1
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Riley E, Turker H, Wang D, Swallow KM, Anderson AK, De Rosa E. Nonlinear changes in pupillary attentional orienting responses across the lifespan. GeroScience 2024; 46:1017-1033. [PMID: 37318717 PMCID: PMC10828243 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The cognitive aging process is not necessarily linear. Central task-evoked pupillary responses, representing a brainstem-pupil relationship, may vary across the lifespan. Thus we examined, in 75 adults ranging in age from 19 to 86, whether task-evoked pupillary responses to an attention task may serve in as an index of cognitive aging. This is because the locus coeruleus (LC), located in the brainstem, is not only among the earliest sites of degeneration in pathological aging, but also supports both attentional and pupillary behaviors. We assessed brief, task-evoked phasic attentional orienting to behaviorally relevant and irrelevant auditory tones, stimuli known specifically to recruit the LC in the brainstem and evoke pupillary responses. Due to potential nonlinear changes across the lifespan, we used a novel data-driven analysis on 6 dynamic pupillary behaviors on 10% of the data to reveal cut off points that best characterized the three age bands: young (19-41 years old), middle aged (42-68 years old), and older adults (69 + years old). Follow-up analyses on independent data, the remaining 90%, revealed age-related changes such as monotonic decreases in tonic pupillary diameter and dynamic range, along with curvilinear phasic pupillary responses to the behaviorally relevant target events, increasing in the middle-aged group and then decreasing in the older group. Additionally, the older group showed decreased differentiation of pupillary responses between target and distractor events. This pattern is consistent with potential compensatory LC activity in midlife that is diminished in old age, resulting in decreased adaptive gain. Beyond regulating responses to light, pupillary dynamics reveal a nonlinear capacity for neurally mediated gain across the lifespan, thus providing evidence in support of the LC adaptive gain hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Riley
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Hamid Turker
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Khena M Swallow
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Adam K Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Eve De Rosa
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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2
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Rothmann LM, Tondo LP, Borelli WV, Esper NB, Portolan ET, Franco AR, Portuguez MW, Ferreira PE, Bittencourt AML, Soder RB, Viola TW, da Costa JC, Grassi-Oliveira R. The cortical thickness of tricenarian cocaine users assembles features of an octogenarian brain. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25287. [PMID: 38284862 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
It has been suggested that substance use disorders could lead to accelerated biological aging, but only a few neuroimaging studies have investigated this hypothesis so far. In this cross-sectional study, structural neuroimaging was performed to measure cortical thickness (CT) in tricenarian adults with cocaine use disorder (CUD, n1 = 30) and their age-paired controls (YC, n1 = 30), and compare it with octogenarian elder controls (EC, n1 = 20). We found that CT in the right fusiform gyrus was similar between CUD and EC, thinner than the expected values of YC. We also found that regarding CT of the right inferior temporal gyrus, right inferior parietal cortex, and left superior parietal cortex, the CUD group exhibited parameters that fell in between EC and YC groups. Finally, CT of the right pars triangularis bordering with orbitofrontal gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, and right precentral gyrus were reduced in CUD when contrasted with YC, but those areas were unrelated to CT of EC. Despite the 50-year age gap between our age groups, CT of tricenarian cocaine users assembles features of an octogenarian brain, reinforcing the accelerated aging hypothesis in CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Melo Rothmann
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Brain Institute (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucca Pizzato Tondo
- Brain Institute (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eduardo Tavares Portolan
- Brain Institute (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rosa Franco
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York, USA
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatric, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mirna Wetters Portuguez
- Brain Institute (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro Eugênio Ferreira
- Brain Institute (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Bernardi Soder
- Brain Institute (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thiago Wendt Viola
- Brain Institute (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Brain Institute (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Brain Institute (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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3
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Colautti L, Borsa VM, Fusi G, Crepaldi M, Palmiero M, Garau F, Bonfiglio NS, Giannì J, Rusconi ML, Penna MP, Rozzini L, Antonietti A. The Role of Cognition in Divergent Thinking: Implications for Successful Aging. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1489. [PMID: 37891856 PMCID: PMC10605231 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Promoting active and successful aging has become crucial to improve quality of life in later adulthood and reduce the impact of cognitive decline. Increasing evidence suggested that the ability to think creatively (e.g., via divergent thinking), similar to cognitive reserve, could represent a beneficial factor against the negative effects of aging. However, there is still little evidence investigating the relationships between divergent thinking, cognitive functions, and cognitive reserve in late adulthood. The present study explored these relationships in a sample of 98 individuals ranging from 61 to 88 years old (mean age: 72.44 ± 6.35). Results showed that visual, but not verbal, divergent thinking was affected by aging. Interestingly, visual divergent thinking performance was predicted by both the cognitive component of crystallized intelligence and cognitive reserve. Only the crystallized component of intelligence was found to mediate the aging effect on visual divergent thinking performance. These results suggest that in later adulthood a potential shift strategy to prior knowledge and semantic components over executive and control components of cognition could underlie a preserved ability to think divergently and, plausibly, creatively. Limitations of the study and implications for successful aging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Colautti
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20123 Milan, Italy;
| | - Virginia Maria Borsa
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (V.M.B.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (J.G.); (M.L.R.)
