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Jalili C, Abbasi A, Rahmani-Kukia N, Andarzi S, Kakebaraie S, Zamir Nasta T. The relationship between aflatoxin B1 with the induction of extrinsic/intrinsic pathways of apoptosis and the protective role of taraxasterol in TM3 leydig cell line. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 276:116316. [PMID: 38615640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) a dangerous type of aflatoxin, poses a serious threat to human health. Meanwhile, Taraxasterol, a bioactive compound in dandelion, exhibits strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of AFB1 on the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis, as well as evaluate the protective role of taraxasterol in the TM3 Leydig cell line. Cell viability was evaluated using an MTT assay, measuring the effects of 3.6 µM AFB1 and varying concentrations of taraxasterol. Expression levels of Caspase 3,8, and 9 were analyzed with RT-qPCR, and flow cytometry was used to assess cell cycle progression and apoptotic alterations. The findings of this study demonstrated that exposure to 3.6 µM of AFB1 resulted in an upregulation of Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 expression, indicating an activation of apoptotic pathways in TM3 cells. Additionally, the analysis of apoptosis revealed a significant increase in cellular apoptosis at this AFB1 concentration. However, when TM3 cells were exposed to 5 µM of taraxasterol, a downregulation of Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 expression was observed, suggesting a protective effect against apoptosis. Moreover, the apoptotic rate in TM3 cells was reduced in the presence of 5 µM of taraxasterol. Consequently, this study highlights the potential of taraxasterol as a protective agent against AFB1-induced apoptosis and suggest its potential application in regulating cell survival and apoptosis-related processes. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evaluate the clinical implications of taraxasterol in the context of fertility disorders and other conditions associated with AFB1 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Jalili
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Abbasi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Rahmani-Kukia
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Salar Andarzi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyran Kakebaraie
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R, Iran
| | - Touraj Zamir Nasta
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R, Iran.
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Jalili C, Ranjbar Shamsi R, Amiri B, Kakebaraie S, Jalili F, Nasta TZ. Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin on the reproductive system: Focus on cell cycle dynamics and apoptosis in testicular tissue. Toxicology 2024; 504:153773. [PMID: 38484789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are inevitable environmental contaminants that are detrimental to human and animal health. AFs interfere with metabolic processes, metabolizing into different hydroxylated derivatives in the liver, as well as mechanistically induce ROS accumulation, S-phase arrest, DNA damage, and cell apoptosis. Chronic consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods can adversely affect the male reproductive system, cause testicular damage, prevent testosterone synthesis, decline sperm quality, and cause infertility. Oxidative stress is the fundamental pathogenesis of aflatoxin-induced reproductive toxicity. The overproduction of reactive oxygen substances can cause testicular failure and disturb the process of spermatogenesis. Mitochondria are susceptible to being impaired by oxidative stress, and its damage is associated with infertility. AFs also disturb the process of spermatogenesis by disrupting the regulation of genes related to the progression of the cell cycle such as cyclins and inducing genes related to apoptosis, thereby weakening fertility and negatively affecting the testicular endocrine potential by suppressing androgen synthesis. Additionally, AFs downregulate ERα expression, potentially negatively impacting spermatogenesis by enhancing the apoptotic mechanism. In this review, we provide new insights into the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of AFB1 on the male reproductive system with a focus on the cell cycle and apoptosis destruction of testicular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Jalili
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Rahele Ranjbar Shamsi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Bita Amiri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Seyran Kakebaraie
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Faramarz Jalili
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Touraj Zamir Nasta
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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3
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Zhang J, Fang Y, Fu Y, Jalukar S, Ma J, Liu Y, Guo Y, Ma Q, Ji C, Zhao L. Yeast polysaccharide mitigated oxidative injury in broilers induced by mixed mycotoxins via regulating intestinal mucosal oxidative stress and hepatic metabolic enzymes. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102862. [PMID: 37419049 PMCID: PMC10466245 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the effects of yeast polysaccharides (YPS) on growth performance, intestinal health, and aflatoxin metabolism in livers of broilers fed diets naturally contaminated with mixed mycotoxins (MYCO). A total of 480 one-day-old Arbor Acre male broilers were randomly allocated into a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (8 replicates with 10 birds per replicate) for 6 wk to assess the effects of 3 levels of YPS (0, 1, or 2 g/kg) on the broilers fed diets contaminated with or without MYCO (95 μg/kg aflatoxin B1, 1.5 mg/kg deoxynivalenol, and 490 μg/kg zearalenone). Results showed that mycotoxins contaminated diets led to significant increments in serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, mRNA expressions of TLR4 and 4EBP1 associated with oxidative stress, mRNA expressions of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP3A4 associated with hepatic phase Ⅰ metabolizing enzymes, mRNA expressions of p53 associated with hepatic mitochondrial apoptosis, and AFB1 residues in the liver (P < 0.05); meanwhile dietary MYCO decreased the jejunal villus height (VH), villus height/crypt depth (VH/CD), the activity of serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), mRNA expressions of jejunal HIF-1α, HMOX, and XDH associated with oxidative stress, mRNA expressions of jejunal CLDN1, ZO1, and ZO2, and mRNA expression of GST associated with hepatic phase Ⅱ metabolizing enzymes of broilers (P < 0.05). Notably, the adverse effects induced by MYCO on broilers were mitigated by supplementation with YPS. Dietary YPS supplementation reduced the concentrations of serum MDA and 8-OHdG, jejunal CD, mRNA expression of jejunal TLR2, and 4EBP1, hepatic CYP1A2, and p53, and the AFB1 residues in the liver (P < 0.05), and elevated the serum T-AOC and SOD, jejunal VH, and VH/CD, and mRNA expression of jejunal XDH, hepatic GST of broilers (P < 0.05). There were significant interactions between MYCO and YPS levels on the growth performance (BW, ADFI, ADG, and F/G) at d 1 to 21, d 22 to 42, and d 1 to 42, serum GSH-Px activity, and mRNA expression of jejunal CLDN2 and hepatic ras of broilers (P < 0.05). In contrast with MYCO group, the addition of YPS increased BW, ADFI, and ADG, the serum GSH-Px activity (14.31%-46.92%), mRNA levels of jejunal CLDN2 (94.39%-103.02%), decreased F/G, and mRNA levels of hepatic ras (57.83%-63.62%) of broilers (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplements with YPS protected broilers from mixed mycotoxins toxicities meanwhile keeping normal performance of broilers, presumably via reducing intestinal oxidative stress, protecting intestinal structural integrity, and improving hepatic metabolic enzymes to minimize the AFB1 residue in the liver and enhance the performance of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yutong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sangita Jalukar
