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Adéoti OM, Agbla S, Diop A, Glèlè Kakaï R. Nonlinear mixed models and related approaches in infectious disease modeling: A systematic and critical review. Infect Dis Model 2025; 10:110-128. [PMID: 39376223 PMCID: PMC11456789 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2024.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The level of surveillance and preparedness against epidemics varies across countries, resulting in different responses to outbreaks. When conducting an in-depth analysis of microinfection dynamics, one must account for the substantial heterogeneity across countries. However, many commonly used statistical model specifications lack the flexibility needed for sound and accurate analysis and prediction in such contexts. Nonlinear mixed effects models (NLMMs) constitute a specific statistical tool that can overcome these significant challenges. While compartmental models are well-established in infectious disease modeling and have seen significant advancements, Nonlinear Mixed Models (NLMMs) offer a flexible approach for handling heterogeneous and unbalanced repeated measures data, often with less computational effort than some individual-level compartmental modeling techniques. This study provides an overview of their current use and offers a solid foundation for developing guidelines that may help improve their implementation in real-world situations. Relevant scientific databases in the Research4life Access initiative programs were used to search for papers dealing with key aspects of NLMMs in infectious disease modeling (IDM). From an initial list of 3641 papers, 124 were finally included and used for this systematic and critical review spanning the last two decades, following the PRISMA guidelines. NLMMs have evolved rapidly in the last decade, especially in IDM, with most publications dating from 2017 to 2021 (83.33%). The routine use of normality assumption appeared inappropriate for IDM, leading to a wealth of literature on NLMMs with non-normal errors and random effects under various estimation methods. We noticed that NLMMs have attracted much attention for the latest known epidemics worldwide (COVID-19, Ebola, Dengue and Lassa) with the robustness and reliability of relaxed propositions of the normality assumption. A case study of the application of COVID-19 data helped to highlight NLMMs' performance in modeling infectious diseases. Out of this study, estimation methods, assumptions, and random terms specification in NLMMs are key aspects requiring particular attention for their application in IDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaiya Mathilde Adéoti
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d’Estimations Forestières, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Schadrac Agbla
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool United Kingdom
| | - Aliou Diop
- Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche en Statistique et Developpement, Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis Senegal
| | - Romain Glèlè Kakaï
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d’Estimations Forestières, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
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Duan Q, Wang Y, Jiang X, Ding S, Zhang Y, Yao M, Pang B, Tian X, Ma W, Kou Z, Wen H. Spatial-temporal drivers and incidence heterogeneity of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome transmission in Shandong Province, China, 2016-2022. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1032. [PMID: 38615002 PMCID: PMC11015691 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) signals a recurring risk in Eurasia in recent years owing to its continued rise in case notifications and the extension of geographical distribution. This study was undertaken to investigate the spatiotemporal drivers and incidence heterogeneity of HFRS transmission in Shandong Province. METHODS The epidemiological data for HFRS, meteorological data and socioeconomic data were obtained from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System, and Shandong Statistical Yearbook, respectively. The spatial-temporal multicomponent model was employed to analyze the values of spatial-temporal components and the heterogeneity of HFRS transmission across distinct regions. RESULTS The total effect values of the autoregressive, epidemic, and endemic components were 0.451, 0.187, and 0.033, respectively, exhibiting significant heterogeneity across various cities. This suggested a pivotal role of the autoregressive component in propelling HFRS transmission in Shandong Province. The epidemic component of Qingdao, Weifang, Yantai, Weihai, and Jining declined sharply at the onset of 2020. The random effect identified distinct incidence levels associated with Qingdao and Weifang, signifying regional variations in HFRS occurrence. CONCLUSIONS The autoregressive component emerged as a significant driver in the transmission of HFRS in Shandong Province. Targeted preventive measures should be strategically implemented across various regions, taking into account the predominant component influencing the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Duan
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Section, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Department of Microbiological Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiaolin Jiang
- Ministry of Research and Education, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Shujun Ding
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Section, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Section, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Mingxiao Yao
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Section, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Section, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xueying Tian
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Section, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zengqiang Kou
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Section, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China.
- Infection Disease Control of Institute, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Hongling Wen
- Department of Microbiological Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Nguyen MH, Nguyen THT, Molenberghs G, Abrams S, Hens N, Faes C. The impact of national and international travel on spatio-temporal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Belgium in 2021. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:428. [PMID: 37355572 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread over the world and caused tremendous impacts on global health. Understanding the mechanism responsible for the spread of this pathogen and the impact of specific factors, such as human mobility, will help authorities to tailor interventions for future SARS-CoV-2 waves or newly emerging airborne infections. In this study, we aim to analyze the spatio-temporal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Belgium at municipality level between January and December 2021 and explore the effect of different levels of human travel on disease incidence through the use of counterfactual scenarios. METHODS We applied the endemic-epidemic modelling framework, in which the disease incidence decomposes into endemic, autoregressive and neighbourhood components. The spatial dependencies among areas are adjusted based on actual connectivity through mobile network data. We also took into account other important factors such as international mobility, vaccination coverage, population size and the stringency of restriction measures. RESULTS The results demonstrate the aggravating effect of international travel on the incidence, and simulated counterfactual scenarios further stress the alleviating impact of a reduction in national and international travel on epidemic growth. It is also clear that local transmission contributed the most during 2021, and municipalities with a larger population tended to attract a higher number of cases from neighboring areas. CONCLUSIONS Although transmission between municipalities was observed, local transmission was dominant. We highlight the positive association between the mobility data and the infection spread over time. Our study provides insight to assist health authorities in decision-making, particularly when the disease is airborne and therefore likely influenced by human movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Hanh Nguyen
- Data Science Institute, I-BioStat, Hasselt University, BE-3500, Hasselt, Belgium.
| | | | - Geert Molenberghs
- Data Science Institute, I-BioStat, Hasselt University, BE-3500, Hasselt, Belgium
- I-BioStat, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Abrams
- Data Science Institute, I-BioStat, Hasselt University, BE-3500, Hasselt, Belgium
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, BE-2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Data Science Institute, I-BioStat, Hasselt University, BE-3500, Hasselt, Belgium
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, BE-2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, BE-2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Christel Faes
- Data Science Institute, I-BioStat, Hasselt University, BE-3500, Hasselt, Belgium
- I-BioStat, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Bucyibaruta G, Dean C, Torabi M. A discrete-time susceptible-infectious-recovered-susceptible model for the analysis of influenza data. Infect Dis Model 2023; 8:471-483. [PMID: 37234099 PMCID: PMC10206802 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We develop a discrete time compartmental model to describe the spread of seasonal influenza virus. As time and disease state variables are assumed to be discrete, this model is considered to be a discrete time, stochastic, Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered-Susceptible (DT-SIRS) model, where weekly counts of disease are assumed to follow a Poisson distribution. We allow the disease transmission rate to also vary over time, and the disease can only be reintroduced after extinction if there is a contact with infected individuals from other host populations. To capture the variability of influenza activities from one season to the next, we define the seasonality with a 4-week period effect that may change over years. We examine three different transmission rates and compare their performance to that of existing approaches. Even though there is limited information for susceptible and recovered individuals, we demonstrate that the simple models for transmission rates effectively capture the behaviour of the disease dynamics. We use a Bayesian approach for inference. The framework is applied in an analysis of the temporal spread of influenza in the province of Manitoba, Canada, 2012-2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Bucyibaruta
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - C.B. Dean
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Torabi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W3, Canada
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Semakula M, Niragire F, Nsanzimana S, Remera E, Faes C. Spatio-temporal dynamic of the COVID-19 epidemic and the impact of imported cases in Rwanda. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:930. [PMID: 37221533 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15888-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Africa was threatened by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to the limited health care infrastructure. Rwanda has consistently used non-pharmaceutical strategies, such as lockdown, curfew, and enforcement of prevention measures to control the spread of COVID-19. Despite the mitigation measures taken, the country has faced a series of outbreaks in 2020 and 2021. In this paper, we investigate the nature of epidemic phenomena in Rwanda and the impact of imported cases on the spread of COVID-19 using endemic-epidemic spatio-temporal models. Our study provides a framework for understanding the dynamics of the epidemic in Rwanda and monitoring its phenomena to inform public health decision-makers for timely and targeted interventions. RESULTS The findings provide insights into the effects of lockdown and imported infections in Rwanda's COVID-19 outbreaks. The findings showed that imported infections are dominated by locally transmitted cases. The high incidence was predominant in urban areas and at the borders of Rwanda with its neighboring countries. The inter-district spread of COVID-19 was very limited due to mitigation measures taken in Rwanda. CONCLUSION The study recommends using evidence-based decisions in the management of epidemics and integrating statistical models in the analytics component of the health information system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Semakula
- I-BioStat, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
- College of Business and Economics, Centre of excellence in Data Science, Bio-statistics, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda.
- Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda.
| | - François Niragire
- Department of Applied Statistics, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Eric Remera
- Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
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Spatiotemporal dynamics and potential ecological drivers of acute respiratory infectious diseases: an example of scarlet fever in Sichuan Province. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2139. [PMID: 36411416 PMCID: PMC9680133 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECT Scarlet fever is an acute respiratory infectious disease that endangers public health and imposes a huge economic burden. In this paper, we systematically studied its spatial and temporal evolution and explore its potential ecological drivers. The goal of this research is to provide a reference for analysis based on surveillance data of scarlet fever and other acute respiratory infectious illnesses, and offer suggestions for prevention and control. METHOD This research is based on a spatiotemporal multivariate model (Endemic-Epidemic model). Firstly, we described the epidemiology status of the scarlet fever epidemic in Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2019. Secondly, we used spatial autocorrelation analysis to understand the spatial pattern. Thirdly, we applied the endemic-epidemic model to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics by quantitatively decomposing cases into endemic, autoregressive, and spatiotemporal components. Finally, we explored potential ecological drivers that could influence the spread of scarlet fever. RESULTS From 2016 to 2019, the incidence of scarlet fever in Sichuan Province varied much among cities. In terms of temporal distribution, there were 1-2 epidemic peaks per year, and they were mainly concentrated from April to June and October to December. In terms of transmission, the endemic and temporal spread were predominant. Our findings imply that the school holiday could help to reduce the spread of scarlet fever, and a standard increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was associated with 2.6 folds contributions to the epidemic among cities. CONCLUSION Scarlet fever outbreaks are more susceptible to previous cases, as temporal spread accounted for major transmission in many areas in Sichuan Province. The school holidays and GDP can influence the spread of infectious diseases. Given that covariates could not fully explain heterogeneity, adding random effects was essential to improve accuracy. Paying attention to critical populations and hotspots, as well as understanding potential drivers, is recommended for acute respiratory infections such as scarlet fever. For example, our study reveals GDP is positively associated with spatial spread, indicating we should consider GDP as an important factor when analyzing the potential drivers of acute infectious disease.
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Bekker‐Nielsen Dunbar M, Hofmann F, Held L. Session 3 of the RSS Special Topic Meeting on Covid-19 Transmission: Replies to the discussion. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY. SERIES A, (STATISTICS IN SOCIETY) 2022; 185:S158-S164. [PMID: 38607908 PMCID: PMC9878005 DOI: 10.1111/rssa.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Hofmann
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI)University of Zurich (UZH)ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Leonhard Held
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI)University of Zurich (UZH)ZurichSwitzerland
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Wang Y, Pang B, Ma W, Kou Z, Wen H. Analysis of the spatial-temporal components driving transmission of the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Shandong Province, China, 2016-2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3761-3770. [PMID: 36265799 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Existing models about the spatial-temporal distribution of the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) entirely concentrate on aggregation, which provides limited knowledge to develop effective measures to control the epidemic of SFTS. This study aimed to identify the main spatial-temporal components and heterogeneity in different regions in Shandong Province, China. We applied the spatial-temporal multicomponent model to detect the spatial-temporal component values. A total of 2814 cases were reported from 2016 to 2018 in Shandong Province. The prevalence rate was 0.627 per 100,000, with an overall case fatality rate of 8.99%. SFTS cases were mostly clustered in central and eastern regions of Shandong Province. The total effect values of the autoregressive component, the spatiotemporal component and the endemic component were 0.586, 0.244 and 0.084, respectively, which demonstrated that the autoregressive component was the main factor driving the incidence of SFTS, followed by the spatiotemporal component. Gross domestic product per capita and weekly mean atmospheric pressure contributed to the incidence of SFTS with inverse effects. Obvious heterogeneity across regions for the autoregressive component and the spatiotemporal component was identified. In conclusion, the autoregressive and spatiotemporal components play a key role in driving the transmission of SFTS in Shandong Province. Based on the main component values, targeted measures should be formulated to control SFTS epidemics in different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Microbiological Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Infection Disease Control of Institute, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zengqiang Kou
- Infection Disease Control of Institute, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jinan, China
| | - Hongling Wen
- Department of Microbiological Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Swanson D, Koren C, Hopp P, Jonsson ME, Rø GI, White RA, Grøneng GM. A One Health real-time surveillance system for nowcasting Campylobacter gastrointestinal illness outbreaks, Norway, week 30 2010 to week 11 2022. Euro Surveill 2022; 27:2101121. [PMID: 36305333 PMCID: PMC9615412 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.43.2101121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCampylobacter is a leading cause of food and waterborne illness. Monitoring and modelling Campylobacter at chicken broiler farms, combined with weather pattern surveillance, can aid nowcasting of human gastrointestinal (GI) illness outbreaks. Near real-time sharing of data and model results with health authorities can help increase potential outbreak responsiveness.AimsTo leverage data on weather and Campylobacter on broiler farms to build a risk model for possible human Campylobacter outbreaks and to communicate risk assessments with health authorities.MethodsWe developed a spatio-temporal random effects model for weekly GI illness consultations in Norwegian municipalities with Campylobacter monitoring and weather data from week 30 2010 to 11 2022 to give 1-week nowcasts of GI illness outbreaks. The approach combined a municipality random effects baseline model for seasonally-adjusted GI illness with a second model for peak deviations from that baseline. Model results are communicated to national and local stakeholders through an interactive website: Sykdomspulsen One Health.ResultsLagged temperature and precipitation covariates, as well as 2-week-lagged positive Campylobacter sampling in broilers, were associated with higher levels of GI consultations. Significant inter-municipality variability in outbreak nowcasts were observed.ConclusionsCampylobacter surveillance in broilers can be useful in GI illness outbreak nowcasting. Surveillance of Campylobacter along potential pathways from the environment to illness such as via water system monitoring may improve nowcasting. A One Health system that communicates near real-time surveillance data and nowcast changes in risk to health professionals facilitates the prevention of Campylobacter outbreaks and reduces impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Swanson
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway,Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Lindqvist R, Cha W, Dryselius R, Lahti E. The temporal pattern and relationship of Campylobacter prevalence in broiler slaughter batches and human campylobacteriosis cases in Sweden 2009–2019. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 378:109823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic in Seoul with biostatistics. Infect Dis Model 2022; 7:419-429. [PMID: 35822172 PMCID: PMC9264726 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses our collaboration work with government officers in the health department of Seoul during the COVID-19 pandemic. First, we focus on short-term forecasting for the number of new confirmed cases and severe cases. Second, we focus on understanding how much of the current infections has been affected by external influx from neighborhood areas or internal transmission within the area. This understanding may be important because it is linked to the government policy determining non-pharmaceutical interventions. To obtain the decomposition of the effect, districts of Seoul should be considered simultaneously, and multivariate time series models are used. Third, we focus on predicting the number of new weekly confirmed cases for each district in Seoul. This detailed prediction may be important to the government policy on resource allocation. We consider an ensemble method to overcome poor prediction performance of simple models. This paper presents the methodological details and analysis results of the study.
