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Zheng Y, Gao Y, Zhu W, Bai XG, Qi J. Advances in molecular agents targeting toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways for potential treatment of sepsis. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116300. [PMID: 38452729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by an infection. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is activated by endogenous molecules released by injured or necrotic tissues. Additionally, TLR4 is remarkably sensitive to infection of various bacteria and can rapidly stimulate host defense responses. The TLR4 signaling pathway plays an important role in sepsis by activating the inflammatory response. Accordingly, as part of efforts to improve the inflammatory response and survival rate of patients with sepsis, several drugs have been developed to regulate the inflammatory signaling pathways mediated by TLR4. Inhibition of TLR4 signal transduction can be directed toward either TLR4 directly or other proteins in the TLR4 signaling pathway. Here, we review the advances in the development of small-molecule agents and peptides targeting regulation of the TLR4 signaling pathway, which are characterized according to their structural characteristics as polyphenols, terpenoids, steroids, antibiotics, anthraquinones, inorganic compounds, and others. Therefore, regulating the expression of the TLR4 signaling pathway and modulating its effects has broad prospects as a target for the treatment of lung, liver, kidneys, and other important organs injury in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Zheng
- Medicine College of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467000, China
| | - Yingying Gao
- Medicine College of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467000, China
| | - Weiru Zhu
- Medicine College of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467000, China
| | - Xian-Guang Bai
- Medicine College of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467000, China.
| | - Jinxu Qi
- Medicine College of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467000, China.
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2
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Ye B, Wang Q, Ye Q, Wang D, Wang Z, Dong Z, Zou J. Effects of different combinations of koumine and gelsemine on growth performance, intestinal health, and transcriptome of Cyprinus carpio. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133130. [PMID: 38086301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Koumine (KM) and gelsemine (GS) have shown significant benefits in livestock production, but their potential in aquaculture remains largely unexplored. This study examined the impact of different KM and GS combinations as feed additives on C. carpio (90 fish per group, initial weight 1.95 ± 0.08 g). KM and GS were introduced in ratios of 2:2 (mg/kg), 2:1 (mg/kg), and 2:0.67 (mg/kg) over a 10-week aquaculture experiment. The results demonstrate that the 2:1 (mg/kg) group increases the villus length, muscular layer thickness, crude protein, and crude fat content. Regarding fatty acid content, KM and GS enhance the levels of various fatty acids, including the total saturated fatty acid and total monounsaturated fatty acid. Additionally, KM and GS improve the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota. The 2:1 (mg/kg) group significantly elevates the enzymatic activities of SOD, MDA, CAT and upregulates the expression of immune-related genes such as toll-like receptor 2, transforming growth factor β, and glutathione S-transferase. Transcriptomic analysis suggests that KM and GS may have potential benefits for nutrient utilization and immune regulation in C. carpio. In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the use of KM and GS as feed additives in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ye
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiujie Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiao Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, China
| | - Dongjie Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenlu Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zaijie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Jixing Zou
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Trojan A, Lone YC, Briceno I, Trojan J. Anti-Gene IGF-I Vaccines in Cancer Gene Therapy: A Review of a Case of Glioblastoma. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1983-2002. [PMID: 38031775 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673237968231106095141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaccines for the deadliest brain tumor - glioblastoma (GBM) - are generally based on targeting growth factors or their receptors, often using antibodies. The vaccines described in the review were prepared to suppress the principal cancer growth factor - IGF-I, using anti-gene approaches either of antisense (AS) or of triple helix (TH) type. Our objective was to increase the median survival of patients treated with AS and TH cell vaccines. METHODOLOGY The cells were transfected in vitro by both constructed IGF-I AS and IGF-I TH expression episomal vectors; part of these cells was co-cultured with plant phytochemicals, modulating IGF-I expression. Both AS and TH approaches completely suppressed IGF-I expression and induced MHC-1 / B7 immunogenicity related to the IGF-I receptor signal. RESULTS This immunogenicity proved to be stronger in IGF-I TH than in IGF-I AS-prepared cell vaccines, especially in TH / phytochemical cells. The AS and TH vaccines generated an important TCD8+ and TCD8+CD11b- immune response in treated GBM patients and increased the median survival of patients up to 17-18 months, particularly using TH vaccines; in some cases, 2- and 3-year survival was reported. These clinical results were compared with those obtained in therapies targeting other growth factors. CONCLUSION The anti-gene IGF-I vaccines continue to be applied in current GBM personalized medicine. Technical improvements in the preparation of AS and TH vaccines to increase MHC-1 and B7 immunogenicity have, in parallel, allowed to increase in the median survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Trojan
