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Haugrud NH, Friskop A, Ikley JT. Herbicide safener isoxadifen-ethyl associated with increased Goss's wilt severity in corn (Zea mays). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:4516-4522. [PMID: 38717312 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight (Goss's wilt), caused by the bacterium Clavibacter nebraskensis, is a corn disease that has been a top ten yield-reducing disease in North America in the past 15 years. Isoxadifen-ethyl is an herbicide safener that effectively increases cytochrome P450 activity in corn which enhances a plant's metabolism of herbicide molecules. Recent research found a potential link between isoxadifen-ethyl and increased Goss's wilt severity. RESULTS The application of isoxadifen-ethyl increased (P = 0.014-0.046) area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) by 19%, 7%, and 9% at three environments, independent of accompanying herbicide or herbicide application timing. However, no significant differences in incidence of systemic wilt or corn grain yield occurred among treatments at any environment. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence for an association between isoxadifen-ethyl safener and Goss's wilt in corn. The reason for this association is unknown, but the safener may affect plant or pathogen physiological mechanisms. While the increased disease severity did not result in decreased grain yield in these experiments, an increase in pathogen inoculum due to higher disease severity could influence Goss' wilt epidemics in future years. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Haugrud
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Andrew Friskop
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Joseph T Ikley
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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Sun L, Ma R, Xu H, Su W, Xue F, Wu R, Lu C. Protective mechanisms of neral as a plant-derived safener against fenoxaprop-p-ethyl injury in rice. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1249-1257. [PMID: 37940406 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of herbicide safeners effectively minimises crop damage while maintaining the full efficacy of herbicides. The present study aimed to assess the potential protective effects of neral (NR) as a safener, in order to mitigate injury caused by fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (FE) on rice. RESULTS The alleviating effect of NR was similar to that of the safener isoxadifen-ethyl (IE). The root elongation of rice was significantly promoted under the FE + NR and FE + IE treatments, as compared to the FE treatment. The transcriptome analysis further suggested that the effects of NR treatment on plant metabolic pathways differed from those of IE treatment. In total, 895 and 47 up-differentially expressed genes induced by NR (NR-inducible genes) and IE (IE-inducible genes) were identified. NR-inducible genes were mainly enriched in phytohormone synthesis and signalling response, including 'response to brassinosteroid', 'response to jasmonic acid', 'response to ethylene', 'brassinosteroid metabolic process', 'brassinosteroid biosynthesis' and 'plant hormone signal transduction'. In contrast, IE-inducible genes were predominantly enriched in glutathione metabolism. The activity of glutathione S-transferase was found to be increased after IE treatment, whereas no significant increase was observed following NR treatment. Moreover, several transcription factor genes, such as those encoding AP2/ERF-ERF and (basic helix-loop-helix) bHLH were found to be significantly induced by NR treatment. CONCLUSION This is the first report of the utilisation of NR as an herbicide safener. The results of this study suggest the toxicity of FE to rice is mitigated by NR through a distinct mechanism compared to IE. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ronghui Ma
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongle Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wangcang Su
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Renhai Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuantao Lu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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Zhao Y, Ye F, Fu Y. Herbicide Safeners: From Molecular Structure Design to Safener Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2451-2466. [PMID: 38276871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Herbicide safeners, highly effective antidotes, find widespread application in fields for alleviating the phytotoxicity of herbicides to crops. Designing new herbicide safeners remains a notable issue in pesticide research. This review focuses on discussing and summarizing the structure-activity relationships, molecular structures, physicochemical properties, and molecular docking of herbicide safeners in order to explore how different structures affect the safener activities of target compounds. It also provides insights into the application prospects of computer-aided drug design for designing and synthesizing new safeners in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Canella Vieira C, Zhou J, Jarquin D, Zhou J, Diers B, Riechers DE, Nguyen HT, Shannon G. Genetic architecture of soybean tolerance to off-target dicamba. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1230068. [PMID: 37877091 PMCID: PMC10590897 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1230068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of dicamba-tolerant (DT) soybean in the United States resulted in extensive off-target dicamba damage to non-DT vegetation across soybean-producing states. Although soybeans are highly sensitive to dicamba, the intensity of observed symptoms and yield losses are affected by the genetic background of genotypes. Thus, the objective of this study was to detect novel marker-trait associations and expand on previously identified genomic regions related to soybean response to off-target dicamba. A total of 551 non-DT advanced breeding lines derived from 232 unique bi-parental populations were phenotyped for off-target dicamba across nine environments for three years. Breeding lines were genotyped using the Illumina Infinium BARCSoySNP6K BeadChip. Filtered SNPs were included as predictors in Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) models in a forward stepwise selection loop to identify the combination of SNPs yielding the highest classification accuracy. Both RF and SVM models yielded high classification accuracies (0.76 and 0.79, respectively) with