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Di Biagio K, Baldini M, Dolcini J, Serafini P, Sarti D, Dorillo I, Ranzi A, Settimo G, Bartolacci S, Simeoni TV, Prospero E. Atmospheric particulate matter effects on SARS-CoV-2 infection and spreading dynamics: A spatio-temporal point process model. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113617. [PMID: 35667404 PMCID: PMC9164771 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) may play a role in differential distribution and transmission rates of SARS-CoV-2. For public health surveillance, identification of factors affecting the transmission dynamics concerning the endemic (persistent sporadic) and epidemic (rapidly clustered) component of infection can help to implement intervention strategies to reduce the disease burden. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of long-term residential exposure to outdoor PM ≤ 10 μm (PM10) concentrations on SARS-CoV-2 incidence and on its spreading dynamics in Marche region (Central Italy) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (February to May 2020), using the endemic-epidemic spatio-temporal regression model for individual-level data. Environmental and climatic factors were estimated at 10 km2 grid cells. 10-years average exposure to PM10 was associated with an increased risk of new endemic (Rate Ratio for 10 μg/m3 increase 1.14, 95%CI 1.04-1.24) and epidemic (Rate Ratio 1.15, 95%CI 1.08-1.22) infection. Male gender, older age, living in Nursing Homes and Long-Term Care Facilities residence and socio-economic deprivation index increased Rate Ratio (RR) in epidemic component. Lockdown increased the risk of becoming positive to SARS-CoV-2 as concerning endemic component while it reduced virus spreading in epidemic one. Increased temperature was associated with a reduction of endemic and epidemic infection. Results showed an increment of RR for exposure to increased levels of PM10 both in endemic and epidemic components. Targeted interventions are necessary to improve air quality in most polluted areas, where deprived populations are more likely to live, to minimize the burden of endemic and epidemic COVID-19 disease and to reduce unequal distribution of health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuscia Di Biagio
- Environmental Epidemiology Unit - Regional Environmental Protection Agency of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Marco Baldini
- Environmental Epidemiology Unit - Regional Environmental Protection Agency of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jacopo Dolcini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Hygiene - Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pietro Serafini
- Medical Direction Department, Local Health Authority of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Donatella Sarti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Hygiene - Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Irene Dorillo
- Air Quality Unit, Regional Environmental Protection Agency of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Ranzi
- Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention, Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy of Emilia-Romagna, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Bartolacci
- Environmental Epidemiology Unit - Regional Environmental Protection Agency of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Thomas Valerio Simeoni
- Environmental Epidemiology Unit - Regional Environmental Protection Agency of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emilia Prospero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Hygiene - Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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Douwes‐Schultz D, Sun S, Schmidt AM, Moodie EEM. Extended Bayesian endemic-epidemic models to incorporate mobility data into COVID-19 forecasting. CAN J STAT 2022; 50:713-733. [PMID: 35941958 PMCID: PMC9349401 DOI: 10.1002/cjs.11723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Forecasting the number of daily COVID-19 cases is critical in the short-term planning of hospital and other public resources. One potentially important piece of information for forecasting COVID-19 cases is mobile device location data that measure the amount of time an individual spends at home. Endemic-epidemic (EE) time series models are recently proposed autoregressive models where the current mean case count is modelled as a weighted average of past case counts multiplied by an autoregressive rate, plus an endemic component. We extend EE models to include a distributed-lag model in order to investigate the association between mobility and the number of reported COVID-19 cases; we additionally include a weekly first-order random walk to capture additional temporal variation. Further, we introduce a shifted negative binomial weighting scheme for the past counts that is more flexible than previously proposed weighting schemes. We perform inference under a Bayesian framework to incorporate parameter uncertainty into model forecasts. We illustrate our methods using data from four US counties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Douwes‐Schultz
- Department of EpidemiologyBiostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Shuo Sun
- Department of EpidemiologyBiostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Alexandra M. Schmidt
- Department of EpidemiologyBiostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Erica E. M. Moodie
- Department of EpidemiologyBiostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
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Nguyen THT, Nguyen TV, Luong QC, Ho TV, Faes C, Hens N. Understanding the transmission dynamics of a large-scale measles outbreak in Southern Vietnam. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 122:1009-1017. [PMID: 35907478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During 2018-2020, Southern Vietnam experienced a large measles outbreak of over 26,000 cases. We aimed to understand and quantify the measles spread in space-time dependence and the transmissibility during the outbreak. METHODS Measles surveillance reported cases between 1/2018 and 6/2020, vaccination coverage, and population data at provincial level were used. To illustrate the spatiotemporal pattern of disease spread, we employed the endemic-epidemic multivariate time series model decomposing measles risk additively into autoregressive, spatiotemporal, and endemic component. Likelihood-based estimation procedures were performed to determine the time-varying reproductive number Re of measles. RESULTS Our analysis shows that measles incidence was associated with vaccination coverage heterogeneity and spatial interaction between provincial units. The risk of infections was dominated by between-province transmission (36.1% to 78.8%), followed by local endogenous transmission (4.1% to 61.5%) whereas the endemic behavior had a relatively small contribution (2.1% to 33.4%) across provinces. In the exponential phase of the epidemic, Re was above the threshold with a maximum value of 2.34 (95%CI: 2.20-2.46). CONCLUSION Local vaccination coverage and human mobility are important factors contributing to the measles dynamics in Southern Vietnam and the high risk of inter-provincial transmission is of most concern. Strengthening disease surveillance is recommended, and further research is essential to understand the relative contribution of population immunity and control measures in measles epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Huyen Trang Nguyen
- Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; The Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, 70000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Thuong Vu Nguyen
- The Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, 70000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Quang Chan Luong
- The Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, 70000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thang Vinh Ho
- The Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, 70000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Niel Hens
- Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; The University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Celani A, Giudici P. Endemic-epidemic models to understand COVID-19 spatio-temporal evolution. SPATIAL STATISTICS 2022; 49:100528. [PMID: 34307007 PMCID: PMC8274278 DOI: 10.1016/j.spasta.2021.100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose an endemic-epidemic model: a negative binomial space-time autoregression, which can be employed to monitor the contagion dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic, both in time and in space. The model is exemplified through an empirical analysis of the provinces of northern Italy, heavily affected by the pandemic and characterized by similar non-pharmaceutical policy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Celani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Sociali, Polytechnic University of Marche, Piazzale Raffaele Martelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Paolo Giudici
- Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Aziendali, University of Pavia, Via San Felice al Monastero 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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16
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Ueki M. Beta-negative binomial nonlinear spatio-temporal random effects modeling of COVID-19 case counts in Japan. J Appl Stat 2022; 50:1650-1663. [PMID: 37197760 PMCID: PMC10184601 DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2022.2064439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread seriously throughout the world. Predicting the spread, or the number of cases, in the future can facilitate preparation for, and prevention of, a worst-case scenario. To achieve these purposes, statistical modeling using past data is one feasible approach. This paper describes spatio-temporal modeling of COVID-19 case counts in 47 prefectures of Japan using a nonlinear random effects model, where random effects are introduced to capture the heterogeneity of a number of model parameters associated with the prefectures. The negative binomial distribution is frequently used with the Paul-Held random effects model to account for overdispersion in count data; however, the negative binomial distribution is known to be incapable of accommodating extreme observations such as those found in the COVID-19 case count data. We therefore propose use of the beta-negative binomial distribution with the Paul-Held model. This distribution is a generalization of the negative binomial distribution that has attracted much attention in recent years because it can model extreme observations with analytical tractability. The proposed beta-negative binomial model was applied to multivariate count time series data of COVID-19 cases in the 47 prefectures of Japan. Evaluation by one-step-ahead prediction showed that the proposed model can accommodate extreme observations without sacrificing predictive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Ueki
- School of Information and Data Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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17
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Li H, Wang H, Yang K, Sun J, Liu Y. A nonparametric Bayesian analysis for meningococcal disease counts based on integer-valued threshold time series models. COMMUN STAT-THEOR M 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03610926.2022.2059683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- School of Science, Changchun University, Changchun, China
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- School of Science, Changchun University, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Institute of Science and Technology, Shenyang Open University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Science, Changchun University, Changchun, China