- Arm and Hammer Animal and Food Production, Mason City, IA 50401, USA
| | - Jinglin Ma
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Yanrong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongpeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Owumi SE, Umez AO, Arunsi U, Irozuru CE. Dietary aflatoxin B1 and antimalarial-a lumefantrine/artesunate-therapy perturbs male rat reproductive function via pro-inflammatory and oxidative mechanisms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12172. [PMID: 37500724 PMCID: PMC10374580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the impact of Coartem™ (COA) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on rats' hypothalamus, epididymis, and testis. Male rats were randomly grouped (n = 5 rats) and treated: control group (corn oil), AFB1 (70 µg/kg), COA (5 mg/kg), COA + AFB1 (5 + 0.035 mg/kg) and COA + AFB1 (5 + 0.07 mg/kg) for 28 days. Blood samples were collected for serum prolactin, testosterone, follicle-stimulating and luteinising hormones (FSH and LH) assay upon sacrifice. The semen, hypothalamus, epididymis, and testes were harvested for morphological, biochemical, and histopathology determination of oxidative, inflammation stress, genomic integrity, and pathological alterations. Exposure to the COA and AFB1 caused the cauda epididymal spermatozoa to display low motility, viability, and volume, with increased abnormalities. Hormonal disruption ensued in animals exposed to COA and AFB1 alone or together, exemplified by increased prolactin, and decreased testosterone, FSH and LH levels. Treatment-related reduction in biomarkers of testicular metabolism-acid and alkaline phosphatases, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase-were observed. Also, COA and AFB1 treatment caused reductions in antioxidant (Glutathione and total thiols) levels and antioxidant enzyme (Catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase) activities in the examined organs. At the same time, treatment-related increases in DNA damage (p53), oxidative stress (xanthine oxidase, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and lipid peroxidation), inflammation (nitric oxide and tumour necrosis factor-alpha), and apoptosis (caspase-9, and -3) were observed. Chronic exposure to COA and AFB1 led to oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage in male rats' hypothalamic-reproductive axis, which might potentiate infertility if not contained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon E Owumi
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 200004, Nigeria.
- ChangeLab-changing Lives, Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Rm NB 302, Ibadan, 200005, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Angel O Umez
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 200004, Nigeria
| | - Uche Arunsi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Chioma E Irozuru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
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Minas A, Razi M, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Hashemi-Asl SM, Tavalaee M. Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Arrest in Seminiferous Tubules Nearby Varicose Vessels: New Perspectives from Experimental Varicocele. Reprod Sci 2023:10.1007/s43032-023-01200-4. [PMID: 36821035 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-023-01200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Varicocele (VCL) has been shown to induce severe oxidative stress in the testicular tissue resulting in 35% of males with primary infertility. To compare the exacerbating impacts of varicose on oxidative DNA damage and homeostatic antioxidant reactions in the seminiferous tubules (ST), enclosed and far from varicose vessels. Thirty mature Wistar rats were divided into control and VCL-induced groups. To approve VCL, the testicular diameters, volume, and blood circulation were measured using B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography. Next, to confirm oxidative stress (OS), the global homeostatic antioxidant biomarkers were evaluated. Moreover, the OS-induced oxidative DNA damage and homeostatic antioxidant reactions were compared between STs nearby and far from varicose vessels. Finally, to clarify the DNA damage-induced impact on the cell cycle progression, the global and local expressions of Cyclin D1, Cdk4, and p21 were examined. The VCL-induced group exhibited diminished global antioxidant status (marked with TAC, GPX, SOD, and CAT) and UNG and MPG expression levels. Moreover, the cross-sections of the VCL group represented a prominent reduction in the UNG, MPG, Cyclin D1, and cdk4, and upregulation in the p21 expression levels, more prominently in the STs nearby varicose vessels. Concerning severe oxidative DNA damage and intensive molecular changes in the STs nearby the varicose vessels, they can be considered the main cause of oxidative DNA damage in enclosed tubules. Thus, the varicose-mediated oxidative DNA damage negatively impacts the cell cycle progression in the tubules more intensively in the subcapsular area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Minas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, Universidade Federal de São Paulo- UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mazdak Razi
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jahad Daneshgahi Biotechnology Research Institute, Royan Research Institute, Reproductive Medical Research Center, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Asl
- Department of Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Tavalaee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jahad Daneshgahi Biotechnology Research Institute, Royan Research Institute, Reproductive Medical Research Center, Isfahan, Iran
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6
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You L, Nepovimova E, Valko M, Wu Q, Kuca K. Mycotoxins and cellular senescence: the impact of oxidative stress, hypoxia, and immunosuppression. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:393-404. [PMID: 36434400 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins induce oxidative stress, hypoxia, and cause immunosuppressive effects. Moreover, emerging evidence show that mycotoxins have a potential of inducing cellular senescence, which are involved in their immunomodulatory effects. Mycotoxins upregulate the expression of senescence markers γ-H2AX, senescence-associated β-galactosidase, p53, p16, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) inflammatory factors. Moreover, mycotoxins cause senescence-associated cell cycle arrest by diminishing cyclin D1 and Cdk4 pathways, as well as increasing the expression of p53, p21, and CDK6. Mycotoxins may induce cellular senescence by activating reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress. In addition, hypoxia acts as a double-edged sword on cell senescence; it could both act as the stress-induced senescence and also hinder the onset of cellular senescence. The SASP inflammatory factors have the ability to induce an immunosuppressive environment, while mycotoxins directly cause immunosuppression. Therefore, there is a potential relationship between mycotoxins and cellular senescence that synergistically cause immunosuppression. However, most of the current studies have involved the effect of mycotoxins on cell cycle arrest, but only limited in-depth research has been carried out to link the occurrence of this condition (cell cycle arrest) with cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li You