minor extreme misclassifications (observed tolerant predicted as susceptible, and vice-versa). Eight genomic regions associated with off-target dicamba tolerance were identified on chromosomes 6 [Linkage Group (LG) C2], 8 (LG A2), 9 (LG K), 10 (LG O), and 19 (LG L). Although the genetic architecture of tolerance is complex, high classification accuracies were obtained when including the major effect SNP identified on chromosome 6 as the sole predictor. In addition, candidate genes with annotated functions associated with phases II (conjugation of hydroxylated herbicides to endogenous sugar molecules) and III (transportation of herbicide conjugates into the vacuole) of herbicide detoxification in plants were co-localized with significant markers within each genomic region. Genomic prediction models, as reported in this study, can greatly facilitate the identification of genotypes with superior tolerance to off-target dicamba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Canella Vieira
- Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Jing Zhou
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Diego Jarquin
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Brian Diers
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Dean E. Riechers
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Henry T. Nguyen
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Grover Shannon
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Sun L, Yang M, Su W, Xu H, Xue F, Lu C, Wu R. Transcriptomic analysis of maize uncovers putative genes involved in metabolic detoxification under four safeners treatment. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105465. [PMID: 37532342 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Isoxadifen-ethyl (IDF) and cyprosulfamide (CSA) can effectively protect maize from nicosulfuron (NIC) injury, while mefenpyr-diethyl (MPR) and fenchlorazole-ethyl (FCO) did not. Their chemical diversity and requirement to use them in combination with the corresponding herbicides suggest that their elicitation of gene expression are complex and whether it is associated with the safening activity remains elusive. In this study, our first objective was to determine whether or not the ability of four safeners to enhance the metabolic rate of nicosulfuron. It was found that nicosulfuron degradation in maize was accelerated by IDF and CSA, but not by FCO and MPR. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the number of genes induced by IDF and CSA were larger than that induced by FCO and MPR. Overall, 34 genes associated with detoxification were identified, including glutathione S-transferase (GST), cytochrome P450 (CYP450), UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT), transporter and serine. Moreover, 14 detoxification genes were screened for further verification by real-time PCR in two maize inbred lines. Two maize inbred lines exhibited high expression levels of four genes (GST31, GST39, AGXT2 and ADH) after IDF treatment. GST6, GST19, MATE, SCPL18 and UF3GT were specifically up-regulated in telerant maize inbred line under IDF and IDF + NIC treatments. Seven genes, namely GST31, GST6, GST19, UF3GT, MATE, ADH and SCPL18, are induced by IDF and CSA to play a vital role in regulating the detoxification process of NIC. Accordingly, the GST activity in maize was accelerated by IDF and CSA, but not by FCO and MPR. This result is consistent with transcriptome and metabolic data.These results indicate that the mitigation of NIC damage is associated with enhanced herbicide metabolism. IDF and CSA were more effective in protecting maize from NIC injury due to their ability to enhance the detoxification of specific types of herbicides, compared to FCO and MPR. The chemical specificity of four safeners is attributed to the up-regulated genes related to the detoxification pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Muhan Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Wangcang Su
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Hongle Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Chuantao Lu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Renhai Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
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Zhou FY, Han H, Han YJ, Nyporko A, Yu Q, Beckie HJ, Powles SB. Aldo-keto reductase may contribute to glyphosate resistance in Lolium rigidum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1528-1537. [PMID: 36527683 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that an aldo-keto reductase (AKR) from Echinochloa colona (EcAKR4-1) can metabolize glyphosate and confers glyphosate resistance. This study aims to investigate if the EcAKR4-1 orthologs from Lolium rigidum also play a role in glyphosate resistance in non-target-site based, glyphosate-resistant (R) L. rigidum populations from Western Australia. RESULTS The full-length L. rigidum AKR gene (LrAKR4C10) orthologous to EcAKR4-1, together with a distinct LrAKR1, were cloned from plants of a glyphosate-susceptible (S) (VLR1) and three glyphosate R L. rigidum populations (WALR50, WALR60 and WALR70). Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results showed that basal expression levels of the two LrAKR genes did not differ between the R and S populations, but their expression was significantly induced by glyphosate (up to 4.3-fold) or 2,4-D treatment (up to 3.4-fold) in R populations. Escherichia coli cells transformed respectively with LrAKR4C10 and LrAKR1 were more tolerant to glyphosate. Rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings overexpressing each of the two LrAKR gene survived glyphosate rates that were lethal to the green fluorescence protein (GFP) control plants. Structural modeling predicts a similar way of glyphosate binding and detoxification by LrAKR4C10 and EcAKR4-1, but an alternative way of glyphosate binding by LrAKR1. Relatively lower capacity of the two LrAKRs in conferring glyphosate resistance than the known EcAKR4-1 was discussed in relation to structural interaction. CONCLUSION Glyphosate-induced higher expression of the two LrAKR genes in L. rigidum populations contributes to a moderate level of glyphosate resistance likely through enhanced glyphosate metabolism. The herbicide 2,4-D can also induce the LrAKR expression, indicating the potential antagonistic effect of 2,4-D to glyphosate. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yan Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Heping Han
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (AHRI), School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yun-Jing Han