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18
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Fokianos K, Fried R, Kharin Y, Voloshko V. Statistical analysis of multivariate discrete-valued time series. J MULTIVARIATE ANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmva.2021.104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Fritz C, Kauermann G. On the interplay of regional mobility, social connectedness and the spread of COVID-19 in Germany. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY. SERIES A, (STATISTICS IN SOCIETY) 2022; 185:400-424. [PMID: 34908652 PMCID: PMC8662283 DOI: 10.1111/rssa.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Since the primary mode of respiratory virus transmission is person-to-person interaction, we are required to reconsider physical interaction patterns to mitigate the number of people infected with COVID-19. While research has shown that non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) had an evident impact on national mobility patterns, we investigate the relative regional mobility behaviour to assess the effect of human movement on the spread of COVID-19. In particular, we explore the impact of human mobility and social connectivity derived from Facebook activities on the weekly rate of new infections in Germany between 3 March and 22 June 2020. Our results confirm that reduced social activity lowers the infection rate, accounting for regional and temporal patterns. The extent of social distancing, quantified by the percentage of people staying put within a federal administrative district, has an overall negative effect on the incidence of infections. Additionally, our results show spatial infection patterns based on geographical as well as social distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Fritz
- Department of StatisticsLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Göran Kauermann
- Department of StatisticsLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
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20
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Gallagher SK, Follmann D. Branching Process Models to Identify Risk Factors for Infectious Disease Transmission. J Comput Graph Stat 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10618600.2021.2000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K. Gallagher
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Insitute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD
| | - Dean Follmann
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Insitute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD
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21
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Lu J, Meyer S. An endemic–epidemic beta model for time series of infectious disease proportions. J Appl Stat 2021; 49:3769-3783. [DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2021.1962264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Lu
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Meyer
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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22
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Adaptively temporal graph convolution model for epidemic prediction of multiple age groups. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2021. [PMCID: PMC8349400 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multivariate time series prediction of infectious diseases is significant to public health, and the deep learning method has attracted increasing attention in this research field. Material and methods An adaptively temporal graph convolution (ATGCN) model, which learns the contact patterns of multiple age groups in a graph-based approach, was proposed for COVID- 19 and influenza prediction. We compared ATGCN with autoregressive models, deep sequence learning models, and experience- based ATGCN models in short-term and long-term prediction tasks. Results Results showed that the ATGCN model performed better than the autoregressive models and the deep sequence learning models on two datasets in both short-term (12.5% and 10% improvements on RMSE) and long-term (12.4% and 5% improvements on RMSE) prediction tasks. And the RMSE of ATGCN predictions fluctuated least in different age groups of COVID- 19 (0.029 ± 0.003) and influenza (0.059±0.008). Compared with the Ones-ATGCN model or the Pre-ATGCN model, the ATGCN model was more robust in performance, with RMSE of 0.0293 and 0.06 on two datasets when horizon is one. Discussion Our research indicates a broad application prospect of deep learning in the field of infectious disease prediction. Transmission characteristics and domain knowledge of infectious diseases should be further applied to the design of deep learning models and feature selection. Conclusion The ATGCN model addressed the multivariate time series forecasting in a graph-based deep learning approach and achieved robust prediction on the confirmed cases of multiple age groups, indicating its great potentials for exploring the implicit interactions of multivariate variables.
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23
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A Multivariate Age-Structured Stochastic Model with Immunization Strategies to Describe Bronchiolitis Dynamics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147607. [PMID: 34300058 PMCID: PMC8305028 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiolitis has a high morbidity in children under 2 years old. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common pathogen causing the disease. At present, there is only a costly humanized monoclonal RSV-specific antibody to prevent RSV. However, different immunization strategies are being developed. Hence, evaluation and comparison of their impact is important for policymakers. The analysis of the disease with a Bayesian stochastic compartmental model provided an improved and more natural description of its dynamics. However, the consideration of different age groups is still needed, since disease transmission greatly varies with age. In this work, we propose a multivariate age-structured stochastic model to understand bronchiolitis dynamics in children younger than 2 years of age considering high-quality data from the Valencia health system integrated database. Our modeling approach combines ideas from compartmental models and Bayesian hierarchical Poisson models in a novel way. Finally, we develop an extension of the model that simulates the effect of potential newborn immunization scenarios on the burden of disease. We provide an app tool that estimates the expected reduction in bronchiolitis episodes for a range of different values of uptake and effectiveness.
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24
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Zhang P, Dong T, Li N, Liang F. Identification of factors impacting on the transmission and mortality of COVID-19. J Appl Stat 2021; 50:2624-2647. [PMID: 37529571 PMCID: PMC10388826 DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2021.1953449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a dynamic infectious disease model for COVID-19 daily counts data and estimate the model using the Langevinized EnKF algorithm, which is scalable for large-scale spatio-temporal data, converges to the right filtering distribution, and is thus suitable for performing statistical inference and quantifying uncertainty for the underlying dynamic system. Under the framework of the proposed dynamic infectious disease model, we tested the impact of temperature, precipitation, state emergency order and stay home order on the spread of COVID-19 based on the United States county-wise daily counts data. Our numerical results show that warm and humid weather can significantly slow the spread of COVID-19, and the state emergency and stay home orders also help to slow it. This finding provides guidance and support to future policies or acts for mitigating the community transmission and lowering the mortality rate of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tianning Dong
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ninghui Li
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Faming Liang
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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25
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Abstract
We created a strategy for understanding the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic throughout the African continent. Because high-quality mobility data are challenging to obtain across Africa, the approach provides the ability to distinguish cases arising from within a country or from its neighbors. The results further show how testing capacity and social and health policy contribute to the dynamics of cases, and generate short-term prediction of the evolution of the pandemic on a country-by-country basis. This framework improves the ability to interpret and act upon real-time complex COVID-19 data from the African continent. These findings emphasize that regional efforts to coordinate country-specific strategies in transmission suppression should be a continental priority to control the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is heterogeneous throughout Africa and threatening millions of lives. Surveillance and short-term modeling forecasts are critical to provide timely information for decisions on control strategies. We created a strategy that helps predict the country-level case occurrences based on cases within or external to a country throughout the entire African continent, parameterized by socioeconomic and geoeconomic variations and the lagged effects of social policy and meteorological history. We observed the effect of the Human Development Index, containment policies, testing capacity, specific humidity, temperature, and landlocked status of countries on the local within-country and external between-country transmission. One-week forecasts of case numbers from the model were driven by the quality of the reported data. Seeking equitable behavioral and social interventions, balanced with coordinated country-specific strategies in infection suppression, should be a continental priority to control the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa.
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26
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A Review of Spatiotemporal Models for Count Data in R Packages. A Case Study of COVID-19 Data. MATHEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/math9131538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal models for count data are required in a wide range of scientific fields, and they have become particularly crucial today because of their ability to analyze COVID-19-related data. The main objective of this paper is to present a review describing the most important approaches, and we monitor their performance under the same dataset. For this review, we focus on the three R-packages that can be used for this purpose, and the different models assessed are representative of the two most widespread methodologies used to analyze spatiotemporal count data: the classical approach and the Bayesian point of view. A COVID-19-related case study is analyzed as an illustration of these different methodologies. Because of the current urgent need for monitoring and predicting data in the COVID-19 pandemic, this case study is, in itself, of particular importance and can be considered the secondary objective of this work. Satisfactory and promising results have been obtained in this second goal. With respect to the main objective, it has been seen that, although the three models provide similar results in our case study, their different properties and flexibility allow us to choose the model depending on the application at hand.
