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Suparanon T, Klinjan S, Phusunti N, Phetwarotai W. Highly impact toughened and excellent flame-retardant polylactide/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blend foams with phosphorus-containing and food waste-derived flame retardants. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130147. [PMID: 38354942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Green polymeric foams are an important research topic for sustainable development. In this study, a natural multifunctional flame-retardant additive based on food waste was developed and evaluated for its ability to replace the commercial additives tricresyl phosphate (TCP) and trioctyl phosphate (TOP) in a polylactide/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) foam. A series of blend foams with additives were prepared by melt extrusion. According to the results, the blend foam with 20 phr of TCP showed the best combination of impact toughness and flame retardancy. TCP, however, poses health and environmental risks. Therefore, natural flame retardants (NFRs) were used to partially replace the commercial flame retardant (CFR). A combination of TCP and soybean residue (SB) produced an impact toughened and flame-retardant blend foam. When compared to the neat PLA/PBAT foam, the impact toughness of the best sample was increased by about 256 %. The optimal foam showed excellent flame resistance with a V-0 UL-94 rating and a high LOI value (31.8 %). SB has the potential to partially replace TCP as flame retardant and could be used in a broad range of PLA/PBAT foam applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunsuda Suparanon
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Klinjan
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Neeranuch Phusunti
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Worasak Phetwarotai
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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2
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Suparanon T, Phusunti N, Phetwarotai W. Properties and flame retardancy of polylactide composites incorporating tricresyl phosphate and modified microcrystalline cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch waste. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127580. [PMID: 37866581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
One of the major environmental issues that have an impact on humans, animals, and their surroundings is plastic garbage. The use of biodegradable polymers in place of traditional plastics is one of the best solutions to this significant issue. The bio-circular-green (BCG) economic model is supported by the use of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as a bio-filler for polylactide (PLA) composites, which may also help to address the issue of improper plastic waste management. This study explores the chemical modification of MCC derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch waste (OPMC). Maleic anhydride-modified OPMC (MAMC) is successfully synthesized by a solvent-free and low temperature heating procedure. MAMC and tricresyl phosphate (TCP) were used as additives in PLA composites which were processed by melt extrusion and compression molding. Characterization studies confirmed the successful modification of MAMC and indicated that TCP played a crucial role as an effective plasticizer and flame retardant for PLA. All PLA/TCP composites showed significantly improved toughness and delayed ignition. The appropriate TCP level was 10 phr. The incorporation of TCP and MAMC resulted in a synergistic enhancement of impact strength and maintained excellent flame inhibition. Moreover, the thermal stability of the PLA composites increased with increments of MAMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunsuda Suparanon
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Neeranuch Phusunti
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Worasak Phetwarotai
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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3
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Gairola S, Sinha S, Singh I. Thermal stability of extracted lignin from novel millet husk crop residue. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124725. [PMID: 37148941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent alarming tones regarding the environment and energy crises have resulted in an emergent need for the utilization of bio-based materials. The current study aims to experimentally investigate the thermal kinetics and pyrolysis behavior of lignin extracted from novel barnyard millet husk (L-BMH) and finger millet husk (L-FMH) crop residue. The characterization techniques FTIR, SEM, XRD, and EDX were employed. TGA was performed to assess the thermal, pyrolysis, and kinetic behavior using Friedman kinetic model. The average lignin yield was obtained as 16.25 % (L-FMH) and 21.31 % (L-BMH). The average activation energy (Ea) was recorded as 179.91-227.67 kJ mol-1 for L-FMH while 158.50-274.46 kJ mol-1 for L-BMH in the conversion range of 0.2-0.8. The higher heating value (HHV) was found to be 19.80 ± 0.09 MJ kg-1 (L-FMH) and 19.65 ± 0.03 MJ kg-1 (L-BMH). The results create a possibility for the valorization of extracted lignin in polymer composites as potential bio-based flame retardant in polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gairola
- Centre of Excellence in Disaster Mitigation and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
| | - Shishir Sinha
- Centre of Excellence in Disaster Mitigation and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India; Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India.
| | - Inderdeep Singh
- Centre of Excellence in Disaster Mitigation and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India; Mechancial and Industrial Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India.
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4
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Gao Y, Li J. Highly efficient, durable and eco-friendly intumescent flame retardant for wool fabrics. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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5
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Widsten P, Salo S, Hakkarainen T, Nguyen TL, Borrega M, Fearon O. Antimicrobial and Flame-Retardant Coatings Prepared from Nano- and Microparticles of Unmodified and Nitrogen-Modified Polyphenols. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040992. [PMID: 36850276 PMCID: PMC9958896 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the structures and functional properties of tannin- and lignin-derived nano- and microparticles and the coatings prepared from them. Nanoparticles prepared from technical lignins and water-insoluble tannin obtained from softwood bark showed large differences in the suspension testing of antibacterial efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria. A common factor among the most effective lignin nanoparticles was a relatively low molar mass of the lignin, but that alone did not guarantee high efficacy. Tannin nanoparticles showed good antibacterial activity both in suspension testing and as coatings applied onto cellulose. The nanoparticles of nitrogen-modified tannin and the small microparticles of nitrogen-modified kraft lignin exhibited promising flame-retardant parameters when applied as coatings on cellulose. These results illustrate the potential of nano- and microsized particles of unmodified and chemically modified polyphenols to provide functional coatings to cellulosic substrates for environments and applications with high hygiene and fire safety requirements.
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Preparation and Mechanism of Toughened and Flame-Retardant Bio-Based Polylactic Acid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020300. [PMID: 36679181 PMCID: PMC9866757 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As a biodegradable thermoplastic, polylactic acid (PLA) shows great potential to replace petroleum-based plastics. Nevertheless, the flammability and brittleness of PLA seriously limits its use in emerging applications. This work is focused on simultaneously improving the flame-retardancy and toughness of PLA at a low additive load via a simple strategy. The PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites were prepared by incorporating alkali-treated, lightweight, renewable kapok fiber (MKF) and high-efficiency, phosphorus-nitrogenous flame retardant (NTPA) into the PLA matrix based on the extrusion-injection molding method. When the additive loads of MKF and NTPA were 0.5 and 3.0 wt%, respectively, the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites (PLA3.0) achieved a rating of UL-94 V-0 with an LOI value of 28.3%, and its impact strength (4.43 kJ·m-2) was improved by 18.8% compared to that of pure PLA. Moreover, the cone calorimetry results confirmed a 9.7% reduction in the average effective heat of combustion (av-EHC) and a 0.5-fold increase in the flame retardancy index (FRI) compared to the neat PLA. NTPA not only exerted a gas-phase flame-retardant role, but also a condensed-phase barrier effect during the combustion process of the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites. Moreover, MKF acted as an energy absorber to enhance the toughness of the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites. This work provides a simple way to prepare PLA biocomposites with excellent flame-retardancy and toughness at a low additive load, which is of great importance for expanding the application range of PLA biocomposites.
