surrounding tissues in elastography protocols if only the magnitude of moduli is considered. We show that the frequency dependence of the tissue's mechanical properties allows for discriminating the tumor from other tissues, obtaining a good contrast even when healthy and tumor tissues have shear moduli of comparable magnitude. We measured the shear modulus G*(ω) of xenograft subcutaneous tumors developed in mice using breast human cancer cells, compared with that of fat, skin and muscle harvested from the same mice. As the absolute shear modulus |G*(ω)| of tumors increases by 42% (from 5.2 to 7.4 kPa) between 0.25 and 63 Hz, it varies over the same frequency range by 77% (from 0.53 to 0.94 kPa) for the fat, by 103% (from 3.4 to 6.9 kPa) for the skin and by 120% (from 4.4 to 9.7 kPa) for the muscle. These measurements fit well to the fractional model G*(ω)=K(iω)n, yielding a coefficient K and a power-law exponent n for each sample. Tumor, skin and muscle have comparable K parameter values, that of fat being significantly lower; the p-values given by a Mann-Whitney test are above 0.14 when comparing tumor, skin and muscle between themselves, but below 0.001 when comparing fat with tumor, skin or muscle. With regards the n parameter, tumor and fat are comparable, with p-values above 0.43, whereas tumor differs from both skin and muscle, with p-values below 0.001. Tumor tissues thus significantly differs from fat, skin and muscle on account of either the K or the n parameter, i.e. of either the magnitude or the frequency-dependence of the shear modulus.
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Karacabey BN, Bayramoğlu Z, Coşkun O, Sarı ZNA, Özkan MU, Yıldız EP, Aydınlı N, Çalışkan M. Shear Wave Elastography in Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy Types 2 and 3. Neuropediatrics 2023. [PMID: 36706786 DOI: 10.1055/a-2021-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate selective muscle involvement by shear wave elastography (SWE) in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) types 2 and 3 and to compare SWE values with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in demonstrating muscle involvement. METHODS Seventeen patients with SMA types 2 and3 were included in the study. SWE was used to evaluate stiffness of the upper and lower extremities and paraspinal muscles. Involvement of the paraspinal muscles was evaluated using 1.5-T MRI. RESULTS Among the upper extremity muscles, SWE values were the highest for the triceps brachii; however, no significant difference was noted (p = 0.23). In post hoc analysis, a significant difference was observed between triceps brachii and biceps brachii (p = 0.003). Patients with a longer disease duration have the highest SWE values for the triceps brachii (r = 0.67, p = 0.003). Among the lower extremity muscles, SWE values for the iliopsoas were significantly higher than the gluteus maximus (p < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between SWE values and MRI scores of paraspinal muscles (r = 0.49, p = 0.045; r = 0.67, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION This is the first study to report muscle involvement assessed by SWE in patients with SMA types 2 and 3. Our findings are similar to the presence of selective muscle involvement demonstrated in previous studies, and also SWE and MRI values were similar. SWE is an alternative noninvasive practical method that can be used to demonstrate muscle involvement in patients with SMA, to understand the pathogenesis of segmental involvement, and to guide future treatments or to monitor the effectiveness of existing new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burçin Nazlı Karacabey
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Bayramoğlu
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Orhan Coşkun
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Nur Akyol Sarı
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melis Ulak Özkan
- Institute of Child Health, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Edibe Pembegül Yıldız
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Radiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.,Institute of Child Health, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nur Aydınlı
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mine Çalışkan
- Institute of Child Health, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
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Smith DR, Caban-Rivera DA, Williams LT, Van Houten EE, Bayly PV, Paulsen KD, McGarry MD, Johnson CL. In vivoestimation of anisotropic mechanical properties of the gastrocnemius during functional loading with MR elastography. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:10.1088/1361-6560/acb482. [PMID: 36652716 PMCID: PMC9943592 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acb482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective.In vivoimaging assessments of skeletal muscle structure and function allow for longitudinal quantification of tissue health. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) non-invasively quantifies tissue mechanical properties, allowing for evaluation of skeletal muscle biomechanics in response to loading, creating a better understanding of muscle functional health.Approach. In this study, we analyze the anisotropic mechanical response of calf muscles using MRE with a transversely isotropic, nonlinear inversion algorithm (TI-NLI) to investigate the role of muscle fiber stiffening under load. We estimate anisotropic material parameters including fiber shear stiffness (μ1), substrate shear stiffness (μ2), shear anisotropy (ϕ), and tensile anisotropy (ζ) of the gastrocnemius muscle in response to both passive and active tension.Main results. In passive tension, we found a significant increase inμ1,ϕ,andζwith increasing muscle length. While in active tension, we observed increasingμ2and decreasingϕandζduring active dorsiflexion and plantarflexion-indicating less anisotropy-with greater effects when the muscles act as agonist.Significance. The study demonstrates the ability of this anisotropic MRE method to capture the multifaceted mechanical response of skeletal muscle to tissue loading from muscle lengthening and contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE, 19711
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, 30307
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch GA, 30542
| | | | - L. Tyler Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE, 19711
| | | | - Phil V. Bayly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon NH, 03756
| | | | - Curtis L. Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE, 19711
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15
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Jugé L, Foley P, Hatt A, Yeung J, Bilston LE. Ex vivo bovine liver nonlinear viscoelastic properties: MR elastography and rheological measurements. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 138:105638. [PMID: 36623403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Knowledge of the nonlinear viscoelastic properties of the liver is important, but the complex tissue behavior outside the linear viscoelastic regime has impeded their characterization, particularly in vivo. Combining static compression with magnetic resonance (MR) elastography has the potential to be a useful imaging method for assessing large deformation mechanical properties of soft tissues in vivo. However, this remains to be verified. Therefore this study aims first to determine whether MR elastography can measure the nonlinear mechanical properties of ex vivo bovine liver tissue under varying levels of uniform and focal preloads (up to 30%), and second to compare MR elastography-derived complex shear modulus with standard rheological measurements. METHOD Nine fresh bovine livers were collected from a local abattoir, and experiments were conducted within 12hr of death. Two cubic samples (∼10 × 10 × 10 cm3) were dissected from each liver and imaged using MR elastography (60 Hz) under 4 levels of uniform and focal preload (1, 10, 20, and 30% of sample width) to investigate the relationship between MR elastography-derived complex shear modulus (G∗) and the maximum principal Right Cauchy Green Strain (C11). Three tissue samples from each of the same 9 livers underwent oscillatory rheometry under the same 4 preloads (1, 10, 20, and 30% strain). MR elastography-derived complex shear modulus (G∗) from the uniform preload was validated against rheometry by fitting the frequency dependence of G∗ with a power-law and extrapolating rheometry-derived G∗ to 60 Hz. RESULTS MR elastography-derived G∗ increased with increasing compressive large deformation strain, and followed a power-law curve (G∗ = 1.73 × C11-0.38, R2 = 0.96). Similarly, rheometry-derived G∗ at 1 Hz, increasing from 0.66 ± 1.03 kPa (1% strain) to 1.84 ± 1.65 kPa (30% strain, RM one-way ANOVA, P < 0.001), and the frequency dependence of G∗ followed a power-law with the exponent decreasing from 0.13 to 0.06 with increasing preload. MR elastography-derived G∗ was 1.4-3.1 times higher than the extrapolated rheometry-derived G∗ at 60 Hz, but the strain dependence was consistent between rheometry and MR elastography measurements. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that MR elastography can detect changes in ex vivo bovine liver complex shear modulus due to either uniform or focal preload and therefore can be a useful technique to characterize nonlinear viscoelastic properties of soft tissue, provided that strains applied to the tissue can be quantified. Although MR elastography could reliably characterize the strain dependence of the ex vivo bovine liver, MR elastography overestimated the complex shear modulus of the tissue compared to rheological measurements, particularly at lower preload (<10%). That is likely to be important in clinical hepatic MR elastography diagnosis studies if preload is not carefully considered. A limitation is the absence of overlapping frequency between rheometry and MR elastography for formal validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Jugé
- Neuroscience Research Australia, PO Box 1165, Randwick NSW 2031, Australia; University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, 18 High St, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Patrick Foley
- Neuroscience Research Australia, PO Box 1165, Randwick NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Alice Hatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, PO Box 1165, Randwick NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Jade Yeung
- Neuroscience Research Australia, PO Box 1165, Randwick NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Lynne E Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia, PO Box 1165, Randwick NSW 2031, Australia; University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, 18 High St, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia.
