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Koistinen H, Kovanen RM, Hollenberg MD, Dufour A, Radisky ES, Stenman UH, Batra J, Clements J, Hooper JD, Diamandis E, Schilling O, Rannikko A, Mirtti T. The roles of proteases in prostate cancer. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:493-513. [PMID: 36598826 PMCID: PMC10159896 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the proposition of the pro-invasive activity of proteolytic enzymes over 70 years ago, several roles for proteases in cancer progression have been established. About half of the 473 active human proteases are expressed in the prostate and many of the most well-characterized members of this enzyme family are regulated by androgens, hormones essential for development of prostate cancer. Most notably, several kallikrein-related peptidases, including KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen, PSA), the most well-known prostate cancer marker, and type II transmembrane serine proteases, such as TMPRSS2 and matriptase, have been extensively studied and found to promote prostate cancer progression. Recent findings also suggest a critical role for proteases in the development of advanced and aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Perhaps the most intriguing evidence for this role comes from studies showing that the protease-activated transmembrane proteins, Notch and CDCP1, are associated with the development of CRPC. Here, we review the roles of proteases in prostate cancer, with a special focus on their regulation by androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Ruusu-Maaria Kovanen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Evette S. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John D. Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eleftherios Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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PRSS2 remodels the tumor microenvironment via repression of Tsp1 to stimulate tumor growth and progression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7959. [PMID: 36575174 PMCID: PMC9794699 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35649-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of cancer from localized to metastatic disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality. The interplay between the tumor and its microenvironment is the key driver in this process of tumor progression. In order for tumors to progress and metastasize they must reprogram the cells that make up the microenvironment to promote tumor growth and suppress endogenous defense systems, such as the immune and inflammatory response. We have previously demonstrated that stimulation of Tsp-1 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) potently inhibits tumor growth and progression. Here, we identify a novel tumor-mediated mechanism that represses the expression of Tsp-1 in the TME via secretion of the serine protease PRSS2. We demonstrate that PRSS2 represses Tsp-1, not via its enzymatic activity, but by binding to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). These findings describe a hitherto undescribed activity for PRSS2 through binding to LRP1 and represent a potential therapeutic strategy to treat cancer by blocking the PRSS2-mediated repression of Tsp-1. Based on the ability of PRSS2 to reprogram the tumor microenvironment, this discovery could lead to the development of therapeutic agents that are indication agnostic.
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3
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Björkman K, Kaprio T, Beilmann-Lehtonen I, Stenman UH, Böckelman C, Haglund C. TATI, TAT-2, and CRP as Prognostic Factors in Colorectal Cancer. Oncology 2021; 100:22-30. [PMID: 34794144 DOI: 10.1159/000518956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, with an obvious need for more accurate prognostics. Previous studies identified C-reactive protein (CRP) as a prognostic serum biomarker for colorectal cancer, whereas the biomarkers tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) and tumor-associated trypsin-2 (TAT-2) are less well-known prognostic factors. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the prognostic role of these biomarkers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our cohort consisted of 219 women and 274 men who underwent colorectal cancer surgery at Helsinki University Central Hospital from 1998 through 2005. Serum and plasma samples were collected before surgery, aliquoted, stored at -80°C, and then analyzed using high-sensitivity methods with commercially available time-resolved immunofluorometric assay kits. RESULTS In univariate analysis, CRP (HR 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25-2.23; p = 0.001), TATI (HR 1.87; 95% CI: 1.13-3.08; p = 0.014), and TAT-2 (HR 1.52; 95% CI: 1.13-2.06; p = 0.006) were significant prognostic biomarkers across the entire cohort. In subgroup analyses, TATI and TAT-2 represented significant negative prognostic factors among patients older than 66, while patients with left-sided disease, a high serum TAT-2, or a high plasma CRP experienced worse prognosis. None of the biomarkers emerged as important in the disease stage subgroup analysis nor did they serve as independent factors in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS TATI and TAT-2 as well as CRP significantly, but not independently, served as prognostic factors in our cohort of colorectal cancer patients. Further research is needed to fully understand their clinical role in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Björkman
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Kaprio
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ines Beilmann-Lehtonen
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Böckelman
