1
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Gass DT, Quintero AV, Hatvany JB, Gallagher ES. Metal adduction in mass spectrometric analyses of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:615-659. [PMID: 36005212 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycans, carbohydrates, and glycoconjugates are involved in many crucial biological processes, such as disease development, immune responses, and cell-cell recognition. Glycans and carbohydrates are known for the large number of isomeric features associated with their structures, making analysis challenging compared with other biomolecules. Mass spectrometry has become the primary method of structural characterization for carbohydrates, glycans, and glycoconjugates. Metal adduction is especially important for the mass spectrometric analysis of carbohydrates and glycans. Metal-ion adduction to carbohydrates and glycoconjugates affects ion formation and the three-dimensional, gas-phase structures. Herein, we discuss how metal-ion adduction impacts ionization, ion mobility, ion activation and dissociation, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange for carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. We also compare the use of different metals for these various techniques and highlight the value in using metals as charge carriers for these analyses. Finally, we provide recommendations for selecting a metal for analysis of carbohydrate adducts and describe areas for continued research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren T Gass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Ana V Quintero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob B Hatvany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Elyssia S Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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2
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Weigand MR, Moore AM, Hu H, Angel PM, Drake RR, Laskin J. Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in Biological Tissue Sections Using Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization (nano-DESI) Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2481-2490. [PMID: 37779241 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
N-linked glycans are complex biomolecules vital to cellular functions that have been linked to a wide range of pathological conditions. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has been used to study the localization of N-linked glycans in cells and tissues. However, their structural diversity presents a challenge for MSI techniques, which stimulates the development of new approaches. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time spatial mapping of N-linked glycans in biological tissues using nanospray desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (nano-DESI MSI). Nano-DESI MSI is an ambient ionization technique that has been previously used for imaging of metabolites, lipids, and proteins in biological tissue samples without special sample pretreatment. N-linked glycans are released from glycoproteins using an established enzymatic digestion with peptide N-glycosidase F, and their spatial localization is examined using nano-DESI MSI. We demonstrate imaging of N-linked glycans in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human hepatocellular carcinoma and human prostate tissues in both positive and negative ionization modes. We examine the localization of 38 N-linked glycans consisting of high mannose, hybrid fucosylated, and sialyated glycans. We demonstrate that negative mode nano-DESI MSI is well-suited for imaging of underivatized sialylated N-linked glycans. On-tissue MS/MS of different adducts of N-linked glycans proves advantageous for elucidation of the glycan sequence. This study demonstrates the applicability of liquid extraction techniques for spatial mapping of N-linked glycans in biological samples, providing an additional tool for glycobiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R Weigand
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alyssa M Moore
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Peggi M Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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3
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Hachisu K, Tsuchida A, Takada Y, Mizuno M, Ideo H. Galectin-4 Is Involved in the Structural Changes of Glycosphingolipid Glycans in Poorly Differentiated Gastric Cancer Cells with High Metastatic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12305. [PMID: 37569679 PMCID: PMC10418866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination is difficult to treat surgically, and frequently recurs and metastasizes. Currently, there is no effective treatment for this disease, and there is an urgent need to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying peritoneal dissemination and metastasis. Our previous study demonstrated that galectin-4 participates in the peritoneal dissemination of poorly differentiated gastric cancer cells. In this study, the glycan profiles of cell surface proteins and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) of the original (wild), galectin-4 knockout (KO), and rescue cells were investigated to understand the precise mechanisms involved in the galectin-4-mediated regulation of associated molecules, especially with respect to glycosylation. Glycan analysis of the NUGC4 wild type and galectin-4 KO clones with and without peritoneal metastasis revealed a marked structural change in the glycans of neutral GSLs, but not in N-glycan. Furthermore, mass spectrometry (MS) combined with glycosidase digestion revealed that this structural change was due to the presence of the lacto-type (β1-3Galactosyl) glycan of GSL, in addition to the neolacto-type (β1-4Galactosyl) glycan of GSL. Our results demonstrate that galectin-4 is an important regulator of glycosylation in cancer cells and galectin-4 expression affects the glycan profile of GSLs in malignant cancer cells with a high potential for peritoneal dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Hachisu
- Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-9-7, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan; (K.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Akiko Tsuchida
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, 1-9-7, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan; (A.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yoshio Takada
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, 1-9-7, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan; (A.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Mamoru Mizuno
- Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-9-7, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan; (K.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Hiroko Ideo
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, 1-9-7, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan; (A.T.); (Y.T.)
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4
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Samal J, Palomino TV, Chen J, Muddiman DC, Segura T. Enhanced Detection of Charged N-Glycans in the Brain by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometric Imaging. Anal Chem 2023; 95:10913-10920. [PMID: 37427925 PMCID: PMC10640919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation represents a structurally diverse, complex, co- and posttranslational protein modification that bridges metabolism and cellular signaling. Consequently, aberrant protein glycosylation is a hallmark of most pathological scenarios. Due to their complex nature and non-template-driven synthesis, the analysis of glycans is faced with several challenges, underlining the need for new and improved analytical technologies. Spatial profiling of N-glycans through direct imaging on tissue sections reveals the regio-specific and/or disease pathology correlating tissue N-glycans that serve as a disease glycoprint for diagnosis. Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a soft hybrid ionization technique that has been used for diverse mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. Here, we report the first spatial analysis of the brain N-linked glycans by IR-MALDESI MSI, leading to a significant increase in the detection of the brain N-sialoglycans. A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded mouse brain tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. We report a comparative analysis of section thickness on the N-glycan detection using IR-MALDESI. One hundred thirty-six unique N-linked glycans were confidently identified in the brain tissue (with an additional 132 unique N-glycans, not reported in GlyConnect), where more than 50% contained sialic acid residues, which is approximately 3-fold higher than the previous reports. This work demonstrates the first application of IR-MALDESI in N-linked glycan imaging of the brain tissue, leading to a 2.5-fold increase in the in situ total brain N-glycan detection compared to the current gold standard of positive-mode matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. This is also the first report of the application of the MSI toward the identification of sulfoglycans in the rodent brain. Overall, IR-MALDESI-MSI presents a sensitive glycan detection platform to identify tissue-specific and/or disease-specific glycosignature in the brain while preserving the sialoglycans without any chemical derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Samal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0274, United States
| | - Tana V Palomino
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7001, United States
| | - Judy Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0274, United States
| | - David C Muddiman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7001, United States
| | - Tatiana Segura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0274, United States
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5
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Palomino TV, Muddiman DC. Predicting Sialic Acid Content of N-Linked Glycans Using the Isotopic Pattern of Chlorine. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37289618 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acids play several roles in both physiological and pathological processes; however, due to their labile nature, they are difficult to analyze using mass spectrometry. Previous work has shown that infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is able to detect intact sialylated N-linked glycans without the use of chemical derivatization. In this work, we describe a new rule that can predict the number of sialic acids on a glycan. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human kidney tissue was prepared using previously established methods and analyzed using IR-MALDESI in negative-ion mode mass spectrometry. Using the experimental isotopic distribution of a detected glycan, we can predict the number of sialic acids on the glycan; #sialic acids is equal to the charge state minus the number of chlorine adducts, or z - #Cl-. This new rule grants confident glycan annotations and compositions beyond accurate mass measurements, thereby further improving the capability of IR-MALDESI to study sialylated N-linked glycans within biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tana V Palomino