| | - Giulia Fusi
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (V.M.B.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (J.G.); (M.L.R.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25136 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Maura Crepaldi
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (V.M.B.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (J.G.); (M.L.R.)
| | | | - Francesca Garau
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (F.G.); (M.P.P.)
| | | | - Jessica Giannì
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (V.M.B.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (J.G.); (M.L.R.)
| | - Maria Luisa Rusconi
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (V.M.B.); (G.F.); (M.C.); (J.G.); (M.L.R.)
| | - Maria Pietronilla Penna
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (F.G.); (M.P.P.)
| | - Luca Rozzini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25136 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Antonietti
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20123 Milan, Italy;
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4
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Covey TJ, Shucard JL, Wang X, Gregory MA, Shucard DW. Cognitive skill learning in multiple sclerosis: A meaningful component of the neuropsychological profile. Brain Cogn 2023; 166:105959. [PMID: 36842286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.105959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive skill learning (CSL) refers to the capacity to improve performance on specific cognitive operations through repeated practice. We hypothesized that high CSL aptitude may promote accumulation of cognitive reserve, and resiliency to cognitive decline, in people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Using an adaptive working memory training paradigm, we obtained CSL aptitude indices (amount of improvement on the training task over time) in MS patients for a single session of practice (25-30 min), and longer-term practice (twenty sessions). Neuropsychological performance was assessed with the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), and the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM). CSL aptitude measures were positively correlated with neuropsychological performance, and had high diagnostic accuracy for classifying cognitive impairment in MS, defined as 1.5 SD below the demographics-corrected normative mean of the SDMT. Positive relationships between CSL aptitude measures and neuropsychological performance tended to be more pronounced for individuals with high estimated cognitive reserve, suggesting that high CSL aptitude is a a factor that promotes the protective effects of cognitive reserve. Furthermore, regression analyses indicated that CSL aptitude is separable from baseline cognitive capacity. The findings suggest that CSL aptitude impacts the neuropsychological profile in MS, and may be a factor underlying variance in cognitive resiliency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Covey
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States; Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States.
| | - Janet L Shucard
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States; Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States
| | - Xuedi Wang
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States; Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States
| | - Madeline A Gregory
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States; Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States
| | - David W Shucard
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States; Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States
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5
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Chalmers RA, Cervin M, Choo C, Baune BT, Trollor JN, Numbers K, Sachdev PS, Brodaty H, Kochan NA, Medvedev ON. Networks of inflammation, depression, and cognition in aging males and females. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:2387-2398. [PMID: 35895279 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-022-02198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prioritizing the maintenance of healthy cognitive aging and personalizing preventive interventions to enhance their effectiveness is crucial as the global population ages. Systemic inflammation and depression in older people have been associated with decreased levels of cognition but results have been inconsistent. AIMS To explore the interactive network of inflammation, depression and cognition by sex in older people. METHODS We used novel network analysis to explore the unique associations between inflammatory biomarkers, depression, cognition, and somatic, genetic, and lifestyle risk factors in an older (aged 70-90 years), non-demented, community-dwelling sample from the longitudinal Sydney Memory and Aging Study (N = 916) at baseline and at a two-year follow-up. RESULTS The networks of biomarkers, depression, cognition, and relevant covariates were significantly different between males and females. A stable negative link between depression and cognition was found in females only; a stable positive association between biomarker interleukin-6 and depression was found in females only; and a stable positive association between biomarker interleukin-8 and alcohol was found in females only. For both males and females, a stable, positive relationship was found between the presence of APOE-ε4 gene and biomarker C-reactive protein; between education and cognition; and between biomarker interleukin-6 and all other biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest different psychophysiological mechanisms underlie the interactive network of biomarkers, depression and cognition in males and females that should be considered when designing personalized preventive interventions to maintain cognitively healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carol Choo
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Munster, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Katya Numbers