- College of Physical Education and Health, Chongqing College of International Business and Economics, Chongqing, 401520, China
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
- Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Aghajani R, Tavalaee M, Sadeghi N, Razi M, Gharagozloo P, Arbabian M, Drevet JR, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Paroxetine treatment in an animal model of depression improves sperm quality. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271217. [PMID: 36480503 PMCID: PMC9731436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression in mammals is known to be associated with poor reproductive capacity. In males, it has been associated with decreased efficiency of spermatogenesis as well as the production of spermatozoa of reduced structural and functional integrity. Although antidepressants are effective in correcting depressive states, there is controversy regarding their effectiveness in restoring male reproductive function. Here, using an animal model of depression induced by a forced swim test, we confirmed that depression is accompanied by impaired male reproductive function. We further show that administration of a conventional antidepressant of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor class (paroxetine) impairs male reproductive performance in terms of sperm production and quality when administered to healthy animals. Intriguingly, when paroxetine is administered to "depressed" animals, it resulted in a complete restoration of the animal's ability to produce sperm that appears to be as capable of meeting the parameters evaluated here as those of control animals. The one-carbon cycle (1CC) is one of the most important metabolic cycles that include the methionine and folate cycles and plays a major role in DNA synthesis, amino acids, and also the production of antioxidants. Our results show that depression affects the main components of this cycle and paroxetine on healthy mice increases homocysteine levels, decreases glycine and vitamin B12, while in depressed mice, it increases folate levels and decreases vitamin B12. Thus, paroxetine exerts negative impacts on male reproductive function when administered to healthy animals and it well correlate with the altered sperm parameters and functions of depressed animals, and its mechanism remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhane Aghajani
- ACECR Institute of higher Education (Isfahan branch), Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Tavalaee
- ACECR Institute of higher Education (Isfahan branch), Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Niloofar Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mazdak Razi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Arbabian
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Joël R. Drevet
- Faculty of Medicine, GReD laboratory, CNRS UMR6293-INSERM U1103-Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- * E-mail: (MHN-E); (JRD)
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- ACECR Institute of higher Education (Isfahan branch), Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
- * E-mail: (MHN-E); (JRD)
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Kurarinone induced p53-Independent G0/G1 cell cycle arrest by degradation of K-RAS via WDR76 in human colorectal cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 923:174938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Li W, Pei Y, Wang J. Development and analysis of a novel AF11-2 aptamer capable of enhancing the fluorescence of aflatoxin B1. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Maadi MA, Minas A, Sepehri Vafa R, Tabatabaei-Naeini A, Bertolla RP. Apoptotic balance during testicular detorsion after one hour induced torsion in rats. Andrologia 2021; 54:e14349. [PMID: 34881450 DOI: 10.1111/and.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular torsion (TT) is an emergency complication that leads to oxidative stress and adversely affects spermatogenesis. Although immediate treatment consists of testicular detorsion (TD) to reverse TT-induced ischemia, mechanisms underlying recovery have yet to be fully understood. The current study aimed to investigate TD effects after a one-hour experimental TT by evaluating testicular antioxidant status and apoptosis-related proteins. Forty male Wistar rats were submitted to TT by testicular rotation, for one hour. Following TT, 32 rats were submitted to TD for 1, 2, 4, and 8 h (N = 8/group), the other 8 rats euthanized as TT-only. For controls, 8 rats were sham-operated. Testicular tissues were aseptically dissected for biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemistry analyses. The TD groups, especially after 4 h of TD, exhibited diminished MDA and increased TAC and GPX levels in testicular tissue. Levels of p53 and Caspase-3 were down-regulated in T1D4 and T1D8 groups versus torsion group. Bcl-2 was increased in T1D4 and T1D8 groups compared to the TT group. Moreover, spermatogenesis was recovered in T1D4 and T1D8 groups compared to the TT group. It can be concluded that after 1 h TT in rats, at least 4 h post-TD is needed for testicular tissue to initiate recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Maadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aram Minas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rezvan Sepehri Vafa
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Ricardo Pimenta Bertolla
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Characterization of varicocele-induced animal models: Potential role of inflammasome complex in the varicocele pathophysiology. J Reprod Immunol 2021; 149:103442. [PMID: 34773809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2021.103442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Varicocele mechanisms and its impact in testicular dysfunction has been studied in order to understand the pathophysiology involved in this disease. However, study designs using testicular tissues from varicocele patients are restricted due to ethical limitations. Therefore, the use of animal models, mainly rats, that mimics varicocele and its effects is an option to develop new approaches. The surgical technique, that induces the varicocele in rats, is based on the partial obstruction of the left renal vein, leading to a dilation in the left spermatic vein and consequently to the pampiniform plexus, resulting in varicocele-induced condition. Thus, the study of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in varicocele development can be addressed in depth. Besides the animal model goal to uncover the exact varicocele pathophysiology, varicocele induced models are the best options to develop new non-surgical and less invasive therapies. Various animal model studies designed and investigated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents to face varicocele conditions. Minding this fact, we tried to discuss a newly uncovered complex in varicocele condition, known as inflammasome complex. Taking into consideration the possible inflammatory state present in varicocele, the inflammasome complex has been proposed to be involved in the pathophysiology of this disease.