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Alex Nyporko
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Qin Yu
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (AHRI), School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hugh J Beckie
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (AHRI), School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen B Powles
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (AHRI), School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Zhao Y, Ye F, Fu Y. Research Progress on the Action Mechanism of Herbicide Safeners: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3639-3650. [PMID: 36794646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide safeners are agricultural chemicals that protect crops from herbicide injury and improve the safety of herbicides and the effectiveness of weed control. Safeners induce and enhance the tolerance of crops to herbicides through the synergism of multiple mechanisms. The principal mechanism is that the metabolic rate of the herbicide in the crop is accelerated by safeners, resulting in the damaging concentration at the site of action being reduced. We focused on discussing and summarizing the multiple mechanisms of safeners to protect crops in this review. It is also emphasized how safeners alleviate herbicide phytotoxicity to crops by regulating the detoxification process and conducting perspectives on future research on the action mechanism of safeners at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Zhao Y, Li W, Sun L, Xu H, Su W, Xue F, Wu R, Lu C. Transcriptome analysis and the identification of genes involved in the metabolic pathways of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl in rice treated with isoxadifen-ethyl hydrolysate. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 183:105057. [PMID: 35430061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (FE) is a highly effective weed control agent for rice fields, but it causes phytotoxicity in crops. A whole-plant bioassay has revealed that isoxadifen-ethyl hydrolysate (IH) can significantly improve the tolerance of rice to FE, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still unclear. In this study, we performed RNA-Seq analysis using rice seedlings treated with FE and IH to determine the IH-regulated candidate genes involved in metabolic resistance to FE. We also analyzed spatiotemporal expression using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to reveal the expression patterns of these genes under different treatments. The results showed that genes encoding metabolic enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione-s-transferases, UDP-glycosyltransferase, carboxylesterase, and ATP-binding cassette transporter, were influenced by the application of IH. Most of these genes were upregulated, and their products were involved in various stages of FE metabolism. Tolerance to FE was primarily mediated by CarE15, CYP86A1, GSTU6, GST4, UGT13248, UGT79, and ABCC4, all of which played a vital role in regulating the detoxification process of FE. Our findings elucidated the protective mechanisms of IH, which can help alleviate the phytotoxic effects of FE and expand its potential for application in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lanlan Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hongle Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wangcang Su
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Renhai Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Chuantao Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Giraldo Acosta M, Cano A, Hernández-Ruiz J, Arnao MB. Melatonin as a Possible Natural Safener in Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070890. [PMID: 35406870 PMCID: PMC9003551 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a well-known animal hormone with relevant and multiple cellular and hormonal roles. Its discovery in plants in 1995 has led to a great diversity of molecular and physiological studies that have been showing its multiple actions also in plants. Its roles as a biostimulator and modulator agent of responses to abiotic and biotic stresses have been widely studied. This review raises the possible use of melatonin as a natural safener in herbicide treatments. Existing studies have shown excellent co-acting qualities between both the following agents: herbicide and melatonin. The presence of melatonin reduces the damage caused by the herbicide in the crop and enhances the stress antioxidant response of plants. In this area, a similar role is suggested in the co-action between fungicides and melatonin, where a synergistic response has been demonstrated in some cases. The possible reduction in the fungicide doses is proposed as an eco-friendly advance in the use of these pesticides in certain crops. Finally, future research and applied actions of melatonin on these pest control agents are suggested.
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Seed dressing with mefenpyr-diethyl as a safener for mesosulfuron-methyl application in wheat: The evaluation and mechanisms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256884. [PMID: 34460856 PMCID: PMC8405001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesosulfuron-methyl is always applied by foliar spraying in combination with the safener mefenpyr-diethyl to avoid phytotoxicity on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. However, it was observed that the tolerance of Tausch’s goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii Coss.) to mesosulfuron-methyl significantly increased in the presence of mefenpyr-diethyl by performing bioassay. This confirmed phenomenon may lead to overuse of mesosulfuron-methyl and weed resistance evolution in field conditions. Therefore, we tested the effect of wheat seed dressing with mefenpyr-diethyl as a possible alternative and disclosed the underlying mechanisms by herbicide dissipation study, enzymatic analysis and transcriptome profiling. The results suggest that increase of ALS activity, enhancement of metabolic processes, and other stress responses are crucial for the regulation of herbicide detoxification induced by mefenpyr-diethyl. Additionally, transcription factors such as AP2/ERF-ERF, bHLH, NAC, and MYB, and protein kinase such as RLK-Pelle_DLSV might play vital regulatory roles. The current study has important implications for mesosulfuron-methyl application in wheat field to control Tausch’s goatgrass and provides a comprehensive understanding of the protective effect of mefenpyr-diethyl.
