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Eddy DR, Nur Sheha GA, Permana MD, Saito N, Takei T, Kumada N, Irkham, Rahayu I, Abe I, Sekine Y, Oyumi T, Izumi Y. Study on triphase of polymorphs TiO 2 (anatase/rutile/brookite) for boosting photocatalytic activity of metformin degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141206. [PMID: 38219987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The elution of pharmaceutical products such as metformin at higher concentrations than the safe level in aquatic systems is a serious threat to human health and the ecosystem. Photocatalytic technology using TiO2 semiconductors potentially fixes this problem. This study aims to synthesize triphasic anatase-rutile-brookite TiO2 using ultrasound assisted sol-gel technique in the presence of acid and its application to photodegradation of metformin under UV light irradiation. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, a TiO2 sample consisted of anatase (76%), rutile (7%), and brookite (17%) polymorph (A76R7B17) that was fully crystallized. Scanning electron microscopy (EM)-energy dispersive X-ray spectra results showed agglomerated triphasic A76R7B17 with irregular spherical clusters. Transmission EM results revealed that the crystal size of A76R7B17 was 4-14 nm. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis showed the sample's specific surface area of 149 m2 g-1. The degradation test of metformin demonstrated that the A76R7B17 exhibited a 75.4% degradation efficiency after 120 min under UV light irradiation, significantly higher than using biphasic and single-phase TiO2 photocatalysts. This difference could be attributed to the heterojunction effect of triphasic materials that effectively reduced electron-hole recombination rate as well as the combination of effective electron transfer from conduction band of brookite and anatase and the utilization of wider range of UV-visible light using rutile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia.
| | - Geometry Amal Nur Sheha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Muhamad Diki Permana
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia; Special Educational Program for Green Energy Conversion Science and Technology, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8511, Japan; Center for Crystal Science and Technology, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8511, Japan
| | - Norio Saito
- Center for Crystal Science and Technology, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8511, Japan
| | - Takahiro Takei
- Center for Crystal Science and Technology, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8511, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kumada
- Center for Crystal Science and Technology, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8511, Japan
| | - Irkham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Iman Rahayu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Ikki Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yuta Sekine
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Tomoki Oyumi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuo Izumi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
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Parra-Marfil A, López-Ramón MV, Aguilar-Aguilar A, García-Silva IA, Rosales-Mendoza S, Romero-Cano LA, Bailón-García E, Ocampo-Pérez R. An efficient removal approach for degradation of metformin from aqueous solutions with sulfate radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114852. [PMID: 36457238 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metformin consumption for diabetes treatment is increasing, leading to its presence in wastewater treatment plants where conventional methods cannot remove it. Therefore, this work aims to analyze the performance of advanced oxidation processes using sulfate radicals in the degradation of metformin from water. Experiments were performed in a photoreactor provided with a low-pressure Hg lamp, using K2S2O8 as oxidant and varying the initial metformin concentration (CA0), oxidant concentration (Cox), temperature (T), and pH in a response surface experimental design. The degradation percentages ranged from 26.1 to 87.3%, while the mineralization percentages varied between 15.1 and 64%. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the output variables were more significantly affected by CA0, Cox, and T. Besides, a reduction of CA0 and an increase of Cox up to 5000 μM maximizes the metformin degradation since the generation of radicals and their interaction with metformin molecules are favored. For the greatest degradation percentage, the first order apparent rate constant achieved was 0.084 min-1. Furthermore, while in acidic pH, temperature benefits metformin degradation, an opposite behavior is obtained in a basic medium because of recombination and inhibition reactions. Moreover, three degradation pathways were suggested based on the six products detected by HPLC-MS: N-cyanoguanidine m/z = 85; N,N-dimethylurea m/z = 89; N,N-dimethyl-cyanamide m/z = 71 N,N-dimethyl-formamide m/z = 74; glicolonitrilo m/z = 58; and guanidine m/z = 60. Finally, it was shown that in general the toxicity of the degradation byproducts was lower than the toxicity of metformin toward Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parra-Marfil
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78260, Mexico; Grupo de Investigación en Materiales del Carbón, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuente Nueva s/n., 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - M V López-Ramón
- Grupo de Investigación en Materiales de Carbón y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - A Aguilar-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78260, Mexico.