- INSERM UMR 1197, Cancer Center & University of Paris / Saclay, PO Box: 94802 Villejuif, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, PO Box: 130014 Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Yu-Chun Lone
- INSERM UMR 1197, Cancer Center & University of Paris / Saclay, PO Box: 94802 Villejuif, France
- CEDEA / ICGT - Center of Oncological Diseases Diagnosis, PO Box: 110231 Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ignacio Briceno
- Faculty of Medicine, University of La Sabana, PO Box: 250008 Chia, Colombia
| | - Jerzy Trojan
- INSERM UMR 1197, Cancer Center & University of Paris / Saclay, PO Box: 94802 Villejuif, France
- CEDEA / ICGT - Center of Oncological Diseases Diagnosis, PO Box: 110231 Bogota, Colombia
- National Academy of Medicine - ANM, PO Box: 75272 Paris, France
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Peña-Jorquera H, Cid-Jofré V, Landaeta-Díaz L, Petermann-Rocha F, Martorell M, Zbinden-Foncea H, Ferrari G, Jorquera-Aguilera C, Cristi-Montero C. Plant-Based Nutrition: Exploring Health Benefits for Atherosclerosis, Chronic Diseases, and Metabolic Syndrome-A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3244. [PMID: 37513660 PMCID: PMC10386413 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, chronic non-communicable diseases, and metabolic syndrome are highly interconnected and collectively contribute to global health concerns that reduce life expectancy and quality of life. These conditions arise from multiple risk factors, including inflammation, insulin resistance, impaired blood lipid profile, endothelial dysfunction, and increased cardiovascular risk. Adopting a plant-based diet has gained popularity as a viable alternative to promote health and mitigate the incidence of, and risk factors associated with, these three health conditions. Understanding the potential benefits of a plant-based diet for human health is crucial, particularly in the face of the rising prevalence of chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Thus, this review focused on the plausible advantages of consuming a type of food pattern for the prevention and/or treatment of chronic diseases, emphasizing the dietary aspects that contribute to these conditions and the evidence supporting the benefits of a plant-based diet for human health. To facilitate a more in-depth analysis, we present separate evidence for each of these three concepts, acknowledging their intrinsic connection while providing a specific focus on each one. This review underscores the potential of a plant-based diet to target the underlying causes of these chronic diseases and enhance health outcomes for individuals and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Peña-Jorquera
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar 2530388, Chile
| | - Valeska Cid-Jofré
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9160019, Chile
| | - Leslie Landaeta-Díaz
- Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile
- Núcleo en Ciencias Ambientales y Alimentarias, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile
| | - Fanny Petermann-Rocha
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago 8370068, Chile
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Laboratorio de Fisiología del Ejercicio y Metabolismo, Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7500000, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerson Ferrari
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 425, Providencia 7500912, Chile
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Carlos Jorquera-Aguilera
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - Carlos Cristi-Montero
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar 2530388, Chile
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Cabral-Hipólito N, Molina-Ramírez BS, Castillo-Maldonado I, Meza-Velázquez R, García-Garza R, Gauna SEV, Delgadillo-Guzmán D, Hernández-Herrera A, Ramírez-Moreno A, Cruz JHS, Espino-Silva PK, Pedroza-Escobar D. Tannic Acid Exhibits Adjuvant Activity by Enhancing Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Against BSA as a Protein Antigen. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 29:166-175. [PMID: 34823455 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666211125110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunization or vaccination is the process of inducing artificial immunity against an antigen taking advantage of the mechanisms of immunological memory. Current vaccines include substances known as adjuvants, which tend to improve the immunogenicity of the antigen, reduce the antigen quantity employed, and boost the immune response in weak responders. Unfortunately, only a few vaccine adjuvants are approved for human use. OBJECTIVE Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Tannic acid on humoral and cell-mediated immunity against bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a protein antigen in Wistar rats. METHOD In order to establish the Tannic acid concentration to test it as an adjuvant, the lethal dose 50 and maximum non-toxic dose were calculated through cytotoxicity and hemolytic assays with J774 A.1 cell line and rat erythrocytes by resazurin reduction method and UV/vis spectrophotometry. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups that included two controls without antigen and three treatment groups of adjuvants plus BSA as a protein antigen. The rats were immunized in a 30-day scheme. Blood samples were collected for humoral immunity analysis by means of immunoglobulin quantification, isotyping and antigen-antibody precipitation inhibition analysis. Rat peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes were isolated for cell-mediated immunity analysis by means of nitric oxide quantification from adjuvant stimulated peritoneal macrophages and lymphocytes proliferation assay. RESULTS Tannic acid was capable of increasing the immunogenicity of the antigen; besides, it was able to stimulate cell-mediated immunity by means of increased lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, Tannic acid improved the humoral response by means of increased specific antibodies titers. These activities may be attributed to pattern recognition receptors stimulation. CONCLUSION Tannic acid was considered biocompatible when tested in vivo because the concentration tested did not show cytotoxicity or hemolytic effect, and there was no detrimental effect observed on the animals' health. These results show Tannic acid as a promising candidate for vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidia Cabral-Hipólito
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
| | - Brenda Sarahí Molina-Ramírez
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
| | - Irais Castillo-Maldonado
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
| | - Rocío Meza-Velázquez
- Department of Research, FACSA, Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango, Gomez Palacio. Mexico
| | - Rubén García-Garza
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
| | | | - Dealmy Delgadillo-Guzmán
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Torreon. Mexico
| | - Alejandro Hernández-Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
| | - Agustina Ramírez-Moreno
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
| | - Jorge Haro-Santa Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
| | - Perla-Karina Espino-Silva
- Department of Genetics, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
| | - David Pedroza-Escobar
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
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Kaur A, Kaushik D, Piplani S, Mehta SK, Petrovsky N, Salunke DB. TLR2 Agonistic Small Molecules: Detailed Structure-Activity Relationship, Applications, and Future Prospects. J Med Chem 2020; 64:233-278. [PMID: 33346636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in microbial species. Among the various TLRs, TLR2 has a special place due to its ability to sense the widest repertoire of PAMPs owing to its heterodimerization with either TLR1 or TLR6, broadening its ligand diversity against pathogens. Various scaffolds are reported to activate TLR2, which include naturally occurring lipoproteins, synthetic lipopeptides, and small heterocyclic molecules. We described a detailed SAR in TLR2 agonistic scaffolds and also covered the design and chemistry for the conjugation of TLR2 agonists to antigens, carbohydrates, polymers, and fluorophores. The approaches involved in delivery of TLR2 agonists such as lipidation of antigen, conjugation to polymers, phosphonic acids, and other linkers to achieve surface adsorption, liposomal formulation, and encapsulating nanoparticles are elaborated. The crystal structure analysis and computational modeling are also included with the structural features that facilitate TLR2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Deepender Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sakshi Piplani
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Australia 5046.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia, 5042
| | - Surinder K Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Australia 5046.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia, 5042
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.,National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Irais CM, María-de-la-Luz SG, Dealmy DG, Agustina RM, Nidia CH, Mario-Alberto RG, Luis-Benjamín SG, María-Del-Carmen VM, David PE. Plant Phenolics as Pathogen-Carrier Immunogenicity Modulator Haptens. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:897-905. [PMID: 31965941 PMCID: PMC7536807 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200121130313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Pathogens use multiple mechanisms to disrupt cell functioning in their host and allow pathogenesis. These mechanisms involve communication between the pathogen and the host cell through protein-protein interactions. Methods Protein-protein interactions chains referred to as signal transduction pathways are the processes by which a chemical or physical signal transmits through a cell as series of molecular events so the pathogen needs to intercept these molecular pathways at few positions to induce pathogenesis such as pathogen viability, infection or hypersensitivity. Results The pathogen nodes of interception are not necessarily the most immunogenic; so that novel immunogenicity-improvement strategies need to be developed