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole A Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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Managers’ Attitudes to Different Action Proposals in the Direction to Extended Working Life: A Cross-Sectional Study. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14042182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In many countries, the retirement age is postponed due to the global demographic change, and a larger amount of older people need to participate in working life. However, how and what measures and action proposals that could extend and increase employees’ voluntary and sustainable participation in working life have not entirely been investigated. The employer is responsible for enabling employees’ access to measures that facilitate participation in the workplace, for enabling employability and a sustainable extended working life. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate Swedish managers’ attitude to action proposals that could increase employees’ participation in an extended working life. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate associations between different univariate estimates and in data modelling. The nine determinate areas of the swAge model, for a sustainable working life and employability, was used as analysis model, i.e., self-rated health and diagnoses; physical work environment; mental work environment; work schedule, work pace and time for recuperation; financial incentives; personal social environment; social work environment; stimulation, motivation and self-crediting through work tasks; and competence, skills and knowledge development. The results stated decreased physical work demands to be the final measure in the multivariate modelling associated to whether the managers believe their employees ‘can work’ until age 65 and older, however, changing work tasks in the workplace when needed, rotation between different work tasks to decrease physical as well as mental workload and strain, and decreased mental work demands proved to be statistically significant in the univariate estimates. The strongest measure activity in the organisations, associated to managers believing their employees ‘want to work’ until age 65 and older in the multivariate modelling, was decreased work pace, however, increased time for recuperation between work shifts also proved to be statistically significant in the univariate estimate. The management’s perspectives on measures and action proposals associated to whether employees ‘can’ and ‘want’ to work will hopefully contribute to an increased understanding in society and the organisational process of creating a sustainable extended working life.
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7
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Can They Stay or Will They Go? A Cross Sectional Study of Managers' Attitudes towards Their Senior Employees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031057. [PMID: 35162080 PMCID: PMC8833880 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A larger amount of older people need to participate in working life due to the global demographic change. It is the employer, through the manager, who enables employees to have access to measures in the workplace that facilitate and enable a sustainable extended working life. The aim of this study was to evaluate work life factors associated with managers believing their employees can work versus wanting to work until age 65 or older. This cross-sectional study included 249 managers in the Swedish municipality sector. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate associations between different univariate estimates and in data modelling using the SwAge-model. The result stated that 79% of managers believed their employees ‘can’ work and 58% of managers believed their employees ‘want to’ work until age 65 or older. Health, physical work environment, skills and competence are associated the strongest to managers believing employees ‘can’ work until age 65 or older. Insufficient social support at work and lacking possibilities for relocations associated the strongest to managers believing employees would not ‘want to’ work until age 65 or older. Though, several countries (especially in Europe) have included in their social policy measures that retirement age be increased after 65, proposing ages approaching 70. When these proposals become laws, through obligation, people will have no choice (if they want to or if they can continue working). However, people’s attitudes to work may be different (especially after the COVID-19 pandemic), and this analysis of the participating managers’ attitudes showed there is a difference between why employees ‘can’ versus ‘want’ to work respectively. Therefore, different strategies may be needed to contribute to employees both being able to and willing to participate in working life until an older age. These findings on managers’ perspectives, regarding whether they believe employees would be able to versus would want to work and the SwAge-model, will hopefully contribute to an increased understanding of organisational actions and measures in the process of creating a sustainable extended working life and to increase senior employees’ employability.
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8
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Thames AD, Nunez R, Slavich GM, Irwin MR, Senturk D. Racial differences in health and cognition as a function of HIV among older adults. Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 36:367-387. [PMID: 34429015 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2021.1967449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the contribution of health risk factors (using the Charlson Comorbidity Index [CCI]) on cognitive outcomes in a sample of 380 HIV-positive (HIV+; n = 221) and HIV-seronegative (HIV-; n = 159) African American and European American adults aged 50+. Participants were recruited from HIV clinics and community advertisements. HIV status was confirmed by serological testing. Self-report and chart history review was used to gather information about medical ssscomorbidities. The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was used to create a comorbidity score. Participants were administered a brief cognitive test battery. As expected, health risks were greater among those with HIV. There was a HIV × Race interaction on CCI scores, such that in the HIV + group, European Americans had significantly higher CCI scores (M = 3.74; SD = 2.1) than African American HIV + participants (M = 2.70; SD = 1.9). However, in the HIV - group, African Americans had significantly higher CCI scores (M = 2.20; SD = 1.1) than HIV - European American participants (M = 1.80; SD = 1.2). Also, consistent with hypotheses, across the entire sample CCI score was significantly associated with global cognition (β = -.24, p = .02). Study results underscore the importance of considering HIV serostatus in studies examining racial disparities in health, and how multiple medical risks relate to cognitive outcomes. Neuropsychologists evaluating patients living with HIV should consider how the presence of multiple medical comorbidities may contribute to the course of cognitive decline as people age.