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12
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Minas A, Talebi H, Taravat Ray M, Yari Eisalou M, Alves MG, Razi M. Insulin treatment to type 1 male diabetic rats protects fertility by avoiding testicular apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Gene 2021; 799:145847. [PMID: 34274473 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) impairs reproductive potential of males. Insulin treatment restores metabolic parameters but it is unclear how it protects male reproductive health. Herein, we hypothesized that insulin treatment to T1D rats protects testicular physiology by mediating mechanisms associated with apoptosis and cell cycle. METHODS Mature male Wistar rats (n = 24) were divided into 3 groups: control, T1D-induced (received 40 mg kg-1 streptozotocin) and insulin-treated T1D (Ins T1D; received 40 mg kg-1 streptozotocin and then treated 0.9 IU/100 gr of insulin for 56 days) (N = 8/group). Expression levels of intrinsic apoptosis pathways regulators (Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3 and p53) and core regulators of cell cycle machinery (Cyclin D1, Cdk-4 and p21) were determined in testicular tissue by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RT-PCR techniques. The percentage of testicular apoptotic cells was evaluated by TUNEL staining. RESULTS Our data shows that insulin treatment to T1D rats restored (P < 0.05) T1D-induced increased of caspase-3 and p53 expression in testis. Moreover, the testis of T1D rats treated with insulin exhibited increased expression of Cyclin D1 and cdk-4, and a reduced expression of p21 when compared with the expression in testis of T1D rats. Finally, insulin treatment could fairly control T1D-induced apoptosis. Accordingly, treatment of T1D rats with insulin led to a remarkable reduction (p < 0.05) in the percentage of apoptotic cells in the testis. CONCLUSIONS Insulin treatment is able to restore the network expression of apoptosis and proliferation-related genes caused by T1D in the testis and via this mechanism, preserve the fertility of males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Minas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hatef Talebi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Urmia Branch, Urmia, Iran
| | - Morteza Taravat Ray
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Urmia Branch, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yari Eisalou
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Urmia Branch, Urmia, Iran
| | - Marco G Alves
- Department of Anatomy and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Mazdak Razi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P.O.BOX: 1177, Urmia, Iran.
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Aflatoxin Biosynthesis, Genetic Regulation, Toxicity, and Control Strategies: A Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080606. [PMID: 34436145 PMCID: PMC8397101 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly toxic and cancer-causing compounds, predominantly synthesized by the Aspergillus species. AFs biosynthesis is a lengthy process that requires as minimum as 30 genes grouped inside 75 kilobytes (kB) of gene clusters, which are regulated by specific transcription factors, including aflR, aflS, and some general transcription factors. This paper summarizes the status of research on characterizing structural and regulatory genes associated with AF production and their roles in aflatoxigenic fungi, particularly Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, and enhances the current understanding of AFs that adversely affect humans and animals with a great emphasis on toxicity and preventive methods.