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Komisarz K, Majka TM, Pielichowski K. Chemical and Physical Modification of Lignin for Green Polymeric Composite Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:16. [PMID: 36614353 PMCID: PMC9821536 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, a valuable polymer of natural origin, displays numerous desired intrinsic properties; however, modification processes leading to the value-added products suitable for composite materials' applications are in demand. Chemical modification routes involve mostly reactions with hydroxyl groups present in the structure of lignin, but other paths, such as copolymerization or grafting, are also utilized. On the other hand, physical techniques, such as irradiation, freeze-drying, and sorption, to enhance the surface properties of lignin and the resulting composite materials, are developed. Various kinds of chemically or physically modified lignin are discussed in this review and their effects on the properties of polymeric (bio)materials are presented. Lignin-induced enhancements in green polymer composites, such as better dimensional stability, improved hydrophobicity, and improved mechanical properties, along with biocompatibility and non-cytotoxicity, have been presented. This review addresses the challenges connected with the efficient modification of lignin, which depends on polymer origin and the modification conditions. Finally, future outlooks on modified lignins as useful materials on their own and as prospective biofillers for environmentally friendly polymeric materials are presented.
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Suparanon T, Kaewchuy S, Phusunti N, Suchaiya V, Phetwarotai W. Synergistic effect of microcrystalline cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch waste and tricresyl phosphate on the properties of polylactide composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:1480-1492. [PMID: 36126808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) waste by integrated chemical treatments of delignification, bleaching, and acidic hydrolysis. The obtained MCC (OPMC) and tricresyl phosphate (TCP) were used as additives for polylactide (PLA) composites. The influences of OPMC and TCP contents, separately and in combination, were evaluated on the properties of the composites. Characterization studies confirmed the successful extraction of OPMC from OPEFB waste. With regard to the properties of the PLA composite, the appropriate content of OPMC should be 5 phr. The good distribution of OPMC in the polymer matrix changed the failure behavior of the composite from brittle to ductile. All the PLA composites with TCP and OPMC showed flame inhibition and retarded ignition. The synergistic effect of TCP and OPMC resulted in outstanding improvement of impact strength and flame retardancy of composites. The impact toughness of PT10M5 increased to about 218.4 % and 72.3 % that of neat PLA and PT0M5, respectively. Moreover, PT10M5 achieved V-0 rating with high LOI (38.5 %). All these characteristics promise extended applications for PLA composite in bio, circular, and green (BCG) economies and electronics industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunsuda Suparanon
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Salinee Kaewchuy
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Neeranuch Phusunti
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Research Group, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Voravadee Suchaiya
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Phranakhon Rajabhat University, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10220, Thailand
| | - Worasak Phetwarotai
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Research Group, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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Zhang Y, Lin F, Wu Y, Wang S, Liu Z, Song L. A novel lanthanum‐based phosphorus‐containing flame retardant agent and its application in polylactic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen China
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials Xiamen China
| | - Fenglong Lin
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen China
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials Xiamen China
| | - Yincai Wu
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen China
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials Xiamen China
| | - Shenglong Wang
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen China
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials Xiamen China
| | | | - Lijun Song
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen China
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials Xiamen China
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10
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Esakkimuthu ES, DeVallance D, Pylypchuk I, Moreno A, Sipponen MH. Multifunctional lignin-poly (lactic acid) biocomposites for packaging applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1025076. [PMID: 36263360 PMCID: PMC9574040 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1025076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant aromatic biopolymer with many promising features but also shortcomings as a filler in polymer blends. The main objective of this work was to improve the processability and compatibility of lignin with poly (lactic acid) (PLA) through etherification of lignin. Commercial kraft lignin (KL) and oxypropylated kraft lignin (OPKL) were blended with PLA at different weight percentages (1, 5, 10, 20, and 40%) followed by injection molding. Low lignin contents between 1 and 10% generally had a favorable impact on mechanical strength and moduli as well as functional properties of the PLA-based composites. Unmodified lignin with free phenolic hydroxyl groups rendered the composites with antioxidant activity, as measured by radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation tests. Incorporating 5–10% of KL or OPKL improved the thermal stability of the composites within the 300–350°C region. DSC analysis showed that the glass transition temperature values were systematically decreased upon addition of KL and OPKL into PLA polymer. However, low lignin contents of 1 and 5% decreased the cold crystallization temperature of PLA. The composites of KL and OPKL with PLA exhibited good stabilities in the migration test, with values of 17 mg kg−1 and 23 mg kg−1 even at higher lignin content 40%, i.e., well below the limit defined in a European standard (60 mg kg−1). These results suggest oxypropylated lignin as a functional filler in PLA for safe and functional food packaging and antioxidant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David DeVallance
- InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Ievgen Pylypchuk
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adrian Moreno
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mika H Sipponen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Pöhler T, Widsten P, Hakkarainen T. Improved Fire Retardancy of Cellulose Fibres via Deposition of Nitrogen-Modified Biopolyphenols. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123741. [PMID: 35744867 PMCID: PMC9231188 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Driven by concerns over the health and environmental impacts of currently used fire retardants (FRs), recent years have seen strong demand for alternative safer and sustainable bio-based FRs. In this paper, we evaluated the potential of nitrogen-modified biopolyphenols as FRs for cellulosic natural fibres that could be used in low-density cellulose insulations. We describe the preparation and characterisation of nitrogen-modified lignin and tannin containing over 10% nitrogen as well as the treatment of cellulose pulp fibres with combinations of lignin or tannin and adsorption-enhancing retention aids. Combining lignin or tannin with a mixture of commercial bio-based flocculant (cationised tannin) and anionic retention chemical allowed for a nearly fourfold increase in lignin adsorption onto cellulosic pulp. The nitrogen-modified biopolyphenols showed significant improvement in heat release parameters in micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC) testing compared with their unmodified counterparts. Moreover, the adsorption of nitrogen-modified lignin or tannin onto cellulose fibres decreased the maximum heat release rate and total heat release compared with cellulose reference by 15-23%. A further positive finding was that the temperature at the peak heat release rate did not change. These results show the potential of nitrogen-modified biopolyphenols to improve fire-retarding properties of cellulosic products.