| | - I A García-Silva
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78260, Mexico
| | - S Rosales-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78260, Mexico.
| | - L A Romero-Cano
- Grupo de Investigación en Materiales y Fenómenos de Superficie, Departamento de Ciencias Biotecnológicas y Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria 1201, C.P. 45129, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - E Bailón-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Materiales del Carbón, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuente Nueva s/n., 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - R Ocampo-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78260, Mexico.
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He Y, Zhang Y, Ju F. Metformin Contamination in Global Waters: Biotic and Abiotic Transformation, Byproduct Generation and Toxicity, and Evaluation as a Pharmaceutical Indicator. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13528-13545. [PMID: 36107956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line antidiabetic drug and one of the most prescribed medications worldwide. Because of its ubiquitous occurrence in global waters and demonstrated ecotoxicity, metformin, as with other pharmaceuticals, has become a concerning emerging contaminant. Metformin is subject to transformation, producing numerous problematic transformation byproducts (TPs). The occurrence, removal, and toxicity of metformin have been continually reviewed; yet, a comprehensive analysis of its transformation pathways, byproduct generation, and the associated change in adverse effects is lacking. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the transformation fate of metformin during water treatments and natural processes and compile the 32 organic TPs generated from biotic and abiotic pathways. These TPs occur in aquatic systems worldwide along with metformin. Enhanced toxicity of several TPs compared to metformin has been demonstrated through organism tests and necessitates the development of complete mineralization techniques for metformin and more attention on TP monitoring. We also assess the potential of metformin to indicate overall contamination of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments, and compared to the previously acknowledged ones, metformin is found to be a more robust or comparable indicator of such overall pharmaceutical contamination. In addition, we provide insightful avenues for future research on metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhen He
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Feng Ju
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future (RCIF), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 310024, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Balakrishnan A, Sillanpää M, Jacob MM, Vo DVN. Metformin as an emerging concern in wastewater: Occurrence, analysis and treatment methods. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113613. [PMID: 35697083 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is a wonder drug used as an anti-hypoglycemic medication; it is also used as a cancer suppression medicament. Metformin is a first line of drug choice used by doctors for patients with type 2 diabetes. It is used worldwide where the drug's application varies from an anti-hypoglycemic medication to cancer oppression and as a weight loss treatment drug. Due to its wide range of usage, metformin and its byproducts are found in waste water and receiving aquatic environment. This leads to the accumulation of metformin in living beings and the environment where excess concentration levels can lead to ailments such as lactic acidosis or vitamin B12 deficiency. This drug could become of future water treatment concerns with its tons of production per year and vast usage. As a result of continuous occurrence of metformin has demanded the need of implementing and adopting different strategies to save the aquatic systems and the exposure to metformin. This review discuss the various methods for the elimination of metformin from wastewater. Along with that, the properties, occurrence, and health and environmental impacts of metformin are addressed. The different analytical methods for the detection of metformin are also explained. The main findings are discussed with respect to the management of metformin as an emerging contaminants and the major recommendations are discussed to understand the major research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Balakrishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa; Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India; Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Meenu Mariam Jacob