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14
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Bonyadi F, Hasanzadeh S, Malekinejad H. Cyclopiazonic acid induced p53-dependent apoptosis in the testis of mice: Another male related risk factor of infertility. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:903-913. [PMID: 33400354 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is an indole tetrameric acid mycotoxin. This study carried out to investigate the potential effects of CPA on male reproductive system. In the current study, 40 adult male mice were divided into five groups (n = 8). The control group did not expose to CPA, while animals in vehicle-received group; received the CPA-solvent (0.05% dimethyl sulfoxide) and the animals of third, fourth, and fifth groups received CPA 0.03, 0.06, and 0.12 mg/kg, body weight, respectively for 28 days. Morphometric and morphological deviations, spermatogenesis indices, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, total thiol molecules (TTM) concentration, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), protein carbonylation rate (CO), and nitric oxide (NO) concentration were examined. The expression changes of apoptotic genes (P53, Bcl-2, and Caspase III) at mRNA level were also evaluated by qPCR technique. Reduction in the Leydig and Sertoli cells population, diameter of seminiferous tubules, and spermatogenesis parameters was significant only in the group that received the highest dose of CPA. An increase in the level of MDA, NO, and CO in testicular tissue and reduction of TAC and TTM were observed in the CPA-exposed groups. Significant up-regulation (p < .05) in the expression of P53 and Caspase III genes and down-regulation of Bcl-2 gene were found in the CPA-received groups. These results are indicating the detrimental effects of CPA on the testicles, which may attribute to the CPA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Moreover, results also help to understand a serious concern about the presence of CPA in foods as a potential risk factor in male-related infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Bonyadi
- Department of Basic Science, Histology section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shapor Hasanzadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Histology section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hassan Malekinejad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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15
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Fan T, Xie Y, Ma W. Research progress on the protection and detoxification of phytochemicals against aflatoxin B 1-Induced liver toxicity. Toxicon 2021; 195:58-68. [PMID: 33716068 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent hepatotoxic toxin, which can cause hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver immunological damage. It has been involved in the etiology of human hepatocellular carcinoma. AFB1 can cause oxidative stress in the body's metabolism process, and then cause cytotoxicity, such as apoptosis and DNA damage. Scientific research has discovered that phytochemicals can induce the detoxification pathway of AFB1 through its biotransformation, thereby reducing the damage of AFB1 to the human body. In clinical treatment, certain phytochemicals have been effectively used in the treatment of liver injury due to the advantages of multiple targets, multiple pathways, low toxicity and side effects. Therefore, the article summarizes the toxic mechanism of AFB1-induced hepatoxicity, and the related research progress of phytochemicals for preventing and treating its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. We also look forward to the existing problems and application prospects of phytochemicals in the pharmaceutical industry, in order to provide theoretical reference for the prevention and treatment of AFB1 poisoning in future research work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weibin Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
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16
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Zamir-Nasta T, Pazhouhi M, Ghanbari A, Abdolmaleki A, Jalili C. Expression of cyclin D1, p21, and estrogen receptor alpha in aflatoxin G1-induced disturbance in testicular tissue of albino mice. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:182-192. [PMID: 34084205 PMCID: PMC8102931 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.310525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Aflatoxin (AF) is a mycotoxin produced by various strains of the Aspergillus family. AFG1 as one of the most important types is highly found in cereals and grains. AF affects sperm production or even its quality. This study was designed to test the effects of AFG1 on mice testicular tissue. Experimental approach Twenty-four Albino mice were divided into four groups of 6 each; a control group (0.2 mL corn oil and ethanol), three treatment groups with different periods (20 μg/kg AFG1 for 7, 15, and 35 consecutive days). All treatments were applied intraperitoneally. Biosynthesis of cyclin D1, p21, and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) proteins was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Levels of cyclin D1, p21, and ERα mRNA were evaluated by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Tubular differentiation index (TDI), reproductive index (RI), and spermiogenesis indices were also analyzed. Findings/Results AFG1 increased the percentage of seminiferous tubules with negative TDI, RI, and SPI compared to the control group (P < 0.05). RT-PCR and IHC analyses illustrated time-dependent enhancement in p21 expression and cyclin D1 biosynthesis in AFG1-treated groups significantly (P < 0.05). While the protein and mRNA levels of ERα were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in a time-dependent manner. Conclusion and implications The chronic exposure to AFG1 reduced the expression and synthesis of ERα, increased the expression and synthesis of p21 and cyclin D1, impaired apoptosis, which in turn could impair spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toraj Zamir-Nasta
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Mona Pazhouhi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Amir Abdolmaleki
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Cyrus Jalili
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
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17
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Huang B, Chen Q, Wang L, Gao X, Zhu W, Mu P, Deng Y. Aflatoxin B1 Induces Neurotoxicity through Reactive Oxygen Species Generation, DNA Damage, Apoptosis, and S-Phase Cell Cycle Arrest. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186517. [PMID: 32899983 PMCID: PMC7554769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin widely distributed in a variety of food commodities and exhibits strong toxicity toward multiple tissues and organs. However, little is known about its neurotoxicity and the associated mechanism. In this study, we observed that brain integrity was markedly damaged in mice after intragastric administration of AFB1 (300 μg/kg/day for 30 days). The toxicity of AFB1 on neuronal cells and the underlying mechanisms were then investigated in the neuroblastoma cell line IMR-32. A cell viability assay showed that the IC50 values of AFB1 on IMR-32 cells were 6.18 μg/mL and 5.87 μg/mL after treatment for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. ROS levels in IMR-32 cells increased significantly in a time- and AFB1 concentration-dependent manner, which was associated with the upregulation of NOX2, and downregulation of OXR1, SOD1, and SOD2. Substantial DNA damage associated with the downregulation of PARP1, BRCA2, and RAD51 was also observed. Furthermore, AFB1 significantly induced S-phase arrest, which is associated with the upregulation of CDKN1A, CDKN2C, and CDKN2D. Finally, AFB1 induced apoptosis involving CASP3 and BAX. Taken together, AFB1 manifests a wide range of cytotoxicity on neuronal cells including ROS accumulation, DNA damage, S-phase arrest, and apoptosis-all of which are key factors for understanding the neurotoxicology of AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.H.); (Q.C.); (L.W.); (X.G.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qingmei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.H.); (Q.C.); (L.W.); (X.G.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.H.); (Q.C.); (L.W.); (X.G.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaojuan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.H.); (Q.C.); (L.W.); (X.G.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenya Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.H.); (Q.C.); (L.W.); (X.G.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Peiqiang Mu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.H.); (Q.C.); (L.W.); (X.G.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (Y.D.); Tel./Fax: +86-20-3860-4967 (Y.D.)