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Park KC, Dharmasivam M, Richardson DR. The Role of Extracellular Proteases in Tumor Progression and the Development of Innovative Metal Ion Chelators that Inhibit their Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6805. [PMID: 32948029 PMCID: PMC7555822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial role of extracellular proteases in cancer progression is well-known, especially in relation to the promotion of cell invasion through extracellular matrix remodeling. This also occurs by the ability of extracellular proteases to induce the shedding of transmembrane proteins at the plasma membrane surface or within extracellular vesicles. This process results in the regulation of key signaling pathways by the modulation of kinases, e.g., the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Considering their regulatory roles in cancer, therapeutics targeting various extracellular proteases have been discovered. These include the metal-binding agents di-2-pyridylketone 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT) and di-2-pyridylketone-4-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (DpC), which increase c-MET degradation by multiple mechanisms. Both the direct and indirect inhibition of protease expression and activity can be achieved through metal ion depletion. Considering direct mechanisms, chelators can bind zinc(II) that plays a catalytic role in enzyme activity. In terms of indirect mechanisms, Dp44mT and DpC potently suppress the expression of the kallikrein-related peptidase-a prostate-specific antigen-in prostate cancer cells. The mechanism of this activity involves promotion of the degradation of the androgen receptor. Additional suppressive mechanisms of Dp44mT and DpC on matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) relate to their ability to up-regulate the metastasis suppressors N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1) and NDRG2, which down-regulate MMPs that are crucial for cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Chan Park
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (K.C.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Mahendiran Dharmasivam
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (K.C.P.); (M.D.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute of Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane 4111, Australia
| | - Des R. Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (K.C.P.); (M.D.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute of Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane 4111, Australia
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Abstract
A crucial step for tumor cell extravasation and metastasis is the migration through the extracellular matrix, which requires proteolytic activity. Hence, proteases, particularly matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), have been discussed as therapeutic targets and their inhibition should diminish tumor growth and metastasis. The metalloproteases meprin α and meprin β are highly abundant on intestinal enterocytes and their expression was associated with different stages of colorectal cancer. Due to their ability to cleave extracellular matrix (ECM) components, they were suggested as pro-tumorigenic enzymes. Additionally, both meprins were shown to have pro-inflammatory activity by cleaving cytokines and their receptors, which correlates with chronic intestinal inflammation and associated conditions. On the other hand, meprin β was identified as an essential enzyme for the detachment and renewal of the intestinal mucus, important to prevent bacterial overgrowth and infection. Considering this, it is hard to estimate whether high activity of meprins is generally detrimental or if these enzymes have also protective functions in certain cancer types. For instance, for colorectal cancer, patients with high meprin β expression in tumor tissue exhibit a better survival prognosis, which is completely different to prostate cancer. This demonstrates that the very same enzyme may have contrary effects on tumor initiation and growth, depending on its tissue and subcellular localization. Hence, precise knowledge about proteolytic enzymes is required to design the most efficient therapeutic options for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the current findings on meprins' functions, expression, and cancer-associated variants with possible implications for tumor progression and metastasis.
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6
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Tan Z, Gao L, Wang Y, Yin H, Xi Y, Wu X, Shao Y, Qiu W, Du P, Shen W, Fu L, Jia R, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Sun Z, Chen H, Hu X, Xu J, Wang Y. PRSS contributes to cetuximab resistance in colorectal cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax5576. [PMID: 31911942 PMCID: PMC6938705 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax5576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cetuximab improves the survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. The main limitation is primary and secondary resistance, the underlying mechanism of which requires extensive investigation. We proved that PRSS expression levels are significantly negatively associated with the sensitivity of cancer cells to cetuximab. Detailed mechanistic analysis indicated that PRSS can cleave cetuximab, leading to resistance. Cetuximab or bevacizumab combined with SPINK1, a PRSS inhibitor, inhibited cell growth more efficiently than cetuximab or bevacizumab alone in xenograft models. PRSS levels in the serum of 156 patients with mCRC were analyzed, and poor efficacy of cetuximab therapy was observed in patients with aberrant PRSS expression. PRSS expression in monoclonal antibody (mAb)-treated patients with cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas database was also evaluated to determine whether patients with higher PRSS expression have significantly reduced progression-free survival. Our work provides a strong scientific rationale for targeting PRSS in combination with cetuximab therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoli Tan
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, the Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, the Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Yin
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing, China
| | - Yongyi Xi
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Wu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Shao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyi Qiu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Du
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Shen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Fu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing, China
| | - Ru Jia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, the Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanhua Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, the Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, the Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihu Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxing Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing, China
| | - Xianwen Hu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author. (Youliang Wang); (J.X.); (X.H.)
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, the Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author. (Youliang Wang); (J.X.); (X.H.)
| | - Youliang Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author. (Youliang Wang); (J.X.); (X.H.)