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Patil PB, Thanekar P, Bhandari VM. A Strategy for Complete Degradation of Metformin Using Vortex-Based Hydrodynamic Cavitation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pravin B. Patil
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad201002, India
| | - Pooja Thanekar
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune411008, India
| | - Vinay M. Bhandari
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad201002, India
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Seiwert B, Nihemaiti M, Bauer C, Muschket M, Sauter D, Gnirss R, Reemtsma T. Ozonation products from trace organic chemicals in municipal wastewater and from metformin: peering through the keyhole with supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 196:117024. [PMID: 33756112 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is an important process to further reduce the trace organic chemicals (TrOCs) in treated municipal wastewater before discharge into surface waters, and is expected to form products that are more oxidized and more polar than their parent compounds. Many of these ozonation products (OPs) are biodegradable and thus removed by post-treatment (e.g., aldehydes). Most studies on OPs of TrOCs in wastewater rely on reversed-phase liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS), which is not suited for highly polar analytes. In this study, supercritical fluid chromatography combined with high resolution MS (SFC-HRMS) was applied in comparison to the generic RPLC-HRMS to search for OPs in ozonated wastewater treatment plant effluent at pilot-scale. While comparable results were obtained from these two techniques during suspect screenings for known OPs, a total of 23 OPs were only observed by SFC-HRMS via non-targeted screening. Several SFC-only OPs were proposed as the derivatives of methoxymethylmelamines, phenolic sulfates/sulfonates, and metformin; the latter was confirmed by laboratory-scale ozonation experiments. A complete ozonation pathway of metformin, a widespread and extremely hydrophilic TrOC in aquatic environment, was elaborated based on SFC-HRMS analysis. Five of the 10 metformin OPs are reported for the first time in this study. Three different dual-media filters were compared as post-treatments, and a combination of sand/anthracite and fresh post-granular activated carbon proved most effective in OPs removal due to the additional adsorption capacity. However, six SFC-only OPs, two of which originating from metformin, appeared to be persistent during all post-treatments, raising concerns on their occurrence in drinking water sources impacted by wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Seiwert
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maolida Nihemaiti
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Coretta Bauer
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Muschket
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Berliner Wasserbetriebe, Neue Juedenstr. 1, 10179 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina Gnirss
- Berliner Wasserbetriebe, Neue Juedenstr. 1, 10179 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Prashanth V, Priyanka K, Remya N. Solar photocatalytic degradation of metformin by TiO 2 synthesized using Calotropis gigantea leaf extract. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:1072-1084. [PMID: 33724937 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel TiO2 nanoparticle was prepared through green synthesis using Calotropis gigantea (CG) leaf extract. Morphological analysis showed dispersed spherical CG-TiO2 nanoparticles with an average size of 42 nm. The prepared catalyst was used for the degradation of metformin (a widely used diabetic medicine) by solar photocatalysis. A three-factor central composite design (CCD) was used to explore the effect of independent variables, i.e., pH 3-7, metformin concentration 1-10 mg/L, and catalyst (CG-TiO2) dosage 0.5-2.0 g/L. A maximum metformin degradation of 96.7% was observed under optimum conditions i.e., pH = 9.7, initial metformin concentration = 9.7 mg/L and catalyst dosage = 0.7 g/L, with ∼86% mineralization efficiency. A quadratic model with an error <±5% was developed to predict the metformin degradation and the rate of degradation under the optimum conditions followed pseudo-first-order kinetics (k = 0.014/min). CG-TiO2 exhibited higher metformin degradation efficiency (96.7%) compared to P-25 (23.9%) at optimum conditions. The recyclability study indicated effective reuse of the catalyst for up to three cycles. The proposed metformin degradation route is hydroxyl radical (•OH) generation on the CG-TiO2 surface, transfer of •OH to the aqueous phase from CG-TiO2 and subsequent oxidation of metformin in the aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesan Prashanth