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Lee J, Jang D, Yang I, Jo SM, Lee S. Effect of phosphorylated lignin on flame retardancy of polypropylene‐based composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung‐Hun Lee
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Wanju‐gun Republic of Korea
| | - Dawon Jang
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Wanju‐gun Republic of Korea
| | - Inchan Yang
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Wanju‐gun Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Mu Jo
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Wanju‐gun Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Lee
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Wanju‐gun Republic of Korea
- Department of Quantum System Engineering Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Republic of Korea
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Martins RC, Ribeiro SPDS, Rezende MJC, Nascimento RSV, Nascimento MAC, Batistella M, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Flame-Retarding Properties of Injected and 3D-Printed Intumescent Bio-Based PLA Composites: The Influence of Brønsted and Lewis Acidity of Montmorillonite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091702. [PMID: 35566871 PMCID: PMC9105856 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of processing intumescent bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites by injection and fused filament fabrication (FFF) was evaluated. A raw (ANa) and two acidic-activated (AH2 and AH5) montmorillonites were added to the intumescent formulation, composed by lignin and ammonium polyphosphate, in order to evaluate the influence of the strength and the nature (Brønsted or Lewis) of their acidic sites on the fire behavior of the composites. The thermal stability and the volatile thermal degradation products of the composites were assessed. The injected and 3D-printed composites were submitted to cone calorimeter (CC), limit oxygen index (LOI), and UL-94 flammability tests. A similar tendency was observed for the injected and 3D-printed samples. The high density of strong Lewis sites in AH2 showed to be detrimental to the fire-retarding properties. For the CC test, the addition of the intumescent composite reduced the peak of heat released (pHRR) in approximately 49% when compared to neat PLA, while the composites containing ANa and AH5 presented a reduction of at least 54%. However, the addition of AH2 caused a pHRR reduction of around 47%, close to the one of the composite without clay (49%). In the LOI tests, the composites containing ANa and AH5 achieved the best results: 39% and 35%, respectively, for the injected samples, and 35 and 38% for the 3D-printed samples. For the composite containing AH2 the LOI values were 34% and 32% for injected and 3D-printed samples, respectively. Overall, the best performance in the flammability tests was achieved by the composites containing clays with only weak and moderate strength acidic sites (ANa and AH5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa Carvalho Martins
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France; (M.B.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Simone Pereira da Silva Ribeiro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
| | - Michelle Jakeline Cunha Rezende
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
| | - Regina Sandra Veiga Nascimento
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
| | - Marco Antonio Chaer Nascimento
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
| | - Marcos Batistella
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France; (M.B.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
| | - José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France; (M.B.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
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Martins RC, Ribeiro SPDS, Nascimento RSV, Nascimento MAC, Batistella M, Lopez‐Cuesta J. The influence of montmorillonite on the flame‐retarding properties of intumescent bio‐based
PLA
composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa Carvalho Martins
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH) IMT Mines Ales Ales Cedex France
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Batistella
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH) IMT Mines Ales Ales Cedex France
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Flow-through strategy to fractionate lignin from eucalyptus with formic acid/hydrochloric solution under mild conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:364-372. [PMID: 35149095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Formic acid is an attractive solvent for the fractionation of lignocellulose for the production of biomaterials and chemicals, while the operation conducted in a batch manner is not conducive to mass transfer in separation process. In this research, eucalyptus was fractionated with formic acid/hydrochloric solution in a flow-through reactor at 95 °C, and the structural characteristics and the composition of fractionated lignin in different stages were investigated. Results showed that the fractionation efficiency was notably improved with a flow-through reactor, as evidenced by the low solid residue yield of 49.5% and the lignin removal rate of 79.4% as compared to the batch manner. During the fractionation process, the dissolution rate of lignin decreased gradually, and the obtained lignin samples showed low molecular weight (<3000), good uniformity (<2), and high thermal stability. The structure analysis showed that β-O-4, β-β, and β-5 linkages in lignin were degraded to varying degrees with increased time, and the degradation of G units was more severe than S ones.
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16
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Zhang L, Chai W, Li W, Semple K, Yin N, Zhang W, Dai C. Intumescent-Grafted Bamboo Charcoal: A Natural Nontoxic Fire-Retardant Filler for Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composites. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26990-27006. [PMID: 34693119 PMCID: PMC8529600 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an alternative flame-retardant filler based on phosphate- and urea-grafted bamboo charcoal (BC-m) at 10-30 wt % addition was aimed at improving the flame retardancy of polylactic acid (PLA) composites. The filler caused only a small reduction in strength properties but a slight increase in the modulus of elasticity of PLA composites. BC-m significantly improved the flame-retardant performance compared with pure BC. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) was 28.0 vol % when 10 wt % of BC-m was added, and 32.1 vol % for 30 wt % addition, which was much greater than the value of 22.5 vol % for 30 wt % pure BC. Unlike pure BC, adding BC-m at 20 wt % or more gave a UL-94 vertical flame test rating of V-0 with significantly reduced melt dripping. The peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of BC-m/PLA composites decreased by more than 50% compared with pure PLA, and the values for 20% BC-m were significantly less than that for 25% BC addition. The grafted biochar-based system provides an effective flame retardancy effect by a condensed-phase protective barrier through the rapid formation of a dense, honeycomb-like cross-linked carbonized char layer. The results suggest a promising route to enhancing the flame-retardant properties of biodegradable polymer composites using nontoxic, more environmentally friendly grafted biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Weisheng Chai
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wenzhu Li
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Kate Semple
- Department
of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University
of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ningning Yin
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wenbiao Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Chunping Dai
- Department
of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University
of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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17