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Affiliation(s)
- April D Thames
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rodolfo Nunez
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - George M Slavich
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Irwin
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Damla Senturk
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Deng L, Zhang X, Gao Y, Turner D, Qian F, Lu H, Vermund SH, Zhang Y, Qian HZ. Association of HIV infection and cognitive impairment in older adults: A meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101310. [PMID: 33640473 PMCID: PMC10767715 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize evidence on the association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and cognitive impairment in older adults. DESIGN Meta-analysis. PARTICIPANTS Adults aged 50 years or older. METHODS In this systematic literature review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and APA/PsycNet for studies published before July 21, 2020, that assessed the association between HIV-infection and cognitive impairment. We calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs) of cognitive impairment for people living with HIV (PLWH) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effect models and calculated pooled mean difference (MD) for major cognitive domains between PLWH and HIV-uninfected adults. We assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS Of the 4432 studies identified, 21 cross-sectional studies were eligible for the meta-analysis, including 15 examining global cognitive impairment. The meta-analysis showed that older PLWH were more likely to be cognitively impaired than HIV-uninfected controls (OR = 2.44, 95 % CI = [1.69, 3.53], number of estimates (k) = 15, I2 = 71 %). This higher likelihood was shown in studies from high income countries (OR = 2.63, 95 % CI = [1.76, 3.94], k = 12, I2 = 55 %), but not from upper-middle income countries (OR = 1.96, 95 % CI = [0.26, 14.68], k = 3, I2 = 91 %). PLWH had lower scores than HIV-uninfected adults in 5 out of 7 major cognitive domains, including executive function (MD = -0.42, 95 % CI = [-0.72, -0.11], k = 5, I2 = 32 %), processing speed (MD = -0.33, 95 % CI = [-0.59, -0.08], k = 6, I2 = 16 %), verbal (MD=-0.29, 95 % CI = [-0.48, -0.10], k = 6, I2 = 0%), recall (MD = -0.24, 95 % CI = [-0.38, -0.10], k = 6, I2 = 0%) and motor/psychomotor (MD = -0.38, 95 % CI = [-0.59, -0.16], k = 5, I2 = 31 %) performance. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS Our meta-analysis provides empirical evidence that HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment among older adults, especially in cognitive domains of executive function, processing speed, verbal, recall, and motor/psychomotor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luojia Deng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Ting University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xuezhixing Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Ting University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yanxiao Gao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - DeAnne Turner
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Frank Qian
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Ting University, Shanghai, China; SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Sten H Vermund
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Ting University, Shanghai, China; SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Han-Zhu Qian
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Nilsson K. When is work a cause of early retirement and are there any effective organizational measures to combat this? A population-based study of perceived work environment and work-related disorders among employees in Sweden. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:716. [PMID: 32430030 PMCID: PMC7236147 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ageing workforce has an impact on public health. The aim of this study was to evaluate work-related disorders, work tasks and measures associated with the possibility of working beyond 65 years of age or not. METHOD The data comprised two sample surveys based on the Swedish population: the Survey of National Work-Related Health Disorders, and the National Work Environment Survey. RESULTS A logistic regression analysis showed that an active systematic work environmental management in the workplace was a statistically significant association with whether individuals could work in their current occupation until 65 years of age (OR 1.7). The final multivariate model stated that whether individuals could work until 65 years was associated with bodily exhaustion after work, frequent feeling of the own work effort being insufficient at the end of the day, experience of the work as restricted and with a lack of freedom, working alone and at risk of unsafe or threatening situations, and generally feeling dissatisfied with the work tasks. Women-dominated workplaces were more highly associated with both male and female employees not being able to work until age 65 (OR 1.6). CONCLUSION Deficiencies in the working environment seems to be a threat to the public health. An active systematic work environmental management in the workplace increases the possibility to extend the working life. Tools for managers, like the swAge-model, to easily perform active systematic work environmental controls could therefore be a possible way to decrease the risk of work injury as well as increase the possibility for a sustainable extended working life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Nilsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 8, By 402A, SE-223 81, Lund, Sweden. .,Division of Public Health, Kristianstad University, SE-291 88, Kristianstad, Sweden.