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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6
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Zhang L, Wang W, Yang Y, Zhu W, Li P, Wang S, Liu X. Site-specific, covalent immobilization of PNGase F on magnetic particles mediated by microbial transglutaminase. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1250:340972. [PMID: 36898812 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In the workflow of global N-glycosylation analysis, endoglycosidase-mediated removal of glycans from glycoproteins is an essential and rate-limiting step. Peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) is the most appropriate and efficient endoglycosidase for the removal of N-glycans from glycoproteins prior to analysis. Due to the high demand for PNGase F in both basic and industrial research, convenient and efficient methods are urgently needed to generate PNGase F, preferably in the immobilized form to solid phases. However, there is no integrated approach to implement both efficient expression, and site-specific immobilization of PNGase F. Herein, efficient production of PNGase F with a glutamine tag in Escherichia coli and site-specific covalent immobilization of PNGase F with this special tag via microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is described. PNGase F was fused with a glutamine tag to facilitate the co-expression of proteins in the supernatant. The glutamine tag was covalently and site-specifically transformed to primary amine-containing magnetic particles, mediated by MTG, to immobilize PNGase F. Immobilized PNGase F could deglycosylate substrates with identical enzymatic performance to that of the soluble counterpart, and exhibit good reusability and thermal stability. Moreover, the immobilized PNGase F could also be applied to clinical samples, including serum and saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Hubei Superior Discipline Group of Exercise and Brain Science from Hubei Provincial, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yueqin Yang
- Exercise Immunology Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Pengjie Li
- Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Song Wang
- Hubei Superior Discipline Group of Exercise and Brain Science from Hubei Provincial, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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7
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DelaCourt AT, Liang H, Drake RR, Angel PM, Mehta AS. Novel Combined Enzymatic Approach to Analyze Nonsialylated N-Linked Glycans through MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:1930-1938. [PMID: 35766466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alterations to N-glycan expression are relevant to the progression of various diseases, particularly cancer. In many cases, specific N-glycan structural features such as sialylation, fucosylation, and branching are of specific interest. A novel MALDI imaging mass spectrometry workflow has been recently developed to analyze these features of N-glycosylation through the utilization of endoglycosidase enzymes to cleave N-glycans from associated glycoproteins. Enzymes that have previously been utilized to cleave N-glycans include peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) to target N-glycans indiscriminately and endoglycosidase F3 (Endo F3) to target core fucosylated N-glycans. In addition to these endoglycosidases, additional N-glycan cleaving enzymes could be used to target specific structural features. Sialidases, also termed neuraminidases, are a family of enzymes that remove terminal sialic acids from glycoconjugates. This work aims to utilize sialidase, in conjunction with PNGase F/Endo F3, to enzymatically remove sialic acids from N-glycans in an effort to increase sensitivity for nonsialylated N-glycan MALDI-IMS peaks. Improving detection of nonsialylated N-glycans allows for a more thorough analysis of specific structural features such as fucosylation or branching, particularly of low abundant structures. Sialidase utilization in MALDI-IMS dramatically increases sensitivity and increases on-tissue endoglycosidase efficiency, making it a very useful companion technique to specifically detect nonsialylated N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T DelaCourt
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, Pennsylvania 29425, United States
| | - Hongyan Liang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, Pennsylvania 29425, United States
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, Pennsylvania 29425, United States
| | - Peggi M Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, Pennsylvania 29425, United States
| | - Anand S Mehta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, Pennsylvania 29425, United States
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8
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Grabarics M, Lettow M, Kirschbaum C, Greis K, Manz C, Pagel K. Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques to Elucidate the Sugar Code. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7840-7908. [PMID: 34491038 PMCID: PMC9052437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells encode information in the sequence of biopolymers, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and glycans. Although glycans are essential to all living organisms, surprisingly little is known about the "sugar code" and the biological roles of these molecules. The reason glycobiology lags behind its counterparts dealing with nucleic acids and proteins lies in the complexity of carbohydrate structures, which renders their analysis extremely challenging. Building blocks that may differ only in the configuration of a single stereocenter, combined with the vast possibilities to connect monosaccharide units, lead to an immense variety of isomers, which poses a formidable challenge to conventional mass spectrometry. In recent years, however, a combination of innovative ion activation methods, commercialization of ion mobility-mass spectrometry, progress in gas-phase ion spectroscopy, and advances in computational chemistry have led to a revolution in mass spectrometry-based glycan analysis. The present review focuses on the above techniques that expanded the traditional glycomics toolkit and provided spectacular insight into the structure of these fascinating biomolecules. To emphasize the specific challenges associated with them, major classes of mammalian glycans are discussed in separate sections. By doing so, we aim to put the spotlight on the most important element of glycobiology: the glycans themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márkó Grabarics
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Lettow
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carla Kirschbaum
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Greis
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Manz
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Bansal P, Ben Faleh A, Warnke S, Rizzo TR. Identification of N-glycan positional isomers by combining IMS and vibrational fingerprinting of structurally determinant CID fragments. Analyst 2022; 147:704-711. [PMID: 35079754 PMCID: PMC8842669 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01861b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
While glycans are present on the surface of cells in all living organisms and play key roles in most biological processes, their isomeric complexity makes their structural characterization challenging. Of particular importance are positional isomers, for which analytical standards are difficult to obtain. We combine ultrahigh-resolution ion-mobility spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation and cryogenic infrared spectroscopy to determine the structure of N-glycan positional isomers. This approach is based on first separating the parent molecules by SLIM-based IMS, producing diagnostic fragments specific to each positional isomer, separating the fragments by IMS, and identifying them by comparing their IR fingerprints to a previously recorded spectral database. We demonstrate this strategy using a bottom-up scheme to identify the positional isomers of the N-linked glycan G0-N, in which a terminal N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is attached to either the α-3 or α-6 branch of the common N-glycan pentasaccharide core. We then use IR fingerprints of these newly identified isomers to identify the positional isomers of G1 and G1F, which are biantennary complex-type N-glycans with a terminal galactose attached to either the α-3 or α-6 branch, and in the case of G1F a fucose attached to the reducing-end GlcNAc. Starting with just a few analytical standards, this fragment-based spectroscopy method allows us to develop a database which we can use to identify positional isomers. The generalization of this approach would greatly facilitate glycan analysis. We combine high-resolution IMS-IMS with cryogenic vibrational spectroscopy for the indentification of N-glycan positional isomers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Bansal
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ahmed Ben Faleh
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Stephan Warnke
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas R Rizzo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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10
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Pace CL, Angel PM, Drake RR, Muddiman DC. Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Human Prostate by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:243-249. [PMID: 34860526 PMCID: PMC9944006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N-Linked glycans are structurally diverse polysaccharides that represent significant biological relevance due to their involvement in disease progression and cancer. Due to their complex nature, N-linked glycans pose many analytical challenges requiring the continued development of analytical technologies. Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a hybrid ionization technique commonly used for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. Previous work demonstrated IR-MALDESI to significantly preserve sialic acid containing N-linked glycans that otherwise require chemical derivatization prior to detection. Here, we demonstrate the first analysis of N-linked glycans in situ by IR-MALDESI MSI. A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. Fifty-three N-linked glycans were confidently identified in the prostate sample where more than 60% contained sialic acid residues. This work demonstrates the first steps in N-linked glycan imaging of biological tissues by IR-MALDESI MSI. Raw data files are available in MassIVE (identifier: MSV000088414).