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Mink R, Linn AI, Santel HJ, Gerhards R. Sensor-based evaluation of maize (Zea mays) and weed response to post-emergence herbicide applications of Isoxaflutole and Cyprosulfamide applied as crop seed treatment or herbicide mixing partner. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1856-1865. [PMID: 31828947 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some maize post-emergence herbicides obtain their crop/weed selectivity only through the use of chemical crop safeners. Safeners improve the tolerance of maize to herbicidal active ingredients. In order to investigate the crop response to safener (cyprosulfamide) spray application and seed treatment, greenhouse and field trials were conducted on three maize development stages (2-, 4-, and 6-leaf stage). Visual estimations on crop vitality were compared to ground-based and airborne hyperspectral and multispectral sensors. RESULTS The reduction of cyprosulfamide by 88% when applied as seed treatment did not significantly reduce maize biomass yields at the field. The crop deterioration in both trials was stronger in the cyprosulfamide seed treatments compared to the spray applications but was found to be transient in the field trial. The hyperspectral sensor and multispectral camera data correlated with R2 = 0.84 (CropSpec Vegetation Index) and R2 = 0.64 (Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). CONCLUSION The sensor-based collection of crop responses to treatments enables early, quantifiable and auditor-independent assessments. In particular, the airborne multispectral imagery assessment of field experiments provides more detailed and comprehensive information than visually collected data. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Mink
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Weed Science, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Roland Gerhards
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Weed Science, Stuttgart, Germany
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Brazier-Hicks M, Howell A, Cohn J, Hawkes T, Hall G, Mcindoe E, Edwards R. Chemically induced herbicide tolerance in rice by the safener metcamifen is associated with a phased stress response. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:411-421. [PMID: 31565749 PMCID: PMC6913702 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The closely related sulphonamide safeners, metcamifen and cyprosulfamide, were tested for their ability to protect rice from clodinafop-propargyl, a herbicide normally used in wheat. While demonstrating that both compounds were equally bioavailable in planta, only metcamifen prevented clodinafop from damaging seedlings, and this was associated with the enhanced detoxification of the herbicide. Transcriptome studies in rice cultures demonstrated that whereas cyprosulfamide had a negligible effect on gene expression over a 4 h exposure, metcamifen perturbed the abundance of 590 transcripts. Changes in gene expression with metcamifen could be divided into three phases, corresponding to inductions occurring over 30 min, 1.5 h and 4 h. The first phase of gene induction was dominated by transcription factors and proteins of unknown function, the second by genes involved in herbicide detoxification, while the third was linked to cellular homeostasis. Analysis of the inducible genes suggested that safening elicited similar gene families to those associated with specific biotic and abiotic stresses, notably those elicited by abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and methyl jasmonate. Subsequent experiments with safener biomarker genes induced in phase 1 and 2 in rice cell cultures provided further evidence of similarities in signalling processes elicited by metcamifen and salicylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Brazier-Hicks
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Cohn
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, 9 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Tim Hawkes
- Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | - Gavin Hall
- Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | | | - Robert Edwards
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Correspondence:
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Kral AE, Pflug NC, McFadden ME, LeFevre GH, Sivey JD, Cwiertny DM. Photochemical Transformations of Dichloroacetamide Safeners. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6738-6746. [PMID: 31117539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dichloroacetamide safeners are commonly added to commercial chloroacetamide herbicide formulations and widely used worldwide, but their environmental fate has garnered little scrutiny as a result of their classification as "inert" ingredients. Here, we investigated the photolysis of dichloroacetamide safeners to better understand their persistence and the nature of their transformation products in surface waters. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to characterize photoproducts. Of the four commonly used dichloroacetamide safeners, only benoxacor undergoes direct photolysis under simulated natural sunlight ( t1/2 ∼ 10 min). Via a photoinitiated ring closure, benoxacor initially yields a monochlorinated intermediate that degrades over longer irradiation time scales to produce two fully dechlorinated diastereomers and a tautomer, which further photodegrade over several days to a structurally related aldehyde confirmed via NMR. Dichlormid, AD-67, and furilazole were more slowly degraded by indirect photolysis in the presence of the photosensitizers nitrate, nitrite, and humic acid. Reactive entities involved in these reactions are likely hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen based on the use of selective quenchers. These safeners also directly photolyzed under higher energy ultraviolet (UV) light, suggesting their potential transformation in engineered systems using UV for disinfection. The finding that dichloroacetamide safeners can undergo photolysis in environmental systems over relevant time scales demonstrates the importance of evaluating the fate of this class of "inert" agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Kral
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering , University of Iowa , 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Nicholas C Pflug
- Department of Chemistry , University of Iowa , E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Monica E McFadden
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering , University of Iowa , 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Gregory H LeFevre
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering , University of Iowa , 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering University of Iowa , 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - John D Sivey
- Department of Chemistry , Towson University , 543 Smith Hall, Towson , Maryland 21252 , United States
| | - David M Cwiertny
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering , University of Iowa , 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering , University of Iowa , 4133 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City Iowa 52242 , United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering University of Iowa , 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
- Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination , University of Iowa , 251 North Capitol Street , Chemistry Building - Room W195, Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
- Public Policy Center , University of Iowa , 310 South Grand Avenue , 209 South Quadrangle, Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