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7
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Beyene DA, Naab TJ, Kanarek NF, Apprey V, Esnakula A, Khan FA, Blackman MR, Brown CA, Hudson TS. Differential expression of Annexin 2, SPINK1, and Hsp60 predict progression of prostate cancer through bifurcated WHO Gleason score categories in African American men. Prostate 2018; 78:801-811. [PMID: 29682763 PMCID: PMC7257440 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies have observed several markers correlate with progression of prostate cancer (PCa), no specific markers have been identified that accurately predict the progression of this disease, even in African American (AA) men who are generally at higher risk than other ethnic groups. The primary goal of this study was to explore whether three markers could predict the progression of PCa. METHOD We investigated protein expression of Annexin 2 (ANX2), serine peptidase inhibitor, kazal type 1(SPINK1)/tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI), and heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) in 79 archival human prostate trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy tissues according to a modified World Health Organization (WHO) classification: normal (WHO1a), Gleason Score (GS6 (WHO1b), GS7 subgroups (WHO2 = 3 + 4, WHO3 = 4 + 3), GS8 (WHO4), and GS9-10 (WHO5). AA men aged 41-90 diagnosed from 1990 to 2013 at Howard University were included. Automated staining assessed expression of each biomarker. Spearman correlation assessed the direction and relationship between biomarkers, WHO and modified WHO GS, age, and 5-year survival. A two-tailed t-test and ANOVA evaluated biomarkers expression in relationship to WHO normal and other GS levels, and between WHO GS levels. A logistic and linear regression analysis examined the relationship between biomarker score and WHO GS categories. Kaplan-Meier curves graphed survival. RESULTS ANX2 expression decreased monotonically with the progression of PCa while expression of SPINK1/TATI and Hsp60 increased but had a more WHO GS-specific effect; SPINK1/TATI differed between normal and GS 2-6 and HSP60 differed between GS 7 and GS 2-6. WHO GS was found to be significantly and negatively associated with ANX2, and positively with SPINK1/TATI and Hsp60 expression. High SPINK1/TATI expression together with the low ANX2 expression at higher GS exhibited a bi-directional relationship that is associated with PCa progression and survival. CONCLUSION Importantly, the data reveal that ANX2, and SPINK1/TAT1 highly associate with WHO GS and with the transition from one stage of PrCa to the next in AA men. Future research is needed in biracial and larger population studies to confirm this dynamic relationship between ANX2 and SPINK1 as independent predictors of PCa progression in all men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desta A Beyene
- Research Service, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Howard University Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Tammey J Naab
- Howard University Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Norma F Kanarek
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Victor Apprey
- National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ashwini Esnakula
- Howard University Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Farahan A Khan
- Howard University Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Marc R Blackman
- Research Service, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Collis A Brown
- Howard University Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Tamaro S Hudson
- Research Service, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Howard University Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
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8
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Xie Y, Chen L, Lv X, Hou G, Wang Y, Jiang C, Zhu H, Xu N, Wu L, Lou X, Liu S. The levels of serine proteases in colon tissue interstitial fluid and serum serve as an indicator of colorectal cancer progression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:32592-606. [PMID: 27081040 PMCID: PMC5078036 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins in tissue interstitial fluids (TIFs) can spread into the blood and have been proposed as an ideal material to find blood biomarkers. The colon TIFs were collected from 8-, 13-, 18-, and 22-week ApcMin/+, a typical mouse model of colorectal cancer (CRC), and wild-type mice. iTRAQ-based quantification proteomics was conducted to survey the TIF proteins whose abundance appeared to depend on tumor progression. A total of 46 proteins that exhibited consecutive changes in abundance were identified, including six serine proteases, chymotrypsin-like elastase 1 (CELA1), chymotrypsin-like elastase 2A (CEL2A), chymopasin, chymotrypsinogen B (CTRB1), trypsin 2 (TRY2), and trypsin 4 (TRY4). The observed increases in the abundance of serine proteases were supported in another quantitative evaluation of the individual colon TIFs using a multiple reaction monitor (MRM) assay. Importantly, the increases in the abundance of serine proteases were also verified in the corresponding sera. The quantitative verification of the serine proteases was further extended to the clinical sera, revealing significantly higher levels of CELA1, CEL2A, CTRL/chymopasin, and TRY2 in CRC patients. The receiver operating characteristic analysis illustrated that the combination of CELA1 and CTRL reached the best diagnostic performance, with 90.0% sensitivity and 80.0% specificity. Thus, the quantitative target analysis demonstrated that some serine proteases are indicative of CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lechuang Chen
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaolei Lv
- Beijing Protein Innovation, Beijing, 101318, China
| | - Guixue Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cuicui Jiang
- Beijing Protein Innovation, Beijing, 101318, China
| | - Hongxia Zhu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lin Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Beijing Protein Innovation, Beijing, 101318, China.,Proteomics Division, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
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9