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Lizundia E, Sipponen MH, Greca LG, Balakshin M, Tardy BL, Rojas OJ, Puglia D. Multifunctional lignin-based nanocomposites and nanohybrids. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6698-6760. [PMID: 34671223 PMCID: PMC8452181 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress in lignins valorization and development of high-performance sustainable materials have been achieved in recent years. Reports related to lignin utilization indicate excellent prospects considering green chemistry, chemical engineering, energy, materials and polymer science, physical chemistry, biochemistry, among others. To fully realize such potential, one of the most promising routes involves lignin uses in nanocomposites and nanohybrid assemblies, where synergistic interactions are highly beneficial. This review first discusses the interfacial assembly of lignins with polysaccharides, proteins and other biopolymers, for instance, in the synthesis of nanocomposites. To give a wide perspective, we consider the subject of hybridization with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, as well as uses as precursor of carbon materials and the assembly with other biobased nanoparticles, for instance to form nanohybrids. We provide cues to understand the fundamental aspects related to lignins, their self-assembly and supramolecular organization, all of which are critical in nanocomposites and nanohybrids. We highlight the possibilities of lignin in the fields of flame retardancy, food packaging, plant protection, electroactive materials, energy storage and health sciences. The most recent outcomes are evaluated given the importance of lignin extraction, within established and emerging biorefineries. We consider the benefit of lignin compared to synthetic counterparts. Bridging the gap between fundamental and application-driven research, this account offers critical insights as far as the potential of lignin as one of the frontrunners in the uptake of bioeconomy concepts and its application in value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlantz Lizundia
- Life Cycle Thinking group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao 48013 Spain
- BCMaterials, Basque Center Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures UPV/EHU Science Park 48940 Leioa Spain
| | - Mika H Sipponen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 16C SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Luiz G Greca
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Mikhail Balakshin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia 2360 East Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia Strada di Pentima 4 05100 Terni Italy
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18
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Li W, Zhang L, Chai W, Yin N, Semple K, Li L, Zhang W, Dai C. Enhancement of Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid with a Biodegradable Fire-Retardant Filler System Based on Bamboo Charcoal. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2167. [PMID: 34209000 PMCID: PMC8271951 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A cooperative flame-retardant system based on natural intumescent-grafted bamboo charcoal (BC) and chitosan (CS) was developed for polylactic acid (PLA) with improved flame retardancy and minimal decline in strength properties. Chitosan (CS) as an adhesion promoter improved the interfacial compatibility between graft-modified bamboo charcoal (BC-m) and PLA leading to enhanced tensile properties by 11.11% and 8.42%, respectively for tensile strength and modulus. At 3 wt.% CS and 30 wt.% BC-m, the crystallinity of the composite increased to 38.92%, or 43 times that of pure PLA (0.9%). CS promotes the reorganization of the internal crystal structure. Thermogravimetric analysis showed significantly improved material retention of PLA composites in nitrogen and air atmosphere. Residue rate for 5 wt.% CS and 30 wt.% BC-m was 29.42% which is 55.1% higher than the theoretical value of 18.97%. Flammability tests (limiting oxygen index-LOI and UL-94) indicated significantly improved flame retardancy and evidence of cooperation between CS and BC-m, with calculated cooperative effectiveness index(Ce) >1. From CONE tests, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) were reduced by 26.9% and 30.5%, respectively, for 3% CS + 20% BC-m in PLA compared with adding 20% BC-m alone. Analysis of carbon residue morphology, chemical elements and structure suggest CS and BC-m form a more stable char containing pyrophosphate. This char provides heat insulation to inhibit complete polymer pyrolysis, resulting in improved flame retardancy of PLA composites. Optimal mix may be recommended at 20% BC-m + 3% CS to balance compatibility, composite strength properties and flame retardance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Liang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Weisheng Chai
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Ningning Yin
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Kate Semple
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Lu Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Wenbiao Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Chunping Dai
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
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19
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The Evolution of Intumescent Char in Flame-Retardant Coatings Based on Amino Resin. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11060709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) coatings have been gaining more attention. The behaviors of intumescent char in IFR coatings play the most important role in its flame-retardant properties. However, the evolution of intumescent char throughout the whole process of protection is still unclear. In this study, both the formation and shrinkage of char were studied. The formulation of IFR includes melamine modified urea-formaldehyde resin (MUF), ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER). The flame-retardant properties of the coating were measured by the cone calorimeter (CONE). The evolution of the volume and the pore size distribution of char were monitored. The morphological and chemical structures were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the evolution of intumescent char could be divided into three stages. More than 50% shrinkage of char occurs in the second stage. There are obvious transformations of the morphological and chemical structures of char between the different stages.
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20
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Intumescent Flame Retardant Mechanism of Lignosulfonate as a Char Forming Agent in Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101585. [PMID: 34069151 PMCID: PMC8155981 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intumescent flame retardants (IFR) have been widely used to improve flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams and the most commonly used char forming agent is pentaerythritol (PER). Lignosulfonate (LS) is a natural macromolecule with substantial aromatic structures and abundant hydroxyl groups, and carbon content higher than PER. The flame retardancy and its mechanism of LS as char forming agent instead of PER in IFR formulation were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index testing and cone calorimeter test. The results showed LS as a char forming agent did not increase the density of RPU/LS foams. LOI value and char residue of RPU/LS foam were higher than RPU/PER and the mass loss of RPU/LS foam decreased 18%, suggesting enhanced thermal stability. CCT results showed LS as a char forming agent in IFR formulation effectively enhanced the flame retardancy of RPU foams with respect to PER. The flame retardancy mechanism showed RPU/LS foam presented a continuous and relatively compact char layer, acting as the effect of the flame retardant and heat insulation between gaseous and condensed phases. The efficiency of different LS ratio in IFR formulation as char forming agent was different, and the best flame retardancy and thermal stability was obtained at RPU/LS1.