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McGarry M, Van Houten E, Sowinski D, Jyoti D, Smith DR, Caban-Rivera DA, McIlvain G, Bayly P, Johnson CL, Weaver J, Paulsen K. Mapping heterogenous anisotropic tissue mechanical properties with transverse isotropic nonlinear inversion MR elastography. Med Image Anal 2022; 78:102432. [PMID: 35358836 PMCID: PMC9122015 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2022.102432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The white matter tracts of brain tissue consist of highly-aligned, myelinated fibers; white matter is structurally anisotropic and is expected to exhibit anisotropic mechanical behavior. In vivo mechanical properties of tissue can be imaged using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). MRE can detect and monitor natural and disease processes that affect tissue structure; however, most MRE inversion algorithms assume locally homogenous properties and/or isotropic behavior, which can cause artifacts in white matter regions. A heterogeneous, model-based transverse isotropic implementation of a subzone-based nonlinear inversion (TI-NLI) is demonstrated. TI-NLI reconstructs accurate maps of the shear modulus, damping ratio, shear anisotropy, and tensile anisotropy of in vivo brain tissue using standard MRE motion measurements and fiber directions estimated from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). TI-NLI accuracy was investigated with using synthetic data in both controlled and realistic settings: excellent quantitative and spatial accuracy was observed and cross-talk between estimated parameters was minimal. Ten repeated, in vivo, MRE scans acquired from a healthy subject were co-registered to demonstrate repeatability of the technique. Good resolution of anatomical structures and bilateral symmetry were evident in MRE images of all mechanical property types. Repeatability was similar to isotropic MRE methods and well within the limits required for clinical success. TI-NLI MRE is a promising new technique for clinical research into anisotropic tissues such as the brain and muscle.
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17
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Hou Z, Guertler CA, Okamoto RJ, Chen H, Garbow JR, Kamilov US, Bayly PV. Estimation of the mechanical properties of a transversely isotropic material from shear wave fields via artificial neural networks. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 126:105046. [PMID: 34953435 PMCID: PMC8875313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.105046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Artificial neural networks (ANN), established tools in machine learning, are applied to the problem of estimating parameters of a transversely isotropic (TI) material model using data from magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We use neural networks to estimate parameters from experimental measurements of ultrasound-induced shear waves after training on analogous data from simulations of a computer model with similar loading, geometry, and boundary conditions. Strain ratios and shear-wave speeds (from MRE) and fiber direction (the direction of maximum diffusivity from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)) are used as inputs to neural networks trained to estimate the parameters of a TI material (baseline shear modulus μ, shear anisotropy φ, and tensile anisotropy ζ). Ensembles of neural networks are applied to obtain distributions of parameter estimates. The robustness of this approach is assessed by quantifying the sensitivity of property estimates to assumptions in modeling (such as assumed loss factor) and choices in fitting (such as the size of the neural network). This study demonstrates the successful application of simulation-trained neural networks to estimate anisotropic material parameters from complementary MRE and DTI imaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoxian Hou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA, Corresponding author:
| | - Charlotte A. Guertler
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ruth J. Okamoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA,Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Joel R. Garbow
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Avenue, CB 8227, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ulugbek S. Kamilov
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering and Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Philip V. Bayly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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18
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Smith DR, Caban-Rivera DA, McGarry MD, Williams LT, McIlvain G, Okamoto RJ, Van Houten EE, Bayly PV, Paulsen KD, Johnson CL. Anisotropic mechanical properties in the healthy human brain estimated with multi-excitation transversely isotropic MR elastography. BRAIN MULTIPHYSICS 2022; 3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brain.2022.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Babaei B, Fovargue D, Lloyd RA, Miller R, Jugé L, Kaplan M, Sinkus R, Nordsletten DA, Bilston LE. Magnetic Resonance Elastography Reconstruction for Anisotropic Tissues. Med Image Anal 2021; 74:102212. [PMID: 34587584 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2021.102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Elastography has become widely used clinically for characterising changes in soft tissue mechanics that are associated with altered tissue structure and composition. However, some soft tissues, such as muscle, are not isotropic as is assumed in clinical elastography implementations. This limits the ability of these methods to capture changes in anisotropic tissues associated with disease. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a novel elastography reconstruction technique suitable for estimating the linear viscoelastic mechanical properties of transversely isotropic soft tissues. We derived a divergence-free formulation of the governing equations for acoustic wave propagation through a linearly transversely isotropic viscoelastic material, and transformed this into a weak form. This was then implemented into a finite element framework, enabling the analysis of wave input data and tissue structural fibre orientations, in this case based on diffusion tensor imaging. To validate the material constants obtained with this method, numerous in silico phantom experiments were run which encompassed a range of variations in wave input directions, material properties, fibre structure and noise. The method was also tested on ex vivo muscle and in vivo human volunteer calf muscles, and compared with a previous curl-based inversion method. The new method robustly extracted the transversely isotropic shear moduli (G⊥', G∥', G″) from the in silico phantom tests with minimal bias, including in the presence of experimentally realistic levels of noise in either fibre orientation or wave data. This new method performed better than the previous method in the presence of noise. Anisotropy estimates from the ex vivo muscle phantom agreed well with rheological tests. In vivo experiments on human calf muscles were able to detect increases in muscle shear moduli with passive muscle stretch. This new reconstruction method can be applied to quantify tissue mechanical properties of anisotropic soft tissues, such as muscle, in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Babaei
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Fovargue
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, SE1 7EH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Lloyd
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Renee Miller
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, SE1 7EH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauriane Jugé
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Max Kaplan
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ralph Sinkus
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, SE1 7EH, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Nordsletten
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, SE1 7EH, London, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Lynne E Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Lim WTH, Ooi EH, Foo JJ, Ng KH, Wong JHD, Leong SS. Shear Wave Elastography: A Review on the Confounding Factors and Their Potential Mitigation in Detecting Chronic Kidney Disease. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:2033-2047. [PMID: 33958257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of chronic kidney disease is important to prevent progression of irreversible kidney damage, reducing the need for renal transplantation. Shear wave elastography is ideal as a quantitative imaging modality to detect chronic kidney disease because of its non-invasive nature, low cost and portability, making it highly accessible. However, the complexity of the kidney architecture and its tissue properties give rise to various confounding factors that affect the reliability of shear wave elastography in detecting chronic kidney disease, thus limiting its application to clinical trials. The objective of this review is to highlight the confounding factors presented by the complex properties of the kidney, in addition to outlining potential mitigation strategies, along with the prospect of increasing the versatility and reliability of shear wave elastography in detecting chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T H Lim
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Ean H Ooi
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia; Advanced Engineering Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
| | - Ji J Foo
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Kwan H Ng
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jeannie H D Wong
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sook S Leong
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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21
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Rippy JR, Singh M, Aglyamov SR, Larin KV. Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography and Transient Optical Coherence Elastography: Side-by-Side Comparison of Repeatability and Accuracy. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 2:179-186. [PMID: 34179823 PMCID: PMC8224461 DOI: 10.1109/ojemb.2021.3075569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We compare the repeatability and accuracy of ultrasound shear wave elastography (USE) and transient optical coherence elastography (OCE). Methods: Elastic wave speed in gelatin phantoms and chicken breast was measured with USE and OCE and compared with uniaxial mechanical compression testing. Intra- and Inter-repeatability were analyzed using Bland-Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: OCE and USE differed from uniaxial testing by a mean absolute percent error of 8.92% and 16.9%, respectively, across eight phantoms of varying stiffness. Upper and lower limits of agreement for intrasample repeatability for USE and OCE were ±0.075 m/s and −0.14 m/s and 0.13 m/s, respectively. OCE and USE both had ICCs of 0.9991. In chicken breast, ICC for USE was 0.9385 and for OCE was 0.9924. Conclusion: OCE and USE can detect small speed changes and give comparable measurements. These measurements correspond well with uniaxial testing.