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L. Pace
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, 27606
| | - Peggi M. Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA, 29425
| | - Richard R. Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA, 29425
| | - David C. Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, 27606,Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA 27695,Author for Correspondence: David C. Muddiman, Ph.D., FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Phone: 919-513-0084,
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11
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Maghodia AB, Geisler C, Jarvis DL. A New Bacmid for Customized Protein Glycosylation Pathway Engineering in the Baculovirus-Insect Cell System. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1941-1950. [PMID: 33596046 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One attractive feature of the baculovirus-insect cell system (BICS) is the baculoviral genome has a large capacity for genetic cargo. This enables construction of viral vectors designed to accept multigene insertions, which has facilitated efforts to produce recombinant multisubunit protein complexes. However, the large genetic capacity of baculovirus vectors has not yet been exploited for multistep pathway engineering. Therefore, we created PolyBac, which is a novel baculovirus shuttle vector, or bacmid, that can be used for this purpose. PolyBac was designed to accept multiple transgene insertions by three different mechanisms at three different sites within the baculovirus genome. After constructing and characterizing PolyBac, we used it to isolate nine derivatives encoding various combinations of up to eight different protein N-glycosylation pathway functions, or glycogenes. We then used these derivatives, which were designed to progressively extend the endogenous insect cell pathway, to assess PolyBac's utility for protein glycosylation pathway engineering. This assessment was enabled by engineering each derivative to produce a recombinant influenza hemagglutinin (rH5), which was used to probe the impact of each glycoengineered PolyBac derivative on the endogenous insect cell pathway. Genetic analyses of these derivatives confirmed PolyBac can accept large DNA insertions. Biochemical analyses of the rH5 products showed each had distinct N-glycosylation profiles. Finally, the major N-glycan on each rH5 product was the predicted end product of the engineered N-glycosylation pathways encoded by each PolyBac derivative. These results generally indicate that PolyBac has utility for multistep metabolic pathway engineering and directly demonstrate that this new bacmid can be used for customized protein glycosylation pathway engineering in the BICS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald L. Jarvis
- GlycoBac, LLC, Laramie, Wyoming 82072, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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12
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Sasiene ZJ, Ropartz D, Rogniaux H, Jackson GP. Charge transfer dissociation of a branched glycan with alkali and alkaline earth metal adducts. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4774. [PMID: 34180110 PMCID: PMC8285033 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Alkali and alkaline earth metal adducts of a branched glycan, XXXG, were analyzed with helium charge transfer dissociation (He-CTD) and low-energy collision-induced dissociation (LE-CID) to investigate if metalation would impact the type of fragments generated and the structural characterization of the analyte. The studied adducts included 1+ and 2+ precursors involving one or more of the cations: H+ , Na+ , K+ , Ca2+ , and Mg2+ . Regardless of the metal adduct, He-CTD generated abundant and numerous glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages that were structurally informative and able to identify the 1,4-linkage and 1,6-branching patterns. In contrast, the LE-CID spectra mainly contained glycosidic cleavages, consecutive fragments, and numerous neutral losses, which complicated spectral interpretation. LE-CID of [M + K + H]2+ and [M + Na]+ precursors generated a few cross-ring cleavages, but they were not sufficient to identify the 1,4-linkage and 1,6-branching pattern of the XXXG xyloglucan. He-CTD predominantly generated 1+ fragments from 1+ precursors and 2+ product ions from 2+ precursors, although both LE-CID and He-CTD were able to generate 1+ product ions from 2+ adducts of magnesium and calcium. The singly charged fragments derive from the loss of H+ from the metalated product ions and the formation of a protonated complementary product ion; such observations are similar to previous reports for magnesium and calcium salts undergoing electron capture dissociation (ECD) activation. However, during He-CTD, the [M + Mg]2+ precursor generated more singly charged product ions than [M + Ca]2+ , either because Mg has a higher second ionization potential than Ca or because of conformational differences and the locations of the charging adducts during fragmentation. He-CTD of the [M + 2Na]2+ and the [M + 2 K]2+ precursors generated singly charged product ions from the loss of a sodium ion and potassium ion, respectively. In summary, although the metal ions influence the mass and charge state of the observed product ions, the metal ions had a negligible effect on the types of cross-ring cleavages observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Sasiene
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-6121, USA
| | - David Ropartz
- UR BIA, INRAE, Nantes, F-44316, France
- BIBS Facility, INRAE, Nantes, F-44316, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- UR BIA, INRAE, Nantes, F-44316, France
- BIBS Facility, INRAE, Nantes, F-44316, France
| | - Glen P Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-6121, USA
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-6121, USA
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13
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Guan P, Xie C, Li L, Fang X, Wu F, Hu JJ, Tang K. Structural resolution of disaccharides through halogen anion complexation using negative trapped ion mobility spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 230:122348. [PMID: 33934797 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are an indispensable part of early life evolution. The determination of their structures is a key step to analyze their critical roles in biological systems. A variation of composition, glycosidic linkage, and (or) configuration between carbohydrate isomers induces structure diversity and brings challenges for their structural determination. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), an emerging gas-phase ion separation technology, has been considered as a promising tool for performing carbohydrate structure elucidation. In this work, eight disaccharides were analyzed by trapped ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (TIMS-MS) in the negative ion mode as the complexed form of [M + X]-, where M = disaccharide, and X = Cl, Br, and I. As compared to the positive ion analysis of the selected disaccharide in a sodiated form, a reversal charge state provided the ability to eliminate or even reverse the collision cross section (CCS) difference between disaccharide isomers. By the combination of TIMS analysis and the calculation of density functional theory, the only observed two conformers of ions [lactulose + I]- may result from different adduction sites for an iodide anion. Based on the comparison of different halogen adducts, the [M + I]- ion form exhibited more powerful ability for isomeric disaccharide differentiation with an average resolution (RP-P) of 1.17, which results in a 34.5% improvement as compared to the corresponding chloride adducts. This result indicates that the use of negative charge states, especially the complexation of an iodide anion, could be a supplemental strategy to commonly used positive ion analysis for carbohydrate separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Guan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Chengyi Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Fangling Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Jun Jack Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Keqi Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
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14
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McDowell CT, Klamer Z, Hall J, West CA, Wisniewski L, Powers TW, Angel PM, Mehta AS, Lewin DN, Haab BB, Drake RR. Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Lectin Analysis of N-Linked Glycans in Carbohydrate Antigen-Defined Pancreatic Cancer Tissues. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 20:100012. [PMID: 33581409 PMCID: PMC8724603 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a complex clinical obstacle yet is key to improving the overall likelihood of patient survival. Current and prospective carbohydrate biomarkers carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and sialylated tumor-related antigen (sTRA) are sufficient for surveilling disease progression yet are not approved for delineating PDAC from other abdominal cancers and noncancerous pancreatic pathologies. To further understand these glycan epitopes, an imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) approach was used to assess the N-glycome of the human pancreas and pancreatic cancer in a cohort of patients with PDAC represented by tissue microarrays and whole-tissue sections. Orthogonally, these same tissues were characterized by multiround immunofluorescence that defined expression of CA19-9 and sTRA as well as other lectins toward carbohydrate epitopes with the potential to improve PDAC diagnosis. These analyses revealed distinct differences not only in N-glycan spatial localization across both healthy and diseased tissues but importantly between different biomarker-categorized tissue samples. Unique sulfated biantennary N-glycans were detected specifically in normal pancreatic islets. N-glycans from CA19-9-expressing tissues tended to be biantennary, triantennary, and tetra-antennary structures with both core and terminal fucose residues and bisecting GlcNAc. These N-glycans were detected in less abundance in sTRA-expressing tumor tissues, which favored triantennary and tetra-antennary structures with polylactosamine extensions. Increased sialylation of N-glycans was detected in all tumor tissues. A candidate new biomarker derived from IMS was further explored by fluorescence staining with selected lectins on the same tissues. The lectins confirmed the expression of the epitopes in cancer cells and revealed different tumor-associated staining patterns between glycans with bisecting GlcNAc and those with terminal GlcNAc. Thus, the combination of lectin-immunohistochemistry and lectin-IMS techniques produces more complete information for tumor classification than the individual analyses alone. These findings potentiate the development of early assessment technologies to rapidly and specifically identify PDAC in the clinic that may directly impact patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T McDowell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Zachary Klamer
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Johnathan Hall
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Connor A West
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Thomas W Powers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Peggi M Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Anand S Mehta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David N Lewin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Brian B Haab
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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15
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Pace CL, Muddiman DC. Direct Analysis of Native N-Linked Glycans by IR-MALDESI. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:10.1021/jasms.0c00176. [PMID: 32603137 PMCID: PMC8285077 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycan analysis by mass spectrometry has rapidly progressed due to the interest in understanding the role of glycans in disease and tumor progression. Glycans are complex molecules that pose analytical challenges due to their isomeric compositions, labile character, and ionization preferences. This study sought to demonstrate infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) as a novel approach for the direct analysis of N-linked glycans. The glycoprotein bovine fetuin was chosen for this analysis as its glycome is well-characterized and heavily composed of sialylated glycans. Native N-linked glycans produced by enzymatic cleavage (via PNGase F) of bovine fetuin were analyzed directly by IR-MALDESI in both positive and negative ionization mode. In this study, we detected 12 N-linked glycans in negative mode and 4 N-linked glycans in positive mode, a significant increase in the amount of underivatized glycans detected by other ionization sources. Importantly, all N-linked glycans detected contained at least one sialic acid residue, which are known to be labile. This work represents a critical first step for N-linked glycan analysis by IR-MALDESI with future efforts directed at mass spectrometry imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L. Pace
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA 27695
| | - David C. Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA 27695
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA 27695
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16
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Microwave irradiation-assisted high-efficiency N-glycan release using oriented immobilization of PNGase F on magnetic particles. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1619:460934. [PMID: 32029268 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) is the most frequently used enzyme to release N-glycan from glycoproteins in glycomics; however, the releasing process using PNGase F is tedious and can range in duration from hours to overnight. Recently, efforts have been made to accelerate this enzymatic reaction, and they include the use of microwave irradiation, ultrahigh pressure, enzyme immobilization, and other techniques. Here, we developed a novel method combining the oriented immobilization of PNGase F on magnetic particles and microwave-assisted enzymatic digestion techniques to achieve highly efficient release of N-glycans. The oriented immobilization of PNGase F on magnetic particles utilizes the affinity of its co-expressed His-tag towards iminodiacetic acid-Nickel modified magnetic particles. Compared with non-oriented immobilization, the oriented immobilization of PNGase F exhibits several advantages including tolerance to high temperature (52 °C) and the ability to retain strong activity after more than five reuses. When used in combination with microwave irradiation, efficient N-glycan removal from ribonuclease B was achieved within 5 min. The proposed strategy was also used to release glycan from fetuin and human serum and has proven to provide a promising deglycosylation method for the characterization of protein glycosylation.