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27
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Davis RA, Fokianos K, Holan SH, Joe H, Livsey J, Lund R, Pipiras V, Ravishanker N. Count Time Series: A Methodological Review. J Am Stat Assoc 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2021.1904957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott H. Holan
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC
| | - Harry Joe
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Robert Lund
- Department of Statistics, The University of California—Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Vladas Pipiras
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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28
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Qiu J, Wang H, Hu L, Yang C, Zhang T. Spatial transmission network construction of influenza-like illness using dynamic Bayesian network and vector-autoregressive moving average model. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:164. [PMID: 33568082 PMCID: PMC7874476 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although vaccination is one of the main countermeasures against influenza epidemic, it is highly essential to make informed prevention decisions to guarantee that limited vaccination resources are allocated to the places where they are most needed. Hence, one of the fundamental steps for decision making in influenza prevention is to characterize its spatio-temporal trend, especially on the key problem about how influenza transmits among adjacent places and how much impact the influenza of one place could have on its neighbors. To solve this problem while avoiding too much additional time-consuming work on data collection, this study proposed a new concept of spatio-temporal route as well as its estimation methods to construct the influenza transmission network. METHODS The influenza-like illness (ILI) data of Sichuan province in 21 cities was collected from 2010 to 2016. A joint pattern based on the dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) model and the vector autoregressive moving average (VARMA) model was utilized to estimate the spatio-temporal routes, which were applied to the two stages of learning process respectively, namely structure learning and parameter learning. In structure learning, the first-order conditional dependencies approximation algorithm was used to generate the DBN, which could visualize the spatio-temporal routes of influenza among adjacent cities and infer which cities have impacts on others in influenza transmission. In parameter learning, the VARMA model was adopted to estimate the strength of these impacts. Finally, all the estimated spatio-temporal routes were put together to form the final influenza transmission network. RESULTS The results showed that the period of influenza transmission cycle was longer in Western Sichuan and Chengdu Plain than that in Northeastern Sichuan, and there would be potential spatio-temporal routes of influenza from bordering provinces or municipalities into Sichuan province. Furthermore, this study also pointed out several estimated spatio-temporal routes with relatively high strength of associations, which could serve as clues of hot spot areas detection for influenza surveillance. CONCLUSIONS This study proposed a new framework for exploring the potentially stable spatio-temporal routes between different places and measuring specific the sizes of transmission effects. It could help making timely and reliable prediction of the spatio-temporal trend of infectious diseases, and further determining the possible key areas of the next epidemic by considering their neighbors' incidence and the transmission relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Lin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Changhong Yang
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
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29
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Rui R, Tian M, Tang ML, Ho GTS, Wu CH. Analysis of the Spread of COVID-19 in the USA with a Spatio-Temporal Multivariate Time Series Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E774. [PMID: 33477576 PMCID: PMC7831328 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid spread of the pandemic due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the virus has already led to considerable mortality and morbidity worldwide, as well as having a severe impact on economic development. In this article, we analyze the state-level correlation between COVID-19 risk and weather/climate factors in the USA. For this purpose, we consider a spatio-temporal multivariate time series model under a hierarchical framework, which is especially suitable for envisioning the virus transmission tendency across a geographic area over time. Briefly, our model decomposes the COVID-19 risk into: (i) an autoregressive component that describes the within-state COVID-19 risk effect; (ii) a spatiotemporal component that describes the across-state COVID-19 risk effect; (iii) an exogenous component that includes other factors (e.g., weather/climate) that could envision future epidemic development risk; and (iv) an endemic component that captures the function of time and other predictors mainly for individual states. Our results indicate that maximum temperature, minimum temperature, humidity, the percentage of cloud coverage, and the columnar density of total atmospheric ozone have a strong association with the COVID-19 pandemic in many states. In particular, the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and the columnar density of total atmospheric ozone demonstrate statistically significant associations with the tendency of COVID-19 spreading in almost all states. Furthermore, our results from transmission tendency analysis suggest that the community-level transmission has been relatively mitigated in the USA, and the daily confirmed cases within a state are predominated by the earlier daily confirmed cases within that state compared to other factors, which implies that states such as Texas, California, and Florida with a large number of confirmed cases still need strategies like stay-at-home orders to prevent another outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxiang Rui
- School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China;
| | - Maozai Tian
- College of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi 830011, China;
| | - Man-Lai Tang
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Insurance, Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - George To-Sum Ho
- Department of Supply Chain and Information Management, Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (G.T.-S.H.); (C.-H.W.)
| | - Chun-Ho Wu
- Department of Supply Chain and Information Management, Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (G.T.-S.H.); (C.-H.W.)
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30
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Ssentongo P, Fronterre C, Geronimo A, Greybush SJ, Mbabazi PK, Muvawala J, Nahalamba SB, Omadi PO, Opar BT, Sinnar SA, Wang Y, Whalen AJ, Held L, Jewell C, Muwanguzi AJB, Greatrex H, Norton MM, Diggle P, Schiff SJ. Tracking and predicting the African COVID-19 pandemic. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.11.13.20231241. [PMID: 33236036 PMCID: PMC7685354 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.13.20231241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is heterogeneous throughout Africa and threatening millions of lives. Surveillance and short-term modeling forecasts are critical to provide timely information for decisions on control strategies. We use a model that explains the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic over time in the entire African continent, parameterized by socioeconomic and geoeconomic variations and the lagged effects of social policy and meteorological history. We observed the effect of the human development index, containment policies, testing capacity, specific humidity, temperature and landlocked status of countries on the local within-country and external between-country transmission. One week forecasts of case numbers from the model were driven by the quality of the reported data. Seeking equitable behavioral and social interventions, balanced with coordinated country-specific strategies in infection suppression, should be a continental priority to control the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paddy Ssentongo
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA United States of America
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Claudio Fronterre
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Geronimo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Steven J Greybush
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, and Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shamim A Sinnar
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA United States of America
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, and Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Whalen
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA United States of America
| | - Leonhard Held
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI) University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chris Jewell
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - Helen Greatrex
- Department of Geography, Department of Statistics, and Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA United States of America
| | - Michael M Norton
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA United States of America
| | - Peter Diggle
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Schiff
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA United States of America
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA United States of America
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31
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Bracher J, Held L. A marginal moment matching approach for fitting endemic-epidemic models to underreported disease surveillance counts. Biometrics 2020; 77:1202-1214. [PMID: 32920842 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Count data are often subject to underreporting, especially in infectious disease surveillance. We propose an approximate maximum likelihood method to fit count time series models from the endemic-epidemic class to underreported data. The approach is based on marginal moment matching where underreported processes are approximated through completely observed processes from the same class. Moreover, the form of the bias when underreporting is ignored or taken into account via multiplication factors is analyzed. Notably, we show that this leads to a downward bias in model-based estimates of the effective reproductive number. A marginal moment matching approach can also be used to account for reporting intervals which are longer than the mean serial interval of a disease. The good performance of the proposed methodology is demonstrated in simulation studies. An extension to time-varying parameters and reporting probabilities is discussed and applied in a case study on weekly rotavirus gastroenteritis counts in Berlin, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bracher
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leonhard Held
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Qian W, Viennet E, Glass K, Harley D. Epidemiological models for predicting Ross River virus in Australia: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008621. [PMID: 32970673 PMCID: PMC7537878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ross River virus (RRV) is the most common and widespread arbovirus in Australia. Epidemiological models of RRV increase understanding of RRV transmission and help provide early warning of outbreaks to reduce incidence. However, RRV predictive models have not been systematically reviewed, analysed, and compared. The hypothesis of this systematic review was that summarising the epidemiological models applied to predict RRV disease and analysing model performance could elucidate drivers of RRV incidence and transmission patterns. We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus for studies of RRV using population-based data, incorporating at least one epidemiological model and analysing the association between exposures and RRV disease. Forty-three articles, all of high or medium quality, were included. Twenty-two (51.2%) used generalised linear models and 11 (25.6%) used time-series models. Climate and weather data were used in 27 (62.8%) and mosquito abundance or related data were used in 14 (32.6%) articles as model covariates. A total of 140 models were included across the articles. Rainfall (69 models, 49.3%), temperature (66, 47.1%) and tide height (45, 32.1%) were the three most commonly used exposures. Ten (23.3%) studies published data related to model performance. This review summarises current knowledge of RRV modelling and reveals a research gap in comparing predictive methods. To improve predictive accuracy, new methods for forecasting, such as non-linear mixed models and machine learning approaches, warrant investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qian
- Mater Research Institute‐University of Queensland (MRI‐UQ), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elvina Viennet
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn Glass
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - David Harley
- Mater Research Institute‐University of Queensland (MRI‐UQ), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Adelfio G, Chiodi M. Including covariates in a space-time point process with application to seismicity. STAT METHOD APPL-GER 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10260-020-00543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe paper proposes a spatio-temporal process that improves the assessment of events in space and time, considering a contagion model (branching process) within a regression-like framework to take covariates into account. The proposed approach develops the forward likelihood for prediction method for estimating the ETAS model, including covariates in the model specification of the epidemic component. A simulation study is carried out for analysing the misspecification model effect under several scenarios. Also an application to the Italian seismic catalogue is reported, together with the reference to the developed R package.