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22
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Koga A, Itoigawa Y, Suga M, Morikawa D, Uehara H, Maruyama Y, Kaneko K. Stiffness change of the supraspinatus muscle can be detected by magnetic resonance elastography. Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 80:9-13. [PMID: 33819499 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) and ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) are imaging techniques to measure stiffness of the soft tissue using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound images, respectively. The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of the MRE measurement to evaluate the change in supraspinatus (SSP) muscle stiffness before and after rotator cuff tear, and to compare the result with those of SWE. Six swine shoulders were used. The skin and subcutaneous fat were removed, and the stiffness value of the SSP muscle was measured by MRE and SWE. The MRE measurement was performed with 0.3 T open MRI and the vibration from a pneumatic driver system with active driver to a passive driver to create the shear wave in the tissue. The passive driver was placed on the center of the SSP muscle. The stiffness was estimated from the wave images using local frequency estimation methods. In the SWE measurement, the probe of the ultrasound was placed on the center of the SSP muscle. The shear wave propagation speed was measured at a depth of 1 cm from the surface, and the stiffness was calculated. After those measurements, the rotator cuff tendon was detached from the greater tuberosity, and MRE and SWE measurements were then performed in the same manner again. The differences in the stiffness values were compared between before and after the rotator cuff tendon tear on both the MRE and SWE measurements. The results indicated that stiffness values on MRE and SWE were 9.3 ± 1.8 and 10.0 ± 1.2 kPa respectively before the rotator cuff tear, and 7.3 ± 1.3 and 8.0 ± 0.8 kPa respectively after the tendon detachment. Stiffness values were significantly lower after the tendon detachment on both the MRE and SWE measurements (p < 0.05). Our results demonstrated that stiffness values of the SSP muscle on MRE and SWE were lower after rotator cuff detachment. From this result, MRE may be a feasible method for quantification of the change in rotator cuff muscle stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Koga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Itoigawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Mikio Suga
- Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daichi Morikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Uehara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Maruyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kaneko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Manduca A, Bayly PJ, Ehman RL, Kolipaka A, Royston TJ, Sack I, Sinkus R, Van Beers BE. MR elastography: Principles, guidelines, and terminology. Magn Reson Med 2020; 85:2377-2390. [PMID: 33296103 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a phase contrast-based MRI technique that can measure displacement due to propagating mechanical waves, from which material properties such as shear modulus can be calculated. Magnetic resonance elastography can be thought of as quantitative, noninvasive palpation. It is increasing in clinical importance, has become widespread in the diagnosis and staging of liver fibrosis, and additional clinical applications are being explored. However, publications have reported MRE results using many different parameters, acquisition techniques, processing methods, and varied nomenclature. The diversity of terminology can lead to confusion (particularly among clinicians) about the meaning of and interpretation of MRE results. This paper was written by the MRE Guidelines Committee, a group formalized at the first meeting of the ISMRM MRE Study Group, to clarify and move toward standardization of MRE nomenclature. The purpose of this paper is to (1) explain MRE terminology and concepts to those not familiar with them, (2) define "good practices" for practitioners of MRE, and (3) identify opportunities to standardize terminology, to avoid confusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Manduca
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Philip J Bayly
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Richard L Ehman
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Arunark Kolipaka
- Department of Radiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas J Royston
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ingolf Sack
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Sinkus
- Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
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Ito D, Numano T, Ueki T, Habe T, Maeno T, Takamoto K, Igarashi K, Maharjan S, Mizuhara K, Nishijo H. Magnetic resonance elastography of the supraspinatus muscle: A preliminary study on test-retest repeatability and wave quality with different frequencies and image filtering. Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 71:27-36. [PMID: 32325234 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine an optimal condition (vibration frequency and image filtering) for stiffness estimation with high accuracy and stiffness measurement with high repeatability in magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) of the supraspinatus muscle. Nine healthy volunteers underwent two MRE exams separated by at least a 30 min break, on the same day. MRE acquisitions were performed with a gradient-echo type multi-echo MR sequence at 75, 100, and 125 Hz pneumatic vibration. Wave images were processed by a bandpass filter or filter combining bandpass and directional filters (bandpass-directional filter). An observer specified the region of interest (ROI) on clear wave propagation in the supraspinatus muscle, within which the observer measured the stiffness. This study assessed wave image quality according to two indices, as a substitute for the assessment of the accuracy of the stiffness estimation. One is the size of the clear wave propagation area (ROI size used to measure the stiffness) and the other is the qualitative stiffness resolution score in that area. These measurements made by the observer were repeated twice at least one month apart after each MRE exam. This study assessed the intra-examiner and observer repeatability of the stiffness value, ROI size and resolution score in each combination of vibration frequency and image filter. Repeatability of the data was analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and 95% limits-of-agreement (LOA) in Bland-Altman analysis. The analyses on intra-examiner and observer repeatability of stiffness indicated that the ICC and 95% LOA were not varied greatly depending on vibration frequency and image filter (intra-examiner repeatability, ICC range, 0.79 to 0.88; 95% LOA range, ±23.95 to ±32.42%, intra-observer repeatability, ICC range, 0.98 to 1.00; 95% LOA range, ±5.10 to ±10.99%). In the analyses on intra-examiner repeatability of ROI size, ICCs were rather low (ranging from: 0.03 to 0.69) while 95% LOA was large in all the combinations of vibration frequency and image filter (ranging from: ±62.66 to ±83.33%). In the analyses on intra-observer repeatability of ROI size, ICCs were sufficiently high in the total combination of vibration frequency and image filter (ranging from 0.80 to 0.87) while the 95% LOAs were better (lower) in the bandpass-directional filter than the bandpass filter (bandpass directional filter vs. bandpass filter, ±28.81 vs. ±54.83% at 75 Hz; ±25.63 vs. ±37.83% at 100 Hz; ±34.51 vs. ±43.36% at 125 Hz). In the analyses on intra-examiner and observer repeatability of resolution score, the mean difference (bias) between the two exams (or observations) was significantly low and there was almost no difference across all the combinations of vibration frequency and image filter (range of bias: -0.11-0.11 and -0.17-0.00, respectively). Additionally, effects of vibration frequency and image filter on wave image quality (ROI size and resolution score) were assessed separately in each exam. Both mean ROI size and resolution score in the bandpass-directional filter were larger than those in the bandpass filter. Among the data in the bandpass-directional filter, mean ROI size was larger at 75 and 100 Hz, and mean resolution score was larger at 100 and 125 Hz. Taking into consideration with the results of repeatability and wave image quality, the present results suggest that optimal vibration frequency and image filter for MRE of the supraspinatus muscles is 100 Hz and bandpass-directional filter, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Ito
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10, Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan; Office of Radiation Technology, Keio University Hospital, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-2-1, Namiki, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Numano
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10, Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan; Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-2-1, Namiki, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan.
| | - Takamichi Ueki
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10, Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Habe
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10, Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan; Office of Radiation Technology, Keio University Hospital, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiki Maeno
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10, Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan
| | - Kouichi Takamoto
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of East Asia, 2-1, Ichinomiyagakuen-cho, Shimonoseki-shi, Yamaguchi 751-8503, Japan; System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Keisuke Igarashi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10, Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan
| | - Surendra Maharjan
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10, Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Mizuhara
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-2-1, Namiki, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, 5, Senju Asahicho, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Liu CL, Zhou JP, Sun PT, Chen BZ, Zhang J, Tang CZ, Zhang ZJ. Influence of different knee and ankle ranges of motion on the elasticity of triceps surae muscles, Achilles tendon, and plantar fascia. Sci Rep 2020. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractStiffness is a valuable indicator of the functional capabilities of muscle-tendon-fascia. Twenty healthy subjects participated in this study in which the passive elastic properties of the medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), soleus muscles (SOL), Achilles tendon (AT, at 0 cm, 3 cm and 6 cm proximal to the calcaneus tubercle, corresponding to AT0cm, AT3cm and AT6cm, respectively) and plantar fascia (PF) were quantified when their knee was fully extended or flexed to 90° using shear wave elastography at 25° of dorsiflexion (DF25°), 0° (neutral position) of flexion, and 50° of plantar flexion (PF50°) of the ankle joint. The stiffnesses of the AT, MG, LG, SOL and the fascia with the knee fully extended were significantly higher than those with the knee flexed to 90° (p < 0.05), while the stiffness of the PF showed the opposite relationship (p < 0.05). When the knee was fully extended, the stiffness was higher in the LG than in the MG at PF50° and 0° (p < 0.01), and it was higher in the MG than in the LG at DF25° (p = 0.009). Nevertheless, regardless of the knee angle, the stiffness decreased from AT3cm > AT0cm > AT6cm at PF50° and 0° (p < 0.001), while the stiffness decreased from AT0cm > AT3cm > AT6cm at DF25°. Regardless of the knee and ankle angles, the stiffness of the PF increased in a proximal-to-distal direction (p < 0.001). These insights can be used to gain a more intuitive understanding of the relationships between the elastic properties of the muscle-tendon unit and its function.
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Liu CL, Zhou JP, Sun PT, Chen BZ, Zhang J, Tang CZ, Zhang ZJ. Influence of different knee and ankle ranges of motion on the elasticity of triceps surae muscles, Achilles tendon, and plantar fascia. Sci Rep 2020. [DOI: doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractStiffness is a valuable indicator of the functional capabilities of muscle-tendon-fascia. Twenty healthy subjects participated in this study in which the passive elastic properties of the medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), soleus muscles (SOL), Achilles tendon (AT, at 0 cm, 3 cm and 6 cm proximal to the calcaneus tubercle, corresponding to AT0cm, AT3cm and AT6cm, respectively) and plantar fascia (PF) were quantified when their knee was fully extended or flexed to 90° using shear wave elastography at 25° of dorsiflexion (DF25°), 0° (neutral position) of flexion, and 50° of plantar flexion (PF50°) of the ankle joint. The stiffnesses of the AT, MG, LG, SOL and the fascia with the knee fully extended were significantly higher than those with the knee flexed to 90° (p < 0.05), while the stiffness of the PF showed the opposite relationship (p < 0.05). When the knee was fully extended, the stiffness was higher in the LG than in the MG at PF50° and 0° (p < 0.01), and it was higher in the MG than in the LG at DF25° (p = 0.009). Nevertheless, regardless of the knee angle, the stiffness decreased from AT3cm > AT0cm > AT6cm at PF50° and 0° (p < 0.001), while the stiffness decreased from AT0cm > AT3cm > AT6cm at DF25°. Regardless of the knee and ankle angles, the stiffness of the PF increased in a proximal-to-distal direction (p < 0.001). These insights can be used to gain a more intuitive understanding of the relationships between the elastic properties of the muscle-tendon unit and its function.