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Vinceneux A, Bruyère F, Haillot O, Charles T, de la Taille A, Salomon L, Allory Y, Ouzaid I, Choudat L, Rouprêt M, Comperat E, Houede N, Beauval JB, Vourc'h P, Fromont G. Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate: Clinical and biological profiles. Prostate 2017; 77:1242-1250. [PMID: 28699202 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ductal adenocarcinoma (DAC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of prostate cancer (PCa). In the present study, we analyzed the clinical and biological characteristics of DAC, in comparison with high grade conventional acinar PCa. METHODS Samples and data were retrospectively collected from seven institutions and centrally reviewed. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarrays to assess the expression of candidate proteins, based on the molecular classification of PCa, including ERG, PTEN, and SPINK1. SPOP mutations were investigated from tumor DNA by Sanger sequencing. Relationships with outcome were analyzed using log-rank analysis and multivariable Cox regression. RESULTS Among 56 reviewed prostatectomy specimens, 45 cases of DAC were finally confirmed. The pathological stage was pT3 in more than 66% of cases. ERG was expressed in 42% of DAC, SPINK1 in 9% (all ERG-negative), and two cases (ERG-negative) harbored a SPOP mutation. Compared to high grade conventional PCa matched for the pathological stage, cell proliferation was higher (P = 0.04) in DAC, and complete PTEN loss more frequent (P = 0.023). In multivariate analysis, SPINK1 overexpression (P = 0.017) and loss of PSA immunostaining (P = 0.02) were significantly associated with biochemical recurrence. CONCLUSION these results suggest that, despite biological differences that highlighted DAC aggressiveness, the molecular classification recently proposed in conventional PCa could also be applied in DAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Vinceneux
- Department of Pathology, CHU de tours, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- INSERM UMR 1069, Tours, France
| | - Franck Bruyère
- Department of Urology, CHU de Tours, Pres Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Olivier Haillot
- Department of Urology, CHU de Tours, Pres Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Charles
- Service d'Urologie, CHU de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Laurent Salomon
- Department of Urology, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - Yves Allory
- Department of Pathology and Tissue Biobank Unit, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - Idir Ouzaid
- Department of Urology, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Choudat
- Department of Pathology, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Morgan Rouprêt
- Department of Urology, Pitié- Salpétrière Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Eva Comperat
- Department of Pathology, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Houede
- Department of Medical Oncology, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Caremeau, Nîmes, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Beauval
- Department of Urology, Andrology and Renal Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Vourc'h
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, INSERM U930, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Gaëlle Fromont
- Department of Pathology, CHU de tours, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- INSERM UMR 1069, Tours, France
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10
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Abstract
This review describes studies performed by our group and other laboratories in the field aimed at development of biomarkers not only for cancer but also for other diseases. The markers covered include tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI), tumor-associated trypsin (TAT), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and their various molecular forms, their biology and diagnostic use. The discovery of TATI was the result of a hypothesis-driven project aimed at finding new biomarkers for ovarian cancer among urinary peptides. TATI has since proved to be a useful prognostic marker for several cancers. Recently, it has been named Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 (SPINK1) after being rediscovered by several groups as a tumor-associated peptide by gene expression profiling and proteomic techniques and shown to promote tumor development by stimulating the EGF receptor. To explain why a trypsin inhibitor is strongly expressed in some cancers, research focused on the protease that it inhibited led to the finding of tumor-associated trypsin (TAT). Elevated serum concentrations of TAT-2 were found in some cancer types, but fairly high background levels of pancreatic trypsinogen-2 limited the use of TAT-2 for cancer diagnostics. However, trypsinogen-2 and its complex with α1-protease inhibitor proved to be very sensitive and specific markers for pancreatitis. Studies on hCG were initiated by the need to develop more rapid and sensitive pregnancy tests. These studies showed that serum from men and non-pregnant women contains measurable concentrations of hCG derived from the pituitary. Subsequent development of assays for the subunits of hCG showed that the β subunit of hCG (hCGβ) is expressed at low concentrations by most cancers and that it is a strong prognostic marker. These studies led to the formation of a working group for standardization of hCG determinations and the development of new reference reagents for several molecular forms of hCG. The preparation of intact hCG has been adopted as the fifth international standard by WHO. Availability of several well-defined forms of hCG made it possible to characterize the epitopes of nearly 100 monoclonal antibodies. This will facilitate design of immunoassays with pre-defined specificity. Finally, the discovery of different forms of immunoreactive PSA in serum from a prostate cancer patient led to identification of the complex between PSA and α1-antichymotrypsin, and the use of assays for free and total PSA in serum for improved diagnosis of prostate cancer. Epitope mapping of PSA antibodies and establishment of PSA standards has facilitated establishment well-standardized assays for the various forms of PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- a Department of Clinical Chemistry , Biomedicum, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH) , Helsinki , Finland