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Komanduri M, Gondalia S, Scholey A, Stough C. The microbiome and cognitive aging: a review of mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1559-1571. [PMID: 31055629 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays an intrinsic role in communication between the gut and the brain and is capable of influencing the host brain by producing neurotransmitters and neurotrophins, the modulation of inflammatory processes amongst other key mechanisms. Increased age is also associated with changes in these key biological processes and impairments in a range of cognitive processes. We hypothesise several mechanisms in which gut microbiota may modulate changes in cognitive function with age. In this review, we discuss issues related to the measurement of cognition in the elderly and in particular outline a standardised model of cognition that could be utilised to better understand cognitive outcomes in future studies examining the relationship between gut microbiota and cognition in the elderly. We then review biological processes such as oxidative stress and inflammation which are related to cognitive changes with age and which are also influenced by our gut microbiota. Finally, we outline other potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may influence cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudhula Komanduri
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shakuntla Gondalia
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Con Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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12
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Chang L, Weiner LS, Hartman SJ, Horvath S, Jeste D, Mischel PS, Kado DM. Breast cancer treatment and its effects on aging. J Geriatr Oncol 2019; 10:346-355. [PMID: 30078714 PMCID: PMC7062379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer of women in the United States. It is also proving to be one of the most treatable. Early detection, surgical intervention, therapeutic radiation, cytotoxic chemotherapies and molecularly targeted agents are transforming the lives of patients with breast cancer, markedly improving their survival. Although current breast cancer treatments are largely successful in producing cancer remission and extending lifespan, there is concern that these treatments may have long lasting detrimental effects on cancer survivors, in part, through their impact on non-tumor cells. Presently, the impact of breast cancer treatment on normal cells, its impact on cellular function and its effect on the overall function of the individual are incompletely understood. In particular, it is unclear whether breast cancer and/or its treatments are associated with an accelerated aging phenotype. In this review, we consider breast cancer survivorship from the perspective of accelerated aging, and discuss the evidence suggesting that women treated for breast cancer may suffer from an increased rate of physical and cognitive decline that likely corresponds with underlying vulnerabilities of genome instability, epigenetic changes, and cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Chang
- Departments of Family Medicine & Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Lauren S Weiner
- Departments of Family Medicine & Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States; University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sheri J Hartman
- Departments of Family Medicine & Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States; University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Dilip Jeste
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, United States
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Deborah M Kado
- Departments of Family Medicine & Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine University of California, San Diego, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, United States.
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Gamage MWK, Hewage C, Pathirana KD. Associated factors for cognition of physically independent elderly people living in residential care facilities for the aged in Sri Lanka. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:10. [PMID: 30621644 PMCID: PMC6325741 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-2003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the elderly population and prevalence of dementia is increasing, it is necessary to have a better comprehension of the influence of specific factors on cognitive function. Dementia is not an inevitable consequence of ageing. Lifestyle factors might either increase or decrease the risk. Even though different studies have focused on individual factors, only a few studies are available which assess all these factors as a whole. Available evidence on these factors is mainly from high income countries and much less evidence is available from low and middle income countries. As cognition is critical for elderly people to engage in a physically independent life, we aimed to identify the associated factors of cognition. METHODS This was a descriptive cross sectional study performed with 421 elderly people dwelling in residential care facilities for the aged in two selected districts in the Southern Province of Sri Lanka. Cognition was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Independent sample t test, ANOVA and regression analyses were used to explore associated factors for cognition. The statistical significance was kept at bonferroni adjusted p < 0.004. RESULTS The study included elderly people with a mean age of 71.9 ± 6.7 years and of them 65.8% were females. Factors affecting higher level of cognition were, having upper secondary, advanced and higher education; being married; arriving at the facility on one's own accord; being visited by family members; higher physical activity levels and engaging in social and leisure activities (p < 0.004). The factors, namely physical activity level, educational status, visits by family members and engaging in leisure activities were the predictors of cognition in the regression model. CONCLUSION Though there were several factors that associated with the level of cognition such as educational status, marital status, reason for attending the facility, visits by family members, physical activity levels and participation in social and leisure activities, only the factors, such as physical activity levels, visits by family members, educational status and engaging in leisure activities were the predictors of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chandana Hewage
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
| | - Kithsiri Dedduwa Pathirana
- 0000 0001 0103 6011grid.412759.cDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