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Alba-Casals A, Allue E, Tarancon V, Baliellas J, Novell E, Napp S, Fraile L. Near Real-Time Monitoring of Clinical Events Detected in Swine Herds in Northeastern Spain. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:68. [PMID: 32133377 PMCID: PMC7040479 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel techniques of data mining and time series analyses allow the development of new methods to analyze information relating to the health status of the swine population in near real-time. A swine health monitoring system based on the reporting of clinical events detected at farm level has been in operation in Northeastern Spain since 2012. This initiative was supported by swine stakeholders and veterinary practitioners of the Catalonia, Aragon, and Navarra regions. The system aims to evidence the occurrence of endemic diseases in near real-time by gathering data from practitioners that visited swine farms in these regions. Practitioners volunteered to report data on clinical events detected during their visits using a web application. The system allowed collection, transfer and storage of data on different clinical signs, analysis, and modeling of the diverse clinical events detected, and provision of reproducible reports with updated results. The information enables the industry to quantify the occurrence of endemic diseases on swine farms, better recognize their spatiotemporal distribution, determine factors that influence their presence and take more efficient prevention and control measures at region, county, and farm level. This study assesses the functionality of this monitoring tool by evaluating the target population coverage, the spatiotemporal patterns of clinical signs and presumptive diagnoses reported by practitioners over more than 6 years, and describes the information provided by this system in near real-time. Between January 2012 and March 2018, the system achieved a coverage of 33 of the 62 existing counties in the three study regions. Twenty-five percent of the target swine population farms reported one or more clinical events to the system. During the study period 10,654 clinical events comprising 14,971 clinical signs from 1,693 farms were reported. The most frequent clinical signs detected in these farms were respiratory, followed by digestive, neurological, locomotor, reproductive, and dermatological signs. Respiratory disorders were mainly associated with microorganisms of the porcine respiratory disease complex. Digestive signs were mainly related to colibacilosis and clostridiosis, neurological signs to Glässer's disease and streptococcosis, reproductive signs to PRRS, locomotor to streptococcosis and Glässer's disease, and dermatological signs to exudative epidermitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alba-Casals
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,The OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Sebastián Napp
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,The OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Departament de Ciència Animal, ETSEA, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio, Lleida, Spain
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Fisher LH, Wakefield J. Ecological inference for infectious disease data, with application to vaccination strategies. Stat Med 2020; 39:220-238. [PMID: 31797425 PMCID: PMC11016350 DOI: 10.1002/sim.8390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Disease surveillance systems provide a rich source of data regarding infectious diseases, aggregated across geographical regions. The analysis of such ecological data is fraught with difficulties, and, unless care and suitable data summaries are available, will lead to biased estimates of individual-level parameters. We consider using surveillance data to study the impacts of vaccination. To catalog the problems of ecological inference, we start with an individual-level model, which contains familiar parameters, and derive an ecologically consistent model for infectious diseases in partially vaccinated populations. We compare with other popular model classes and highlight deficiencies. We explore the properties of the new model through simulation and demonstrate that, under standard assumptions, the ecological model provides less biased estimates. We then fit the new model to data collected on measles outbreaks in Germany from 2005-2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh H. Fisher
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jon Wakefield
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Parpia AS, Skrip LA, Nsoesie EO, Ngwa MC, Abah Abah AS, Galvani AP, Ndeffo-Mbah ML. Spatio-temporal dynamics of measles outbreaks in Cameroon. Ann Epidemiol 2020; 42:64-72.e3. [PMID: 31902625 PMCID: PMC7056523 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In 2012, Cameroon experienced a large measles outbreak of over 14,000 cases. To determine the spatio-temporal dynamics of measles transmission in Cameroon, we analyzed weekly case data collected by the Ministry of Health. METHODS We compared several multivariate time-series models of population movement to characterize the spatial spread of measles in Cameroon. Using the best model, we evaluated the contribution of population mobility to disease transmission at increasing geographic resolutions: region, department, and health district. RESULTS Our spatio-temporal analysis showed that the power law model, which accounts for long-distance population movement, best represents the spatial spread of measles in Cameroon. Population movement between health districts within departments contributed to 7.6% (range: 0.4%-13.4%) of cases at the district level, whereas movement between departments within regions contributed to 16.0% (range: 1.3%-23.2%) of cases. Long-distance movement between regions contributed to 16.7% (range: 0.1%-59.0%) of cases at the region level, 20.1% (range: 7.1%-30.0%) at the department level, and 29.7% (range: 15.3%-47.6%) at the health district level. CONCLUSIONS Population long-distance mobility is an important driver of measles dynamics in Cameroon. These findings demonstrate the need to improve our understanding of the roles of population mobility and local heterogeneity of vaccination coverage in the spread and control of measles in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa S Parpia
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Elaine O Nsoesie
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Moise C Ngwa
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, MD
| | - Aristide S Abah Abah
- Department of Epidemiological Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alison P Galvani
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Martial L Ndeffo-Mbah
- Department of Veterinary and Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M School of Public Health, College Station, TX.
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Pedeli X, Karlis D. An integer-valued time series model for multivariate surveillance. Stat Med 2019; 39:940-954. [PMID: 31876978 DOI: 10.1002/sim.8453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent days, different types of surveillance data are becoming available for public health purposes. In most cases, several variables are monitored and events of different types are reported. As the amount of surveillance data increases, statistical methods that can effectively address multivariate surveillance scenarios are demanded. Even though research activity in this field is increasing rapidly in recent years, only a few approaches have simultaneously addressed the integer-valued property of the data and its correlation (both time correlation and cross-correlation) structure. In this article, we suggest a multivariate integer-valued autoregressive model that allows for both serial and cross-correlations between the series and can easily accommodate overdispersion and covariate information. Moreover, its structure implies a natural decomposition into an endemic and an epidemic component, a common distinction in dynamic models for infectious disease counts. Detection of disease outbreaks is achieved through the comparison of surveillance data with one-step-ahead predictions obtained after fitting the suggested model to a set of clean historical data. The performance of the suggested model is illustrated on a trivariate series of syndromic surveillance data collected during Athens 2004 Olympic Games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xanthi Pedeli
- Department of Statistics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Dimitris Karlis
- Department of Statistics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece