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Baek YS, Goodrich LV, Brown PJ, James BT, Moose SP, Lambert KN, Riechers DE. Transcriptome Profiling and Genome-Wide Association Studies Reveal GSTs and Other Defense Genes Involved in Multiple Signaling Pathways Induced by Herbicide Safener in Grain Sorghum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:192. [PMID: 30906302 PMCID: PMC6418823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide safeners protect cereal crops from herbicide injury by inducing genes and proteins involved in detoxification reactions, such as glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome P450s (P450s). Only a few studies have characterized gene or protein expression profiles for investigating plant responses to safener treatment in cereal crops, and most transcriptome analyses in response to safener treatments have been conducted in dicot model species that are not protected by safener from herbicide injury. In this study, three different approaches were utilized in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) to investigate mechanisms involved in safener-regulated signaling pathways. An initial transcriptome analysis was performed to examine global gene expression in etiolated shoot tissues of hybrid grain sorghum following treatment with the sorghum safener, fluxofenim. Most upregulated transcripts encoded detoxification enzymes, including P450s, GSTs, and UDP-dependent glucosyltransferases (UGTs). Interestingly, several of these upregulated transcripts are similar to genes involved with the biosynthesis and recycling/catabolism of dhurrin, an important chemical defense compound, in these seedling tissues. Secondly, 761 diverse sorghum inbred lines were evaluated in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to determine key molecular-genetic factors governing safener-mediated signaling mechanisms and/or herbicide detoxification. GWAS revealed a significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with safener-induced response on chromosome 9, located within a phi-class SbGST gene and about 15-kb from a different phi-class SbGST. Lastly, the expression of these two candidate SbGSTs was quantified in etiolated shoot tissues of sorghum inbred BTx623 in response to fluxofenim treatment. SbGSTF1 and SbGSTF2 transcripts increased within 12-hr after fluxofenim treatment but the level of safener-induced expression differed between the two genes. In addition to identifying specific GSTs potentially involved in the safener-mediated detoxification pathway, this research elucidates a new direction for studying both constitutive and inducible mechanisms for chemical defense in cereal crop seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Soon Baek
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Loren V. Goodrich
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Jerseyville Research Center, Monsanto Company, Jerseyville, IL, United States
| | - Patrick J. Brown
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brandon T. James
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Stephen P. Moose
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kris N. Lambert
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Dean E. Riechers
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Srivastava D, Verma G, Chauhan AS, Pande V, Chakrabarty D. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) tau class glutathione S-transferase (OsGSTU30) overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana modulates a regulatory network leading to heavy metal and drought stress tolerance. Metallomics 2019; 11:375-389. [PMID: 30516767 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00204e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OsGSTU30 increases the abiotic stress tolerance in plants either by its catalytic activity or by modulating the expression of stress responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipali Srivastava
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute
- India
- Department of Biotechnology
- Kumaun University
| | - Giti Verma
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute
- India
| | | | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology
- Kumaun University
- India
| | - Debasis Chakrabarty
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute
- India
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Lushchak VI, Matviishyn TM, Husak VV, Storey JM, Storey KB. Pesticide toxicity: a mechanistic approach. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:1101-1136. [PMID: 30564086 PMCID: PMC6295629 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are known for their high persistence and pervasiveness in the environment, and along with products of their biotransformation, they may remain in and interact with the environment and living organisms in multiple ways, according to their nature and chemical structure, dose and targets. In this review, the classifications of pesticides based on their nature, use, physical state, pathophysiological effects, and sources are discussed. The effects of these xenobiotics on the environment, their biotransformation in terms of bioaccumulation are highlighted with special focus on the molecular mechanisms deciphered to date. Basing on targeted organisms, most pesticides are classified as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. Herbicides are known as growth regulators, seedling growth inhibitors, photosynthesis inhibitors, inhibitors of amino acid and lipid biosynthesis, cell membrane disrupters, and pigment biosynthesis inhibitors, whereas fungicides include inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, and mitochondrial respiration. Insecticides mainly affect nerves and muscle, growth and development, and energy production. Studying the impact of pesticides and other related chemicals is of great interest to animal and human health risk assessment processes since potentially everyone can be exposed to these compounds which may cause many diseases, including metabolic syndrome, malnutrition, atherosclerosis, inflammation, pathogen invasion, nerve injury, and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Future studies should be directed to investigate influence of long term effects of low pesticide doses and to minimize or eliminate influence of pesticides on non-target living organisms, produce more specific pesticides and using modern technologies to decrease contamination of food and other goods by pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr I. Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana M. Matviishyn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine
| | - Viktor V. Husak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine
| | - Janet M. Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kenneth B. Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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Sun L, Xu H, Su W, Xue F, An S, Lu C, Wu R. The expression of detoxification genes in two maize cultivars by interaction of isoxadifen-ethyl and nicosulfuron. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 129:101-108. [PMID: 29870861 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide safeners protect crop plants from herbicide phytotoxicity, but an understanding of their molecular mechanisms is still lacking. We investigated the effects of the safener isoxadifen-ethyl and/or nicosulfuron on the expression of 10 genes, 8 glutathione transferases (GSTs), 1 glutathione transporter and 1 multidrug resistance protein gene in two maize cultivars. Nicosulfuron and isoxadifen-ethyl induce different detoxification enzyme genes. The expression analyses of the 10 genes revealed that most were expressed much higher in 'Zhengdan958' than those in 'Zhenghuangnuo No.2', both in control and in isoxadifen-ethyl- and/or nicosulfuron-treated plants. The expression levels of ZmGSTIV, ZmGST6, ZmGST31 and ZmMRP1 in two maize cultivars were up-regulated by isoxadifen-ethyl only, or in combination with nicosulfuron, whereas nicosulfuron down-regulated the expression of eight genes. Thus, ZmGSTIV, ZmGST6, ZmGST31 and ZmMRP1 could be considered safener-responsive and may be the core genes responsible for isoxadifen-ethyl increasing the tolerance of maize to nicosulfuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Hongle Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Wangcang Su