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27
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Liu CL, Zhou JP, Sun PT, Chen BZ, Zhang J, Tang CZ, Zhang ZJ. Influence of different knee and ankle ranges of motion on the elasticity of triceps surae muscles, Achilles tendon, and plantar fascia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6643. [PMID: 32313166 PMCID: PMC7171074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stiffness is a valuable indicator of the functional capabilities of muscle-tendon-fascia. Twenty healthy subjects participated in this study in which the passive elastic properties of the medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), soleus muscles (SOL), Achilles tendon (AT, at 0 cm, 3 cm and 6 cm proximal to the calcaneus tubercle, corresponding to AT0cm, AT3cm and AT6cm, respectively) and plantar fascia (PF) were quantified when their knee was fully extended or flexed to 90° using shear wave elastography at 25° of dorsiflexion (DF25°), 0° (neutral position) of flexion, and 50° of plantar flexion (PF50°) of the ankle joint. The stiffnesses of the AT, MG, LG, SOL and the fascia with the knee fully extended were significantly higher than those with the knee flexed to 90° (p < 0.05), while the stiffness of the PF showed the opposite relationship (p < 0.05). When the knee was fully extended, the stiffness was higher in the LG than in the MG at PF50° and 0° (p < 0.01), and it was higher in the MG than in the LG at DF25° (p = 0.009). Nevertheless, regardless of the knee angle, the stiffness decreased from AT3cm > AT0cm > AT6cm at PF50° and 0° (p < 0.001), while the stiffness decreased from AT0cm > AT3cm > AT6cm at DF25°. Regardless of the knee and ankle angles, the stiffness of the PF increased in a proximal-to-distal direction (p < 0.001). These insights can be used to gain a more intuitive understanding of the relationships between the elastic properties of the muscle-tendon unit and its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Long Liu
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Ping Zhou
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Nan'ao people's Hospital, Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng-Tao Sun
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bai-Zhen Chen
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Zhi Tang
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Zhang
- Luoyang Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China.
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28
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Liu CL, Zhou JP, Sun PT, Chen BZ, Zhang J, Tang CZ, Zhang ZJ. Influence of different knee and ankle ranges of motion on the elasticity of triceps surae muscles, Achilles tendon, and plantar fascia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6643. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractStiffness is a valuable indicator of the functional capabilities of muscle-tendon-fascia. Twenty healthy subjects participated in this study in which the passive elastic properties of the medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), soleus muscles (SOL), Achilles tendon (AT, at 0 cm, 3 cm and 6 cm proximal to the calcaneus tubercle, corresponding to AT0cm, AT3cm and AT6cm, respectively) and plantar fascia (PF) were quantified when their knee was fully extended or flexed to 90° using shear wave elastography at 25° of dorsiflexion (DF25°), 0° (neutral position) of flexion, and 50° of plantar flexion (PF50°) of the ankle joint. The stiffnesses of the AT, MG, LG, SOL and the fascia with the knee fully extended were significantly higher than those with the knee flexed to 90° (p < 0.05), while the stiffness of the PF showed the opposite relationship (p < 0.05). When the knee was fully extended, the stiffness was higher in the LG than in the MG at PF50° and 0° (p < 0.01), and it was higher in the MG than in the LG at DF25° (p = 0.009). Nevertheless, regardless of the knee angle, the stiffness decreased from AT3cm > AT0cm > AT6cm at PF50° and 0° (p < 0.001), while the stiffness decreased from AT0cm > AT3cm > AT6cm at DF25°. Regardless of the knee and ankle angles, the stiffness of the PF increased in a proximal-to-distal direction (p < 0.001). These insights can be used to gain a more intuitive understanding of the relationships between the elastic properties of the muscle-tendon unit and its function.
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29
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Smith DR, Guertler CA, Okamoto RJ, Romano AJ, Bayly PV, Johnson CL. Multi-Excitation Magnetic Resonance Elastography of the Brain: Wave Propagation in Anisotropic White Matter. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:1074133. [PMID: 32006012 DOI: 10.1115/1.4046199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) has emerged as a sensitive imaging technique capable of providing a quantitative understanding of neural microstructural integrity. However, a reliable method for the quantification of the anisotropic mechanical properties of human white matter is currently lacking, despite the potential to illuminate the pathophysiology behind neurological disorders and traumatic brain injury. In this study, we examine the use of multiple excitations in MRE to generate wave displacement data sufficient for anisotropic inversion in white matter. We show the presence of multiple unique waves from each excitation which we combine to solve for parameters of an incompressible, transversely isotropic (ITI) material: shear modulus, μ, shear anisotropy, ϕ, and tensile anisotropy, ζ. We calculate these anisotropic parameters in the corpus callosum body and find the mean values as μ = 3.78 kPa, ϕ = 0.151, and ζ = 0.099 (at 50 Hz vibration frequency). This study demonstrates that multi-excitation MRE provides displacement data sufficient for the evaluation of the anisotropic properties of white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Charlotte A Guertler
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Ruth J Okamoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | | | - Philip V Bayly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Curtis L Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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Guertler CA, Okamoto RJ, Ireland JA, Pacia CP, Garbow JR, Chen H, Bayly PV. Estimation of Anisotropic Material Properties of Soft Tissue by MRI of Ultrasound-Induced Shear Waves. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:1073942. [PMID: 31980814 DOI: 10.1115/1.4046127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a new method for estimating anisotropic mechanical properties of fibrous soft tissue by imaging shear waves induced by focused ultrasound (FUS) and analyzing their direction-dependent speeds. Fibrous materials with a single, dominant fiber direction may exhibit anisotropy in both shear and tensile moduli, reflecting differences in the response of the material when loads are applied in different directions. The speeds of shear waves in such materials depend on the propagation and polarization directions of the waves relative to the dominant fiber direction. In this study, shear waves were induced in muscle tissue (chicken breast) ex vivo by harmonically oscillating the amplitude of an ultrasound beam focused in a cylindrical tissue sample. The orientation of the fiber direction relative to the excitation direction was varied by rotating the sample. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) was used to visualize and measure the full 3D displacement field due to the ultrasound-induced shear waves. The phase gradient (PG) of radially propagating "slow" and "fast" shear waves provided local estimates of their respective wave speeds and directions. The equations for the speeds of these waves in an incompressible, transversely isotropic (TI), linear elastic material were fitted to measurements to estimate the shear and tensile moduli of the material. The combination of focused ultrasound and MR imaging allows noninvasive, but comprehensive, characterization of anisotropic soft tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Guertler
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, CB 1185 St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Ruth J Okamoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, CB 1185 St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Jake A Ireland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, CB 1185 St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Christopher P Pacia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, CB 1097, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Joel R Garbow
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, 4525 Scott Avenue, CB 8227, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, CB 1097, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Philip V Bayly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, CB 1185 St. Louis, MO 63130; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, CB 1097, St. Louis, MO 63130
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Strijkers GJ, Araujo EC, Azzabou N, Bendahan D, Blamire A, Burakiewicz J, Carlier PG, Damon B, Deligianni X, Froeling M, Heerschap A, Hollingsworth KG, Hooijmans MT, Karampinos DC, Loudos G, Madelin G, Marty B, Nagel AM, Nederveen AJ, Nelissen JL, Santini F, Scheidegger O, Schick F, Sinclair C, Sinkus R, de Sousa PL, Straub V, Walter G, Kan HE. Exploration of New Contrasts, Targets, and MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques for Neuromuscular Disease - A Workshop Report of Working Group 3 of the Biomedicine and Molecular Biosciences COST Action BM1304 MYO-MRI. J Neuromuscul Dis 2020; 6:1-30. [PMID: 30714967 PMCID: PMC6398566 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-180333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuromuscular diseases are characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and muscle weakness resulting in functional disabilities. While each of these diseases is individually rare, they are common as a group, and a large majority lacks effective treatment with fully market approved drugs. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy techniques (MRI and MRS) are showing increasing promise as an outcome measure in clinical trials for these diseases. In 2013, the European Union funded the COST (co-operation in science and technology) action BM1304 called MYO-MRI (www.myo-mri.eu), with the overall aim to advance novel MRI and MRS techniques for both diagnosis and quantitative monitoring of neuromuscular diseases through sharing of expertise and data, joint development of protocols, opportunities for young researchers and creation of an online atlas of muscle MRI and MRS. In this report, the topics that were discussed in the framework of working group 3, which had the objective to: Explore new contrasts, new targets and new imaging techniques for NMD are described. The report is written by the scientists who attended the meetings and presented their data. An overview is given on the different contrasts that MRI can generate and their application, clinical needs and desired readouts, and emerging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ericky C.A. Araujo
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology & NMR Laboratory, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/MIRCen, Paris, France
| | - Noura Azzabou
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology & NMR Laboratory, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/MIRCen, Paris, France
| | | | - Andrew Blamire
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Jedrek Burakiewicz
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pierre G. Carlier