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21
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Sienkiewicz A, Czub P. Flame Retardancy of Biobased Composites-Research Development. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5253. [PMID: 33233820 PMCID: PMC7699906 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the thermal and fire sensitivity of polymer bio-composite materials, especially in the case of plant-based fillers applied for them, next to intensive research on the better mechanical performance of composites, it is extremely important to improve their reaction to fire. This is necessary due to the current widespread practical use of bio-based composites. The first part of this work relates to an overview of the most commonly used techniques and different approaches towards the increasing the fire resistance of petrochemical-based polymeric materials. The next few sections present commonly used methods of reducing the flammability of polymers and characterize the most frequently used compounds. It is highlighted that despite adverse health effects in animals and humans, some of mentioned fire retardants (such as halogenated organic derivatives e.g., hexabromocyclododecane, polybrominated diphenyl ether) are unfortunately also still in use, even for bio-composite materials. The most recent studies related to the development of the flame retardation of polymeric materials are then summarized. Particular attention is paid to the issue of flame retardation of bio-based polymer composites and the specifics of reducing the flammability of these materials. Strategies for retarding composites are discussed on examples of particular bio-polymers (such as: polylactide, polyhydroxyalkanoates or polyamide-11), as well as polymers obtained on the basis of natural raw materials (e.g., bio-based polyurethanes or bio-based epoxies). The advantages and disadvantages of these strategies, as well as the flame retardants used in them, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sienkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
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22
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Tawiah B, Yu B, Yuen ACY, Fei B. Facile preparation of uniform polydopamine particles and its application as an environmentally friendly flame retardant for biodegradable polylactic acid. JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES 2020; 38:485-503. [DOI: 10.1177/0734904120932479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The demand for environmentally benign flame retardants for biodegradable polymers has become particularly necessary due to their inherently “green” nature. This work reports intrinsically non-toxic polydopamine (PDA) particles as an efficient and environmentally friendly flame retardant for polylactic acid (PLA). 5 wt% PDA loading resulted in a 22% reduction in the peak heat release rate, 34.7% increase in the fire performance index, and lower CO2 production compared to neat PLA. A limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 27.5% and a V-2 rating was achieved in the UL-94 vertical burning test. Highly aggregated amorphous particulate char was formed with the increasing content of PDA, and a significant reduction in evolved pyrolysis gaseous products was achieved for the PLA/PDA composites as compared with control PLA. This work provides important insight into the potential commercial application of PDA alone as an efficiently green, environmentally benign flame retardant for bioplastic PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tawiah
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Department of Industrial Art, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Bin Yu
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony Chun Yin Yuen
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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23
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Guo Y, Cheng C, Huo T, Ren Y, Liu X. Highly effective flame retardant lignin/polyacrylonitrile composite prepared via solution blending and phosphorylation. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Liao JJ, Latif NHA, Trache D, Brosse N, Hussin MH. Current advancement on the isolation, characterization and application of lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:985-1024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Gao C, Zhou L, Yao S, Qin C, Fatehi P. Phosphorylated kraft lignin with improved thermal stability. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1642-1652. [PMID: 32795583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The low cost, environmental friendliness, and reproducibility of kraft lignin (KL) make it a potential candidate for the development of new green material. The phosphorylation of KL can extend its application as a flame-retardant material. Herein, the phosphorylated kraft lignin (PKL) was systematically fabricated in a sustainable process by utilizing a green phosphating reagent, NH4H2PO4, in the presence of urea. The influence of the reaction parameters, i.e., reaction time and temperature, and NH4H2PO4/lignin ratio on the phosphorylation process were investigated. Advanced characterization techniques including 1H NMR, 31P NMR, and XPS confirmed that the phosphorus groups were successfully introduced to lignin molecules. The active phenolic and aliphatic hydroxy groups of kraft lignin underwent a nucleophilic substitution reaction with the phosphate group to generate phosphorylated lignin. Compared with KL, PKL showed excellent thermal stability, and its maximum decomposition temperature was 620 °C compared with 541 °C for KL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Gao
- Department of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China; Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Long Zhou
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Shuangquan Yao
- Department of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chengrong Qin
- Department of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
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26
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Desnoes E, Toubal L, Bouazza AH, Montplaisir D. Biosourced vanillin Schiff base platform monomers as substitutes for
DGEBA
in thermoset epoxy. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Desnoes
- Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Renouvelables, Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières Trois‐Rivières Canada
| | - Lotfi Toubal
- Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Renouvelables, Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières Trois‐Rivières Canada
| | - Amel Hadj Bouazza
- Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Renouvelables, Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières Trois‐Rivières Canada
| | - Daniel Montplaisir
- Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Renouvelables, Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières Trois‐Rivières Canada
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27
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Liu Y, Guo Y, Ren Y, Wang Y, Guo X, Liu X. Phosphorylation of sodium copper chlorophyll enables color-fasten and durable flame retardant wool fibers. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Acidic depolymerization vs ionic liquid solubilization in lignin extraction from eucalyptus wood using the protic ionic liquid 1-methylimidazolium chloride. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 157:461-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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29
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Phetwarotai W, Suparanon T, Phusunti N, Potiyaraj P. Influence of compatibilizer and multifunctional additive loadings on flame retardation, plasticization, and impact modification of polylactide and poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) biodegradable blends. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Worasak Phetwarotai
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of SciencePrince of Songkla University Hatyai Thailand
- Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Research Group, Faculty of SciencePrince of Songkla University Hatyai Thailand
| | - Tunsuda Suparanon
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of SciencePrince of Songkla University Hatyai Thailand
- Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Research Group, Faculty of SciencePrince of Songkla University Hatyai Thailand
| | - Neeranuch Phusunti
- Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Research Group, Faculty of SciencePrince of Songkla University Hatyai Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of SciencePrince of Songkla University Hatyai Thailand
| | - Pranut Potiyaraj
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of ScienceChulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
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30
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Carretier V, Delcroix J, Pucci MF, Rublon P, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Influence of Sepiolite and Lignin as Potential Synergists on Flame Retardant Systems in Polylactide (PLA) and Polyurethane Elastomer (PUE). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2450. [PMID: 32481499 PMCID: PMC7321226 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of the influence of sepiolite and lignin as potential synergists for fire retardant (FR) systems based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP) has been carried out in polyurethane elastomer and polylactide. Different ratios of kraft lignin and sepiolite were tested in combination with APP in both polymers. The thermal stability and the fire behavior of the corresponding composites were evaluated using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), a Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimeter (PCFC) and Cone Calorimeter (CC). The mechanisms of flame retardancy imparted by APP and other components were investigated. Synergistic effects were highlighted but only for specific ratios between APP and sepiolite in polyurethane elastomer (PUE) and polylactide (PLA) on one hand, and between APP and lignin in PLA on the other hand. Sepiolite acts as char reinforcement but through the formation of new phosphorus compounds it is also able to form a protective layer. Conversely, only complementary effects on fire performance were noted for lignin in PUE due to a dramatic influence on thermal stability despite its action on char formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Carretier
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès (C2MA), IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France; (J.D.); (M.F.P.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
| | - Julien Delcroix
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès (C2MA), IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France; (J.D.); (M.F.P.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
- Centre d’expertise des Structures et Matériaux Navals (CESMAN), Naval Group Research, Technocampus Océan, 6 rue de l’Halbrane, 44340 Bouguenais, France;
| | - Monica Francesca Pucci
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès (C2MA), IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France; (J.D.); (M.F.P.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
| | - Pierre Rublon
- Centre d’expertise des Structures et Matériaux Navals (CESMAN), Naval Group Research, Technocampus Océan, 6 rue de l’Halbrane, 44340 Bouguenais, France;
| | - José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès (C2MA), IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France; (J.D.); (M.F.P.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
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Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040778. [PMID: 32244836 PMCID: PMC7240360 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel polymeric acrylate-based flame retardants (FR 1–4) containing two phosphorus groups in different chemical environments were synthesized in three steps and characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mass spectrometry (MS). Polylactic acid (PLA) formulations with the synthesized compounds were investigated to evaluate the efficiency of these flame retardants and their mode of action by using TGA, UL94, and cone calorimetry. In order to compare the results a flame retardant polyester containing only one phosphorus group (ItaP) was also investigated in PLA regarding its flame inhibiting effect. Since the fire behavior depends not only on the mode of action of the flame retardants but also strongly on physical phenomena like melt dripping, the flame retardants were also incorporated into PLA with higher viscosity. In the UL94 vertical burning test setup, 10% of the novel flame retardants (FR 1–4) is sufficient to reach a V-0 rating in both PLA types, while a loading of 15% of ItaP is not enough to reach the same classification. Despite their different structure, TGA and cone calorimetry results confirmed a gas phase mechanism mainly responsible for the highly efficient flame retardancy for all compounds. Finally, cone calorimetry tests of the flame retardant PLA with two heat fluxes showed different flame inhibiting efficiencies for different fire scenarios.