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Gallant SN, Pun C, Yang L. Age differences in the neural correlates underlying control of emotional memory: An event-related potential study. Brain Res 2018; 1697:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Armstrong B, Gallant SN, Li L, Patel K, Wong BI. Stereotype Threat Effects on Older Adults’ Episodic and Working Memory: A Meta-Analysis. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2017; 57:S193-S205. [DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnx056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Strickland-Hughes CM, West RL, Smith KA, Ebner NC. False feedback and beliefs influence name recall in younger and older adults. Memory 2016; 25:1072-1088. [PMID: 27885897 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1260746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Feedback is an important self-regulatory process that affects task effort and subsequent performance. Benefits of positive feedback for list recall have been explored in research on goals and feedback, but the effect of negative feedback on memory has rarely been studied. The current research extends knowledge of memory and feedback effects by investigating face-name association memory and by examining the potential mediation of feedback effects, in younger and older adults, through self-evaluative beliefs. Beliefs were assessed before and after name recognition and name recall testing. Repeated presentation of false positive feedback was compared to false negative feedback and a no feedback condition. Results showed that memory self-efficacy declined over time for participants in the negative and no feedback conditions but was sustained for those receiving positive feedback. Furthermore, participants who received negative feedback felt older after testing than before testing. For name recall, the positive feedback group outperformed the negative feedback and no feedback groups combined, with no age interactions. The observed feedback-related effects on memory were fully mediated by changes in memory self-efficacy. These findings advance our understanding of how beliefs are related to feedback in memory and inform future studies examining the importance of self-regulation in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin Lea West
- a Department of Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Kimberly A Smith
- a Department of Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Natalie C Ebner
- a Department of Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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Hülür G, Hoppmann CA, Ram N, Gerstorf D. Developmental associations between short-term variability and long-term changes: Intraindividual correlation of positive and negative affect in daily life and cognitive aging. Dev Psychol 2015; 51:987-97. [PMID: 26010386 DOI: 10.1037/a0039341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Conceptual notions and empirical evidence suggest that the intraindividual correlation (iCorr) of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) is a meaningful characteristic of affective functioning. PA and NA are typically negatively correlated within-person. Previous research has found that the iCorr of PA and NA is relatively stable over time within individuals, that it differs across individuals, and that a less negative iCorr is associated with better resilience and less vulnerability. However, little is known about how the iCorr of PA and NA relates to cognitive aging. This project examined how the association between PA and NA in everyday life is associated with long-term cognitive aging trajectories. To do so, we linked microlongitudinal data on PA and NA obtained on up to 33 occasions over 6 consecutive days with macrolongitudinal data on fluid and crystallized cognitive abilities obtained over 15 years from a subsample of Berlin Aging Study participants (N = 81, mean age at the microlongitudinal study = 81 years, range 73-98; 41% women). Over and above age, gender, education, overall levels of PA and NA, and number of health conditions, a less negative iCorr of PA and NA was associated with lower levels of cognitive ability and steeper cognitive declines, particularly for fluency and knowledge abilities. We discuss possible mechanisms for this finding and argue that a less negative iCorr of PA and NA may be indicative of deficits in emotional integration that are tied to changes in crystallized aspects of cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Hülür
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University
| | | | - Nilam Ram
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Denis Gerstorf
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
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Stillman CM, Coane JH, Profaci CP, Howard JH, Howard DV. The effects of healthy aging on the mnemonic benefit of survival processing. Mem Cognit 2014; 42:175-85. [PMID: 23896730 PMCID: PMC3874078 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-013-0353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have shown that information is remembered better when it is processed for its survival relevance than when it is processed for relevance to other, non-survival-related contexts. Here we conducted three experiments to investigate whether the survival advantage also occurs for healthy older adults. In Experiment 1, older and younger adults rated words for their relevance to a grassland survival or moving scenario and then completed an unexpected free recall test on the words. We replicated the survival advantage in two separate groups of younger adults, one of which was placed under divided-attention conditions, but we did not find a survival advantage in the older adults. We then tested two additional samples of older adults using a between- (Exp. 2) or within- (Exp. 3) subjects design, but still found no evidence of the survival advantage in this age group. These results suggest that, although survival processing is an effective encoding strategy for younger adults, it does not provide the same mnemonic benefit to healthy elders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Stillman
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, 301N White-Gravenor Building, 37th and P Streets NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA,
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Abstract
Routine activities performed while standing and walking require the ability to appropriately and continuously modulate postural movements as a function of a concurrent task. Changes in task-dependent postural control contribute to the emergence, maturation, and decline of complex motor skills and stability throughout the lifespan.