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Shiheng An
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chuantao Lu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Renhai Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
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18
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Duhoux A, Carrère S, Duhoux A, Délye C. Transcriptional markers enable identification of rye-grass (Lolium sp.) plants with non-target-site-based resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetolactate-synthase. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 257:22-36. [PMID: 28224916 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Molecular detection of herbicide non-target-site-based resistance (NTSR) classically requires extensively validated NTSR genes. We assessed the feasibility of predicting NTSR phenotypes using expression data of NTSR transcriptional markers, i.e., transcripts which expression levels are statistically correlated to NTSR. Markers were sought by comparative RNA-Seq analysis of untreated NTSR or sensitive plants from four rye-grass populations followed by expression quantification in 299 individual plants with characterised sensitivity to two acetolactate-synthase-inhibiting herbicides. Multivariate analyses were implemented to predict NTSR using combined marker expression data. Nineteen markers (four cytochromes P450, four glutathione-S-transferases, three glycosyltransferases, two ABC transporters, two hydrolases, one aldolase, one peptidase, one transferase and one esterase) expressed significantly higher in NTSR plants were identified. Expression was highest in the most resistant plants. Some markers appeared co-regulated. Combined marker expression data enabled prediction of NTSR phenotypes in individual plants or of resistant plant frequencies in populations. Thus, NTSR detection based on transcriptional markers proved feasible. Accuracy can be improved by identifying additional markers, especially markers associated to NTSR regulation. Additionally, our data suggest that NTSR mechanisms emerged in different populations via redundant evolution, and that NTSR can evolve by selection for higher constitutive expression of whole herbicide-response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Duhoux
- INRA, Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | | | - Alexis Duhoux
- INRA, Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, F-21000, Dijon, France
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19
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Physiological basis for isoxadifen-ethyl induction of nicosulfuron detoxification in maize hybrids. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173502. [PMID: 28267798 PMCID: PMC5340377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoxadifen-ethyl can effectively alleviate nicosulfuron injury in the maize. However, the effects of safener isoxadifen-ethyl on detoxifying enzymes in maize is unknown. The individual and combined effects of the sulfonylurea herbicide nicosulfuron and the safener isoxadifen-ethyl on the growth and selected physiological processes of maize were evaluated. Bioassays showed that the EC50 values of nicosulfuron and nicosulfuron plus isoxadifen-ethyl for maize cultivar Zhengdan958 were 18.87 and 249.28 mg kg-1, respectively, and were 24.8 and 275.51 mg kg-1, respectively, for Zhenghuangnuo No. 2 cultivar. Evaluations of the target enzyme of acetolactate synthase showed that the I50 values of nicosulfuron and nicosulfuron plus isoxadifen-ethyl for the ALS of Zhengdan958 were 15.46 and 28.56 μmol L-1, respectively, and were 0.57 and 2.17 μmol L-1, respectively, for the acetolactate synthase of Zhenghuangnuo No. 2. The safener isoxadifen-ethyl significantly enhanced tolerance of maize to nicosulfuron. The enhanced tolerance of maize to nicosulfuron in the presence of the safener, coupled with the enhanced injury observed in the presence of piperonyl butoxide, 1-aminobenzotriazole, and malathion, suggested cytochrome P450 monooxygenases may be involved in metabolism of nicosulfuron. We proposed that isoxadifen-ethyl increases plant metabolism of nicosulfuron through non-P450-catalyzed routes or through P450 monooxygenases not inhibited by piperonyl butoxide, 1-aminobenzotriazole, and malathion. Isoxadifen-ethyl, at a rate of 33 mg kg-1, completely reversed the effects of all doses (37.5–300 mg kg-1) of nicosulfuron on both of the maize cultivars. When the two compounds were given simultaneously, isoxadifen-ethyl enhanced activity of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and acetolactate synthase activity in maize. The free acid 4,5-dihydro-5,5-diphenyl-1,2-oxazole-3-carboxylic was equally effective at inducing GSTs as the parent ester and appeared to be the active safener. GST induction in the maize Zhenghuangnuo No. 2 was faster than in Zhengdan 958.
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20
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Duhoux A, Pernin F, Desserre D, Délye C. Herbicide Safeners Decrease Sensitivity to Herbicides Inhibiting Acetolactate-Synthase and Likely Activate Non-Target-Site-Based Resistance Pathways in the Major Grass Weed Lolium sp. (Rye-Grass). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1310. [PMID: 28848566 PMCID: PMC5551093 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides are currently pivotal to control weeds and sustain food security. Herbicides must efficiently kill weeds while being as harmless as possible for crops, even crops taxonomically close to weeds. To increase their selectivity toward crops, some herbicides are sprayed in association with safeners that are bioactive compounds exacerbating herbicide-degrading pathways reputedly specifically in crops. However, exacerbated herbicide metabolism is also a key mechanism underlying evolved non-target-site-based resistance to herbicides (NTSR) in weeds. This raised the issue of a possible role of safeners on NTSR evolution in weeds. We investigated a possible effect of the respective field rates of the two broadly used safeners cloquintocet-mexyl and mefenpyr-diethyl on the sensitivity of the troublesome global weed Lolium sp. (rye-grass) to the major herbicides inhibiting acetolactate-synthase (ALS) pyroxsulam and iodosulfuron + mesosulfuron, respectively. Three Lolium sp. populations were studied in three series of experiments. The first experiment series compared the frequencies of plants surviving application of each herbicide alone or in association with its safener. Safener co-application caused a net increase ranging from 5.0 to 46.5% in the frequency of plants surviving the field rate of their associated herbicide. In a second series of experiments, safener effect was assessed on individual plant sensitivity using vegetative propagation. A reduction in sensitivity to pyroxsulam and to iodosulfuron + mesosulfuron was observed for 44.4 and 11.1% of the plants in co-treatment with cloquintocet-mexyl and mefenpyr-diethyl, respectively. A third series of experiments investigated safener effect on the expression level of 19 Lolium sp. NTSR marker genes. Safeners showed an enhancing effect on the expression level of 10 genes. Overall, we demonstrated that cloquintocet-mexyl and mefenpyr-diethyl both reduced the sensitivity of Lolium sp. to their associated ALS-inhibiting herbicide and most likely exacerbated herbicide-degrading secondary metabolism pathways. This suggests that genetic variation for safener response is present in Lolium sp. Thus, a possible, uninvestigated way to NTSR evolution could be selection for increased responsiveness to safener action. Delivering safeners exclusively to the crop could mitigate the risk for NTSR evolution in weeds.