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17
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Providing Bionic Glycome as internal standards by glycan reducing and isotope labeling for reliable and simple quantitation of N-glycome based on MALDI- MS. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1081:112-119. [PMID: 31446948 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accurate, simple and economical methods for quantifying N-glycans are continuously required for discovering disease biomarkers and quality control of biopharmaceuticals. Quantitative N-glycomics based on MS using exogenous isotopic labeling internal standards is promising as it is simple and accurate. However, it is largely hampered by the lack of available glycan internal standard libraries with good coverage of the natural glycan structural heterogeneity as well as broad dynamic mass and ion abundance range. To overcome this limitation, we developed a novel method, providing 'Bionic Glycome' as internal standards for glycan quantitation by MALDI-MS. Bionic Glycome was produced using N-glycome from pooled samples to be analyzed as substrate by one step of glycan reducing and isotope labeling (Glycan-RAIL). Each bionic glycan has 3 Da mass increment over its corresponding glycan analyte based on hemiacetals/alditols and H/D mass difference. In addition, Bionic Glycome has the same glycome composition and similar glycome profile in abundance with N-glycome to be analyzed from biological sample. Through the investigation of single glycan standard and complex glycans released from model glycoprotein and serum, the results demonstrate that the method has good quantitative accuracy and high reproducibility. Lastly, this method was successfully used for discovery of lung cancer specific glycan markers by comparing the serum glycans from each sample in lung cancer group (n = 16) and healthy controls (n = 16), indicating its potential in clinical applications.
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18
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Primadona I, Lai YH, Capangpangan RY, Obena RP, Tseng MC, Huang MF, Chang HT, Li ST, Wu CY, Chien WT, Lin CC, Wang YS, Chen YJ. Functionalized HgTe nanoparticles promote laser-induced solid phase ionization/dissociation for comprehensive glycan sequencing. Analyst 2018; 141:6093-6103. [PMID: 27722232 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00923a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are ubiquitously present and play a critical role in various biological processes. Due to their low stability and incredibly high degree of structural diversity, the structural characterization of glycan generally requires chemical derivatization and sophisticated instrumentation. Herein, we report a method for complicated glycan characterization in a single assay by employing 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid functionalized mercury telluride nanoparticles (HgTe@DHB NPs) as a dual ionization-dissociation element in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Using a linear glycan, HgTe@DHB NPs promote laser-induced extensive and intense dissociation of the glycan, superior to HgTe microparticles and other inorganic nanoparticles (TiO2, ZnO, and Mn2O3 NPs). Abundant generation of diagnostic glycosidic (Y-, and B-type ions) and cross-ring cleavage (A-type ions) ions permits unambiguous determination of the composition, sequence, branching, and linkage of labile sialylated glycans. The general utility of this approach was demonstrated by the characterization of labile sialylated glycans and two sets of complicated isomeric glycans. This phenomenon was delineated further by investigating the NP's physico-chemical characteristics, revealing that their nanoscale-dependent thermodynamic properties, including UV absorption, photoelectron release dynamics and thermal energy, were the key to levitate temperature synergistically, thus inducing spontaneous glycan decomposition during the nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption-ionization process. Our results show that this "pseudo-MS/MS" obtained by HgTe@DHB can be beneficial for the analysis of biologically relevant and more complicated carbohydrates, without the need for chemical pre-derivatization and conventional tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indah Primadona
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan and Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taiwan and Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. and Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Yin-Hung Lai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Rey Y Capangpangan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. and Division of Chemistry, Caraga State University, Butuan city, Philippines
| | | | - Mei-Chun Tseng
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Feng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Tsung Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Ting Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Yi Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ting Chien
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sheng Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. and Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Li J. Mass spectrometry for protein sialoglycosylation. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:652-680. [PMID: 29228471 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acids are a family of structurally unique and negatively charged nine-carbon sugars, normally found at the terminal positions of glycan chains on glycoproteins and glycolipids. The glycosylation of proteins is a universal post-translational modification in eukaryotic species and regulates essential biological functions, in which the most common sialic acid is N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (2-keto-5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galactononulopyranos-1-onic acid) (Neu5NAc). Because of the properties of sialic acids under general mass spectrometry (MS) conditions, such as instability, ionization discrimination, and mixed adducts, the use of MS in the analysis of protein sialoglycosylation is still challenging. The present review is focused on the application of MS related methodologies to the study of both N- and O-linked sialoglycans. We reviewed MS-based strategies for characterizing sialylation by analyzing intact glycoproteins, proteolytic digested glycopeptides, and released glycans. The review concludes with future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Environment and Health, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Zack Li
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Environment and Health, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Zwitterionic-hydrophilic interaction capillary liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the characterization of human alpha-acid-glycoprotein N-glycan isomers. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 991:76-88. [PMID: 29031301 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a μZIC-HILIC-MS/MS methodology was established in negative ion mode for the characterization of glycan isomers. The possibility to separate the glycan isomers by the μZIC-HILIC strategy coupled to a high resolution tandem mass spectrometry detection permitted us to obtain valuable information about each glycan structure. The most important diagnostic ion fragments previously described to characterize structural features of glycans, were evaluated in this study using hAGP as model glycoprotein. The assignation of hAGP glycan isomers performed in our previous work using the GRIL strategy in combination with exoglycosidase digestion [1] was used in this paper to confirm or discard some ion fragments reported in the literature and delve into the structural characterization of glycan isomers. Sialic acid as well as fucose linkage-type glycan isomers were assigned using this approach and daughter ions with higher diagnostic value were determined. The location of α2-3/α2-6 sialic acids on antennas and a deeper characterization of several highly sialylated tri- and tetraantennary glycans was also possible using the established MS/MS method. Moreover, relying on the characterization performed in Ref. [1], core and antenna fucosylation were differentiated in this work using specific ion fragments obtained in the tandem mass spectra. This methodology was also applied to hAGP purified from control and pathological serum samples, which corroborated its robustness and its potential for finding novel glycan-based biomarkers in patho-glycomic studies.