thought a chemical conjugation of the pathogen-carrier nodes to develop an efficient immune response in order to block pathogenesis. On the other hand, if pathogen-carriers are immunogens; toleration ought to be induced by this conjugation avoiding hypersensitivity. Thus, this paper addresses the biological plausibility of plant-phenolics as pathogen-carrier immunogenicity modulator haptens. Conclusion The plant-phenolic compounds have in their structure functional groups such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, ester, or ether, capable of reacting with the amino or carbonyl groups of the amino acids of a pathogen-carrier to form conjugates. Besides, the varied carbon structures these phenolic compounds have; it is possible to alter the pathogen-carrier related factors that determine the immunogenicity: 1) Structural complexity, 2) Molecular size, 3) Structural heterogeneity, 4) Accessibility to antigenic determinants or epitopes, 5) Optical configuration, 6) Physical state, or 7) Molecular rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Castillo-Maldonado Irais
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Research of the Faculty of Medicine, Torreon Unit, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | | | - Delgadillo-Guzmán Dealmy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Torreon Unit Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | - Ramírez-Moreno Agustina
- School of Sciences Biological Unit Torreon, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | - Cabral-Hipólito Nidia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Research of the Faculty of Medicine, Torreon Unit, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | - Rivera-Guillén Mario-Alberto
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Research of the Faculty of Medicine, Torreon Unit, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | - Serrano-Gallardo Luis-Benjamín
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Research of the Faculty of Medicine, Torreon Unit, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | | | - Pedroza-Escobar David
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Research of the Faculty of Medicine, Torreon Unit, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
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Brandão SCS, Ramos JDOX, Dompieri LT, Godoi ETAM, Figueiredo JL, Sarinho ESC, Chelvanambi S, Aikawa M. Is Toll-like receptor 4 involved in the severity of COVID-19 pathology in patients with cardiometabolic comorbidities? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 58:102-110. [PMID: 32988728 PMCID: PMC7505161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The severe form of COVID-19 is marked by an abnormal and exacerbated immunological host response favoring to a poor outcome in a significant number of patients, especially those with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. The chronic inflammatory process found in these cardiometabolic comorbidities is marked by the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumoral necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which are products of the Toll-Like receptors 4 (TLR4) pathway. The SARS-CoV-2 initially infects cells in the upper respiratory tract and, in some patients, spread very quickly, needing respiratory support and systemically, causing collateral damage in tissues. We hypothesize that this happens because the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts strongly with TLR4, causing an intensely exacerbated immune response in the host's lungs, culminating with the cytokine storm, accumulating secretions and hindering blood oxygenation, along with the immune system attacks the body, leading to multiple organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cristina Soares Brandão
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology and Nuclear Imaging Division, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - José Luiz Figueiredo
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery Unit, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Sávio Cavalcanti Sarinho
- Department of Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Sarvesh Chelvanambi
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Narayanankutty A. Toll-like Receptors as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Natural Products Against Chronic Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1068-1080. [PMID: 30806312 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190222181506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are one among the initial responders of the immune system which participate in the activation inflammatory processes. Several different types of TLR such as TLR2, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 have been identified in various cell types, each having distinct ligands like lipids, lipoproteins, nucleic acids and proteins. Though its prime concern is xenobiotic defences, TLR signalling has also recognized as an activator of inflammation and associated development of chronic degenerative disorders (CDDs) including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), fatty liver disease, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders as well as various types of cancers. Numerous drugs are in use to prevent these disorders, which specifically inhibit different pathways associated with the development of CDDs. Compared to these drug targets, inhibition of TLR, which specifically responsible for the inflammatory insults has proven to be a better drug target. Several natural products have emerged as inhibitors of CDDs, which specifically targets TLR signalling, among these, many are in the clinical trials. This review is intended to summarize the recent progress on TLR association with CDDs and to list possible use of natural products, their combinations and their synthetic derivative in the prevention of TLR-driven CDD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Post Graduate & Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala, 680 555, India