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20
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Aalbers T, Baars MAE, Olde Rikkert MGM, Kessels RPC. Puzzling with online games (BAM-COG): reliability, validity, and feasibility of an online self-monitor for cognitive performance in aging adults. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15:e270. [PMID: 24300212 PMCID: PMC3868977 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Online interventions are aiming increasingly at cognitive outcome measures but so far no easy and fast self-monitors for cognition have been validated or proven reliable and feasible. Objective This study examines a new instrument called the Brain Aging Monitor–Cognitive Assessment Battery (BAM-COG) for its alternate forms reliability, face and content validity, and convergent and divergent validity. Also, reference values are provided. Methods The BAM-COG consists of four easily accessible, short, yet challenging puzzle games that have been developed to measure working memory (“Conveyer Belt”), visuospatial short-term memory (“Sunshine”), episodic recognition memory (“Viewpoint”), and planning (“Papyrinth”). A total of 641 participants were recruited for this study. Of these, 397 adults, 40 years and older (mean 54.9, SD 9.6), were eligible for analysis. Study participants played all games three times with 14 days in between sets. Face and content validity were based on expert opinion. Alternate forms reliability (AFR) was measured by comparing scores on different versions of the BAM-COG and expressed with an intraclass correlation (ICC: two-way mixed; consistency at 95%). Convergent validity (CV) was provided by comparing BAM-COG scores to gold-standard paper-and-pencil and computer-assisted cognitive assessment. Divergent validity (DV) was measured by comparing BAM-COG scores to the National Adult Reading Test IQ (NART-IQ) estimate. Both CV and DV are expressed as Spearman rho correlation coefficients. Results Three out of four games showed adequate results on AFR, CV, and DV measures. The games Conveyer Belt, Sunshine, and Papyrinth have AFR ICCs of .420, .426, and .645 respectively. Also, these games had good to very good CV correlations: rho=.577 (P=.001), rho=.669 (P<.001), and rho=.400 (P=.04), respectively. Last, as expected, DV correlations were low: rho=−.029 (P=.44), rho=−.029 (P=.45), and rho=−.134 (P=.28) respectively. The game Viewpoint provided less desirable results with an AFR ICC of .167, CV rho=.202 (P=.15), and DV rho=−.162 (P=.21). Conclusions This study provides evidence for the use of the BAM-COG test battery as a feasible, reliable, and valid tool to monitor cognitive performance in healthy adults in an online setting. Three out of four games have good psychometric characteristics to measure working memory, visuospatial short-term memory, and planning capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun Aalbers
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
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Potvin O, Bergua V, Meillon C, Le Goff M, Bouisson J, Dartigues JF, Amieva H. State anxiety and cognitive functioning in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 21:915-24. [PMID: 23567382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between state anxiety and performance on neuropsychological tests in older adults. METHODS Nine hundred fifty-five community-dwelling individuals without dementia age 66 and over were evaluated at home by a psychologist. State anxiety was measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Y. Cognitive assessment included general cognitive functioning (Mini-Mental State Examination), verbal fluency (Isaacs Set Test), short-term visual memory (Benton's Visual Retention Test), speed of information processing/visuomotor coordination (Digit Symbol Coding), conceptual knowledge (Similarities), episodic memory (Verbal Paired Associates), and working memory (Digit Span forward/backward). Covariates included age, education, sex, depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale), subjective health, subjective cognitive complaint, chronic diseases, functional abilities in basic and instrumental activities of daily living, and use of medication. RESULTS Adjustments for confounders substantially modified the relationship between state anxiety and cognitive performance. Multivariate analyses revealed positive effects of mild and moderate state anxiety for verbal fluency and general cognitive functioning, respectively. High and moderate anxiety also had beneficial influence on short-term visual memory performance in participants with low education level and on the speed of information/visuomotor coordination processing in participants using medications. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that when confounders are taken into account, state anxiety in older adults is not necessarily deleterious for cognitive performance and has no appreciable negative effect on many cognitive domains or can even be beneficial. Relationships between state anxiety and cognitive performances are complex because they are influenced by many factors and differ according to anxiety severity and cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Potvin
- Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada, Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Longueuil, Canada, Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Québec, Canada
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Huber JE, Darling M, Francis EJ, Zhang D. Impact of typical aging and Parkinson's disease on the relationship among breath pausing, syntax, and punctuation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2012; 21:368-79. [PMID: 22846880 PMCID: PMC3804060 DOI: 10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0059)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study examines the impact of typical aging and Parkinson's disease (PD) on the relationship among breath pausing, syntax, and punctuation. METHOD Thirty young adults, 25 typically aging older adults, and 15 individuals with PD participated. Fifteen participants were age- and sex-matched to the individuals with PD. Participants read a passage aloud 2 times. Utterance length, location of breath pauses relative to punctuation and syntax, and number of disfluencies and mazes were measured. RESULTS Older adults produced shorter utterances, a smaller percentage of breaths at major boundaries, and a greater percentage of breaths at minor boundaries than did young adults, but there was no significant difference between older adults and individuals with PD on these measures. Individuals with PD took a greater percentage of breaths at locations unrelated to a syntactic boundary than did control participants. Individuals with PD produced more mazes than did control participants. Breaths were significantly correlated with punctuation for all groups. CONCLUSIONS Changes in breath-pausing patterns in older adults are likely due to changes in respiratory physiology. However, in individuals with PD, such changes appear to result from a combination of changes to respiratory physiology and cognition.