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology & NMR Laboratory, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/MIRCen, Paris, France
| | - Bruce Damon
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Xeni Deligianni
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Physics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland & Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Arend Heerschap
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Benjamin Marty
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology & NMR Laboratory, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/MIRCen, Paris, France
| | - Armin M. Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany & Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Francesco Santini
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Physics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland & Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Scheidegger
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fritz Schick
- University of Tübingen, Section on Experimental Radiology, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Volker Straub
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | - Hermien E. Kan
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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32
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Kennedy P, Barnhill E, Gray C, Brown C, van Beek EJR, Roberts N, Greig CA. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) shows significant reduction of thigh muscle stiffness in healthy older adults. GeroScience 2019; 42:311-321. [PMID: 31865527 PMCID: PMC7031192 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the effect of ageing on thigh muscle stiffness using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) and investigate whether fat fraction and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) are related to stiffness. Six healthy older adults in their eighth and ninth decade and eight healthy young men were recruited and underwent a 3 T MRI protocol including MRE and Dixon fat fraction imaging. Muscle stiffness, fat fraction and muscle CSA were calculated in ROIs corresponding to the four quadriceps muscles (i.e. vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), vastus intermedius (VI), rectus femoris (RF)), combined quadriceps, combined hamstrings and adductors and whole thigh. Muscle stiffness was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the older group in all measured ROIs except the VI (p = 0.573) and RF (p = 0.081). Similarly, mean fat fraction was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the older group over all ROIs with the exception of the VI (p = 0.059) and VL muscle groups (p = 0.142). Muscle CSA was significantly reduced in older participants in the VM (p = 0.003) and the combined quadriceps (p = 0.001), hamstrings and adductors (p = 0.008) and whole thigh (p = 0.003). Over the whole thigh, stiffness was significantly negatively correlated with fat fraction (r = − 0.560, p = 0.037) and positively correlated with CSA (r = 0.749, p = 0.002). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that age was the most significant predictor of muscle stiffness (p = 0.001). These results suggest that muscle stiffness is significantly decreased in healthy older adults. Muscle fat fraction and muscle CSA are also significantly changed in older adults; however, age is the most significant predictor of muscle stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kennedy
- Edinburgh Imaging facility QMRI, School of Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK. .,BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Eric Barnhill
- Department of Radiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Calum Gray
- Edinburgh Imaging facility QMRI, School of Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Colin Brown
- The Mentholatum Company Ltd., East Kilbride, Glasgow, UK
| | - Edwin J R van Beek
- Edinburgh Imaging facility QMRI, School of Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Neil Roberts
- Edinburgh Imaging facility QMRI, School of Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Carolyn Anne Greig
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, NIHR Birmingham BRC, The University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
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Schrank F, Warmuth C, Görner S, Meyer T, Tzschätzsch H, Guo J, Uca YO, Elgeti T, Braun J, Sack I. Real‐time MR elastography for viscoelasticity quantification in skeletal muscle during dynamic exercises. Magn Reson Med 2019; 84:103-114. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schrank
- Department of Radiology Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Carsten Warmuth
- Department of Radiology Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Steffen Görner
- Department of Radiology Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Tom Meyer
- Department of Radiology Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Heiko Tzschätzsch
- Department of Radiology Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Radiology Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Yavuz Oguz Uca
- Department of Radiology Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Elgeti
- Department of Radiology Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Jürgen Braun
- Institute of Medical Informatics Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Ingolf Sack
- Department of Radiology Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
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Numano T, Habe T, Ito D, Onishi T, Takamoto K, Mizuhara K, Nishijo H, Igarashi K, Ueki T. A new technique for motion encoding gradient-less MR elastography of the psoas major muscle: A gradient-echo type multi-echo sequence. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 63:85-92. [PMID: 31425804 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop vibration techniques for magnetic resonance (MR) elastography (MRE) of the psoas major muscle (PM). Seven healthy volunteers were included. MRE was performed with motion-encoding gradient (MEG)-less multi-echo MRE sequence, which allows clinicians to perform MRE using conventional MR imaging. In order to transmit mechanical vibration of the pneumatic type to the PM, a long narrow vibration pad was designed using a 3D printer, and the optimum vibration techniques were verified. The vibration pad was placed under the lower back, with the volunteers in the supine position. The results indicated that the PM vibrated well through the transmitted vibration from the lumbar spine, which suggests that the placement of a narrow vibration pad under the supine body, along the lumbar spine, allows the vibration of the PM. The shear modulus of the PM (n = 7) was 1.23 ± 0.09 kPa (mean ± SEM) on the right side and 1.22 ± 0.15 kPa on the left side, with no significant difference (t-test, P > 0.05). Increased stiffness of the muscle due to continuous local contraction may be an important cause of non-specific low back pain (LBP). The present vibration techniques for MRE of the PM provide a quantitative diagnostic tool for changes in muscle stiffness associated with non-specific LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Numano
- Department of Radiological Science, Graduate School of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan; Human Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan.
| | - Tetsushi Habe
- Department of Radiological Science, Graduate School of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Daiki Ito
- Department of Radiological Science, Graduate School of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan; Human Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan; Office of Radiation Technology, Keio University Hospital, Japan
| | - Takaaki Onishi
- Department of Radiological Science, Graduate School of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Koichi Takamoto
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Igarashi
- Department of Radiological Science, Graduate School of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ueki
- Department of Radiological Science, Graduate School of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
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35
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Palnitkar H, Reiter RO, Majumdar S, Lewis P, Hammersley M, Shah RN, Royston TJ, Klatt D. An investigation into the relationship between inhomogeneity and wave shapes in phantoms and ex vivo skeletal muscle using Magnetic Resonance Elastography and finite element analysis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 98:108-120. [PMID: 31226553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Soft biological tissues such as skeletal muscle and brain white matter can be inhomogeneous and anisotropic due to the presence of fibers. Unlike biological tissue, phantoms with known microstructure and defined mechanical properties enable a quantitative assessment and systematic investigation of the influence of inhomogeneities on the nature of shear wave propagation. This study introduces a mathematical measure for the wave shape, which the authors call as the 1-Norm, to determine the conditions under which homogenization may be a valid approach. This is achieved through experimentation using the Magnetic Resonance Elastography technique on 3D printed inhomogeneous fiber phantoms as well as on ex-vivo porcine lumbus muscle. In addition, Finite Element Analysis is used as a tool to decouple the effects of directional anisotropy from those of inhomogeneity. A correlation is then established between the values of 1-Norm derived from the wave front geometry, and the spacing (d) between neighboring inhomogeneities (spherical inclusions or fibers and fiber intersections in phantoms and muscle). Smaller values of 1-Norm indicate less wave scattering at the locations of fiber intersections, which implies that the wave propagation may be approximated to that of a homogeneous medium; homogenization may not be a valid approximation when significant scattering occurs at the locations of inhomogeneities. In conclusion, the current study proposes 1-Norm as a quantitative measure of the magnitude of wave scattering in a medium, which can potentially be used as a homogeneity index of a biological tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Palnitkar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| | - Rolf O Reiter
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Shreyan Majumdar
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Phillip Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Margaret Hammersley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Ramille N Shah
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Thomas J Royston
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA; Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Dieter Klatt
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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36