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21
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Swanson KD, Spencer SE, Glish GL. Metal Cationization Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Compounds Containing Multiple Oxygens. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1030-1035. [PMID: 27896697 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extractive electrospray ionization is an ambient ionization technique that allows real-time sampling of liquid samples, including organic aerosols. Similar to electrospray ionization, the composition of the electrospray solvent used in extractive electrospray ionization can easily be altered to form metal cationized molecules during ionization simply by adding a metal salt to the electrospray solvent. An increase in sensitivity is observed for some molecules that are lithium, sodium, or silver cationized compared with the protonated molecule formed in extractive electrospray ionization with an acid additive. Tandem mass spectrometry of metal cationized molecules can also significantly improve the ability to identify a compound. Tandem mass spectrometry of lithium and silver cationized molecules can result in an increase in the number and uniqueness of dissociation pathways relative to [M + H]+. These results highlight the potential for extractive electrospray ionization with metal cationization in analyzing complex aerosol mixtures. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Swanson
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Sandra E Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Gary L Glish
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA.
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22
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Mancera-Arteu M, Giménez E, Barbosa J, Sanz-Nebot V. Identification and characterization of isomeric N-glycans of human alfa-acid-glycoprotein by stable isotope labelling and ZIC-HILIC-MS in combination with exoglycosidase digestion. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 940:92-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Lu J, Fu D, Yu L, Cao C, Zou L, Liang X. Determination of N-Glycopeptides by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography and Porous Graphitized Carbon Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry Detection. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1181644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dongmei Fu
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Long Yu
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Cuiyan Cao
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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24
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Yang X, Kim SM, Ruzanski R, Chen Y, Moses S, Ling WL, Li X, Wang SC, Li H, Ambrogelly A, Richardson D, Shameem M. Ultrafast and high-throughput N-glycan analysis for monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2016; 8:706-17. [PMID: 27082290 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1156828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical attribute for development and manufacturing of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the pharmaceutical industry. Conventional antibody glycan analysis is usually achieved by the 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB) hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) method following the release of glycans. Although this method produces satisfactory results, it has limited use for screening a large number of samples because it requires expensive reagents and takes several hours or even days for the sample preparation. A simple and rapid glycan analysis method was not available. To overcome these constraints, we developed and compared 2 ultrafast methods for antibody glycan analysis (UMAG) that involve the rapid generation and purification of glycopeptides in either organic solvent or aqueous buffer followed by label-free quantification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Both methods quickly yield N-glycan profiles of test antibodies similar to those obtained by the 2-AB HILIC-HPLC method. In addition, the UMAG method performed in aqueous buffer has a shorter assay time of less than 15 min, and enables high throughput analysis in 96-well PCR plates with minimal sample handling. This method, the fastest, and simplest as reported thus far, has been evaluated for glycoprofiling of mAbs expressed under various cell culture conditions, as well as for the evaluation of antibody culture clones and various production batches. Importantly the method sensitively captured changes in glycoprofiles detected by traditional 2-AB HILIC-HPLC or HILIC-UPLC. The simplicity, high speed, and low cost of this method may facilitate basic research and process development for novel mAbs and biosimilar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- a Bioprocess Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , USA
| | - Sunnie Myung Kim
- a Bioprocess Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , USA
| | - Richard Ruzanski
- a Bioprocess Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , USA
| | - Yuetian Chen
- a Bioprocess Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , USA
| | - Sarath Moses
- a Bioprocess Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , USA
| | - Wai Lam Ling
- a Bioprocess Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , USA
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- a Bioprocess Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , USA
| | - Shao-Chun Wang
- a Bioprocess Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , USA
| | - Huijuan Li
- a Bioprocess Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , USA
| | | | - Daisy Richardson
- a Bioprocess Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , USA
| | - Mohammed Shameem
- a Bioprocess Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , USA
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25
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Analytical detection and characterization of biopharmaceutical glycosylation by MS. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:711-27. [PMID: 26964748 DOI: 10.4155/bio.16.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation plays an important role in ensuring the proper structure and function of most biotherapeutic proteins. Even small changes in glycan composition, structure, or location can have a drastic impact on drug safety and efficacy. Recently, glycosylation has become the subject of increased focus as biopharmaceutical companies rush to create not only biosimilars, but also biobetters based on existing biotherapeutic proteins. Against this backdrop of ongoing biopharmaceutical innovation, updated methods for accurate and detailed analysis of protein glycosylation are critical for biopharmaceutical companies and government regulatory agencies alike. This review summarizes current methods of characterizing biopharmaceutical glycosylation, including compositional mass profiling, isomer-specific profiling and structural elucidation by MS and hyphenated techniques.
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26
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Acute phase inflammation is characterized by rapid changes in plasma/peritoneal fluid N-glycosylation in mice. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:457-70. [PMID: 26924641 PMCID: PMC4891370 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Murine zymosan-induced peritonitis is a widely used model for studying the molecular and cellular events responsible for the initiation, persistence and/or resolution of inflammation. Among these events, it is becoming increasingly evident that changes in glycosylation of proteins, especially in the plasma and at the site of inflammation, play an important role in the inflammatory response. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS)-based glycosylation profiling, we investigated the qualitative and quantitative effect of zymosan-induced peritonitis on N-glycosylation in mouse plasma and peritoneal fluid. Our results show that both N-glycomes exhibit highly similar glycosylation patterns, consisting mainly of diantennary and triantennary complex type N-glycans with high levels (>95 %) of galactosylation and sialylation (mostly NeuGc) and a medium degree of core fucosylation (30 %). Moreover, MS/MS structural analysis, assisted by linkage-specific derivatization of sialic acids, revealed the presence of O-acetylated sialic acids as well as disialylated antennae (“branching sialylation”) characterized by the presence of α2-6-linked NeuGc on the GlcNAc of the NeuGcα2-3-Galβ1-3-GlcNAc terminal motif. A significant decrease of (core) fucosylation together with an increase of both α2-3-linked NeuGc and “branching sialylation” were observed in N-glycomes of mice challenged with zymosan, but not in control mice injected with PBS. Importantly, substantial changes in glycosylation were already observed 12 h after induction of peritonitis, thereby demonstrating an unexpected velocity of the biological mechanisms involved.
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27
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Bose PP, Mandal G, Kumar D, Duseja A, Chatterjee BP. Visual detection of serum asialohaptoglobin by plasmonic sandwich ELLSA--a new platform for cirrhosis diagnosis. Analyst 2015; 141:76-84. [PMID: 26568048 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02000j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The cirrhotic condition of the liver has long been acknowledged as the preface to liver cancer. The desialylation status of the serum acute phase protein, haptoglobin, has been introduced as a new diagnostic analyte for liver cirrhosis. The reliability of this new diagnostic molecule has been evaluated in 30 liver cirrhosis patients having a history of earlier viral hepatitis C (HCV-LC). A novel enzyme linked lectinosorbent assay has been developed coupled with the plasmon mechanism of gold nanoparticle aggregation as the colorimetric read out which can visually distinguish the cirrhotic liver patients from the normal healthy and hepatitis C controls. The assay can be useful for rapid point-of-care detection, and even an untrained person can execute it without a specialized instrument. This method employs Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) to detect the extent of α-2,6 sialylation of serum haptoglobin, the new diagnostic molecule for liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Bose
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
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28
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Yang S, Rubin A, Eshghi ST, Zhang H. Chemoenzymatic method for glycomics: Isolation, identification, and quantitation. Proteomics 2015; 16:241-56. [PMID: 26390280 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made with respect to the analytical methods for analysis of glycans from biological sources. Regardless of the specific methods that are used, glycan analysis includes isolation, identification, and quantitation. Derivatization is indispensable to increase their identification. Derivatization of glycans can be performed by permethylation or carbodiimide coupling/esterification. By introducing a fluorophore or chromophore at their reducing end, glycans can be separated by electrophoresis or chromatography. The fluorogenically labeled glycans can be quantitated using fluorescent detection. The recently developed approaches using solid-phase such as glycoprotein immobilization for glycan extraction and on-tissue glycan mass spectrometry imaging demonstrate advantages over methods performed in solution. Derivatization of sialic acids is favorably implemented on the solid support using carbodiimide coupling, and the released glycans can be further modified at the reducing end or permethylated for quantitative analysis. In this review, methods for glycan isolation, identification, and quantitation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Abigail Rubin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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29
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Powers TW, Holst S, Wuhrer M, Mehta AS, Drake RR. Two-Dimensional N-Glycan Distribution Mapping of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tissues by MALDI-Imaging Mass Spectrometry. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2554-72. [PMID: 26501333 PMCID: PMC4693247 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A new mass spectrometry imaging approach to simultaneously map the two-dimensional distribution of N-glycans in tissues has been recently developed. The method uses Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) to spatially profile the location and distribution of multiple N-linked glycan species released by peptide N-glycosidase F in frozen or formalin-fixed tissues. Multiple formalin-fixed human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues were evaluated with this method, resulting in a panel of over 30 N-glycans detected. An ethylation reaction of extracted N-glycans released from adjacent slides was done to stabilize sialic acid containing glycans, and these structures were compared to N-glycans detected directly from tissue profiling. In addition, the distribution of singly fucosylated N-glycans detected in tumor tissue microarray cores were compared to the histochemistry staining pattern of a core fucose binding lectin. As this MALDI-IMS workflow has the potential to be applied to any formalin-fixed tissue block or tissue microarray, the advantages and limitations of the technique in context with other glycomic methods are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Powers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Stephanie Holst
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands.