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, Odisha 752050, India E-mail:
| | - Kumari Priyanka
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, Odisha 752050, India E-mail:
| | - Neelancherry Remya
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, Odisha 752050, India E-mail:
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Kumar R, Akbarinejad A, Jasemizad T, Fucina R, Travas-Sejdic J, Padhye LP. The removal of metformin and other selected PPCPs from water by poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) photocatalyst. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:142302. [PMID: 33181992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the photocatalytic removal of PPCPs using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) polymer. PEDOT is a conducting polymer that exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity and was used in this study without any additives or metal co-catalysts. The PEDOT was synthesized using chemical oxidative polymerization and characterized further for composition and morphology. PEDOT, in the presence of UV irradiation, showed >99% degradation of one of the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drugs, metformin, within 60 min. The effect of varying concentration of PEDOT, pH, and light irradiance was studied to achieve maximum photocatalytic efficiency. Two major degradation products of metformin of m/z 116 and 126 were detected using triple quadrupole LC-MS/MS, while the degradation kinetics was found to be of pseudo-first-order. Results revealed that photogenerated electrons, holes, and radical species played a role in the PPCPs' degradation. When a mixture of seven PPCPs in the ultra-pure water matrix was tested, more than 99% removal was observed for most of the PPCPs within 60 min. The removal efficiency decreased in a real wastewater effluent due to the presence of dissolved organic matter; however, still, more than 50% removal was observed for majority of the studied PPCPs. The results of PEDOT reusability revealed that the reuse contributed to the drop in the conductivity and subsequent drop in the photocatalytic activity; however, a simple acid treatment was found to be effective to recoup its conductivity. PEDOT was successfully immobilized on an electrospun fiber mat to enhance its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Alireza Akbarinejad
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Tahereh Jasemizad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Raoul Fucina
- The University of Limoges, 87032 Limoges, France
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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Kim KY, Ekpe OD, Lee HJ, Oh JE. Perfluoroalkyl substances and pharmaceuticals removal in full-scale drinking water treatment plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123235. [PMID: 32947684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 14 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and 46 pharmaceuticals in raw water and drinking water from five drinking water treatment plants were determined to assess removal of the chemicals during treatment. 10 out of 14 PFASs were detected in the raw and drinking water samples. The mean perfluorohexane sulfonate concentrations in raw and drinking water were the highest with levels of 106 and 69.6 ng L-1, respectively and the other PFAS concentrations were lower. The ∑14PFAS and individual PFAS removal efficiencies for the treatment plants were -36.9% to 70.7% (mean 31.3%) but the granular activated carbon process removed >80% of the total amount of long-chain PFASs that was removed. The removal efficiency increased as the perfluorocarbon chain length increased. The removal efficiencies increased by 14.2% and 11.2% from the shortest to the longest perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid chain lengths, respectively. 20 out of 46 pharmaceuticals were detected in the raw water samples, but most were removed completely during treatment. Only caffeine, carbamazepine, crotamiton, fenbendazole, metformin, and sulfamethoxazole were detected in the drinking water samples. Oxidation processes contributed >90% of the overall treatment plant removal efficiency except for metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Yong Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Okon Dominic Ekpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jun Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Zhi H, Kolpin DW, Klaper RD, Iwanowicz LR, Meppelink SM, LeFevre GH. Occurrence and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Pharmaceuticals in a Temperate-Region Wastewater Effluent-Dominated Stream: Variable