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11
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Fang BA, Kovačević Ž, Park KC, Kalinowski DS, Jansson PJ, Lane DJR, Sahni S, Richardson DR. Molecular functions of the iron-regulated metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, and its potential as a molecular target for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1845:1-19. [PMID: 24269900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-myc down-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a known metastasis suppressor in multiple cancers, being also involved in embryogenesis and development, cell growth and differentiation, lipid biosynthesis and myelination, stress responses and immunity. In addition to its primary role as a metastasis suppressor, NDRG1 can also influence other stages of carcinogenesis, namely angiogenesis and primary tumour growth. NDRG1 is regulated by multiple effectors in normal and neoplastic cells, including N-myc, histone acetylation, hypoxia, cellular iron levels and intracellular calcium. Further, studies have found that NDRG1 is up-regulated in neoplastic cells after treatment with novel iron chelators, which are a promising therapy for effective cancer management. Although the pathways by which NDRG1 exerts its functions in cancers have been documented, the relationship between the molecular structure of this protein and its functions remains unclear. In fact, recent studies suggest that, in certain cancers, NDRG1 is post-translationally modified, possibly by the activity of endogenous trypsins, leading to a subsequent alteration in its metastasis suppressor activity. This review describes the role of this important metastasis suppressor and discusses interesting unresolved issues regarding this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard A Fang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Žaklina Kovačević
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kyung Chan Park
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Darius J R Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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12
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Grupp K, Diebel F, Sirma H, Simon R, Breitmeyer K, Steurer S, Hube-Magg C, Prien K, Pham T, Weigand P, Michl U, Heinzer H, Kluth M, Minner S, Tsourlakis MC, Izbicki JR, Sauter G, Schlomm T, Wilczak W. SPINK1 expression is tightly linked to 6q15- and 5q21-deleted ERG-fusion negative prostate cancers but unrelated to PSA recurrence. Prostate 2013; 73:1690-8. [PMID: 23843146 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) has been suggested to define an aggressive molecular subtype of ERG-fusion negative prostate cancer. It was the aim of this study to further study the clinical relevance of SPINK1 expression and its relationship with other key genomic alterations of prostate cancer. METHODS A tissue microarray containing more than 10,000 prostate cancers with clinical follow-up was used for immunohistochemical SPINK1 analysis. Data on ERG status as well as PTEN, 6q, 5q, and 3p deletions were available for comparison. RESULTS SPINK1 expression was absent in benign prostate glands and detectable in 5.9% of 9,503 interpretable prostate cancers. Presence of SPINK1 expression was markedly more frequent in ERG negative (10.4%) than in ERG positive cancers (0.3%; P < 0.0001). However, SPINK1 expression was unrelated to tumor phenotype and biochemical recurrence in all cancers and in the subgroup of ERG negative cancers. Further subgroup analyses revealed, however, that--within ERG negative cancers--SPINK1 expression was significantly linked to deletions at 6q15 (P < 0.0001) and 5q21 (P = 0.0042). CONCLUSIONS Our results exclude SPINK1 as a relevant prognostic prostate cancer biomarker. However, the data demonstrate that SPINK1 overexpression is tightly linked to the small subsets of 6q15- and 5q21-deleted ERG negative prostate cancers. These findings support the concept of molecularly defined subtypes of prostate cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Prognosis
- Prostate/metabolism
- Prostate/pathology
- Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Tissue Array Analysis
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Transcriptional Regulator ERG
- Trypsin Inhibitor, Kazal Pancreatic
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Grupp
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Proteolytic cleavage and truncation of NDRG1 in human prostate cancer cells, but not normal prostate epithelial cells. Biosci Rep 2013; 33:BSR20130042. [PMID: 23634903 PMCID: PMC3679596 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20130042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NDRG1 (N-myc downstream regulated gene-1) is a metastasis suppressor that is down-regulated in prostate cancer. NDRG1 phosphorylation is associated with inhibition of metastasis and Western blots indicate two bands at ~41 and ~46 kDa. Previous investigations by others suggest the higher band is due to NDRG1 phosphorylation. However, the current study using a dephosphorylation assay and the Phos-tag (phosphate-binding tag) SDS/PAGE assay, demonstrated that the 46 kDa NDRG1 protein band was not due to phosphorylation. Further experiments showed that the NDRG1 protein bands were not affected upon glycosidase treatment, despite marked effects of these enzymes on the glycosylated protein, fetuin. Analysis using RT–PCR (reverse transcriptase–PCR) demonstrated only a single amplicon, and thus, the two bands could not result from an alternatively spliced NDRG1 transcript. Western-blot analysis of prostate cancer cell lysates identified the 41 kDa band to be a truncated form of NDRG1, with MS confirming the full and truncated proteins to be NDRG1. Significantly, this truncated protein was not present in normal human PrECs (prostate epithelial cells). Western-blot analysis using anti-NDRG1 raised to its N-terminal sequence failed to detect the truncated protein, suggesting that it lacked N-terminus amino acids (residues 1–49). Sequence analysis predicted a pseudotrypsin protease cleavage site between Cys49–Gly50. Such cleavage of NDRG1 in cancer cells may result in loss of NDRG1 tumour suppressive activity.