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands.
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands.
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1007MB, The Netherlands.
| | - Anand S Mehta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 2900 W. Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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30
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Michael C, Rizzi AM. Tandem mass spectrometry of isomeric aniline-labeled N-glycans separated on porous graphitic carbon: Revealing the attachment position of terminal sialic acids and structures of neutral glycans. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1268-1278. [PMID: 26395610 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Quantitative monitoring of changes in the N-glycome upon disease has gained significance in the context of biomarker discovery. Separation and quantification of isobaric glycan isomers can be attained by using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS). Collision-induced dissociation (CID)-based fragmentation of separated isobaric glycans is evaluated in respect to its potential of providing fragment ions specific for the linkage positions of terminal sialic acids and the presence of intersecting GlcNAc moieties, respectively. METHODS N-Glycans were labeled via reductive amination using (12)C6-aniline and (13)C6-aniline as isotope-coded labeling reagents. The differently labeled glycans were merged and separated into various species using a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) stationary phase. Identification of structural features of separated isobaric isomers was performed by CID-based tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) carried out in a quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF) or a quadrupole ion-trap (IT) mass spectrometer. RESULTS Working in the negative ion mode, new diagnostic CID fragment ions could be found that are indicative for the α2,6-type linkage of sialic acids. Other diagnostic ions, identified before as being indicative for the substitution of the 6-antenna, could be confirmed as being of relevance also in the case of aniline labeling. In the positive ion mode, CID fragment ions indicative for the structure of short neutral N-glycans were identified. CONCLUSIONS One new diagnostic ion specific for the linkage position of the terminal sialic acids and one for the presence of bisecting GlcNAc in N-glycans were identified. The aniline label introduced for improved relative quantitation in MS(1) was found not to significantly alter the CID fragmentation patterns that were reported previously by other authors for unlabeled/reduced glycans or for glycans with more polar labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Michael
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas M Rizzi
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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31
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Cheng CW, Chou CC, Lin CH, Nycholat C, Fukuda M, Khoo KH. Efficient Mapping of Sulfated Glycotopes by Negative Ion Mode nanoLC-MS/MS-Based Sulfoglycomic Analysis of Permethylated Glycans. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6380-8. [PMID: 26016788 PMCID: PMC4843773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously developed the enabling techniques for sulfoglycomics based on mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of permethylated glycans, which preserves the attractive features of more reliable MS/MS sequencing compared with that performed on native glycans, while providing an easy way to separate and hence enrich the sulfated glycans. Unlike LC-MS/MS analysis of native glycans in negative ion mode that has been more widely in use, the characteristics and potential benefits of similar applications based on permethylated sulfated glycans have not been fully investigated. We report here the important features of reverse phase-based nanoLC-MS/MS analysis of permethylated sulfated glycans in negative ion mode and demonstrate that complementary sets of diagnostic fragment ions afforded can allow rapid identification of various fucosylated, sialylated, sulfated glycotopes and definitive determination of the location of sulfate in a way difficult to achieve by other means. A parallel acquisition of both higher collision energy and trap-based MS(2) coupled with a product dependent MS(3) is conceivably the most productive sulfoglycomic workflow currently possible and the manually curated fragmentation characteristics presented here will allow future developments in automating data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Wen Cheng
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chi Chou
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Corwin Nycholat
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Minoru Fukuda
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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32
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Kolarich D, Windwarder M, Alagesan K, Altmann F. Isomer-Specific Analysis of Released N-Glycans by LC-ESI MS/MS with Porous Graphitized Carbon. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1321:427-35. [PMID: 26082239 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2760-9_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The combination of porous graphitized carbon (PGC) liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometric (MS) detection probably constitutes the most elaborate single stage analysis for isomer-specific N-glycan analysis. Here, we describe sample preparation and analysis procedures for the identification of released N-glycans using PGC-LC-ESI-MS and MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kolarich
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
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33
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MALDI imaging mass spectrometry profiling of N-glycans in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded clinical tissue blocks and tissue microarrays. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106255. [PMID: 25184632 PMCID: PMC4153616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A recently developed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) method to spatially profile the location and distribution of multiple N-linked glycan species in frozen tissues has been extended and improved for the direct analysis of glycans in clinically derived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. Formalin-fixed tissues from normal mouse kidney, human pancreatic and prostate cancers, and a human hepatocellular carcinoma tissue microarray were processed by antigen retrieval followed by on-tissue digestion with peptide N-glycosidase F. The released N-glycans were detected by MALDI-IMS analysis, and the structural composition of a subset of glycans could be verified directly by on-tissue collision-induced fragmentation. Other structural assignments were confirmed by off-tissue permethylation analysis combined with multiple database comparisons. Imaging of mouse kidney tissue sections demonstrates specific tissue distributions of major cellular N-linked glycoforms in the cortex and medulla. Differential tissue distribution of N-linked glycoforms was also observed in the other tissue types. The efficacy of using MALDI-IMS glycan profiling to distinguish tumor from non-tumor tissues in a tumor microarray format is also demonstrated. This MALDI-IMS workflow has the potential to be applied to any FFPE tissue block or tissue microarray to enable higher throughput analysis of the global changes in N-glycosylation associated with cancers.