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Nelissen JL, Sinkus R, Nicolay K, Nederveen AJ, Oomens CW, Strijkers GJ. Magnetic resonance elastography of skeletal muscle deep tissue injury. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4087. [PMID: 30897280 PMCID: PMC6593838 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The current state-of-the-art diagnosis method for deep tissue injury in muscle, a subcategory of pressure ulcers, is palpation. It is recognized that deep tissue injury is frequently preceded by altered biomechanical properties. A quantitative understanding of the changes in biomechanical properties preceding and during deep tissue injury development is therefore highly desired. In this paper we quantified the spatial-temporal changes in mechanical properties upon damage development and recovery in a rat model of deep tissue injury. Deep tissue injury was induced in nine rats by two hours of sustained deformation of the tibialis anterior muscle. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), T2 -weighted, and T2 -mapping measurements were performed before, directly after indentation, and at several timepoints during a 14-day follow-up. The results revealed a local hotspot of elevated shear modulus (from 3.30 ± 0.14 kPa before to 4.22 ± 0.90 kPa after) near the center of deformation at Day 0, whereas the T2 was elevated in a larger area. During recovery there was a clear difference in the time course of the shear modulus and T2 . Whereas T2 showed a gradual normalization towards baseline, the shear modulus dropped below baseline from Day 3 up to Day 10 (from 3.29 ± 0.07 kPa before to 2.68 ± 0.23 kPa at Day 10, P < 0.001), followed by a normalization at Day 14. In conclusion, we found an initial increase in shear modulus directly after two hours of damage-inducing deformation, which was followed by decreased shear modulus from Day 3 up to Day 10, and subsequent normalization. The lower shear modulus originates from the moderate to severe degeneration of the muscle. MRE stiffness values were affected in a smaller area as compared with T2 . Since T2 elevation is related to edema, distributing along the muscle fibers proximally and distally from the injury, we suggest that MRE is more specific than T2 for localization of the actual damaged area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules L. Nelissen
- Biomedical NMR, Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ralph Sinkus
- Image Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR, Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Aart J. Nederveen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Cees W.J. Oomens
- Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology, Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyThe Netherlands
| | - Gustav J. Strijkers
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Yeung J, Jugé L, Hatt A, Bilston LE. Paediatric brain tissue properties measured with magnetic resonance elastography. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:1497-1505. [PMID: 31055692 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to characterise the stiffness of white and grey matter in paediatric subjects using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) and to determine whether these properties change throughout normal development. MRE was performed using a clinical 3T MRI scanner at three frequencies (30, 40 and 60 Hz) on 36 healthy paediatric subjects aged between 7 and 18 years (19 F) and 11 adults aged 23-44 years (6 F). Anatomical and diffusion tensor imaging was also collected. The stiffness quantified as the magnitude of the complex shear modulus (G*), fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD) and volume of white and grey matter were calculated. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple comparison tests were used to compare data in age groups separated into children (7-12 years), adolescents (13-18 years) and adults (18+ years), and Spearman's correlations were performed for paediatric data. White and grey matter stiffness for each frequency and their frequency dependence was found to be very similar in paediatric and adult subjects (p > 0.05 all variables). No significant correlations were found when comparing G* with age, FA, MD or volume. Adult G*, FA, MD and volume values were within range of others reported in the literature. Paediatric white and grey matter stiffness values are similar to those of adults. We conclude that clinically, adult values can be used as a baseline measure in paediatric brain MRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Yeung
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Lauriane Jugé
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Alice Hatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Lynne E Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia. .,University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
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38
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Bilston LE, Bolsterlee B, Nordez A, Sinha S. Contemporary image-based methods for measuring passive mechanical properties of skeletal muscles in vivo. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1454-1464. [PMID: 30236053 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00672.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles' primary function in the body is mechanical: to move and stabilize the skeleton. As such, their mechanical behavior is a key aspect of their physiology. Recent developments in medical imaging technology have enabled quantitative studies of passive muscle mechanics, ranging from measurements of intrinsic muscle mechanical properties, such as elasticity and viscosity, to three-dimensional muscle architecture and dynamic muscle deformation and kinematics. In this review we summarize the principles and applications of contemporary imaging methods that have been used to study the passive mechanical behavior of skeletal muscles. Elastography measurements can provide in vivo maps of passive muscle mechanical parameters, and both MRI and ultrasound methods are available (magnetic resonance elastography and ultrasound shear wave elastography, respectively). Both have been shown to differentiate between healthy muscle and muscles affected by a broad range of clinical conditions. Detailed muscle architecture can now be depicted using diffusion tensor imaging, which not only is particularly useful for computational modeling of muscle but also has potential in assessing architectural changes in muscle disorders. More dynamic information about muscle mechanics can be obtained using a range of dynamic MRI methods, which characterize the detailed internal muscle deformations during motion. There are several MRI techniques available (e.g., phase-contrast MRI, displacement-encoded MRI, and "tagged" MRI), each of which can be collected in synchrony with muscle motion and postprocessed to quantify muscle deformation. Together, these modern imaging techniques can characterize muscle motion, deformation, mechanical properties, and architecture, providing complementary insights into skeletal muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne E Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales , Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Bart Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales , Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales , Kensington, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Antoine Nordez
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand.,Movement, Interactions, Performance Laboratory (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Shantanu Sinha
- Muscle Imaging and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of California , San Diego, California
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39
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Abstract
This review, the first in a series of minireviews on the passive mechanical properties of skeletal muscles, seeks to summarize what is known about the muscle deformations that allow relaxed muscles to lengthen and shorten. Most obviously, when a muscle lengthens, muscle fascicles elongate, but this is not the only mechanism by which muscles change their length. In pennate muscles, elongation of muscle fascicles is accompanied by changes in pennation and changes in fascicle curvature, both of which may contribute to changes in muscle length. The contributions of these mechanisms to change in muscle length are usually small under passive conditions. In very pennate muscles with long aponeuroses, fascicle shear could contribute substantially to changes in muscle length. Tendons experience moderate axial strains even under passive loads, and, because tendons are often much longer than muscle fibers, even moderate tendon strains may contribute substantially to changes in muscle length. Data obtained with new imaging techniques suggest that muscle fascicle and aponeurosis strains are highly nonuniform, but this is yet to be confirmed. The development, validation, and interpretation of continuum muscle models informed by rigorous measurements of muscle architecture and material properties should provide further insights into the mechanisms that allow relaxed muscles to lengthen and shorten.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Herbert
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - B. Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - S. C. Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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40
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Ito D, Numano T, Takamoto K, Ueki T, Habe T, Igarashi K, Mizuhara K, Nishijo H. Simultaneous acquisition of magnetic resonance elastography of the supraspinatus and the trapezius muscles. Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 57:95-102. [PMID: 30465866 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We developed a Magnetic Resonance elastography (MRE) technique using a conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which allows a simultaneous elastography of the supraspinatus and trapezius muscles, by designing a new wave transducer (vibration pad) and optimizing the mechanical vibration frequency. Five healthy volunteers underwent an MRE. In order to transmit the mechanical vibration (pneumatic vibration) to the supraspinatus and trapezius muscles, a new vibration pad was designed using a three-dimensional (3D) printer. The vibration pad was placed on the skin 2 cm medial and 2 cm cephalad the deltoid tubercle. MRE acquisition was performed with a multi-slice gradient-echo type multi-echo MR sequence, which allows MREs even in a conventional MRI; two oblique axial images of the supraspinatus and trapezius muscles were obtained simultaneously. Vibration frequencies were set at 50-150 Hz, with a 25 Hz step. Wave image quality in each frequency was analyzed using a phase-to-noise ratio (PNR) and clarity of propagating wave that was assessed by two readers qualitatively. In the supraspinatus muscle, the wave images were of good quality especially at frequencies >75 Hz. In the trapezius muscle, the wave images were of better quality at low frequencies (50 and 75 Hz) compared with high frequencies (100-150 Hz). The PNR of both muscles were higher at low frequencies. The mean stiffness in the trapezius muscle (7.26 ± 2.13 kPa at 75 Hz) was larger than those in the supraspinatus muscle (4.16 ± 0.50 kPa at 75 Hz). The results demonstrated that our MRE technique allows simultaneous assessment of the stiffness in the supraspinatus and trapezius muscles using a conventional MRI, and that optimal vibration frequency for simultaneous MRE of these muscles is 75 Hz. This technique provides a new means for early detection of abnormality in the shoulder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Ito
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10, Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan; Office of Radiation Technology, Keio University Hospital, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-2-1, Namiki, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Numano
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10, Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan; Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-2-1, Namiki, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan.