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Meslé MMI, Hall IM, Christley RM, Leach S, Read JM. The use and reporting of airline passenger data for infectious disease modelling: a systematic review. Euro Surveill 2019; 24:1800216. [PMID: 31387671 PMCID: PMC6685100 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.31.1800216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundA variety of airline passenger data sources are used for modelling the international spread of infectious diseases. Questions exist regarding the suitability and validity of these sources.AimWe conducted a systematic review to identify the sources of airline passenger data used for these purposes and to assess validation of the data and reproducibility of the methodology.MethodsArticles matching our search criteria and describing a model of the international spread of human infectious disease, parameterised with airline passenger data, were identified. Information regarding type and source of airline passenger data used was collated and the studies' reproducibility assessed.ResultsWe identified 136 articles. The majority (n = 96) sourced data primarily used by the airline industry. Governmental data sources were used in 30 studies and data published by individual airports in four studies. Validation of passenger data was conducted in only seven studies. No study was found to be fully reproducible, although eight were partially reproducible.LimitationsBy limiting the articles to international spread, articles focussed on within-country transmission even if they used relevant data sources were excluded. Authors were not contacted to clarify their methods. Searches were limited to articles in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus.ConclusionWe recommend greater efforts to assess validity and biases of airline passenger data used for modelling studies, particularly when model outputs are to inform national and international public health policies. We also recommend improving reporting standards and more detailed studies on biases in commercial and open-access data to assess their reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Marie Isabelle Meslé
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Melvyn Hall
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response at Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Matthew Christley
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Leach
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response at Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology at Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Michael Read
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health Informatics Computation and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Estimating age-stratified influenza-associated invasive pneumococcal disease in England: A time-series model based on population surveillance data. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002829. [PMID: 31246954 PMCID: PMC6597037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measures of the contribution of influenza to Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, both in the seasonal and pandemic setting, are needed to predict the burden of secondary bacterial infections in future pandemics to inform stockpiling. The magnitude of the interaction between these two pathogens has been difficult to quantify because both infections are mainly clinically diagnosed based on signs and symptoms; a combined viral-bacterial testing is rarely performed in routine clinical practice; and surveillance data suffer from confounding problems common to all ecological studies. We proposed a novel multivariate model for age-stratified disease incidence, incorporating contact patterns and estimating disease transmission within and across groups. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used surveillance data from England over the years 2009 to 2017. Influenza infections were identified through the virological testing of samples taken from patients diagnosed with influenza-like illness (ILI) within the sentinel scheme run by the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP). Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) cases were routinely reported to Public Health England (PHE) by all the microbiology laboratories included in the national surveillance system. IPD counts at week t, conditional on the previous time point t-1, were assumed to be negative binomially distributed. Influenza counts were linearly included in the model for the mean IPD counts along with an endemic component describing some seasonal background and an autoregressive component mimicking pneumococcal transmission. Using age-specific counts, Akaike information criterion (AIC)-based model selection suggested that the best fit was obtained when the endemic component was expressed as a function of observed temperature and rainfall. Pneumococcal transmission within the same age group was estimated to explain 33.0% (confidence interval [CI] 24.9%-39.9%) of new cases in the elderly, whereas 50.7% (CI 38.8%-63.2%) of incidence in adults aged 15-44 years was attributed to transmission from another age group. The contribution of influenza on IPD during the 2009 pandemic also appeared to vary greatly across subgroups, being highest in school-age children and adults (18.3%, CI 9.4%-28.2%, and 6.07%, CI 2.83%-9.76%, respectively). Other viral infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus, also seemed to have an impact on IPD: RSV contributed 1.87% (CI 0.89%-3.08%) to pneumococcal infections in the 65+ group, whereas 2.14% (CI 0.87%-3.57%) of cases in the group of 45- to 64-year-olds were attributed to rhinovirus. The validity of this modelling strategy relies on the assumption that viral surveillance adequately represents the true incidence of influenza in the population, whereas the small numbers of IPD cases observed in the younger age groups led to significant uncertainty around some parameter estimates. CONCLUSIONS Our estimates suggested that a pandemic wave of influenza A/H1N1 with comparable severity to the 2009 pandemic could have a modest impact on school-age children and adults in terms of IPD and a small to negligible impact on infants and the elderly. The seasonal impact of other viruses such as RSV and rhinovirus was instead more important in the older population groups.
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Tang X, Yang Y, Yu HJ, Liao QH, Bliznyuk N. A Spatio-Temporal Modeling Framework for Surveillance Data of Multiple Infectious Pathogens with Small Laboratory Validation Sets. J Am Stat Assoc 2019; 114:1561-1573. [PMID: 31937981 DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2019.1585250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Many surveillance systems of infectious diseases are syndrome-based, capturing patients by clinical manifestation. Only a fraction of patients, mostly severe cases, undergo laboratory validation to identify the underlying pathogen. Motivated by the need to understand transmission dynamics and associate risk factors of enteroviruses causing the hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in China, we developed a Bayesian spatio-temporal modeling framework for surveillance data of infectious diseases with small validation sets. A novel approach was proposed to sample unobserved pathogen-specific patient counts over space and time and was compared to an existing sampling approach. The practical utility of this framework in identifying key parameters was assessed in simulations for a range of realistic sizes of the validation set. Several designs of sampling patients for laboratory validation were compared with and without aggregation of sparse validation data. The methodology was applied to the 2009 HFMD epidemic in southern China to evaluate transmissibility and the effects of climatic conditions for the leading pathogens of the disease, enterovirus 71 and Coxsackie A16.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida
| | - Hong-Jie Yu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | - Nikolay Bliznyuk
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering and Department of Statistics, University of Florida
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Yuan M, Boston-Fisher N, Luo Y, Verma A, Buckeridge DL. A systematic review of aberration detection algorithms used in public health surveillance. J Biomed Inform 2019; 94:103181. [PMID: 31014979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The algorithms used for detecting anomalies have evolved substantially over the last decade to take advantage of advances in informatics and to accommodate changes in surveillance data. We identified 145 studies since 2007 that evaluated statistical methods used to detect aberrations in public health surveillance data. For each study, we classified the analytic methods and reviewed the evaluation metrics. We also summarized the practical usage of the detection algorithms in public health surveillance systems worldwide. Traditional methods (e.g., control charts, linear regressions) were the focus of most evaluation studies and continue to be used commonly in practice. There was, however, an increase in the number of studies using forecasting methods and studies applying machine learning methods, hidden Markov models, and Bayesian framework to multivariate datasets. Evaluation studies demonstrated improved accuracy with more sophisticated methods, but these methods do not appear to be used widely in public health practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Yuan
- Clinical and Health Informatics Research Group, McGill University, 1140 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Nikita Boston-Fisher
- Clinical and Health Informatics Research Group, McGill University, 1140 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Yu Luo
- Clinical and Health Informatics Research Group, McGill University, 1140 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Aman Verma
- Clinical and Health Informatics Research Group, McGill University, 1140 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - David L Buckeridge
- Clinical and Health Informatics Research Group, McGill University, 1140 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.