Inputs and Differential Attenuation Yield Evolving Complex Exposure Mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12967-12978. [PMID: 32960577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Effluent-dominated streams are becoming increasingly common in temperate regions and generate complex pharmaceutical mixture exposure conditions that may impact aquatic organisms via drug-drug interactions. Here, we quantified spatiotemporal pharmaceutical exposure concentrations and composition mixture dynamics during baseflow conditions at four sites in a temperate-region effluent-dominated stream (upstream, at, and progressively downstream from effluent discharge). Samples were analyzed monthly for 1 year for 109 pharmaceuticals/degradates using a comprehensive U.S. Geological Survey analytical method and biweekly for 2 years focused on 14 most common pharmaceuticals/degradates. We observed a strong chemical gradient with pharmaceuticals only sporadically detected upstream from the effluent. Seventy-four individual pharmaceuticals/degradates were detected, spanning 5 orders of magnitude from 0.28 to 13 500 ng/L, with 38 compounds detected in >50% of samples. "Biweekly" compounds represented 77 ± 8% of the overall pharmaceutical concentration. The antidiabetic drug metformin consistently had the highest concentration with limited in-stream attenuation. The antihistamine drug fexofenadine inputs were greater during warm- than cool-season conditions but also attenuated faster. Differential attenuation of individual pharmaceuticals (i.e., high = citalopram; low = metformin) contributed to complex mixture evolution along the stream reach. This research demonstrates that variable inputs over multiple years and differential in-stream attenuation of individual compounds generate evolving complex mixture exposure conditions for biota, with implications for interactive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, 400 S. Clinton Street, Rm 269 Federal Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | - Rebecca D Klaper
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, School of Freshwater Sciences, 600 E. Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United States
| | - Luke R Iwanowicz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430, United States
| | - Shannon M Meppelink
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, 400 S. Clinton Street, Rm 269 Federal Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | - Gregory H LeFevre
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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11
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Carbuloni CF, Savoia JE, Santos JSP, Pereira CAA, Marques RG, Ribeiro VAS, Ferrari AM. Degradation of metformin in water by TiO 2-ZrO 2 photocatalysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 262:110347. [PMID: 32250822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of pharmaceutical products also increases their release in aquatic environment. These contaminants are considered emerging pollutants, and induce adverse ecological and human health effects. The antidiabetic metformin is one example that has been detected in the aquatic environment at unusual concentrations. This fact indicates that conventional wastewater treatment is inefficient on eliminating this compound. Here we show that metformin can be effectively removed from water by photocatalysis. We found the optimised conditions for pH and concentration of catalyst on the photocatalytic process. TiO2 and TiO2-ZrO2 were successful in oxidising metformin under UV radiation following a pseudo-first order kinetics. Intermediates of metformin photodegradation appeared after photocatalytic treatment. Toxicity analysis showed that the degradation products are non-toxic to Lactuca sativa seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline F Carbuloni
- Federal University of Technology - Parana, Rua Marcilio Dias, 635, 86812-460, Apucarana, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline E Savoia
- Federal University of Technology - Parana, Rua Marcilio Dias, 635, 86812-460, Apucarana, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S P Santos
- Federal University of Technology - Parana, Rua Marcilio Dias, 635, 86812-460, Apucarana, Brazil
| | - Cíntia A A Pereira
- State University of Maringa, Av Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Rubiane G Marques
- Federal University of Technology - Parana, Rua Marcilio Dias, 635, 86812-460, Apucarana, Brazil
| | - Valquíria A S Ribeiro
- Federal University of Technology - Parana, Rua Marcilio Dias, 635, 86812-460, Apucarana, Brazil
| | - Ana M Ferrari
- Federal University of Technology - Parana, Rua Marcilio Dias, 635, 86812-460, Apucarana, Brazil.