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14
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Avgeris M, Stravodimos K, Scorilas A. Kallikrein-related peptidase 4 gene (KLK4) in prostate tumors: quantitative expression analysis and evaluation of its clinical significance. Prostate 2011; 71:1780-9. [PMID: 21520157 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently accumulating evidences underline the central role of the kallikrein-related peptidases family (KLKs) in prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. The KLK4 is a prostate highly expressed gene under the transcriptional control of androgens, encoding for the KLK4 extracellular serine protease. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression status of KLK4 in PCa patients in order to reveal its utility in PCa establishment and clinical management. METHODS Prostatic tissue specimens were obtained from 60 PCa and 59 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) randomly chosen patients. Using a developed quantitative real-time RT-PCR method, KLK4 expression levels were determined in the specimens of the two patients' cohorts. Advance biostatistical analysis was completed to explore the clinical value of KLK4 expression in PCa and BPH patients. RESULTS PCa patients presented a statistically significant (P = 0.002) elevation, more than threefold, of the KLK4 transcripts compared to BPH ones. The KLK4 expression levels were also positive correlated with PCa patients' stage (P = 0.031) and preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) serum concentrations (P < 0.001). ROC curve and logistic regression analysis revealed the significant (P = 0.002) and the independent (P = 0.044) clinical value of the KLK4 expression for the discrimination of PCa from BPH patients. CONCLUSIONS The KLK4 expression analysis reveals its up-regulation in PCa cells, which is significantly associated with the advanced stages of the disease and the patients' preoperative PSA serum levels. KLK4 quantification serves as an independent biomarker for the discrimination between the malignant and the benign nature of prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaritis Avgeris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
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15
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Ateeq B, Tomlins SA, Laxman B, Asangani IA, Cao Q, Cao X, Li Y, Wang X, Feng FY, Pienta KJ, Varambally S, Chinnaiyan AM. Therapeutic targeting of SPINK1-positive prostate cancer. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:72ra17. [PMID: 21368222 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gene fusions involving ETS (erythroblastosis virus E26 transformation-specific) family transcription factors are found in ~50% of prostate cancers and as such can be used as a basis for the molecular subclassification of prostate cancer. Previously, we showed that marked overexpression of SPINK1 (serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1), which encodes a secreted serine protease inhibitor, defines an aggressive molecular subtype of ETS fusion-negative prostate cancers (SPINK1+/ETS⁻, ~10% of all prostate cancers). Here, we examined the potential of SPINK1 as an extracellular therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Recombinant SPINK1 protein (rSPINK1) stimulated cell proliferation in benign RWPE as well as cancerous prostate cells. Indeed, RWPE cells treated with either rSPINK1 or conditioned medium from 22RV1 prostate cancer cells (SPINK1+/ETS⁻) significantly increased cell invasion and intravasation when compared with untreated cells. In contrast, knockdown of SPINK1 in 22RV1 cells inhibited cell proliferation, cell invasion, and tumor growth in xenograft assays. 22RV1 cell proliferation, invasion, and intravasation were attenuated by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to SPINK1 as well. We also demonstrated that SPINK1 partially mediated its neoplastic effects through interaction with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Administration of antibodies to SPINK1 or EGFR (cetuximab) in mice bearing 22RV1 xenografts attenuated tumor growth by more than 60 and 40%, respectively, or ~75% when combined, without affecting PC3 xenograft (SPINK1⁻/ETS⁻) growth. Thus, this study suggests that SPINK1 may be a therapeutic target in a subset of patients with SPINK1+/ETS⁻ prostate cancer. Our results provide a rationale for both the development of humanized mAbs to SPINK1 and evaluation of EGFR inhibition in SPINK1+/ETS⁻ prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Ateeq
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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16
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Tomlins SA, Rhodes DR, Yu J, Varambally S, Mehra R, Perner S, Demichelis F, Helgeson BE, Laxman B, Morris DS, Cao Q, Cao X, Andrén O, Fall K, Johnson L, Wei JT, Shah RB, Al-Ahmadie H, Eastham JA, Eggener SE, Fine SW, Hotakainen K, Stenman UH, Tsodikov A, Gerald WL, Lilja H, Reuter VE, Kantoff PW, Scardino PT, Rubin MA, Bjartell AS, Chinnaiyan AM. The role of SPINK1 in ETS rearrangement-negative prostate cancers. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:519-28. [PMID: 18538735 PMCID: PMC2732022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ETS gene fusions have been characterized in a majority of prostate cancers; however, the key molecular alterations in ETS-negative cancers are unclear. Here we used an outlier meta-analysis (meta-COPA) to identify SPINK1 outlier expression exclusively in a subset of ETS rearrangement-negative cancers ( approximately 10% of total cases). We validated the mutual exclusivity of SPINK1 expression and ETS fusion status, demonstrated that SPINK1 outlier expression can be detected noninvasively in urine, and observed that SPINK1 outlier expression is an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence after resection. We identified the aggressive 22RV1 cell line as a SPINK1 outlier expression model and demonstrate that SPINK1 knockdown in 22RV1 attenuates invasion, suggesting a functional role in ETS rearrangement-negative prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Tomlins
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Daniel R. Rhodes
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Center for Computational Medicine and Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jianjun Yu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Center for Computational Medicine and Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sooryanarayana Varambally