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Wang D, Guo J, Su M, Sun J, Zhang S, Yang W, Gu X, Li H. The Application of a Novel Char Source From Petroleum Refining Waste in Flame Retardant Thermoplastic Polyurethane. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials Beijing China
| | - Ming Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wantai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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Preparation and Characterization of the Flame-Retardant Decorated Plywood Based on the Intumescent Flame Retardant Adhesive. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13030676. [PMID: 32028679 PMCID: PMC7040706 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel type of flame-retardant decorated plywood (FDP) was designed and prepared based on one kind of intumescent flame-retardant adhesive. The flame-retardant adhesive was composed of the phosphorous-nitrogen flame retardant and melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) resin. An adhesive was placed between the plywood substrate and the decorative veneer. The shear strength of the FDP satisfied the Class II (GB/T 9846) when the ratio of flame-retardant and MUF was less than 0.65. The thermal stability of the flame-retardant adhesive was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The intumescent behaviors of adhesives were systematically investigated. The morphological and chemical structures of the intumescent char of the flame-retardant adhesive were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), respectively. The fire performance of FDP was assessed by the cone calorimeter and the single burning item test. The FDP exhibited the most effective barrier when the optimized ratio of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER) in the adhesive is 3. The flame-retardant class of FDP could be up to class B1(B) according to GB/T 8624.
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Park CW, Youe WJ, Kim SJ, Han SY, Park JS, Lee EA, Kwon GJ, Kim YS, Kim NH, Lee SH. Effect of Lignin Plasticization on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Lignin/Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E2089. [PMID: 31847215 PMCID: PMC6960867 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Kraft lignin (KL) or plasticized KL (PKL)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites, containing different lignin contents and with and without the coupling agent, were prepared in this study using twin-screw extrusion at 180 °C. Furthermore, ε-caprolactone and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) were used as a plasticizer of KL and a coupling agent to improve interfacial adhesion, respectively. It was found that lignin plasticization improved lignin dispersibility in the PLA matrix and increased the melt flow index due to decrease in melt viscosity. The tensile strength of KL or PKL/PLA composites was found to decrease as the content of KL and PKL increased in the absence of pMDI, and increased due to pMDI addition. The existence of KL and PKL in the composites decreased the thermal degradation rate against the temperature and increased char residue. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficient of water in the composites was also found to decrease due to KL or PKL addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Woo Park
- College of Forest & Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (C.-W.P.); (W.-J.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Won-Jae Youe
- College of Forest & Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (C.-W.P.); (W.-J.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (Y.-S.K.)
- Division of Wood Chemistry, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Korea;
| | - Seok-Ju Kim
- Division of Wood Chemistry, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Korea;
| | - Song-Yi Han
- College of Forest & Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (C.-W.P.); (W.-J.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Ji-Soo Park
- College of Forest & Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (C.-W.P.); (W.-J.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Eun-Ah Lee
- College of Forest & Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (C.-W.P.); (W.-J.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Gu-Joong Kwon
- Kangwon Institute of Inclusive Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Yong-Sik Kim
- College of Forest & Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (C.-W.P.); (W.-J.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Nam-Hun Kim
- College of Forest & Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (C.-W.P.); (W.-J.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- College of Forest & Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (C.-W.P.); (W.-J.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (Y.-S.K.)
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Biomacromolecules and Bio-Sourced Products for the Design of Flame Retarded Fabrics: Current State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203774. [PMID: 31635143 PMCID: PMC6833018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for possible alternatives to traditional flame retardants (FRs) is pushing the academic and industrial communities towards the design of new products that exhibit low environmental impact and toxicity, notwithstanding high performances, when put in contact with a flame or exposed to an irradiative heat flux. In this context, in the last five to ten years, the suitability and effectiveness of some biomacromolecules and bio-sourced products with a specific chemical structure and composition as effective flame retardants for natural or synthetic textiles has been thoroughly explored at the lab-scale level. In particular, different proteins (such as whey proteins, caseins, and hydrophobins), nucleic acids and extracts from natural sources, even wastes and crops, have been selected and exploited for designing flame retardant finishing treatments for several fibers and fabrics. It was found that these biomacromolecules and bio-sourced products, which usually bear key elements (i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur) can be easily applied to textiles using standard impregnation/exhaustion methods or even the layer-by-layer technique; moreover, these “green” products are mostly responsible for the formation of a stable protective char (i.e., a carbonaceous residue), as a result of the exposure of the textile substrate to a heat flux or a flame. This review is aimed at summarizing the development and the recent progress concerning the utilization of biomacromolecules/bio-sourced products as effective flame retardants for different textile materials. Furthermore, the existing drawbacks and limitations of the proposed finishing approaches as well as some possible further advances will be considered.