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10
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Characterization of Chenopodin Isoforms from Quinoa Seeds and Assessment of Their Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Caco-2 Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050795. [PMID: 32455586 PMCID: PMC7277664 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Several food-derived molecules, including proteins and peptides, can show bioactivities toward the promotion of well-being and disease prevention in humans. There is still a lack of information about the potential effects on immune and inflammatory responses in mammalian cells following the ingestion of seed storage proteins. This study, for the first time, describes the potential immunomodulation capacity of chenopodin, the major protein component of quinoa seeds. After characterizing the molecular features of the purified protein, we were able to separate two different forms of chenopodin, indicated as LcC (Low charge Chenopodin, 30% of total chenopodin) and HcC (High charge Chenopodin, 70% of total chenopodin). The biological effects of LcC and HcC were investigated by measuring NF-κB activation and IL-8 expression studies in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. Inflammation was elicited using IL-1β. The results indicate that LcC and HcC show potential anti-inflammatory activities in an intestinal cell model, and that the proteins can act differently, depending on their structural features. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of action and the structural/functional relationships of the protein at the basis of the observed bioactivity were investigated using in silico analyses and structural predictions.
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11
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Wang Q, Shen J, Yan Z, Xiang X, Mu R, Zhu P, Yao Y, Zhu F, Chen K, Chi S, Zhang L, Yu Y, Ai T, Xu Z, Wang Q. Dietary Glycyrrhiza uralensis extracts supplementation elevated growth performance, immune responses and disease resistance against Flavobacterium columnare in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:153-164. [PMID: 31857222 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (G. uralensis) extracts on the growth performance, histological structure, immune response and disease resistance against Flavobacterium columnare (F. columnare) of yellow catfish. Fish were fed with two different diets, i.e., basal diet as control group (CG) and diet containing G. uralensis extracts as experimental group (GG). After 60 days feeding, growth performance of GG fish was significantly improved, with increased WG and SGR but decreased FCR compared to CG fish. Fish were then challenged with F. columnare for two times, as fish showed rare mortality after the first infection. GG fish showed significantly lower cumulative mortality during F. cloumnare infection than CG fish after 21 days infection (dpi). Epithelial cell exfoliation and obvious cellular vacuolization in the skin and congestion of gill lamellae were detected in CG fish, while GG fish showed increased width of epidermis and mucous cells number in skin, and increased length of secondary lamina in gill. GG fish also exhibited higher enzyme activity of lysozyme in serum and mRNA expression of lysozyme in head kidney than CG fish at most time points post infection. G. uralensis extracts supplementation also induced earlier serum anti-oxidative responses, with increased superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity in GG fish at 1 dpi. Compared to CG fish, GG fish showed increased expression level of genes involved in TLRs-NFκB signaling (TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR9, Myd88, and p65NFκB), resulting in higher expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-8) in the head kidney post infection. However, these genes showed deviation in the gill of GG fish, which increased at some time points but decreased at other time points. Moreover, G. uralensis extracts supplementation also significantly unregulated the expression levels of IgM and IgD in head kidney, and the expression levels of IgM in the gill of yellow catfish, suggesting the elevated humoral immune response during F. columnare infection. All these results contributed to the elevated disease resistance ability against F. cloumnare infection of yellow catfish after dietary G. uralensis extracts supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Hubei Vocational College of Bio-Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jinyu Shen
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laborotary of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313001, China
| | - Zuting Yan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiyuan Xiang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Rong Mu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yongtie Yao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Fangzheng Zhu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Kaiwei Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Shuyan Chi