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Matsumoto H, Riechers DE, Lygin AV, Baluška F, Sivaguru M. Aluminum Signaling and Potential Links with Safener-Induced Detoxification in Plants. ALUMINUM STRESS ADAPTATION IN PLANTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-19968-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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22
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Kraehmer H, Laber B, Rosinger C, Schulz A. Herbicides as weed control agents: state of the art: I. Weed control research and safener technology: the path to modern agriculture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1119-31. [PMID: 25104723 PMCID: PMC4226364 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.241901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of modern industrial herbicides is to control weeds. The species of weeds that plague crops today are a consequence of the historical past, being related to the history of the evolution of crops and farming practices. Chemical weed control began over a century ago with inorganic compounds and transitioned to the age of organic herbicides. Targeted herbicide research has created a steady stream of successful products. However, safeners have proven to be more difficult to find. Once found, the mode of action of the safener must be determined, partly to help in the discovery of further compounds within the same class. However, mounting regulatory and economic pressure has changed the industry completely, making it harder to find a successful herbicide. Herbicide resistance has also become a major problem, increasing the difficulty of controlling weeds. As a result, the development of new molecules has become a rare event today.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Laber
- Bayer CropScience AG, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Chris Rosinger
- Bayer CropScience AG, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arno Schulz
- Bayer CropScience AG, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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23
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Tang X, Zhou X, Wu J, Li J, Bai L. A novel function of sanshools: the alleviation of injury from metolachlor in rice seedlings. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 110:44-9. [PMID: 24759050 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Szechuan peppers are extensively used as a spice and in traditional medicine in Asia, primarily because of its active compounds, sanshools (S). However, there is only limited mention in agriculture, and there are no papers reporting its use as an herbicide safener. In this study, we provide the first evidence that S can effectively alleviate rice-seedling injury from metolachlor (M). We observed that the M-treated (0.25 μM) rice seedlings, which were 56.0%, 66.0%, and 57.0% of the non-treated control in shoot height, root length, and fresh biomass, respectively, were recovered by S to 93.1%, 97.6%, and 94.8%, respectively. The emergence rate was enhanced to over 80% in the M+S treatment, whereas it was below 60% in the M treatment. This M+S mixture elevated the rice-seedling root activity to higher than 87.0% of the value for the non-treated control. The activity of glutathione transferases in the combined treatments approximately doubles that of the M treatment and quadruples that of the non-treated controls. This effect was positively correlated with the induced expression of OsGSTU3. Our results suggest that S may represent a new group of safeners and enable the possibility of using these compounds for improving plant production or protecting rice from the phytotoxicity of metolachlor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinke Tang
- Institute of Pesticide, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaomao Zhou
- Institute of Pesticide, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Pesticide, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Agricultural Products Quality Monitoring Center of Changsha, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Jingbo Li
- Hunan Institute of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China
| | - Lianyang Bai
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Institute of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China.
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24
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Omics methods for probing the mode of action of natural and synthetic phytotoxins. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:333-47. [PMID: 23355015 PMCID: PMC3589630 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
For a little over a decade, omics methods (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and physionomics) have been used to discover and probe the mode of action of both synthetic and natural phytotoxins. For mode of action discovery, the strategy for each of these approaches is to generate an omics profile for phytotoxins with known molecular targets and to compare this library of responses to the responses of compounds with unknown modes of action. Using more than one omics approach enhances the probability of success. Generally, compounds with the same mode of action generate similar responses with a particular omics method. Stress and detoxification responses to phytotoxins can be much clearer than effects directly related to the target site. Clues to new modes of action must be validated with in vitro enzyme effects or genetic approaches. Thus far, the only new phytotoxin target site discovered with omics approaches (metabolomics and physionomics) is that of cinmethylin and structurally related 5-benzyloxymethyl-1,2-isoxazolines. These omics approaches pointed to tyrosine amino-transferase as the target, which was verified by enzyme assays and genetic methods. In addition to being a useful tool of mode of action discovery, omics methods provide detailed information on genetic and biochemical impacts of phytotoxins. Such information can be useful in understanding the full impact of natural phytotoxins in both agricultural and natural ecosystems.