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12
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Lin W, Zhang X, Li P, Tan Y, Ren Y. Ultraviolet photolysis of metformin: mechanisms of environmental factors, identification of intermediates, and density functional theory calculations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:17043-17053. [PMID: 32146661 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As a commonly used anti-diabetic drug, metformin (MEF) is frequently detected in different water bodies which pose a potential threat to human health and the ecological environment. In this study, oxidative degradation of MEF under ultraviolet (UV) light was studied, and its influencing factors, photolysis mechanism, and intermediates identification carried out as well. The results showed that the hydroxyl radical contributed 73% during the 6 h MEF photolysis process among the reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, triplet excited-state organic matter and singlet oxygen also played a role in the photolysis process. The reaction rates of hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen with MEF are (6.45 ± 0.4) × 109 and (5.4 ± 0.7) × 106 L·(mol s)-1, respectively. By calculating the light screening effect of environmental factors, it is found that the presence of NO3- and Cl- had a greater excitation effect on ROS than the screening effect, and generally promoted the photolysis rates of MEF from 90.3 to 193.5% and from 16.1 to 80.6% during the 6-h reaction process, respectively. For bicarbonate and fulvic acid, the light screening effects were dominant and inhibited photolysis rates by 10-52% and 13-71%, respectively. The results demonstrated that the photoreactivity of environmental factors in water is the cause of the different photodegradation rates of MEF. The oxidative degradation product of MEF under UV light was detected by UPLC/Q-TOF as methylbiguanide (MBG), 2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazine (2,4-DAT), biguanide (BGN), 1,1-dimethylguanidine (1,1-DiMBG), 4-amino-2-imino-1-methyl-1,2-dihydro-1, 3,5-triazine (4,2,1-AIMT), and 2-amino-4-methylamino-1,3,5-triazine (2,4-AMT). The result which showed that the primary sites of ∙OH attacked is consistent with that of density functional theory calculation. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhen Tan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Elizalde-Velázquez GA, Gómez-Oliván LM. Occurrence, toxic effects and removal of metformin in the aquatic environments in the world: Recent trends and perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 702:134924. [PMID: 31726346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Metformin (MET) is the most common drug used to treat type 2 diabetes, but also it is used as an anticancer agent and as a treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome. This drug is not metabolized in the human body, and may enter into the environment through different pathways. In wastewater treatments plants (WWTPs), this contaminant is mainly transformed to guanylurea (GUA). However, three further transformation products (TPs): (a) 2,4- diamino-1,3,5-triazine, 4-DAT; (b) 2-amino-4-methylamino-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-AMT; and (c) methylbiguanide, MBG; have also been associated with its metabolism. MET, GUA and MBG have been found in WWTPs influents, effluents and surface waters. Furthermore, MET and GUA bioaccumulate in edible plants species, fish and mussels potentially contaminating the human food web. MET is also a potential endocrine disruptor in fish. Phytoremediation, adsorption and biodegradation have shown a high removal efficiency of MET, in laboratory. Nonetheless, these removal methods had less efficiency when tried in WWTPs. Therefore, MET and its TPs are a threat to the human being as well as to our environment. This review comprehensively discuss the (1) pathways of MET to the environment and its life-cycle, (2) occurrence of MET and its transformation products (3) removal, (4) toxic effects and (5) future trends and perspectives of possible methods of elimination in water in order to provide potential options for managing these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Axel Elizalde-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
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14
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Gumieniczek A, Berecka-Rycerz A, Mroczek T, Wojtanowski K. Determination of Chemical Stability of Two Oral Antidiabetics, Metformin and Repaglinide in the Solid State and Solutions Using LC-UV, LC-MS, and FT-IR Methods. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244430. [PMID: 31817112 PMCID: PMC6943551 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Firstly, metformin and repaglinide were degraded under high temperature/humidity, UV/VIS light, in different pH and oxidative conditions. Secondly, a new validated LC-UV method was examined, as to whether it validly determined these drugs in the presence of their degradation products and whether it is suitable for estimating degradation kinetics. Finally, the respective LC-MS method was used to identify the degradation products. In addition, using FT-IR method, the stability of metformin and repaglinide was scrutinized in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), mannitol, magnesium stearate, and lactose. Significant degradation of metformin, following the first order kinetics, was observed in alkaline medium. In the case of repaglinide, the most significant and quickest degradation, following the first order kinetics, was observed in acidic and oxidative media (0.1 M HCl and 3% H2O2). Two new degradation products of metformin and nine new degradation products of repaglinide were detected and identified when the stressed samples were examined by our LC-MS method. What is more, the presence of PVP, mannitol, and magnesium stearate proved to affect the stability of metformin, while repaglinide stability was affected in the presence of PVP and magnesium stearate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gumieniczek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-4487380; Fax: +48-81-4487381
| | - Anna Berecka-Rycerz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Mroczek
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (T.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Krzysztof Wojtanowski
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (T.M.); (K.W.)