- Guangdong South China Sea Key Laboratory of Aquaculture for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430207, China
| | - Yunzhen Yu
- Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430207, China
| | - Taoshan Ai
- Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430207, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qingchao Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Ye Q, Feng Y, Wang Z, Zhou A, Xie S, Fan L, Xiang Q, Song E, Zou J. Effects of dietary Gelsemium elegans alkaloids on intestinal morphology, antioxidant status, immune responses and microbiota of Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:464-478. [PMID: 31546035 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous plant extracts used as feed additives in aquaculture have been shown to stimulate appetite, promote growth and enhance immunostimulatory and disease resistance in cultured fish. However, there are few studies on the famous Chinese herbal medicine Gelsemium elegans, which attracts our attention. In this study, we used the Megalobrama amblycephala to investigate the effects of G. elegans alkaloids on fish intestinal health after diet supplementation with 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg G. elegans alkaloids for 12 weeks. We found that dietary G. elegans alkaloids at 40 mg/kg improved intestinal morphology by increasing villus length, muscle thickness and villus number in the foregut and midgut and muscle thickness in the hindgut (P < 0.05). These alkaloids also significantly improved intestinal antioxidant capabilities by increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde levels and up-regulated intestinal Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD (P < 0.05) at 20 and 40 mg/kg. Dietary G. elegans alkaloids improved intestinal immunity via up-regulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and IFN-α and down-regulating expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β (P < 0.05) at 20 and 40 mg/kg. The expression of Toll-like receptors TRL1, 3, 4 and 7 were also up-regulated in intestine of M. amblycephala (P < 0.05). In intestinal microbiota, the abundance of Proteobacteria was increased while the Firmicutes abundance was decreased at phylum level after feeding the alkaloids (P < 0.05). The alkaloids also increased the abundance of the probiotic Rhodobacter and decreased the abundance of the pathogenic Staphylococcus at genus level (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary G. elegans alkaloid supplementation promoted intestine health by improving intestine morphology, immunity, antioxidant abilities and intestinal microbiota in M. amblycephala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Ye
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyong Feng
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenlu Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aiguo Zhou
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaolin Xie
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanfen Fan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Xiang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Enfeng Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jixing Zou
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Extract Methods, Molecular Characteristics, and Bioactivities of Polysaccharide from Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051181. [PMID: 31137802 PMCID: PMC6567097 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The polysaccharide isolated from alfalfa was considered to be a kind of macromolecule with some biological activities; however, its molecular structure and effects on immune cells are still unclear. The objectives of this study were to explore the extraction and purifying methods of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) polysaccharide (APS) and decipher its composition and molecular characteristics, as well as its activation to lymphocytes. The crude polysaccharides isolated from alfalfa by water extraction and alcohol precipitation methods were purified by semipermeable membrane dialysis. Five batches of alfalfa samples were obtained from five farms (one composite sample per farm) and three replicates were conducted for each sample in determination. The results from ion chromatography (IC) analysis showed that the APS was composed of fucose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, galacturonic acid (GalA), and glucuronic acid (GlcA) with a molar ratio of 2.6:8.0:4.7:21.3:3.2:1.0:74.2:14.9. The weight-average molecular weight (Mw), number-average molecular weight (Mn), and Z-average molecular weight (Mz) of APS were calculated to be 3.30 × 106, 4.06 × 105, and 1.43 × 108 g/mol, respectively, according to the analysis by gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS). The findings of electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS) suggest that APS consists of seven linkage residues, namely 1,5-Araf, galactose (T-D-Glc), glucose (T-D-Gal), 1,4-Gal-Ac, 1,4-Glc, 1,6-Gal, and 1,3,4-GalA, with molar proportions of 10.30%, 4.02%, 10.28%, 52.29%, 17.02%, 3.52%, and 2.57%, respectively. Additionally, APS markedly increased B-cell proliferation and IgM secretion in a dose- and time-dependent manner but not the proliferation and cytokine (IL-2, -4, and IFN-γ) expression of T cells. Taken together, the present results suggest that APS are macromolecular polymers with a molar mass (indicated by Mw) of 3.3 × 106 g/mol and may be a potential candidate as an immunopotentiating pharmaceutical agent or functional food.