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34
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Liang Q, Macher T, Xu Y, Bao Y, Cassady CJ. MALDI MS In-Source Decay of Glycans Using a Glutathione-Capped Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Matrix. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8496-503. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502422a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Liang
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Thomas Macher
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Yaolin Xu
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Yuping Bao
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Carolyn J. Cassady
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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35
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Huang Y, Pu Y, Yu X, Costello CE, Lin C. Mechanistic study on electron capture dissociation of the oligosaccharide-Mg²⁺ complex. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1451-60. [PMID: 24845360 PMCID: PMC4108535 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Electron capture dissociation (ECD) has shown great potential in structural characterization of glycans. However, our current understanding of the glycan ECD process is inadequate for accurate interpretation of the complex glycan ECD spectra. Here, we present the first comprehensive theoretical investigation on the ECD fragmentation behavior of metal-adducted glycans, using the cellobiose-Mg²⁺ complex as the model system. Molecular dynamics simulation was carried out to determine the typical glycan-Mg²⁺ binding patterns and the lowest-energy conformer identified was used as the initial geometry for density functional theory-based theoretical modeling. It was found that the electron is preferentially captured by Mg²⁺ and the resultant Mg⁺• can abstract a hydroxyl group from the glycan moiety to form a carbon radical. Subsequent radical migration and α-cleavage(s) result in the formation of a variety of product ions. The proposed hydroxyl abstraction mechanism correlates well with the major features in the ECD spectrum of the Mg²⁺-adducted cellohexaose. The mechanism presented here also predicts the presence of secondary, radical-induced fragmentation pathways. These secondary fragment ions could be misinterpreted, leading to erroneous structural determination. The present study highlights an urgent need for continuing investigation of the glycan ECD mechanism, which is imperative for successful development of bioinformatics tools that can take advantage of the rich structural information provided by ECD of metal-adducted glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Huang
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Yi Pu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Xiang Yu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Cheng Lin
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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Wiegandt A, Meyer B. Unambiguous Characterization of N-Glycans of Monoclonal Antibody Cetuximab by Integration of LC-MS/MS and 1H NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4807-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ac404043g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Wiegandt
- Organic Chemistry, Department
of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Meyer
- Organic Chemistry, Department
of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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37
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Simone G. Micro analysis to map the glycome code. Proteomics 2014; 14:994-1000. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Simone
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care Italian Institute of Technology @ CRIB; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci; Italy
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38
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Kailemia MJ, Ruhaak LR, Lebrilla CB, Amster IJ. Oligosaccharide analysis by mass spectrometry: a review of recent developments. Anal Chem 2014; 86:196-212. [PMID: 24313268 PMCID: PMC3924431 DOI: 10.1021/ac403969n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Renee Ruhaak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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Powers TW, Jones EE, Betesh LR, Romano P, Gao P, Copland JA, Mehta AS, Drake RR. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry workflow for spatial profiling analysis of N-linked glycan expression in tissues. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9799-806. [PMID: 24050758 PMCID: PMC3969840 DOI: 10.1021/ac402108x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new matrix assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) method to spatially profile the location and distribution of multiple N-linked glycan species in tissues is described. Application of an endoglycosidase, peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGaseF), directly on tissues followed by incubation releases N-linked glycan species amenable to detection by MALDI-IMS. The method has been designed to simultaneously profile the multiple glycan species released from intracellular organelle and cell surface glycoproteins, while maintaining histopathology compatible preparation workflows. A recombinant PNGaseF enzyme was sprayed uniformly across mouse brain tissue slides, incubated for 2 h, then sprayed with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid matrix for MALDI-IMS analysis. Using this basic approach, global snapshots of major cellular N-linked glycoforms were detected, including their tissue localization and distribution, structure, and relative abundance. Off-tissue extraction and modification of glycans from similarly processed tissues and further mass spectrometry or HPLC analysis was done to assign structural designations. MALDI-IMS has primarily been utilized to spatially profile proteins, lipids, drug, and small molecule metabolites in tissues, but it has not been previously applied to N-linked glycan analysis. The translatable MALDI-IMS glycan profiling workflow described herein can readily be applied to any tissue type of interest. From a clinical diagnostics perspective, the ability to differentially profile N-glycans and correlate their molecular expression to histopathological changes can offer new approaches to identifying novel disease related targets for biomarker and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Powers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425 USA
| | - E. Ellen Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425 USA
| | - Lucy R. Betesh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Patrick Romano
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425 USA
| | - John A. Copland
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Anand S. Mehta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Richard R. Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425 USA
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40
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Kordyukova LV, Serebryakova MV. Mass spectrometric approaches to study enveloped viruses: new possibilities for structural biology and prophylactic medicine. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:830-42. [PMID: 22860905 PMCID: PMC7087845 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912080044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This review considers principles of the use of mass spectrometry for the study of biological macromolecules. Some examples of protein identification, virion proteomics, testing vaccine preparations, and strain surveillance are represented. Possibilities of structural characterization of viral proteins and their posttranslational modifications are shown. The authors’ studies by MALDI-MS on S-acylation of glycoproteins from various families of enveloped viruses and on oligomerization of the influenza virus hemagglutinin transmembrane domains are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Kordyukova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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41
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Rosati S, van den Bremer ETJ, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI, Kamerling JP, Heck AJR. In-depth qualitative and quantitative analysis of composite glycosylation profiles and other micro-heterogeneity on intact monoclonal antibodies by high-resolution native mass spectrometry using a modified Orbitrap. MAbs 2013; 5:917-24. [PMID: 23995615 PMCID: PMC3896605 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a fast, easy-to-use, and sensitive method to profile in-depth structural micro-heterogeneity, including intricate N-glycosylation profiles, of monoclonal antibodies at the native intact protein level by means of mass spectrometry using a recently introduced modified Orbitrap Exactive Plus mass spectrometer. We demonstrate the versatility of our method to probe structural micro-heterogeneity by describing the analysis of three types of molecules: (1) a non-covalently bound IgG4 hinge deleted full-antibody in equilibrium with its half-antibody, (2) IgG4 mutants exhibiting highly complex glycosylation profiles, and (3) antibody-drug conjugates. Using the modified instrument, we obtain baseline separation and accurate mass determination of all different proteoforms that may be induced, for example, by glycosylation, drug loading and partial peptide backbone-truncation. We show that our method can handle highly complex glycosylation profiles, identifying more than 20 different glycoforms per monoclonal antibody preparation and more than 30 proteoforms on a single highly purified antibody. In analyzing antibody-drug conjugates, our method also easily identifies and quantifies more than 15 structurally different proteoforms that may result from the collective differences in drug loading and glycosylation. The method presented here will aid in the comprehensive analytical and functional characterization of protein micro-heterogeneity, which is crucial for successful development and manufacturing of therapeutic antibodies
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rosati
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center; Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center; Utrecht, the Netherlands
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42
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Tousi F, Bones J, Hancock WS, Hincapie M. Differential Chemical Derivatization Integrated with Chromatographic Separation for Analysis of Isomeric Sialylated N-Glycans: A Nano-Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-MS Platform. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8421-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4018007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Tousi
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
United States
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
United States
| | - William S. Hancock
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
United States
| | - Marina Hincapie
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
United States
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43
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Fellenberg M, Behnken HN, Nagel T, Wiegandt A, Baerenfaenger M, Meyer B. Glycan analysis: scope and limitations of different techniques--a case for integrated use of LC-MS(/MS) and NMR techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7291-305. [PMID: 23852147 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The structure of glycans from glycoproteins is highly relevant for their function. We tightly integrate liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), MS/MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data to achieve a complete characterization of even isobaric glycans differing in only one linkage position or in the substitution in one branch. As example, we analyzed ten desialylated underivatized glycans from bovine fibrinogen. The molecules were separated on a PGC column, and LC-MS data allowed an assignment of the compositions of the glycans. MS/MS data of the same glycans allowed elucidation of sequence and to some extent of branching and linkage. All MS/MS fragmentation methods led to multiple dissociations, resulting in several cases in ambiguous data. The MS/MS data were interpreted both by scientists and automatically by software, and the differential results are compared. Additional data from a tight integration of LC-MS and NMR data resulted in a complete structural characterization of the glycans. The acquisition of simple 1D (1)H NMR data led--in combination with LC-MS and MS/MS data--to an unambiguous assignment of the isobaric glycans. Compounds that were not separated in the chromatography could easily be assigned structurally by applying the 3D cross-correlation (3DCC) technology to arrive at NMR spectra of the pure components-without actually separating them. By applying LC-MS, MS/MS, 1D (1)H NMR, and 3DCC together, one can assign glycan structures from glycoconjugates with high confidence affording only 200 pmol of glycan material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Fellenberg
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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44
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Stavenhagen K, Hinneburg H, Thaysen-Andersen M, Hartmann L, Varón Silva D, Fuchser J, Kaspar S, Rapp E, Seeberger PH, Kolarich D. Quantitative mapping of glycoprotein micro-heterogeneity and macro-heterogeneity: an evaluation of mass spectrometry signal strengths using synthetic peptides and glycopeptides. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:627-39. [PMID: 23722953 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is used to quantify the relative distribution of glycans attached to particular protein glycosylation sites (micro-heterogeneity) and evaluate the molar site occupancy (macro-heterogeneity) in glycoproteomics. However, the accuracy of MS for such quantitative measurements remains to be clarified. As a key step towards this goal, a panel of related tryptic peptides with and without complex, biantennary, disialylated N-glycans was chemically synthesised by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Peptides mimicking those resulting from enzymatic deglycosylation using PNGase F/A and endo D/F/H were synthetically produced, carrying aspartic acid and N-acetylglucosamine-linked asparagine residues, respectively, at the glycosylation site. The MS ionisation/detection strengths of these pure, well-defined and quantified compounds were investigated using various MS ionisation techniques and mass analysers (ESI-IT, ESI-Q-TOF, MALDI-TOF, ESI/MALDI-FT-ICR-MS). Depending on the ion source/mass analyser, glycopeptides carrying complex-type N-glycans exhibited clearly lower signal strengths (10-50% of an unglycosylated peptide) when equimolar amounts were analysed. Less ionisation/detection bias was observed when the glycopeptides were analysed by nano-ESI and medium-pressure MALDI. The position of the glycosylation site within the tryptic peptides also influenced the signal response, in particular if detected as singly or doubly charged signals. This is the first study to systematically and quantitatively address and determine MS glycopeptide ionisation/detection strengths to evaluate glycoprotein micro-heterogeneity and macro-heterogeneity by label-free approaches. These data form a much needed knowledge base for accurate quantitative glycoproteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Stavenhagen
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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45
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Shahana S, Mora-Montes HM, Castillo L, Bohovych I, Sheth CC, Odds FC, Gow NAR, Brown AJP. Reporters for the analysis of N-glycosylation in Candida albicans. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 56:107-15. [PMID: 23608318 PMCID: PMC3705205 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Reporters for dissection of N-glycosylation in Candida albicans. Detection of glycosylation at the single site on epitope-tagged reporter. Reporter faithfully reflects glycosylation defects in cell wall mutants.