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.H.); (Q.C.); (L.W.); (X.G.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (Y.D.); Tel./Fax: +86-20-3860-4967 (Y.D.)
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Malekinejad H, Fink-Gremmels J. Mycotoxicoses in veterinary medicine: Aspergillosis and penicilliosis. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2020; 11:97-103. [PMID: 32782737 PMCID: PMC7413002 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2020.112820.2686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Molds and mycotoxins are contaminants of animal feed causing spoilage and clinical intoxication. Animal exposure to mycotoxins reflects diet composition with major differences occurring between animals kept predominantly of pastures, i.e. ruminants and horses, and those consuming formulated feed like pigs and poultry. Mixed feeds are composed of several ingredients, often sourced from different continents. Subsequently, practitioners may confront endemic diseases and signs of toxin exposure related to toxins imported accidentally with contaminated feed materials from other countries and continents. Mycotoxins comprise more than 300 to 400 different chemicals causing a variety of clinical symptoms. Mycotoxin exposure causes major economic losses due to reduced performance, impaired feed conversion and fertility, and increased susceptibility to environmental stress and infectious diseases. In acute cases, clinical symptoms following mycotoxin ingestion are often non-specific, hindering an immediate diagnosis. Furthermore, most mold species produce more than one toxin, and feed commodities are regularly contaminated with various mold species resulting in complex mixtures of toxins in formulated feeds. The effects of these different toxins may be additive, depending on the level and time of exposure, and the intensity of the clinical symptoms based on age, health, and nutritional status of the exposed animal(s). Threshold levels of toxicity are difficult to define and discrepancies between analytical data and clinical symptoms are common in daily practice. This review aims to provide an overview of Aspergillus and Penicillium toxins that are frequently found in feed commodities and discusses their effects on animal health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Malekinejad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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MeCP2 facilitates breast cancer growth via promoting ubiquitination-mediated P53 degradation by inhibiting RPL5/RPL11 transcription. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:56. [PMID: 32483207 PMCID: PMC7264296 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-0239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) facilitates the carcinogenesis and progression of several types of cancer. However, its role in breast cancer and the relevant molecular mechanism remain largely unclear. In this study, analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data that MeCP2 expression was significantly upregulated in breast cancer tissues, and high MeCP2 expression was correlated with poor overall survival. Knockdown of MeCP2 inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation and G1–S cell cycle transition and migration as well as induced cell apoptosis in vitro. Moreover, MeCP2 knockdown suppressed cancer cell growth in vivo. Investigation of the molecular mechanism showed that MeCP2 repressed RPL11 and RPL5 transcription by binding to their promoter regions. TCGA data revealed significantly lower RPL11 and RPL5 expression in breast cancer tissues; additionally, overexpression of RPL11/RPL5 significantly suppressed breast cancer cell proliferation and G1–S cell cycle transition and induced apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, RPL11 and RPL5 suppressed ubiquitination-mediated P53 degradation through direct binding to MDM2. This study demonstrates that MeCP2 promotes breast cancer cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis through suppressing RPL11 and RPL5 transcription by binding to their promoter regions.
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20
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Zhang Y, Li M, Han X. Icariin affects cell cycle progression and proliferation of human retinal pigment epithelial cells via enhancing expression of H19. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8830. [PMID: 32219038 PMCID: PMC7087489 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under pathologic condition results in the occurrence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Icariin (ICA)-a flavonol glucoside-has been shown to inhibit proliferation of many cell types, but the effect on RPE cells is unknown. This study aimed to clarify the inhibitory effects of ICA on RPE cells against platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced cell proliferation, and discuss the regulatory function of H19 in RPE cells. Methods MTS assay was conducted to determine the effects of ICA on cell proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to detect cell cycle progression. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot assay were used to measure the expression patterns of genes in RPE cells. Results ICA significantly suppressed PDGF-BB-stimulated RPE cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, since administration of ICA induced cell cycle G0/G1 phase arrest, the anti-proliferative activity of ICA may be due to G0/G1 phase arrest in RPE cells. At molecular levels, cell cycle regulators cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6, p21 and p53 were modulated in response to treatment with ICA. Most importantly, H19 was positively regulated by ICA and H19 depletion could reverse the inhibitory effects of ICA on cell cycle progression and proliferation in PDGF-BB-stimulated RPE cells. Further mechanical explorations showed that H19 knockdown resulted in alternative expressions levels of cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6, p21 and p53 under ICA treatment. Conclusions Our findings revealed that ICA was an effective inhibitor of PDGF-BB-induced RPE cell proliferation through affecting the expression levels of cell cycle-associated factors, and highlighted the potential application of ICA in PVR therapy. H19 was described as a target regulatory gene of ICA whose disruption may contribute to excessive proliferation of RPE cells, suggesting that modulation of H19 expression may be a novel therapeutic approach to treat PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jilin University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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21