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sven Perner
- Department of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Institute of Pathology, University, Hospitals Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Department of Pathology, Boston, MA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Beth E. Helgeson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Bharathi Laxman
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - David S. Morris
- Center for Computational Medicine and Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Qi Cao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Xuhong Cao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ove Andrén
- Department of Urology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Katja Fall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Johnson
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John T. Wei
- Center for Computational Medicine and Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Rajal B. Shah
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Center for Computational Medicine and Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Hikmat Al-Ahmadie
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - James A. Eastham
- Department of Surgery /Urology Services, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Scott E. Eggener
- Department of Surgery /Urology Services, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Samson W. Fine
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kristina Hotakainen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Alex Tsodikov
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Center for Computational Medicine and Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - William L. Gerald
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Hans Lilja
- Department of Surgery /Urology Services, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Clinical Laboratories and Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital UMAS, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Victor E. Reuter
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Phillip W. Kantoff
- Department of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Peter T. Scardino
- Department of Surgery /Urology Services, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Department of Pathology, Boston, MA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Anders S. Bjartell
- Department of Surgery /Urology Services, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Urology, University Hospital UMAS, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Arul M. Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Center for Computational Medicine and Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Center for Computational Medicine and Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Address correspondence and requests for reprints to: Arul M. Chinnaiyan, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1400 E. Medical Center Dr. 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0602 Phone: (734) 615-4062 Fax: (734) 615-4498.
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17
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Lai CL, van den Ham R, van Leenders G, van der Lugt J, Mol JA, Teske E. Histopathological and immunohistochemical characterization of canine prostate cancer. Prostate 2008; 68:477-88. [PMID: 18196537 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study we try to identify the origin of canine prostate cancer (cPC) by classifying the tumors histological subtypes and relate these subtypes to their combined expressional characteristics of several tissue specific and differentiation markers. METHODS cPCs were examined histomorphologically and by immunohistochemical detection of the cytokeratin markers CK14, HMWCK, CK5, CK18, and CK7, and of the markers UPIII, PSA and PSMA. RESULTS Histopathologically, six growth patterns could be differentiated. The most frequent patterns were solid, cribriform and micropapillary growth patterns, while sarcomatoid, small acinar/ductal, and tubulo-papillary growth patterns were less frequent present. Solid growth patterns were significantly (P = 0.027) more often seen in castrated dogs. Immunohistochemically, about half of the cPC cases showed expression of PSA (8/20) and PSMA (10/20); 85% and 60% of the cPC expressed UPIII (17/20) and CK7 (12/20), while 13 and 12 cPC expressed CK5 and CK14, respectively; all cPC expressed CK18. CK14 was significantly more often and UPIII less frequent expressed in the solid growth patterns than in the micropapillary and cribriform patterns, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Canine prostate cancer appear to be more aggressive and of a less differentiated type than most common human prostate cancers. Comparing the expression patterns of the markers in cPC to those in normal canine prostate tissue, cPC most likely originates from the collecting ducts rather than from the peripheral acini. Given also the fact that canine prostate cancer is unresponsive to androgen withdrawal therapy, canine prostate cancer mostly resembles human, androgen refractory, poorly differentiated prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Li Lai
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Edwards J, Leung HY. Editorial comment on: Increased expression of tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor, TATI, in prostate cancer and in androgen-independent 22Rv1 cells. Eur Urol 2007; 52:1680-1. [PMID: 17306442 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Moffatt JD. Proteinase-activated receptors in the lower urinary tract. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 375:1-9. [PMID: 17294233 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors that convert specific extracellular proteolytic activity into intracellular signals, and have been suggested to play diverse roles in the body. In this review, evidence for the roles of PARs in bladder contractility and inflammation are presented. The role of PARs in prostate cancer is also reviewed. The existing literature in this area can be difficult to interpret due to the many nonspecific actions of the pharmacological tools employed. Although there are reports that PAR activators can cause contraction of bladder smooth muscle, further pharmacological and molecular studies are required to define roles for these receptors in bladder contractility. While structural studies suggest that roles for PARs in bladder inflammation are likely, few functional investigations have been performed. The significance of the expression of PARs on sensory nerves innervating the bladder and changes in receptor expression in inflammatory disease models are fascinating areas for future research. Finally, it seems probable that PARs, particularly PAR1, may play important roles in the growth and metastasis of prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Moffatt
- Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
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20
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Paju A, Hotakainen K, Cao Y, Laurila T, Gadaleanu V, Hemminki A, Stenman UH, Bjartell A. Increased expression of tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor, TATI, in prostate cancer and in androgen-independent 22Rv1 cells. Eur Urol 2007; 52:1670-9. [PMID: 17306443 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumor-associated-trypsin inhibitor (TATI) is frequently coexpressed with trypsinogen in tumors. Recently, we found expression of trypsinogens in prostate cancer. We have now studied whether TATI is also expressed in prostate cancer and if TATI expression is associated with Gleason grade, proliferation, and neuroendocrine differentiation. METHODS Expression of TATI and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was studied by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, and that of chromogranin A (CgA) and Ki-67 by immunohistochemistry. Immunofluorometric assays were used to quantify TATI and PSA in serum from prostate cancer patients and in medium of 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells. RESULTS TATI expression was weak in benign prostatic epithelium and moderate to strong in prostate cancer and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. There was no correlation between TATI and Ki-67 immunostaining in a tissue microarray of 115 prostate cancer cores, but strong expression of TATI was associated with higher Gleason grade (p=0.002) and CgA immunostaining intensity (p=0.012). Serum TATI was elevated in 44% (29 of 66) of patients with prostate cancer, and the levels correlated with serum PSA (p<0.0001, r=0.306). DU145, PC-3, LNCaP, and 22Rv1 cells contained TATI mRNA as determined by RT-PCR, but only 22Rv1 cells produced detectable TATI protein. The synthetic androgen R1881 decreased secretion of TATI from 22Rv1 cells. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that TATI is expressed in the benign and malignant prostate. Increased TATI protein expression is found in high-grade tumors and in 22Rv1 cells in which it is regulated by androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annukka Paju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Fernández Tajuelo R, Junco Anós E, Gómez Cerezo J, López Rodríguez M, Hortelano Araque A, Barbado Hernández FJ. [Deep venous thrombosis of left arm and multiple enlarged lymph nodes]. Rev Clin Esp 2006; 206:459-60. [PMID: 17042992 DOI: 10.1157/13093477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Soreide K, Janssen EA, Körner H, Baak JPA. Trypsin in colorectal cancer: molecular biological mechanisms of proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. J Pathol 2006; 209:147-56. [PMID: 16691544 DOI: 10.1002/path.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin is involved in colorectal carcinogenesis and promotes proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Although a well-known pancreatic digestive enzyme, trypsin has also been found in other tissues and various cancers, most importantly of the colorectum. Moreover, colorectal cancers with trypsin expression have a poor prognosis and shorter disease-free survival. Biological understanding of how trypsin causes cancer progression is emerging. It seems to act both directly and indirectly through a 'proteinase-antiproteinase-system', and by activation of other proteinase cascades. Invasion of the basal membrane by cancer cells may be promoted directly by trypsin digestion of type I collagen. Trypsin activates, and is co-expressed with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are known to facilitate invasion and metastasis. MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 are co-expressed together with trypsin and seem to be of particular importance in proliferation, progression, and invasion. MMPs may play a role in both conversion from adenoma to carcinoma, and in the initiation of invasion and metastasis. Co-segregation of trypsin and MMPs within the tumour environment is important for the activation of MMPs, and may explain the deleterious effect of trypsin on prognosis in colorectal cancer. Trypsin and proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) act together in an autocrine loop that promotes proliferation, invasion, and metastasis through various mechanisms, of which prostaglandin synthesis is important. Stimulated by trypsin, both MMP and PAR-2 may activate the mitogenic MAPK-ERK pathway through activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Experimental trypsin inhibition is feasible but not very effective, and trypsin as a target for clinical therapy is unlikely to be successful owing to its universal distribution. However, as the pathways of trypsin and co-activated protein cascades emerge, biological understanding of colorectal carcinogenesis will be further illuminated and may pave the way for prognosticators, predictors, and novel targets of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Soreide
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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Paju A, Stenman UH. Biochemistry and clinical role of trypsinogens and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2006; 43:103-42. [PMID: 16517420 DOI: 10.1080/10408360500523852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 are expressed, usually together, at high levels by the pancreas but also by many other normal and malignant tissues. The present review describes studies on the expression and putative functions of trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 in the human body. The clinical aspects are discussed, including the correlations between expression of trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 in tissues, serum, and urine of patients with pancreatitis or cancer and clinicopathological characteristics, i.e., the roles of trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 in spontaneous and hereditary pancreatitis, tumor progression, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annukka Paju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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