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Liu Z, Chen L, Yu P, Zhang Y, Fang B, Wu C, Luo W, Chen X, Li C, Liang G. Discovery of 3-(Indol-5-yl)-indazole Derivatives as Novel Myeloid Differentiation Protein 2/Toll-like Receptor 4 Antagonists for Treatment of Acute Lung Injury. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5453-5469. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lingfeng Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Pengtian Yu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Bo Fang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wu Luo
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xianxin Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
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Schink A, Neumann J, Leifke AL, Ziegler K, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Cremer C, Thines E, Weber B, Pöschl U, Schuppan D, Lucas K. Screening of herbal extracts for TLR2- and TLR4-dependent anti-inflammatory effects. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203907. [PMID: 30307962 PMCID: PMC6181297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal extracts represent an ample source of natural compounds, with potential to be used in improving human health. There is a growing interest in using natural extracts as possible new treatment strategies for inflammatory diseases. We therefore aimed at identifying herbal extracts that affect inflammatory signaling pathways through toll-like receptors (TLRs), TLR2 and TLR4. Ninety-nine ethanolic extracts were screened in THP-1 monocytes and HeLa-TLR4 transfected reporter cells for their effects on stimulated TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways. The 28 identified anti-inflammatory extracts were tested in comparative assays of stimulated HEK-TLR2 and HEK-TLR4 transfected reporter cells to differentiate between direct TLR4 antagonistic effects and interference with downstream signaling cascades. Furthermore, the ten most effective anti-inflammatory extracts were tested on their ability to inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation in HeLa-TLR4 transfected reporter cell lines and for their ability to repolarize M1-type macrophages. Ethanolic extracts which showed the highest anti-inflammatory potential, up to a complete inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production were Castanea sativa leaves, Cinchona pubescens bark, Cinnamomum verum bark, Salix alba bark, Rheum palmatum root, Alchemilla vulgaris plant, Humulus lupulus cones, Vaccinium myrtillus berries, Curcuma longa root and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaves. Moreover, all tested extracts mitigated not only TLR4, but also TLR2 signaling pathways. Seven of them additionally inhibited translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus. Two of the extracts showed impact on repolarization of pro-inflammatory M1-type to anti-inflammatory M2-type macrophages. Several promising anti-inflammatory herbal extracts were identified in this study, including extracts with previously unknown influence on key TLR signaling pathways and macrophage repolarization, serving as a basis for novel lead compound identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schink
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Neumann
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Leifke
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kira Ziegler
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Cremer
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bettina Weber
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Chen L, Fu W, Zheng L, Wang Y, Liang G. Recent progress in the discovery of myeloid differentiation 2 (MD2) modulators for inflammatory diseases. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1187-1202. [PMID: 29330126 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2), together with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), binds lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with high affinity, inducing the formation of the activated homodimer LPS-MD2-TLR4. MD2 directly recognizes the Lipid A domain of LPS, leading to the activation of downstream signaling of cytokine and chemokine production, and initiation of inflammatory and immune responses. However, excessive activation and potent host responses generate severe inflammatory syndromes such as acute sepsis and septic shock. MD2 is increasingly being considered as an attractive pharmacological target for the development of potent anti-inflammatory agents. In this Keynote review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the structure and biology of MD2, and present MD2 modulators as promising agents for anti-inflammatory intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Weitao Fu
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lulu Zheng
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China.