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25
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Su ZH, Xu ZS, Peng RH, Tian YS, Zhao W, Han HJ, Yao QH, Wu AZ. Phytoremediation of trichlorophenol by Phase II metabolism in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing a Populus glucosyltransferase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:4016-4024. [PMID: 22409265 DOI: 10.1021/es203753b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Trichlorophenol (TCP) and its derivatives are introduced into the environment through numerous sources, including wood preservatives and biocides. Environmental contamination by TCPs is associated with human health risks, necessitating the development of cost-effective remediation techniques. Efficient phytoremediation of TCP is potentially feasible because it contains a hydroxyl group and is suitable for direct phase II metabolism. In this study, we present a system for TCP phytoremediation based on sugar conjugation by overexpressing a Populus putative UDP-glc-dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT). The enzyme PtUGT72B1 displayed the highest TCP-conjugating activity among all reported UGTs. Transgenic Arabidopsis demonstrated significantly enhanced tolerances to 2,4,5-TCP and 2,4,6-TCP. Transgenic plants also exhibited a strikingly higher capacity to remove TCP from their media. This work indicates that Populus UGT overexpression in Arabidopsis may be an efficient method for phytoremoval and degradation of TCP. Our findings have the potential to provide a suitable remediation strategy for sites contaminated by TCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hong Su
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Behringer C, Bartsch K, Schaller A. Safeners recruit multiple signalling pathways for the orchestrated induction of the cellular xenobiotic detoxification machinery in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:1970-85. [PMID: 21726238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Safeners enhance herbicide tolerance in crop plants but not in target weeds, thus improving herbicide selectivity. The safeners isoxadifen-ethyl and mefenpyr-diethyl protect cereal crops from sulfonyl urea herbicides in postemergence application. The two safeners were shown here to induce the cellular xenobiotic detoxification machinery in Arabidopsis thaliana when applied to leaves in a way mimicking field application. Gene expression profiling revealed the induction of 446 genes potentially involved in the detoxification process. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a reporter gene under control of a safener-responsive maize promoter were used as a model system to study the safener signalling pathway. Reporter gene analysis in the tga2/3/5/6, sid2-2 and npr1 mutants as compared with the wild-type background showed that safener inducibility required TGA transcription factors and salicylic acid (SA) in a NON-EXPRESSOR of PR-1 (NPR1)-independent pathway converging on two as-1 promoter elements. For the majority of the safener-responsive Arabidopsis genes, a similar dependence on TGA transcription factors and/or SA was shown by gene expression profiling in wild-type plants as compared with the tga2/3/5/6 and sid2-2 mutants. Thirty-eight percent of the genes, however, were induced by safeners in a TGA/SA-independent manner. These genes are likely to be controlled by WRKY transcription factors and cognate W-boxes in their promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Behringer
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Skipsey M, Knight KM, Brazier-Hicks M, Dixon DP, Steel PG, Edwards R. Xenobiotic responsiveness of Arabidopsis thaliana to a chemical series derived from a herbicide safener. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32268-76. [PMID: 21778235 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.252726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to synthetic chemicals by eliciting a xenobiotic response (XR) that enhances the expression of detoxifying enzymes such as glutathione transferases (GSTs). In agrochemistry, the ability of safeners to induce an XR is used to increase herbicide detoxification in cereal crops. Based on the responsiveness of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to the rice safener fenclorim (4,6-dichloro-2-phenylpyrimidine), a series of related derivatives was prepared and tested for the ability to induce GSTs in cell suspension cultures. The XR in Arabidopsis could be divided into rapid and slow types depending on subtle variations in the reactivity (electrophilicity) and chemical structure of the derivatives. In a comparative microarray study, Arabidopsis cultures were treated with closely related compounds that elicited rapid (fenclorim) and slow (4-chloro-6-methyl-2-phenylpyrimidine) XRs. Both chemicals induced major changes in gene expression, including a coordinated suppression in cell wall biosynthesis and an up-regulation in detoxification pathways, whereas only fenclorim selectively induced sulfur and phenolic metabolism. These transcriptome studies suggested several linkages between the XR and oxidative and oxylipin signaling. Confirming links with abiotic stress signaling, suppression of glutathione content enhanced GST induction by fenclorim, whereas fatty acid desaturase mutants, which were unable to synthesize oxylipins, showed an attenuated XR. Examining the significance of these studies to agrochemistry, only those fenclorim derivatives that elicited a rapid XR proved effective in increasing herbicide tolerance (safening) in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Skipsey
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Edwards R, Dixon DP, Cummins I, Brazier-Hicks M, Skipsey M. New Perspectives on the Metabolism and Detoxification of Synthetic Compounds in Plants. PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9852-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Cummins I, Bryant DN, Edwards R. Safener responsiveness and multiple herbicide resistance in the weed black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2009; 7:807-20. [PMID: 19754839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Safeners enhance the selectivity of graminicidal herbicides such as fenoxaprop ethyl in cereals, by increasing their rates of detoxification in the crop. While studying the selectivity of fenoxaprop ethyl in wheat, we determined that the safeners mefenpyr diethyl and fenchlorazole ethyl also enhanced herbicide tolerance in the competing weed black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides). Fenoxaprop ethyl was detoxified by conjugation with glutathione in both wheat and black-grass, with the resulting metabolites processed to the respective cysteine derivatives, which were then N-glycosylated. In black-grass, these detoxification pathways were only slightly enhanced by safeners, suggesting that metabolism alone was unlikely to account for increased herbicide tolerance. Instead, it was determined that safening was associated with an accumulation of glutathione and hydroxymethylglutathione and enzymes with antioxidant functions including phi and lambda glutathione transferases, active as glutathione peroxidases and thiol transferases respectively. These safener-induced changes closely mirrored those determined in two independent black-grass populations that had acquired multiple herbicide resistance (MHR) in the field. In addition to enhanced glutathione metabolism, both safener treatment and MHR resulted in elevated levels of flavonoids in the foliage of black-grass plants, notably flavone-C-glycosides and anthocyanins. Our results demonstrate that safening in a grass weed is associated with an inducible activation in antioxidant and secondary metabolism which mirrors the biochemical phenotype exhibited in plants that are resistant to multiple classes of herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cummins
- Centre for Bioactive Chemistry, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
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Jorrín-Novo JV, Maldonado AM, Echevarría-Zomeño S, Valledor L, Castillejo MA, Curto M, Valero J, Sghaier B, Donoso G, Redondo I. Plant proteomics update (2007–2008): Second-generation proteomic techniques, an appropriate experimental design, and data analysis to fulfill MIAPE standards, increase plant proteome coverage and expand biological knowledge. J Proteomics 2009; 72:285-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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