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Sag J, Goedderz D, Kukla P, Greiner L, Schönberger F, Döring M. Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants from Biobased Chemicals and Their Application in Polyesters and Epoxy Resins. Molecules 2019; 24:E3746. [PMID: 31627395 PMCID: PMC6833091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing flame retardants synthesized from renewable resources have had a lot of impact in recent years. This article outlines the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of these compounds in polyesters and epoxy resins. The different approaches used in producing biobased flame retardant polyesters and epoxy resins are reported. While for the polyesters biomass derived compounds usually are phosphorylated and melt blended with the polymer, biobased flame retardants for epoxy resins are directly incorporated into the polymer structure by a using a phosphorylated biobased monomer or curing agent. Evaluating the efficiency of the flame retardant composites is done by discussing results obtained from UL94 vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests. The review ends with an outlook on future development trends of biobased flame retardant systems for polyesters and epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Sag
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Daniela Goedderz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Ernst-Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Philipp Kukla
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Lara Greiner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Frank Schönberger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Manfred Döring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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37
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Li DF, Zhao X, Jia YW, He L, Wang XL, Wang YZ. Simultaneously enhance both the flame retardancy and toughness of polylactic acid by the cooperation of intumescent flame retardant and bio-based unsaturated polyester. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Martín-Sampedro R, Santos JI, Eugenio ME, Wicklein B, Jiménez-López L, Ibarra D. Chemical and thermal analysis of lignin streams from Robinia pseudoacacia L. generated during organosolv and acid hydrolysis pre-treatments and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:311-322. [PMID: 31408656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lignin streams produced in biorefineries are commonly used to obtain energy. In order to increase the competitiveness of this industry, new lignin valorization routes are necessary, for which a depth characterization of this biological macromolecule is essential. In this context, this study analyzed lignin streams of Robinia pseudoacacia L. generated during organosolv and acid hydrolysis pre-treatments and during the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. These lignins included dissolved lignins from pre-treatment liquors and saccharification lignins from pre-treated materials. Chemical composition and structural features were analyzed by analytical standard methods and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), 13C solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) and 1H-13C two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR); while thermal characterization included thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In general, all studied lignins contained a predominance of β-O-4' aryl ether linkages, followed by resinol (β-β') and phenylcoumaran (β-5'), with a predominance of syringyl over guaiacyl and hydroxyphenyl units. Nevertheless, the dissolved lignins revealed a removal of linkages, especially β-O-4', leading to an enrichment of phenolic groups. Moreover, high thermal stability and good thermoplasticity were characteristics of these lignins. Contrary, the saccharification lignins exhibited a more intact structure, but with an important remaining carbohydrates content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José I Santos
- General Services of Research SGIKER, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Edificio Joxe Mari Korta Avda. Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain
| | - María E Eugenio
- INIA-CIFOR, Forestry Products Department, Ctra de la Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Bernd Wicklein
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Laura Jiménez-López
- INIA-CIFOR, Forestry Products Department, Ctra de la Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - David Ibarra
- INIA-CIFOR, Forestry Products Department, Ctra de la Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Ding S, Liu P, Zhang S, Gao C, Wang F, Ding Y, Yang M. Crosslinking of β‐cyclodextrin and combining with ammonium polyphosphate for flame‐retardant polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyin Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfen Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
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40
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Tawiah B, Yu B, Yang W, Yuen RK, Fei B. Flame retardant poly (lactic acid) biocomposites based on azo‐boron coupled 4,4′‐sulfonyldiphenol and its combination with calcium lignosulfonate—Crystalline and mechanical properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tawiah
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC)The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC)The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Civil and Architectural EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Richard K.K. Yuen
- Department of Civil and Architectural EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC)The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
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41
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The Efficiency of Biobased Carbonization Agent and Intumescent Flame Retardant on Flame Retardancy of Biopolymer Composites and Investigation of their Melt-Spinnability. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081513. [PMID: 30999658 PMCID: PMC6515164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to assess the efficiency of biobased carbonization agent in intumescent formulations (IFRs) to examine the flame retardant properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites and to investigate their melt-spinnability. We used phosphorous-based halogen free flame retardant (FR) and kraft lignin (KL) as bio-based carbonization agent. After melt compounding and molding into sheets by hot pressing various fire related characteristics of IFR composites were inspected and were characterized by different characterization methods. It was fascinating to discover that the introduction of 5–20 wt% FR increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PLA composites from 20.1% to 23.2–33.5%. The addition of KL with content of 3–5 wt% further increased the LOI up to 36.6–37.8% and also endowed PLA/FR/KL composites with improved anti-dripping properties. Cone calorimetry revealed a 50% reduction in the peak heat release rate of the IFR composites in comparison to 100% PLA and confirmed the development of an intumescent char structure containing residue up to 40%. For comparative study, IFR composites containing pentaerythritol (PER) as a carbonization agent were also prepared and their FR properties were compared. IFR composites were melt spun and mechanical properties of multifilament yarns were tested. The analysis of char residues by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and SEM images confirmed that PLA/FR/KL composites developed a thicker and more homogeneous char layer with better flame retardant properties confirming that the fire properties of PLA can be enhanced by using KL as a carbonization agent.
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42
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Cayla A, Rault F, Giraud S, Salaün F, Sonnier R, Dumazert L. Influence of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Lignin Ratio on Thermal and Fire Behavior of Biobased Thermoplastic: The Case of Polyamide 11. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12071146. [PMID: 30965684 PMCID: PMC6479977 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flame retardancy of polymers is a recurring obligation for many applications. The development trend of biobased materials is no exception to this rule, and solutions of flame retardants from agro-resources give an advantage. Lignin is produced as a waste by-product from some industries, and can be used in the intumescent formation development as a source of carbon combined with an acid source. In this study, the flame retardancy of polyamide 11 (PA) is carried out by extrusion with a kraft lignin (KL) and ammonium polyphosphate (AP). The study of the optimal ratio between the KL and the AP makes it possible to optimize the fire properties as well as to reduce the cost and facilitates the implementation of the blend by a melting process. The properties of thermal decomposition and the fire reaction have been studied by thermogravimetric analyzes, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and vertical flame spread tests (UL94). KL permits a charring effect delaying thermal degradation and decreases by 66% the peak of heat release rate in comparison with raw PA. The fire reaction of the ternary blends is improved even if KL-AP association does not have a synergy effect. The 25/75 and 33/67 KL/AP ratios in PA give an intumescence behavior under flame exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Cayla
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - François Rault
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Stéphane Giraud
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Fabien Salaün
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- IMT Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès⁻Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 30100 Alès, France.
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- IMT Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès⁻Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 30100 Alès, France.