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17
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Schink A, Naumoska K, Kitanovski Z, Kampf CJ, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Thines E, Pöschl U, Schuppan D, Lucas K. Anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamon extract and identification of active compounds influencing the TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways. Food Funct 2018; 9:5950-5964. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01286e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamon extract and its active compounds attenuate TLR2-/TLR4-mediated inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schink
- Multiphase Chemistry Department
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Katerina Naumoska
- Multiphase Chemistry Department
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Department of Food Chemistry
| | - Zoran Kitanovski
- Multiphase Chemistry Department
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Christopher Johannes Kampf
- Multiphase Chemistry Department
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
| | | | - Eckhard Thines
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff Forschung gGmbH
- Kaiserslautern
- Germany
- Institute of Molecular Physiology
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University
- 55131 Mainz
- Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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Vallejos-Vidal E, Reyes-López F, Teles M, MacKenzie S. The response of fish to immunostimulant diets. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:34-69. [PMID: 27389620 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to maintain fish health and to improve performance immunostimulants have been used as dietary additives to improve weight gain, feed efficiency, and/or disease resistance in cultured fish. In aquaculture, non-specific immunostimulants have been widely used probably due to the limited knowledge of the immune response in fish and the ease of their application. Many studies have been carried out to assess the effect of dietary immunostimulants in fish including algal derivatives, herb and plant extract containing diets using a wide range of downstream analytical techniques. Many immunostimulants are based upon tradition and folklore transferred through generations and specific to certain geographical regions rather than known biological properties. However, there are studies in which it is possible to observe a clear and direct dose-dependent stimulatory effect upon the immune system. Other dietary supplements used contain PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) as immunostimulants whose recognition depends upon PRR (pathogen recognition receptor) interactions including the TLRs (Toll-like receptor). Despite the growing interest in the use of immunostimulants across the aquaculture industry the underlying mechanisms of ligand recognition, extract composition and activation of the fish immune response remains fragmented. In this review we focus upon the last 15 years of studies addressing the assessment of: (1) plant, herb and algae extracts; and (2) PAMPs, upon non-specific immune parameters of activation and immunostimulant diet efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Felipe Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mariana Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Simon MacKenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA Stirling, UK.
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Alaskan seaweeds lower inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages and decrease lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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20
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Fisk WA, Lev-Tov HA, Sivamani RK. Botanical and Phytochemical Therapy of Acne: A Systematic Review. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1137-52. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A. Fisk
- School of Medicine; University of California, Davis; Sacramento CA USA
| | - Hadar A. Lev-Tov
- Department of Dermatology; University of California, Davis; Sacramento CA USA
- Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System; Mather CA USA
| | - Raja K. Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology; University of California, Davis; Sacramento CA USA
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21
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Wang X, Smith C, Yin H. Targeting Toll-like receptors with small molecule agents. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4859-66. [PMID: 23503527 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60039d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I transmembrane proteins that are key regulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses. To protect the host from viral and bacterial threats, TLRs trigger a pro-inflammatory immune response by detecting pathogen and danger associated molecular patterns. Considerable evidence has accumulated to show that the dysregulation of TLR signaling contributes to the development and progression of numerous diseases. Therefore, TLRs are emerging as important drug discovery targets. Currently, there is great interest in the development of TLR small molecule modulators for interrogating TLR signaling and treating diseases caused by TLR signaling malfunctions. In this tutorial review, we will outline methods for the discovery of TLR small molecule modulators and the up-to-date progress in this field. Small molecules targeting TLRs not only provide an opportunity to identify promising drug candidates, but also unveil knowledge regarding TLR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, 596 University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
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22
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Peri F, Calabrese V. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) modulation by synthetic and natural compounds: an update. J Med Chem 2013; 57:3612-22. [PMID: 24188011 DOI: 10.1021/jm401006s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), together with MD-2, binds bacterial endotoxins (E) with high affinity, triggering formation of the activated homodimer (E.MD-2.TLR4)2. Activated TLR4 induces intracellular signaling leading to activation of transcription factors that result in cytokine and chemokine production and initiation of inflammatory and immune responses. TLR4 also responds to endogenous ligands called danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Increased sensitivity to infection and a variety of immune pathologies have been associated with either too little or too much TLR4 activation. We review here the molecular mechanisms of TLR4 activation (agonism) or inhibition (antagonism) by small organic molecules of both natural and synthetic origin. The role of co-receptors MD-2 and CD14 in the TLR4 modulation process is also discussed. Recent achievements in the field of chemical TLR4 modulation are reviewed, with special focus on nonclassical TLR4 ligands with a chemical structure different from that of lipid A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
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