| | - Koichi Takamoto
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ueki
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10, Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Habe
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10, Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan
| | - Keisuke Igarashi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10, Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Mizuhara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, 5, Senju Asahicho, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan; Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-2-1, Namiki, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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41
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Huang J, Qin K, Tang C, Zhu Y, Klein CS, Zhang Z, Liu C. Assessment of Passive Stiffness of Medial and Lateral Heads of Gastrocnemius Muscle, Achilles Tendon, and Plantar Fascia at Different Ankle and Knee Positions Using the MyotonPRO. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:7570-7576. [PMID: 30352050 PMCID: PMC6402278 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the passive stiffness of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius (MG and LG), Achilles tendon (AT), and plantar fascia (PF) at different ankle and knee positions. Material/Methods Stiffness was assessed using a portable hand-held device (MyotonPRO). In 30 healthy participants (15 males, 15 females) with the knee fully extended or flexed 90°, stiffness of the MG, LG, AT, and PF was measured at 50° plantar flexion, 0° (neutral position), and 25° dorsiflexion (not for AT) of the ankle joint by passive joint rotation. Results With the knee fully extended, passive dorsiflexion caused significant increase in muscle stiffness (P<0.001), whereas AT and PF stiffness increased with passive ankle dorsiflexion regardless of knee position (P<0.001). Increased stiffness was observed in MG compared to LG (P<0.001) and at the 3-cm site of AT compared to the 6-cm site (P<0.05). Stiffness was greater in LG compared to MG at −50° plantar flexion (P<0.001) and was greater in MG compared to LG at 25° dorsiflexion (P<0.05). Stiffness of AT increased in a distal-to-proximal pattern: 0 cm >3 cm >6 cm (P<0.001). Conclusions Stiffness assessed by use of the MyotonPRO was similar assessments using other techniques, suggesting that the MyotonPRO is capable of detecting the variations in stiffness of MG, LG, AT, and PF at different ankle and knee positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Clinical Medicine College of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Kun Qin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Clinical Medicine College of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Chunzhi Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Clinical Medicine College of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yi Zhu
- Rehabilitation Therapy Center, Hainan Province Nongken Genernal Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China (mainland)
| | - Cliff S Klein
- Guangdong Work Injury Rehabilitation Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Guangzhou, Guangdong, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Louyang, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Chunlong Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Clinical Medicine College of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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42
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Wang CK, Fang YHD, Lin LC, Lin CF, Kuo LC, Chiu FM, Chen CH. Magnetic Resonance Elastography in the Assessment of Acute Effects of Kinesio Taping on Lumbar Paraspinal Muscles. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 49:1039-1045. [PMID: 30284358 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinesio tape (KT) is an elastic therapeutic tape used for treating sports-related injuries and a number of other disorders. To date, the objective evidence to link pathophysiological effects and actual reactions triggered by KT is limited. PURPOSE To explore the effect of KT on the lumbar paraspinal muscles by magnetic resonance (MR) elastography. STUDY TYPE Prospective observational study. POPULATION Sixty-six asymptomatic volunteers with 31 women and 35 men. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3.0T MRI and elastography with vibration frequency of 120 Hz. ASSESSMENT The 5-cm-width KT with full tension was placed on a single side of the lumbar paraspinal muscle. The taping side and adhering direction were randomly decided. Two rectangular regions of interest (ROIs) of 5- and 2.5-cm-width were positioned at the bilateral paraspinal regions from the L2 to L4 level on the confidence map of MR elastography before and after KT taping. The mean shear stiffness values of the ROIs at the superficial, middle, and deep depths were recorded; then the differences between the taping and reference sides were calculated. STATISTICAL TESTS Paired t-test and Pearson correlations were used to evaluate the stiffness changes after KT application and intraoperator errors of the stiffness measures on the reference side, respectively. RESULTS A significant decrease in the muscle stiffness value between taping and reference sides (-0.71 kPa ± 0.60 with KT and -0.25 kPa ± 0.78 without KT, P < 0.0001 for 5-cm ROI; -0.67 kPa ± 1.12 with KT and -0.16 kPa ± 1.17 without KT, P = 0.0004 for 2.5-cm ROI) was found in the superficial depth, but no significant differences in the middle and deep depths (P = 0.25 and P = 0.79 for 5-cm ROI; P = 0.09 and P = 0.67 for 2.5-cm ROI, respectively). There were no significant differences of muscle stiffness differences between gender (P = 0.11 for superficial, P = 0.37 for middle, P = 0.78 for deep) and taping direction (P = 0.18 for superficial, P = 0.13 for middle, P = 0.15 for deep). DATA CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that KT can reduce the MR elastography-derived shear stiffness in the superficial depth of paraspinal muscles. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1039-1045.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Kuo Wang
- Department of Radiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hua Dean Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Ching Lin
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Feng Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chieh Kuo
- Department of Occupational Therapy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Chia-Hui Chen
- College of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
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Bilston LE. Soft tissue rheology and its implications for elastography: Challenges and opportunities. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3832. [PMID: 28991387 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance elastography and related shear wave ultrasound elastography techniques can be used to estimate the mechanical properties of soft tissues in vivo by using the relationships between wave propagation and the elastic properties of materials. These techniques have found numerous clinical and research applications, tracking changes in tissue properties as a result of disease or other interventions. Most dynamic elastography approaches estimate tissue elastic (or viscoelastic) properties from a simplified version of the equations for the propagation of acoustic waves through a homogeneous linear (visco)elastic medium. However, soft tissue rheology is complex and departs significantly from this idealized picture. In particular, soft tissues are nonlinearly viscoelastic, inhomogeneous and often anisotropic, and their apparent stiffness can vary with the current loading state. All of these features have implications for the reliability and reproducibility of elastography measurements, from data acquisition to analysis and interpretation. New developments in inversion algorithms for elastography are beginning to offer solutions to account for the complex rheology of tissues, including inhomogeneity and anisotropy. There remains considerable potential to further refine elastography to capture the full spectrum of tissue rheology, and thus to better understand the underlying tissue microstructural changes in a broad range of clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne E Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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44
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Guidetti M, Royston TJ. Analytical solution for converging elliptic shear wave in a bounded transverse isotropic viscoelastic material with nonhomogeneous outer boundary. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 144:2312. [PMID: 30404507 PMCID: PMC6197985 DOI: 10.1121/1.5064372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic elastography methods-based on optical, ultrasonic, or magnetic resonance imaging-are being developed for quantitatively mapping the shear viscoelastic properties of biological tissues, which are often altered by disease and injury. These diagnostic imaging methods involve analysis of shear wave motion in order to estimate or reconstruct the tissue's shear viscoelastic properties. Most reconstruction methods to date have assumed isotropic tissue properties. However, application to tissues like skeletal muscle and brain white matter with aligned fibrous structure resulting in local transverse isotropic mechanical properties would benefit from analysis that takes into consideration anisotropy. A theoretical approach is developed for the elliptic shear wave pattern observed in transverse isotropic materials subjected to axisymmetric excitation creating radially converging shear waves normal to the fiber axis. This approach, utilizing Mathieu functions, is enabled via a transformation to an elliptic coordinate system with isotropic properties and a ratio of minor and major axes matching the ratio of shear wavelengths perpendicular and parallel to the plane of isotropy in the transverse isotropic material. The approach is validated via numerical finite element analysis case studies. This strategy of coordinate transformation to equivalent isotropic systems could aid in analysis of other anisotropic tissue structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Guidetti
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, 851 South Morgan Street, MC 063, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Thomas J Royston
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, 851 South Morgan Street, MC 063, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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45
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Miller R, Kolipaka A, Nash MP, Young AA. Relative identifiability of anisotropic properties from magnetic resonance elastography. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3848. [PMID: 29106765 PMCID: PMC5936684 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) has been used to estimate isotropic stiffness in the heart, myocardium is known to have anisotropic properties. This study investigated the determinability of global transversely isotropic material parameters using MRE and finite-element modeling (FEM). A FEM-based material parameter identification method, using a displacement-matching objective function, was evaluated in a gel phantom and simulations of a left ventricular (LV) geometry with a histology-derived fiber field. Material parameter estimation was performed in the presence of Gaussian noise. Parameter sweeps were analyzed and characteristics of the Hessian matrix at the optimal solution were used to evaluate the determinability of each constitutive parameter. Four out of five material stiffness parameters (Young's modulii E1 and E3 , shear modulus G13 and damping coefficient s), which describe a transversely isotropic linear elastic material, were well determined from the MRE displacement field using an iterative FEM inversion method. However, the remaining parameter, Poisson's ratio, was less identifiable. In conclusion, Young's modulii, shear modulii and damping can theoretically be well determined from MRE data, but Poisson's ratio is not as well determined and could be set to a reasonable value for biological tissue (close to 0.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Arunark Kolipaka
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Martyn P Nash
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair A Young
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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46