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Construction of Carbon Microspheres-Based Silane Melamine Phosphate Hybrids for Flame Retardant Poly(ethylene Terephthalate). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030545. [PMID: 30960529 PMCID: PMC6474131 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the flame retardancy and inhibit the smoke of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), carbon microspheres (CMSs)-based melamine phosphate (MP) hybrids (MP-CMSs) were constructed in situ with the introduction of CMSs into the hydrothermal reaction system of MP. The integrated MP-CMSs were modified by 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) to obtain the silane MP-CMSs (SiMP-CMSs) to strengthen the interface binding between the MP-CMSs and PET matrix. The results showed that the SiMP layer was loaded on the CMSs surface. The addition of only 3% SiMP-CMSs increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the PET from 21% ± 0.1% to 27.7% ± 0.3%, reaching a V-0 burning rate. The SiMP-CMSs not only reduced heat damage, but also inhibited the smoke release during PET combustion, whereupon the peak heat release rate (pk-HRR) reduced from 513.2 to 221.7 kW/m2, and the smoke parameters (SP) decreased from 229830.2 to 81892.3 kW/kg. The fire performance index (FPI) rose from 0.07 m2s/kW to 0.17 m2s/kW, demonstrating the lower fire risk. The proportion of the flame-retardant mode in the physical barrier, flame inhibition, and char effects were recorded as 44.53%, 19.04%, and 9.04%, respectively.
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Xu L, Wu X, Li L, Chen Y. Synthesis of a novel polyphosphazene/triazine bi‐group flame retardant in situ doping nano zinc oxide and its application in poly (lactic acid) resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Xingde Wu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Linshan Li
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Yajun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
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45
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Martín-Sampedro R, Santos JI, Fillat Ú, Wicklein B, Eugenio ME, Ibarra D. Characterization of lignins from Populus alba L. generated as by-products in different transformation processes: Kraft pulping, organosolv and acid hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 126:18-29. [PMID: 30572057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The complexity and heterogeneity of lignin requires a detailed understanding in order to decide about more efficient lignin valorization approaches. This study deals with the characterization of lignins from Populus alba L. generated as by-products in different transformation processes: kraft pulping, organosolv and dilute acid hydrolysis. In addition to the composition, the chemical and structural features of the different lignins were investigated by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), two-dimensional nuclear magnetic spectrometry (2D NMR), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and thermal analysis. Organosolv lignin showed noticeably different characteristics compared to kraft and acid hydrolysis lignins; higher molar mass, higher amount of side-chain linkages (mainly aryl-β ether and resinol) together with lower phenolic content. On the contrary, kraft and acid hydrolysis lignins presented an extensive elimination of lateral chains and therefore a higher phenolic content, which suggests a much stronger lignin depolymerization (lower molar mass) during these processes. Moreover, thermal analysis results revealed that the thermal stability of kraft and acid hydrolysis lignins was higher than that of organosolv lignin, especially in the case of acid hydrolysis lignin. According to all these characteristics, several valorization pathways for studied lignin are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José I Santos
- General Services of Research SGIKER, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Edificio Joxe Mari Korta Avda. Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain
| | - Úrsula Fillat
- INIA-CIFOR, Forestry Products Department, Ctra de la Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Bernd Wicklein
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicos (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - María E Eugenio
- INIA-CIFOR, Forestry Products Department, Ctra de la Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - David Ibarra
- INIA-CIFOR, Forestry Products Department, Ctra de la Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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46
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Efficient polymeric phosphorus flame retardant: flame retardancy, thermal property, and physical property on polylactide. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Song Y, Zong X, Wang N, Yan N, Shan X, Li J. Preparation of γ-Divinyl-3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane Modified Lignin and Its Application in Flame Retardant Poly(lactic acid). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1505. [PMID: 30135388 PMCID: PMC6164032 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lignin can be a candidate as a charring agent applied in halogen-free flame retardant polymers, and incorporation of silicon and nitrogen elements in lignin can benefit to enhancing its thermal stability and charring ability. In the present work, wheat straw alkali lignin (Lig) was modified to incorporate silicon and nitrogen elements by γ-divinyl-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and the modified lignin (CLig) was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as intumescent flame retardant to be applied in poly(Lactic acid) (PLA). The flame retardancy, combustion behavior and thermal stability of PLA composites were studied by the limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning testing (UL-94), cone calorimetry testing (CCT) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The results showed a significant synergistic effect between CLig and APP in flame retarded PLA (PLA/APP/CLig) occured, and the PLA/APP/CLig had better flame retardancy. CCT data analysis revealed that CLig and APP largely reduced the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) of PLA, indicating their effectiveness in decreasing the combustion of PLA. TGA results exhibited that APP and CLig improved the thermal stability of PLA at high temperature. The analysis of morphology and structure of residual char indicated that a continuous, compact and intumescent char layer on the material surface formed during firing, and had higher graphitization degree. Mechanical properties data showed that PLA/APP/CLig had higher tensile strength as well as elongation at break.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xu Zong
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Nan Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ning Yan
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada.
| | - Xueying Shan
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jinchun Li
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
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48
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Tawiah B, Yu B, Fei B. Advances in Flame Retardant Poly(Lactic Acid). Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E876. [PMID: 30960801 PMCID: PMC6403615 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PLA has become a commodity polymer with wide applications in a number of fields. However, its high flammability with the tendency to flow in fire has limited its viability as a perfect replacement for the petrochemically-engineered plastics. Traditional flame retardants, which may be incorporated into PLA without severely degrading the mechanical properties, are the organo-halogen compounds. Meanwhile, these compounds tend to bioaccumulate and pose a risk to flora and fauna due to their restricted use. Research into PLA flame retardants has largely focused on organic and inorganic compounds for the past few years. Meanwhile, the renewed interest in the development of environmentally sustainable flame retardants (FRs) for PLA has increased significantly in a bid to maintain the integrity of the polymer. A review on the development of new flame retardants for PLA is presented herein. The focus is on metal oxides, phosphorus-based systems, 2D and 1D nanomaterials, hyperbranched polymers, and their combinations, which have been applied for flame retarding PLA are discussed. The paper also reviews briefly the correlation between FR loadings and efficiency for various FR systems, and their effects on processing and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tawiah
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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49
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Zhu C, He M, Cui J, Tai Q, Song L, Hu Y. Synthesis of a novel hyperbranched and phosphorus-containing charring-foaming agent and its application in polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Mingshan He
- Nano Science and Technology Institute; University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Jianguang Cui
- Nano Science and Technology Institute; University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Qilong Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
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50
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Gu L, Qiu J, Qiu C, Yao Y, Sakai E, Yang L. Mechanical Properties and Degrading Behaviors of Aluminum Hypophosphite-Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) Nanocomposites. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03602559.2018.1466169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Gu
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan
| | - Jianhui Qiu
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Youwei Yao
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Eiichi Sakai
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan
| | - Liting Yang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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