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15
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Quaresma AV, Sousa BA, Silva KTS, Silva SQ, Werle AA, Afonso RJCF. Oxidative treatments for atenolol removal in water: Elucidation by mass spectrometry and toxicity evaluation of degradation products. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:303-313. [PMID: 30394595 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The presence of pharmaceuticals in water is a worldwide concern due to potential damage to human and environmental health. For example, compounds such as the β-blocker atenolol (ATE), widely used for the treatment of cardiac disease, are detected in drinking water since conventional water treatment plants are not designed to remove them. Thus, the evaluation of ATE removal at different water oxidative treatment processes, identification of its degradation products and evaluation of their toxicity is necessary. METHODS Aqueous solutions of ATE (10 mg/L) were submitted to oxidative treatments of chlorination ([NaClO] = 10 mg/L), ozonation ([O3 ] = 8 mg/L), photocatalysis ([TiO2 ] = 120 mg/L and UV-C light) and photolysis (UV-C light). The removal of ATE and formation of degradation products (DPs) were monitored by mass spectrometry. To assess acute cytotoxicity, DPs were submitted to colorimetric MTT assay using HepG2 cells. The Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) software was applied to estimate the acute and chronic toxicity of identified DPs at different trophic levels. RESULTS Photocatalysis was the treatment that demonstrated greater efficiency, removing 94% of the initial ATE. For the four tested treatments, 12 DPs were confirmed after 30 min. Moreover, some of the identified DPs were unpublished in the literature. Through high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), it was possible to elucidate the structure of the DPs. Solutions of DPs were not considered to be toxic to HepG2 cells. Only the DP with a molecular formula of C13 H19 NO3 (m/z 238.1438) could be considered detrimental to daphnid and green algae. CONCLUSIONS Low rates of organic matter removal and high rates of ATE degradation were obtained in the applied treatments after 30 min. Although the treated solutions were not toxic to HepG2 cells, one of the degradation products can be considered an environmental concern since it presents chronic toxicity to daphnid and green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda V Quaresma
- Environmental Engineering Post-Graduate Programme (ProAmb), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Bianca A Sousa
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Karina T S Silva
- Pharmacy Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Silvana Q Silva
- Biological Sciences Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Alceni A Werle
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Robson J C F Afonso
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
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16
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Badran I, Manasrah AD, Nassar N. A combined experimental and density functional theory study of metformin oxy-cracking for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13403-13413. [PMID: 35519592 PMCID: PMC9063927 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01641d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds are emerging contaminants that have been detected in surface water across the world. Because conventional wastewater treatment plants are not designed to treat such pollutants, new technologies are needed to degrade and oxidize such contaminants. The newly developed oxy-cracking process was utilized to treat the antidiabetic drug, metformin. The process, which involved partial oxidation of metformin in alkaline aqueous medium, proved to decompose the drug into small organic molecules, with minimum emission of CO2, therefore, increasing its biodegradability and removal from industrial treatment plants. The reaction gaseous products were probed by online gas chromatography. The liquid phase before and after oxy-cracking was analyzed for total carbon content by TOC and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The products formed from the nitrogen-rich drug included ammonia, amines, amidines, and urea derivatives. A reaction mechanism for the oxy-cracking process is proposed. Because the hydroxyl radical (˙OH) is believed to play a central role in the oxy-cracking process, the mechanism is initiated by ˙OH attacks on metformin, followed by single decomposition or isomerization steps into stable products. The reactions were investigated using density functional theory calculations and validated using high quality 2nd order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory energy calculations. Pharmaceutical compounds are emerging contaminants that have been detected in surface water across the world.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Badran
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- Canada T2N 1N4
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Abdallah D. Manasrah
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Nashaat N. Nassar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- Canada T2N 1N4
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17