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Tan K, Jugé L, Hatt A, Cheng S, Bilston LE. Measurement of large strain properties in calf muscles in vivo using magnetic resonance elastography and spatial modulation of magnetization. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3925. [PMID: 29675978 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is important to measure the large deformation properties of skeletal muscle in vivo in order to understand and model movement and the force-producing capabilities of muscle. As muscle properties are non-linear, an understanding of how the deformation state affects the measured shear moduli is also useful for clinical applications of magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) to muscle disorders. MRE has so far only been used to measure the linear viscoelastic (small strain) properties of muscles. This study aims to measure the shear moduli of human calf muscles under varying degrees of strain using MRE. Nine healthy adults (four males; age range, 25-38 years) were recruited, and the storage modulus G' was measured at three ankle angle positions: P0 (neutral), P15 (15° plantarflexed) and P30 (30° plantarflexed). Spatial modulation of magnetization (SPAMM) was used to measure the strain in the calf associated with the ankle rotations between P0 to P15 and P0 to P30. SPAMM results showed that, with plantarflexion, there was a shortening of the medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, which resulted in an expansion of both muscles in the transverse direction. Strains for each ankle rotation were in the range 3-9% (in compression). MRE results showed that this shortening during plantarflexion resulted in a mean decrease in G' in the medial gastrocnemius (p = 0.013, linear mixed model), but not in the soleus (p = 0.47). This study showed that MRE is a viable technique for the measurement of large strain deformation properties in vivo in soft tissues by inducing physiological strain within the muscle during imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Tan
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Lauriane Jugé
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Alice Hatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Shaokoon Cheng
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Lynne E Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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47
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Fovargue D, Nordsletten D, Sinkus R. Stiffness reconstruction methods for MR elastography. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3935. [PMID: 29774974 PMCID: PMC6175248 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of tissue stiffness is desirable for clinicians and researchers, as it is well established that pathophysiological mechanisms often alter the structural properties of tissue. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) provides an avenue for measuring tissue stiffness and has a long history of clinical application, including staging liver fibrosis and stratifying breast cancer malignancy. A vital component of MRE consists of the reconstruction algorithms used to derive stiffness from wave-motion images by solving inverse problems. A large range of reconstruction methods have been presented in the literature, with differing computational expense, required user input, underlying physical assumptions, and techniques for numerical evaluation. These differences, in turn, have led to varying accuracy, robustness, and ease of use. While most reconstruction techniques have been validated against in silico or in vitro phantoms, performance with real data is often more challenging, stressing the robustness and assumptions of these algorithms. This article reviews many current MRE reconstruction methods and discusses the aforementioned differences. The material assumptions underlying the methods are developed and various approaches for noise reduction, regularization, and numerical discretization are discussed. Reconstruction methods are categorized by inversion type, underlying assumptions, and their use in human and animal studies. Future directions, such as alternative material assumptions, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fovargue
- Imaging Sciences & Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - David Nordsletten
- Imaging Sciences & Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ralph Sinkus
- Imaging Sciences & Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Inserm U1148, LVTSUniversity Paris Diderot, University Paris 13Paris75018France
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48
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Guidetti M, Lorgna G, Hammersly M, Lewis P, Klatt D, Vena P, Shah R, Royston TJ. Anisotropic composite material phantom to improve skeletal muscle characterization using magnetic resonance elastography. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 89:199-208. [PMID: 30292169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence and progression of neuromuscular pathology, including spasticity, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and hyperthyroidism, has been correlated with changes in the intrinsic mechanical properties of skeletal muscle tissue. Tools for noninvasively measuring and monitoring these properties, such as Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE), could benefit basic research into understanding neuromuscular pathologies, as well as translational research to develop therapies, by providing a means of assessing and tracking their efficacy. Dynamic elastography methods for noninvasive measurement of tissue mechanical properties have been under development for nearly three decades. Much of the technological development to date, for both Ultrasound (US)-based and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-based strategies, has been grounded in assumptions of local homogeneity and isotropy. Striated skeletal and cardiac muscle, as well as brain white matter and soft tissue in some other organ regions, exhibit a fibrous microstructure which entails heterogeneity and anisotropic response; as one seeks to improve the accuracy and resolution in mechanical property assessment, heterogeneity and anisotropy need to be accounted for in order to optimize both the dynamic elastography experimental protocol and the interpretation of the measurements. Advances in elastography methodology at every step have been aided by the use of tissue-mimicking phantoms. The aim of the present study was to develop and characterize a heterogeneous composite phantom design with uniform controllable anisotropic properties meant to be comparable to the frequency-dependent anisotropic properties of skeletal muscle. MRE experiments and computational finite element (FE) studies were conducted on a novel 3D-printed composite phantom design. The displacement maps obtained from simulation and experiment show the same elliptical shaped wavefronts elongated in the plane where the structure presents higher shear modulus. The model exhibits a degree of anisotropy in line with literature data from skeletal muscle tissue MRE experiments. FE simulations of the MRE experiments provide insight into proper interpretation of experimental measurements, and help to quantify the importance of heterogeneity in the anisotropic material at different scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Guidetti
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 South Mogan Street, 212 SEO, Chicago, IL 60607-7052, USA.
| | - Gloria Lorgna
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Margaret Hammersly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Phillip Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dieter Klatt
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 South Mogan Street, 212 SEO, Chicago, IL 60607-7052, USA.
| | - Pasquale Vena
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Ramille Shah
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 South Mogan Street, 212 SEO, Chicago, IL 60607-7052, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas J Royston
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 South Mogan Street, 212 SEO, Chicago, IL 60607-7052, USA.
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Capilnasiu A, Hadjicharalambous M, Fovargue D, Patel D, Holub O, Bilston L, Screen H, Sinkus R, Nordsletten D. Magnetic resonance elastography in nonlinear viscoelastic materials under load. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 18:111-135. [PMID: 30151814 PMCID: PMC6373278 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Characterisation of soft tissue mechanical properties is a topic of increasing interest in translational and clinical research. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) has been used in this context to assess the mechanical properties of tissues in vivo noninvasively. Typically, these analyses rely on linear viscoelastic wave equations to assess material properties from measured wave dynamics. However, deformations that occur in some tissues (e.g. liver during respiration, heart during the cardiac cycle, or external compression during a breast exam) can yield loading bias, complicating the interpretation of tissue stiffness from MRE measurements. In this paper, it is shown how combined knowledge of a material's rheology and loading state can be used to eliminate loading bias and enable interpretation of intrinsic (unloaded) stiffness properties. Equations are derived utilising perturbation theory and Cauchy's equations of motion to demonstrate the impact of loading state on periodic steady-state wave behaviour in nonlinear viscoelastic materials. These equations demonstrate how loading bias yields apparent material stiffening, softening and anisotropy. MRE sensitivity to deformation is demonstrated in an experimental phantom, showing a loading bias of up to twofold. From an unbiased stiffness of [Formula: see text] Pa in unloaded state, the biased stiffness increases to 9767.5 [Formula: see text]1949.9 Pa under a load of [Formula: see text] 34% uniaxial compression. Integrating knowledge of phantom loading and rheology into a novel MRE reconstruction, it is shown that it is possible to characterise intrinsic material characteristics, eliminating the loading bias from MRE data. The framework introduced and demonstrated in phantoms illustrates a pathway that can be translated and applied to MRE in complex deforming tissues. This would contribute to a better assessment of material properties in soft tissues employing elastography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Capilnasiu
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Myrianthi Hadjicharalambous
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,KIOS Research and Innovation Centre of Excellence, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Daniel Fovargue
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dharmesh Patel
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ondrej Holub
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lynne Bilston
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hazel Screen
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ralph Sinkus
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Inserm U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, University Paris 13, 75018, Paris, France
| | - David Nordsletten
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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50
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Bachasson D, Dubois GJR, Allenbach Y, Benveniste O, Hogrel JY. Muscle Shear Wave Elastography in Inclusion Body Myositis: Feasibility, Reliability and Relationships with Muscle Impairments. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:1423-1432. [PMID: 29706410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Degenerative muscle changes may be associated with changes in muscle mechanical properties. Shear wave elastography (SWE) allows direct quantification of muscle shear modulus (MSM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of SWE in the severely disordered muscle as observed in inclusion body myositis. To explore the clinical relevance of SWE, potential relationships between MSM values and level muscle impairments (weakness and ultrasound-derived muscle thickness and echo intensity) were investigated. SWE was performed in the biceps brachii at 100°, 90°, 70° and 10° elbow flexion in 34 patients with inclusion body myositis. MSM was assessed before and after five passive stretch-shortening cycles at 4°/s from 70° to 10° elbow angle and after three maximal voluntary contractions to evaluate potential effects of muscle pre-conditioning. Intra-class correlation coefficients and standard errors of measurements were >0.83 and <1.74 kPa and >0.64 and <1.89 kPa for within- and between-day values, respectively. No significant effect of passive loading-unloading and maximal voluntary contractions was found (all p values >0.18). MSM correlated to predicted muscle strength (all Spearman correlation coefficients (ρ) > 0.36; all p values < 0.05). A significant correlation was found between muscle echo intensity and muscle shear modulus at 70° only (ρ = 0.38, p <0.05). No correlation was found between muscle thickness and MSM (all ρ values > 0.23 and all p values > 0.25, respectively). Within- and between-day reliability of muscle SWE was satisfactory and moderate, respectively. SWE shows promise for assessing changes in mechanical properties of the severely disordered muscle. Further investigations are required to clarify these findings and to refine their clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yves Allenbach
- Institute of Myology, Paris, France; Inflammatory Muscle and Innovative Targeted Therapies, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Benveniste
- Institute of Myology, Paris, France; Inflammatory Muscle and Innovative Targeted Therapies, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, University Pierre et Marie Curie, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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