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Qiao P, Mølck C, Ferrari D, Hollande F. A Spatio-Temporal Model and Inference Tools for Longitudinal Count Data on Multicolor Cell Growth. Int J Biostat 2018; 14:/j/ijb.ahead-of-print/ijb-2018-0008/ijb-2018-0008.xml. [PMID: 29981281 DOI: 10.1515/ijb-2018-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multicolor cell spatio-temporal image data have become important to investigate organ development and regeneration, malignant growth or immune responses by tracking different cell types both in vivo and in vitro. Statistical modeling of image data from common longitudinal cell experiments poses significant challenges due to the presence of complex spatio-temporal interactions between different cell types and difficulties related to measurement of single cell trajectories. Current analysis methods focus mainly on univariate cases, often not considering the spatio-temporal effects affecting cell growth between different cell populations. In this paper, we propose a conditional spatial autoregressive model to describe multivariate count cell data on the lattice, and develop inference tools. The proposed methodology is computationally tractable and enables researchers to estimate a complete statistical model of multicolor cell growth. Our methodology is applied on real experimental data where we investigate how interactions between cancer cells and fibroblasts affect their growth, which are normally present in the tumor microenvironment. We also compare the performance of our methodology to the multivariate conditional autoregressive (MCAR) model in both simulations and real data applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- PuXue Qiao
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Bauer C, Wakefield J. Stratified space–time infectious disease modelling, with an application to hand, foot and mouth disease in China. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Held L, Meyer S, Bracher J. Probabilistic forecasting in infectious disease epidemiology: the 13th Armitage lecture. Stat Med 2017; 36:3443-3460. [PMID: 28656694 DOI: 10.1002/sim.7363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Routine surveillance of notifiable infectious diseases gives rise to daily or weekly counts of reported cases stratified by region and age group. From a public health perspective, forecasts of infectious disease spread are of central importance. We argue that such forecasts need to properly incorporate the attached uncertainty, so they should be probabilistic in nature. However, forecasts also need to take into account temporal dependencies inherent to communicable diseases, spatial dynamics through human travel and social contact patterns between age groups. We describe a multivariate time series model for weekly surveillance counts on norovirus gastroenteritis from the 12 city districts of Berlin, in six age groups, from week 2011/27 to week 2015/26. The following year (2015/27 to 2016/26) is used to assess the quality of the predictions. Probabilistic forecasts of the total number of cases can be derived through Monte Carlo simulation, but first and second moments are also available analytically. Final size forecasts as well as multivariate forecasts of the total number of cases by age group, by district and by week are compared across different models of varying complexity. This leads to a more general discussion of issues regarding modelling, prediction and evaluation of public health surveillance data. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Held
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8001, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Meyer
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8001, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Johannes Bracher
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8001, Switzerland
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Ray EL, Sakrejda K, Lauer SA, Johansson MA, Reich NG. Infectious disease prediction with kernel conditional density estimation. Stat Med 2017; 36:4908-4929. [PMID: 28905403 DOI: 10.1002/sim.7488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Creating statistical models that generate accurate predictions of infectious disease incidence is a challenging problem whose solution could benefit public health decision makers. We develop a new approach to this problem using kernel conditional density estimation (KCDE) and copulas. We obtain predictive distributions for incidence in individual weeks using KCDE and tie those distributions together into joint distributions using copulas. This strategy enables us to create predictions for the timing of and incidence in the peak week of the season. Our implementation of KCDE incorporates 2 novel kernel components: a periodic component that captures seasonality in disease incidence and a component that allows for a full parameterization of the bandwidth matrix with discrete variables. We demonstrate via simulation that a fully parameterized bandwidth matrix can be beneficial for estimating conditional densities. We apply the method to predicting dengue fever and influenza and compare to a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model and HHH4, a previously published extension to the generalized linear model framework developed for infectious disease incidence. The KCDE outperforms the baseline methods for predictions of dengue incidence in individual weeks. The KCDE also offers more consistent performance than the baseline models for predictions of incidence in the peak week and is comparable to the baseline models on the other prediction targets. Using the periodic kernel function led to better predictions of incidence. Our approach and extensions of it could yield improved predictions for public health decision makers, particularly in diseases with heterogeneous seasonal dynamics such as dengue fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Ray
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA
| | - Krzysztof Sakrejda
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Stephen A Lauer
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Michael A Johansson
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, PR 00920, USA
| | - Nicholas G Reich
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Meyer S, Held L. Incorporating social contact data in spatio-temporal models for infectious disease spread. Biostatistics 2017; 18:338-351. [PMID: 28025182 PMCID: PMC5379927 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxw051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Routine public health surveillance of notifiable infectious diseases gives rise to weekly counts of reported cases-possibly stratified by region and/or age group. We investigate how an age-structured social contact matrix can be incorporated into a spatio-temporal endemic-epidemic model for infectious disease counts. To illustrate the approach, we analyze the spread of norovirus gastroenteritis over six age groups within the 12 districts of Berlin, 2011-2015, using contact data from the POLYMOD study. The proposed age-structured model outperforms alternative scenarios with homogeneous or no mixing between age groups. An extended contact model suggests a power transformation of the survey-based contact matrix toward more within-group transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Meyer
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg,Waldstraße 6, DE-91054 Erlangen,
| | - Leonhard Held
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, CH-8001 Zürich, Switzerland
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Hopkins RS, Tong CC, Burkom HS, Akkina JE, Berezowski J, Shigematsu M, Finley PD, Painter I, Gamache R, Vilas VJDR, Streichert LC. A Practitioner-Driven Research Agenda for Syndromic Surveillance. Public Health Rep 2017; 132:116S-126S. [PMID: 28692395 DOI: 10.1177/0033354917709784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndromic surveillance has expanded since 2001 in both scope and geographic reach and has benefited from research studies adapted from numerous disciplines. The practice of syndromic surveillance continues to evolve rapidly. The International Society for Disease Surveillance solicited input from its global surveillance network on key research questions, with the goal of improving syndromic surveillance practice. A workgroup of syndromic surveillance subject matter experts was convened from February to June 2016 to review and categorize the proposed topics. The workgroup identified 12 topic areas in 4 syndromic surveillance categories: informatics, analytics, systems research, and communications. This article details the context of each topic and its implications for public health. This research agenda can help catalyze the research that public health practitioners identified as most important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Hopkins
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Catherine C Tong
- 2 International Society for Disease Surveillance, Braintree, MA, USA
| | - Howard S Burkom
- 3 Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Judy E Akkina
- 4 Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John Berezowski
- 5 Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mika Shigematsu
- 6 International Biological and Chemical Threat Reduction Program, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,7 National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Patrick D Finley
- 8 Department of Operations Research and Computational Analysis, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ian Painter
- 9 Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,10 Gamache Consulting, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Roland Gamache
- 11 School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Kent, UK.,12 Center for Population Health Information Technology, Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Vial F, Wei W, Held L. Methodological challenges to multivariate syndromic surveillance: a case study using Swiss animal health data. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:288. [PMID: 27998276 PMCID: PMC5168866 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an era of ubiquitous electronic collection of animal health data, multivariate surveillance systems (which concurrently monitor several data streams) should have a greater probability of detecting disease events than univariate systems. However, despite their limitations, univariate aberration detection algorithms are used in most active syndromic surveillance (SyS) systems because of their ease of application and interpretation. On the other hand, a stochastic modelling-based approach to multivariate surveillance offers more flexibility, allowing for the retention of historical outbreaks, for overdispersion and for non-stationarity. While such methods are not new, they are yet to be applied to animal health surveillance data. We applied an example of such stochastic model, Held and colleagues' two-component model, to two multivariate animal health datasets from Switzerland. RESULTS In our first application, multivariate time series of the number of laboratories test requests were derived from Swiss animal diagnostic laboratories. We compare the performance of the two-component model to parallel monitoring using an improved Farrington algorithm and found both methods yield a satisfactorily low false alarm rate. However, the calibration test of the two-component model on the one-step ahead predictions proved satisfactory, making such an approach suitable for outbreak prediction. In our second application, the two-component model was applied to the multivariate time series of the number of cattle abortions and the number of test requests for bovine viral diarrhea (a disease that often results in abortions). We found that there is a two days lagged effect from the number of abortions to the number of test requests. We further compared the joint modelling and univariate modelling of the number of laboratory test requests time series. The joint modelling approach showed evidence of superiority in terms of forecasting abilities. CONCLUSIONS Stochastic modelling approaches offer the potential to address more realistic surveillance scenarios through, for example, the inclusion of times series specific parameters, or of covariates known to have an impact on syndrome counts. Nevertheless, many methodological challenges to multivariate surveillance of animal SyS data still remain. Deciding on the amount of corroboration among data streams that is required to escalate into an alert is not a trivial task given the sparse data on the events under consideration (e.g. disease outbreaks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Vial
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Epi-connect, Skogås, Sweden
| | - Wei Wei
- Department Biostatistics, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leonhard Held
- Department Biostatistics, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Joint spatial time-series epidemiological analysis of malaria and cutaneous leishmaniasis infection. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 145:685-700. [PMID: 27903308 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816002764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria and leishmaniasis are among the two most important health problems of many developing countries especially in the Middle East and North Africa. It is common for vector-borne infectious diseases to have similar hotspots which may be attributed to the overlapping ecological distribution of the vector. Hotspot analyses were conducted to simultaneously detect the location of local hotspots and test their statistical significance. Spatial scan statistics were used to detect and test hotspots of malaria and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Afghanistan in 2009. A multivariate negative binomial model was used to simultaneously assess the effects of environmental variables on malaria and CL. In addition to the dependency between malaria and CL disease counts, spatial and temporal information were also incorporated in the model. Results indicated that malaria and CL incidence peaked at the same periods. Two hotspots were detected for malaria and three for CL. The findings in the current study show an association between the incidence of malaria and CL in the studied areas of Afghanistan. The incidence of CL disease in a given month is linked with the incidence of malaria in the previous month. Co-existence of malaria and CL within the same geographical area was supported by this study, highlighting the presence and effects of environmental variables such as temperature and precipitation. People living in areas with malaria are at increased risk for leishmaniasis infection. Local healthcare authorities should consider the co-infection problem by recommending systematic malaria screening for all CL patients.
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