A large proportion of Candida albicans cell surface proteins are decorated post-translationally by glycosylation. Indeed N-glycosylation is critical for cell wall biogenesis in this major fungal pathogen and for its interactions with host cells. A detailed understanding of N-glycosylation will yield deeper insights into host-pathogen interactions. However, the analysis of N-glycosylation is extremely challenging because of the complexity and heterogeneity of these structures. Therefore, in an attempt to reduce this complexity and facilitate the analysis of N-glycosylation, we have developed new synthetic C. albicans reporters that carry a single N-linked glycosylation site derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Suc2. These glycosylation reporters, which carry C. albicans Hex1 or Sap2 signal sequences plus carboxy-terminal FLAG3 and His6 tags, were expressed in C. albicans from the ACT1 promoter. The reporter proteins were successfully secreted and hyperglycosylated by C. albicans cells, and their outer chain glycosylation was dependent on Och1 and Pmr1, which are required for N-mannan synthesis, but not on Mnt1 and Mnt2 which are only required for O-mannosylation. These reporters are useful tools for the experimental dissection of N-glycosylation and other related processes in C. albicans, such as secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Shahana
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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46
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Alley WR, Mann BF, Novotny MV. High-sensitivity analytical approaches for the structural characterization of glycoproteins. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2668-732. [PMID: 23531120 PMCID: PMC3992972 DOI: 10.1021/cr3003714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William R. Alley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Benjamin F. Mann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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47
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Reuel NF, Mu B, Zhang J, Hinckley A, Strano MS. Nanoengineered glycan sensors enabling native glycoprofiling for medicinal applications: towards profiling glycoproteins without labeling or liberation steps. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 41:5744-79. [PMID: 22868627 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35142k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanoengineered glycan sensors may help realize the long-held goal of accurate and rapid glycoprotein profiling without labeling or glycan liberation steps. Current methods of profiling oligosaccharides displayed on protein surfaces, such as liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, and microarray methods, are limited by sample pretreatment and quantitative accuracy. Microarrayed platforms can be improved with methods that better estimate kinetic parameters rather than simply reporting relative binding information. These quantitative glycan sensors are enabled by an emerging class of nanoengineered materials that differ in their mode of signal transduction from traditional methods. Platforms that respond to mass changes include a quartz crystal microbalance and cantilever sensors. Electronic response can be detected from electrochemical, field effect transistor, and pore impedance sensors. Optical methods include fluorescent frontal affinity chromatography, surface plasmon resonance methods, and fluorescent carbon nanotubes. After a very brief primer on glycobiology and its connection to medicine, these emerging systems are critically reviewed for their potential use as core sensors in future glycoprofiling tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel F Reuel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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48
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Higel F, Demelbauer U, Seidl A, Friess W, Sörgel F. Reversed-phase liquid-chromatographic mass spectrometric N-glycan analysis of biopharmaceuticals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:2481-93. [PMID: 23371526 PMCID: PMC3581771 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
N-Glycosylation is a common post-translational modification of monoclonal antibodies with a potential effect on the efficacy and safety of the drugs; detailed knowledge about this glycosylation is therefore crucial. We have developed a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric method, with different fluorescent labels, for analysis of N-glycosylation, and compared the sensitivity and selectivity of the methods. Our work demonstrates that anthranilic acid as fluorescent label in combination with reversed-phase liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry is an advantageous method for identification and quantification of neutral and acidic N-glycans. Our results show that mass spectrometry-based quantification correlates with quantification by fluorescence. Chromatographic discrimination between several structural glycan isomers was achieved. The sharp peaks of the eluting anthranilic acid-labeled N-glycans enabled on-line mass spectrometric analysis of even low-abundance glycan species. The method is broadly applicable to N-glycan analysis and is an orthogonal analytical method to the widely established hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography of 2-aminobenzamide-labeled N-glycans for characterization of N-glycans derived from biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Higel
- Hexal AG, Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Keltenring 1+3, 82041 Oberhaching, Germany
| | - Uwe Demelbauer
- Hexal AG, Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Keltenring 1+3, 82041 Oberhaching, Germany
| | - Andreas Seidl
- Hexal AG, Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Keltenring 1+3, 82041 Oberhaching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Building B, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Fritz Sörgel
- IBMP—Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 19, 90562 Nürnberg-Heroldsberg, Germany
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49
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Ruhaak LR, Miyamoto S, Lebrilla CB. Developments in the identification of glycan biomarkers for the detection of cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:846-55. [PMID: 23365456 PMCID: PMC3617331 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r112.026799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in glycosylation readily occur in cancer and other disease states. Thanks to recent advances in the development of analytical techniques and instrumentation, especially in mass spectrometry, it is now possible to identify blood-derived glycan-based biomarkers using glycomics strategies. This review is an overview of the developments made in the search for glycan-based cancer biomarkers and the technologies currently in use. It is anticipated that the progressing instrumental and bioinformatics developments will allow the identification of relevant glycan biomarkers for the diagnosis, early detection, and monitoring of cancer treatment with sufficient sensitivity and specificity for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Renee Ruhaak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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50
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Hykollari A, Balog CIA, Rendić D, Braulke T, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Mass spectrometric analysis of neutral and anionic N-glycans from a Dictyostelium discoideum model for human congenital disorder of glycosylation CDG IL. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1173-87. [PMID: 23320427 PMCID: PMC3588589 DOI: 10.1021/pr300806b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
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The HL241 mutant strain of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium
discoideum is a potential model for human congenital disorder
of glycosylation type IL (ALG9-CDG) and has been previously predicted
to possess a lower degree of modification of its N-glycans with anionic
moieties than the parental wild-type. In this study, we first showed
that this strain has a premature stop codon in its alg9 mannosyltransferase gene compatible with the occurrence of truncated
N-glycans. These were subject to an optimized analytical workflow,
considering that the mass spectrometry of acidic glycans often presents
challenges due to neutral loss and suppression effects. Therefore,
the protein-bound N-glycans were first fractionated, after serial
enzymatic release, by solid phase extraction. Then primarily single
glycan species were isolated by mixed hydrophilic-interaction/anion-exchange
or reversed-phase HPLC and analyzed using chemical and enzymatic treatments
and MS/MS. We show that protein-linked N-glycans of the mutant are
of reduced size as compared to those of wild-type AX3, but still contain
core α1,3-fucose, intersecting N-acetylglucosamine,
bisecting N-acetylglucosamine, methylphosphate, phosphate,
and sulfate residues. We observe that a single N-glycan can carry
up to four of these six possible modifications. Due to the improved
analytical procedures, we reveal fuller details regarding the N-glycomic
potential of this fascinating model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Hykollari
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria
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