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Tao Y, Chen B, Zhang BH, Zhu ZJ, Cai Q. Occurrence, Impact, Analysis and Treatment of Metformin and Guanylurea in Coastal Aquatic Environments of Canada, USA and Europe. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 81:23-58. [PMID: 30471658 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the occurrence, impact, analysis and treatment of metformin and guanylurea in coastal aquatic environments of Canada, USA and Europe. Metformin, a biguanide in chemical classification, is widely used as one of the most effective first-line oral drugs for type 2 diabetes. It is difficult to be metabolized by the human body and exists in both urine and faeces samples in these regions. Guanylurea is metformin's biotransformation product. Consequently, significant concentrations of metformin and guanylurea have been reported in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and coastal aquatic environments. The maximum concentrations of metformin and guanylurea in surface water samples were as high as 59,000 and 4502ngL-1, respectively. Metformin can be absorbed in non-target organisms by plants and in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Guanylurea has a confirmed mitotic activity in plant cells. Analysis methods of metformin are currently developed based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The removal of metformin from aquatic environments in the target regions is summarized. The review helps to fill a knowledge gap and provides insights for regulatory considerations. The potential options for managing these emerging pollutants are outlined too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwen Tao
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Bing Chen
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Baiyu Helen Zhang
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Zhiwen Joy Zhu
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Qinhong Cai
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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18
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Tisler S, Zwiener C. Formation and occurrence of transformation products of metformin in wastewater and surface water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:1121-1129. [PMID: 30045535 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the occurrence and fate of the antidiabetic metformin (MF) and its transformation products (TPs) in wastewater and surface water samples. New TPs of MF were approached by electrochemical degradation with a boron-doped-diamond electrode (at 1.5V for 10min). 2,4-Diamino-1,3,5-triazine (2,4-DAT), methylbiguanide (MBG), 2-amino-4-methylamino-1,3,5-triazine (2,4-AMT) and 4-amino-2-imino-1-methyl-1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine (4,2,1-AIMT) were identified by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) and accurate mass fragmentation. However, the well-known transformation product guanyl urea (GU) could not be formed electrochemically. In samples from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), 2,4-AMT and 2,4-DAT showed an increasing trend from influents to effluents, which implies formation of the TPs during WWT. MBG is also formed by hydrolysis of MF and therefore didn't show this trend in WWTPs. Compared to GU, the concentrations of other TPs are generally three orders of magnitude lower. MBG and 2,4-DAT were also detected in surface water which was impacted by waste water, while 4,2,1-AIMT could not be detected in any sample. The concentrations of MF were in an expected range for influent (14 to 95μg/l), effluent (0.7 to 6.5μg/l), surface water (up to 234ng/l) and tap water (34ng/l). GU concentrations, however, were in one of the two investigated WWTP much higher in the influent (between 158μg/l and 2100μg/l) than in the effluent (between 26 and 810μg/l). This is a rather unexpected result which has not been reported yet. Obviously, GU has been already formed in parts of the sewer system from MF or from other biguanide compounds like antidiabetics or disinfection chemicals. Furthermore, lower concentrations of GU in the effluents than in the influents indicate degradation processes of guanyl urea in the waste water treatment.
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Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress report, 2016. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:107-145. [PMID: 28124708 PMCID: PMC6400464 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp90001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three Panels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with two focal issues. The first focus is the effects of UV radiation on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality, and materials. The second focus is on interactions between UV radiation and global climate change and how these may affect humans and the environment. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than previously believed. As a result of this, human health and environmental issues will be longer-lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most recent was published as a series of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Progress Reports of the relevant scientific findings. The most recent of these was for 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2016, 15, 141-147). The present Progress Report for 2016 assesses some of the highlights and new insights with regard to the interactive nature of the direct and indirect effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change. The more detailed Quadrennial Assessment will be made available in 2018.
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