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Park S, Lee JY, You S, Song G, Lim W. Neurotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on human astrocytes in vitro and on glial cell development in zebrafish in vivo. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 386:121639. [PMID: 31787402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is one of the well-known mycotoxins and mainly found in contaminated animal feed and various agricultural products inducing acute and chronic toxicology, tumor, and abnormal neural development. However, the effects of aflatoxin B1 on the human brain, especially on astrocytes, have not been studied in depth. In the present study, we studied the neurotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1, in vitro and in vivo. Aflatoxin B1 decreased the proliferation and stopped cell cycle progression at the sub G0/G1 stage with an increase in BAX, BAK, and cytochrome c proteins in human astrocytes. In addition, it increased the mitochondrial depolarization, oxidative stress, and calcium influx in both the cytosol and mitochondria. Surprisingly, inhibition of calcium overload in the cytosol and mitochondria, using calcium chelators and an inhibitor, partially rescued the proliferation of aflatoxin B1-treated astrocytes. Based on the toxicity assays using zebrafish models, aflatoxin B1 decreased the embryo survival rate with physiological changes and an increase in the caspase and tp53 genes. It also decreased the expression of gfap, mbp, and olig2 in the transgenic zebrafish embryo's brain and axon. Our results revealed the specific mechanism of the neurotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on human astrocytes and zebrafish glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunwoo Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Seungkwon You
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Marko D, Oswald IP, Piersma A, Routledge M, Schlatter J, Baert K, Gergelova P, Wallace H. Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06040. [PMID: 32874256 PMCID: PMC7447885 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of aflatoxins in food. The risk assessment was confined to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and AFM1. More than 200,000 analytical results on the occurrence of aflatoxins were used in the evaluation. Grains and grain-based products made the largest contribution to the mean chronic dietary exposure to AFB1 in all age classes, while 'liquid milk' and 'fermented milk products' were the main contributors to the AFM1 mean exposure. Aflatoxins are genotoxic and AFB1 can cause hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in humans. The CONTAM Panel selected a benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) for a benchmark response of 10% of 0.4 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day for the incidence of HCC in male rats following AFB1 exposure to be used in a margin of exposure (MOE) approach. The calculation of a BMDL from the human data was not appropriate; instead, the cancer potencies estimated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives in 2016 were used. For AFM1, a potency factor of 0.1 relative to AFB1 was used. For AFG1, AFB2 and AFG2, the in vivo data are not sufficient to derive potency factors and equal potency to AFB1 was assumed as in previous assessments. MOE values for AFB1 exposure ranged from 5,000 to 29 and for AFM1 from 100,000 to 508. The calculated MOEs are below 10,000 for AFB1 and also for AFM1 where some surveys, particularly for the younger age groups, have an MOE below 10,000. This raises a health concern. The estimated cancer risks in humans following exposure to AFB1 and AFM1 are in-line with the conclusion drawn from the MOEs. The conclusions also apply to the combined exposure to all five aflatoxins.
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Benkerroum N. Chronic and Acute Toxicities of Aflatoxins: Mechanisms of Action. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E423. [PMID: 31936320 PMCID: PMC7013914 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There are presently more than 18 known aflatoxins most of which have been insufficiently studied for their incidence, health-risk, and mechanisms of toxicity to allow effective intervention and control means that would significantly and sustainably reduce their incidence and adverse effects on health and economy. Among these, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been by far the most studied; yet, many aspects of the range and mechanisms of the diseases it causes remain to be elucidated. Its mutagenicity, tumorigenicity, and carcinogenicity-which are the best known-still suffer from limitations regarding the relative contribution of the oxidative stress and the reactive epoxide derivative (Aflatoxin-exo 8,9-epoxide) in the induction of the diseases, as well as its metabolic and synthesis pathways. Additionally, despite the well-established additive effects for carcinogenicity between AFB1 and other risk factors, e.g., hepatitis viruses B and C, and the hepatotoxic algal microcystins, the mechanisms of this synergy remain unclear. This study reviews the most recent advances in the field of the mechanisms of toxicity of aflatoxins and the adverse health effects that they cause in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry MacDonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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Zhou H, Wang J, Ma L, Chen L, Guo T, Zhang Y, Dai H, Yu Y. Oxidative DNA damage and multi-organ pathologies in male mice subchronically treated with aflatoxin B 1. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 186:109697. [PMID: 31629905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the acute and/or chronic exposure to AFB1 has been widely investigated, the study on the toxic effects resulted from the subchronic exposure of AFB1 which is more close to the real scenario in view of the regional and seasonal characters of aflatoxin-producing strains is still limited. To understand the subchronically toxic effects of AFB1, we studied the AFB1-induced oxidative damage, reproductive impairment as well as their potential correlations and mechanisms at the molecular level. Generally, our results showed that subchronic exposure of AFB1 gave rise to pathological and oxidative damages in mice, disrupted oxidation-reduction homeostasis, activated mitochondrial apoptotic and p53-regulated signaling pathways, induced DNA and chromosomal damages and increased the rate of sperm malformation. Importantly, reproductive toxic effects were detected in AFB1-treated mice under a subchronic exposure, which was evidenced by the ascended sperm malformation. Based on our pilot study, it's speculated that the partial mechanism of reproductive toxicity may be the oxidative damages, especially DNA damages directly induced by AFB1. In short, our study demonstrated that severe damages can be caused even by a subchronic exposure as well as hinted that reproductive toxicity also should be taken into consideration when conducting risk assessments of the subchronic exposure of AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jiaman Wang
- Cspc Pharmaceutical Group of the Cause of Health Research and Development, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China.
| | - Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ting Guo
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Hongjie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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Wu J, Liu H, Huang H, Yuan L, Liu C, Wang Y, Cheng X, Zhuang D, Xu M, Chen X, Losiewicz MD, Zhang H. p53-Dependent pathway and the opening of mPTP mediate the apoptosis of co-cultured Sertoli-germ cells induced by microcystin-LR. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:1074-1084. [PMID: 31157505 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a potent endotoxin, can induce reproductive toxicity. In order to investigate the role and mechanisms of apoptosis (p53-dependent and mitochondrial pathways) of germ cells induced by MC-LR, the co-cultured primary Sertoli-germ cells from Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the experiments. Expression levels of proteins, genes, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were obtained after exposing co-cultured Sertoli-germ cells to MC-LR with or without the addition of the p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-α (PFT-α), and MMP inhibitor, cyclosporin A (CsA). Results indicated that MC-LR could activate p53-dependent pathway-associated proteins in Sertoli-germ cells, leading to a decrease in MMP (indicating the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore [mPTP] and the release of Cytochrome-c [Cyt-c]) from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm and eventually the induction of apoptosis. PFT-α inhibited the expression ofp53, ameliorated the MMP of the co-cultured Sertoli-germ cells, and prevented the release of Cyt-c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, which reduces the occurrence of apoptosis. Similarly, the decreased release of Cyt-c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm and the declined level of apoptosis in Sertoli-germ cells induced by MC-LR were observed after the addition of CsA. These results indicated that the apoptosis of the co-cultured Sertoli-germ cells induced by MC-LR was mediated by the p53-dependent pathway, with the involvement of the opening of mPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Le Yuan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuanrui Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yueqin Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Cheng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Donggang Zhuang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Michael D Losiewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Qian Y, Lu X, Li Q, Zhao S, Fang D. The treatment effects and the underlying mechanism of B cell translocation gene 1 on the oncogenesis of brain glioma. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:13310-13320. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery Jiangsu University Affiliated People's Hospital
| | - Xinyu Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery Jiangsu University Affiliated People's Hospital
| | - Qiaoyu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery Jiangsu University Affiliated People's Hospital
| | - Su Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery Jiangsu University Affiliated People's Hospital
| | - Dazhao Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Huaiyin China
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Sun Y, Han Y, Song M, Charoensinphon N, Zheng J, Qiu P, Wu X, Xiao H. Inhibitory effects of nobiletin and its major metabolites on lung tumorigenesis. Food Funct 2019; 10:7444-7452. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01966a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrated that the oral administration of nobiletin significantly inhibited lung carcinogenesis in mice, and these chemopreventive effects could be attributed to its metabolites that showed potent anti-cancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
| | - Yanhui Han
- Department of Food Science
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
| | - Mingyue Song
- Department of Food Science
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
- College of Food Science
| | | | - Jinkai Zheng
- Department of Food Science
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology
| | - Peiju Qiu
- Department of Food Science
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
- School of Pharmacy
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Food Science
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Health
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
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Engin AB, Engin A. DNA damage checkpoint response to aflatoxin B1. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 65:90-96. [PMID: 30594067 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although most countries regulate the aflatoxin levels in food by legislations, high amounts of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-DNA adducts can still be detected in normal and tumorous tissue obtained from cancer patients. AFB1 cannot directly interact with DNA unless it is biotransformed to AFB1-8, 9-epoxide via cytochrome p450 enzymes. This metabolite spontaneously and irreversibly attaches to guanine residues to generate highly mutagenic DNA adducts. AFB1-induced mutation of ATM kinase results in the deterioration of the cell cycle checkpoint activation at the G2/M checkpoint site. Genomic instability and increased cancer risk due to A-T mutation is the result of diminished repair of DNA double strand breaks. The major point mutation caused by AFB1 is G-to-T transversion that is related with the high frequency of p53 mutation. Majority of AFB1 associated hepatocellular cancer cases carry TP53 mutant DNA, which is an indicator of AFB1 exposure, as well as hepatocellular cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
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Minas A, Najafi G, Jalali AS, Razi M. Fennel induces cytotoxic effects against testicular germ cells in mice; evidences for suppressed pre-implantation embryo development. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:841-850. [PMID: 29761655 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Foeniculum vulgare (FVE; fennel) is an aromatic plant belonging to Umbelliferae family, which is widely used in traditional societies because of its different pharmaceutical properties. To uncover the fennel-derived essential oil (FVEO)-induced effects on male reproductive potential, 24 mature male albino mice were divided into, control, 0.37, 0.75, and 1.5 mg kg-1 FVEO-received groups. Following 35 days, the animals were euthanized and the testicular tissue and sperm samples were collected. The histological alterations, tubular differentiation (TDI), spermiogenesis (SPI) indices, apoptosis ratio, and RNA damage of germinal cells were analyzed. Moreover, the sperm count, motility, viability, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation were assessed. Finally, the pre-implantation embryo development including; the percentage of zygote, 2-cell embryos and blastocysts were assessed. Observations showed that the FVEO, dose dependently, increased histological damages, resulted in germ cells dissociation, depletion, nuclear shrinkage and significantly (P < .05) decreased tubular differentiation and spermiogenesis ratios. Moreover, the FVEO-received animals (more significantly in 1.5 mg kg-1 -received group) exhibited decreased sperm count, viability, and motility and represented enhanced percentage of sperms with decondensed chromatin and DNA fragmentation. Finally, the animals in FVEO-received group showed diminished zygote formation and represented decreased pre-implantation embryo development compared to control animals. In conclusion, our data showed that, FVEO albeit at higher doses, is able to adversely affect cellular DNA and RNA contents, which in turn is able to negatively affect the sperm count and morphology. All these impairments are able to negatively affect the fertilization potential as well as pre-implantation embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Minas
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Najafi
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Shalizar Jalali
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mazdak Razi
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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