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Abstract
This paper reviews age differences in emotion processing and how they may relate to age-related changes in the brain. Compared with younger adults, older adults react less to negative situations, ignore irrelevant negative stimuli better, and remember relatively more positive than negative information. Older adults' ability to insulate their thoughts and emotional reactions from negative situations is likely due to a number of factors, such as being less influenced by interoceptive cues, selecting different emotion regulation strategies, having less age-related decline in prefrontal regions associated with emotional control than in other prefrontal regions, and engaging in emotion regulation strategies as a default mode in their everyday lives. Healthy older adults' avoidance of processing negative stimuli may contribute to their well-maintained emotional well-being. However, when cardiovascular disease leads to additional prefrontal white matter damage, older adults have fewer cognitive control mechanisms available to regulate their emotions, making them more vulnerable to depression. In general, although age-related changes in the brain help shape emotional experience, shifts in preferred strategies and goal priorities are also important influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mather
- The USC Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
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Isaacowitz DM, Blanchard-Fields F. Linking Process and Outcome in the Study of Emotion and Aging. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2012; 7:3-17. [PMID: 22888369 DOI: 10.1177/1745691611424750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Current theory and research on emotion and aging suggests that (a) older adults report more positive affective experience (more happiness) than younger adults, (b) older adults attend to and remember emotionally valenced stimuli differently than younger adults (i.e., they show age-related positivity effects in attention and memory), and (c) the reason that older adults have more positive affective experience is because the positivity effects they display serve as emotion regulatory strategies. It is suggested that age differences in cognitive processes therefore lead to the outcome of positive affective experience. In this article, we critically review the literature on age differences in positive affective experience and on age-related positivity effects in attention and memory. Furthermore, we question the extent to which existing evidence supports a link between age-related positivity effects and positive affective outcomes. We then provide a framework for formally testing process-outcome links that might explain affective outcomes across adulthood. It may be that older adults (and others) do sometimes use their cognition as a regulatory tool to help them feel good, but that can only be demonstrated by specifically linking cognitive processes, such as age-related positivity effects, with affective outcomes. These concepts have implications for cognition-emotion links at any age.
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Mather M, Schoeke A. Positive outcomes enhance incidental learning for both younger and older adults. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:129. [PMID: 22125509 PMCID: PMC3221314 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that memory encoding is enhanced when people are anticipating a potential reward, consistent with the idea that dopaminergic systems that respond to motivationally relevant information also enhance memory for that information. In the current study, we examined how anticipating and receiving rewards versus losses affect incidental learning of information. In addition, we compared the modulatory effects of reward anticipation and outcome on memory for younger and older adults. Forty-two younger (aged 18–33 years) and 44 older (aged 66–92 years) adults played a game involving pressing a button as soon as they saw a target. Gain trials began with a cue that they would win $0.25 if they pressed the button fast enough, loss trials began with a cue that they would avoid losing $0.25 if they pressed the button fast enough, and no-outcome trials began with a cue indicating no monetary outcome. The target was a different photo-object on each trial (e.g., balloon, dolphin) and performance outcomes were displayed after the photo disappeared. Both younger and older adults recalled and recognized pictures from trials with positive outcomes (either rewarding or loss avoiding) better than from trials with negative outcomes. Positive outcomes were associated with not only enhanced memory for the picture just seen in that trial, but also with enhanced memory for the pictures shown in the next two trials. Although anticipating a reward also enhanced incidental memory, this effect was seen only in recognition memory of positive pictures and was a smaller effect than the outcome effect. The fact that older adults showed similar incidental memory effects of reward anticipation and outcome as younger adults suggests that reward–memory system interactions remain intact in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mather
- University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Nielsen L, Mather M. Emerging perspectives in social neuroscience and neuroeconomics of aging. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2011; 6:149-64. [PMID: 21482573 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsr019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article introduces the special issue of 'Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience' on Aging Research, and offers a broad conceptual and methodological framework for considering advances in life course research in social neuroscience and neuroeconomics. The authors highlight key areas of inquiry where aging research is raising new insights about how to conceptualize and examine critical questions about the links between cognition, emotion and motivation in social and economic behavior, as well as challenges that need to be addressed when taking a life course perspective in these fields. They also point to several emerging approaches that hold the potential for addressing these challenges, through bridging approaches from laboratory and population-based science, bridging inquiry across life stages and expanding measurement of core psychological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Nielsen
- Division of Behavioral and Social Research, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, 7201 Wisconsin Ave., Suite 533, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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