1
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Chen CK, Chang YM, Jiang TX, Yue Z, Liu TY, Lu J, Yu Z, Lin JJ, Vu TD, Huang TY, Harn HIC, Ng CS, Wu P, Chuong CM, Li WH. Conserved regulatory switches for the transition from natal down to juvenile feather in birds. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4174. [PMID: 38755126 PMCID: PMC11099144 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition from natal downs for heat conservation to juvenile feathers for simple flight is a remarkable environmental adaptation process in avian evolution. However, the underlying epigenetic mechanism for this primary feather transition is mostly unknown. Here we conducted time-ordered gene co-expression network construction, epigenetic analysis, and functional perturbations in developing feather follicles to elucidate four downy-juvenile feather transition events. We report that extracellular matrix reorganization leads to peripheral pulp formation, which mediates epithelial-mesenchymal interactions for branching morphogenesis. α-SMA (ACTA2) compartmentalizes dermal papilla stem cells for feather renewal cycling. LEF1 works as a key hub of Wnt signaling to build rachis and converts radial downy to bilateral symmetry. Novel usage of scale keratins strengthens feather sheath with SOX14 as the epigenetic regulator. We show that this primary feather transition is largely conserved in chicken (precocial) and zebra finch (altricial) and discuss the possibility that this evolutionary adaptation process started in feathered dinosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kuan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ming Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - ZhiCao Yue
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tzu-Yu Liu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiayi Lu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhou Yu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jinn-Jy Lin
- National Applied Research Laboratories, National Center for High-performance Computing, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Trieu-Duc Vu
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tao-Yu Huang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hans I-Chen Harn
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chen Siang Ng
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Bioresource Conservation Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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2
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Dhouailly D. The avian ectodermal default competence to make feathers. Dev Biol 2024; 508:64-76. [PMID: 38190932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Feathers originate as protofeathers before birds, in pterosaurs and basal dinosaurs. What characterizes a feather is not only its outgrowth, but its barb cells differentiation and a set of beta-corneous proteins. Reticula appear concomitantly with feathers, as small bumps on plantar skin, made only of keratins. Avian scales, with their own set of beta-corneous proteins, appear more recently than feathers on the shank, and only in some species. In the chick embryo, when feather placodes form, all the non-feather areas of the integument are already specified. Among them, midventral apterium, cornea, reticula, and scale morphogenesis appear to be driven by negative regulatory mechanisms, which modulate the inherited capacity of the avian ectoderm to form feathers. Successive dermal/epidermal interactions, initiated by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and involving principally Eda/Edar, BMP, FGF20 and Shh signaling, are responsible for the formation not only of feather, but also of scale placodes and reticula, with notable differences in the level of Shh, and probably FGF20 expressions. This sequence is a dynamic and labile process, the turning point being the FGF20 expression by the placode. This epidermal signal endows its associated dermis with the memory to aggregate and to stimulate the morphogenesis that follows, involving even a re-initiation of the placode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Dhouailly
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University Grenoble-Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38700, La Tronche, France.
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3
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Li WH, Chuong CM, Chen CK, Wu P, Jiang TX, Harn HIC, Liu TY, Yu Z, Lu J, Chang YM, Yue Z, Lin J, Vu TD, Huang TY, Ng CS. Transition from natal downs to juvenile feathers: conserved regulatory switches in Neoaves. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3382427. [PMID: 37886492 PMCID: PMC10602114 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3382427/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The transition from natal downs for heat conservation to juvenile feathers for simple flight is a remarkable environmental adaptation process in avian evolution. However, the underlying epigenetic mechanism for this primary feather transition is mostly unknown. Here we conducted time-ordered gene co-expression network construction, epigenetic analysis, and functional perturbations in developing feather follicles to elucidate four downy-juvenile feather transition events. We discovered that LEF1 works as a key hub of Wnt signaling to build rachis and converts radial downy to bilateral symmetry. Extracellular matrix reorganization leads to peripheral pulp formation, which mediates epithelial -mesenchymal interactions for branching morphogenesis. ACTA2 compartments dermal papilla stem cells for feather cycling. Novel usage of scale keratins strengthens feather sheath with SOX14 as the epigenetic regulator. We found this primary feather transition largely conserved in chicken (precocious) and zebra finch (altricial) and discussed the possibility that this evolutionary adaptation process started in feathered dinosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ping Wu
- University of Southern California
| | | | - Hans I-Chen Harn
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Tzu-Yu Liu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Zhou Yu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Jiayi Lu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | | | | | | | - Trieu-Duc Vu
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science
| | - Tao-Yu Huang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei
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4
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Evanitsky MN, Di Talia S. An active traveling wave of Eda/NF-κB signaling controls the timing and hexagonal pattern of skin appendages in zebrafish. Development 2023; 150:dev201866. [PMID: 37747266 PMCID: PMC10560567 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Periodic patterns drive the formation of a variety of tissues, including skin appendages such as feathers and scales. Skin appendages serve important and diverse functions across vertebrates, yet the mechanisms that regulate their patterning are not fully understood. Here, we have used live imaging to investigate dynamic signals regulating the ontogeny of zebrafish scales. Scales are bony skin appendages that develop sequentially along the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes to cover the fish in a hexagonal array. We have found that scale development requires cell-cell communication and is coordinated through an active wave mechanism. Using a live transcriptional reporter, we show that a wave of Eda/NF-κB activity precedes scale initiation and is required for scale formation. Experiments decoupling the propagation of the wave from dermal placode formation and osteoblast differentiation demonstrate that the Eda/NF-κB activity wavefront controls the timing of the sequential patterning of scales. Moreover, this decoupling resulted in defects in scale size and significant deviations in the hexagonal patterning of scales. Thus, our results demonstrate that a biochemical traveling wave coordinates scale initiation and proper hexagonal patterning across the fish body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya N. Evanitsky
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stefano Di Talia
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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5
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Sadier A, Anthwal N, Krause AL, Dessalles R, Lake M, Bentolila LA, Haase R, Nieves NA, Santana SE, Sears KE. Bat teeth illuminate the diversification of mammalian tooth classes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4687. [PMID: 37607943 PMCID: PMC10444822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth classes are an innovation that has contributed to the evolutionary success of mammals. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which tooth classes diversified remain limited. We use the evolutionary radiation of noctilionoid bats to show how the tooth developmental program evolved during the adaptation to new diet types. Combining morphological, developmental and mathematical modeling approaches, we demonstrate that tooth classes develop through independent developmental cascades that deviate from classical models. We show that the diversification of tooth number and size is driven by jaw growth rate modulation, explaining the rapid gain/loss of teeth in this clade. Finally, we mathematically model the successive appearance of tooth buds, supporting the hypothesis that growth acts as a key driver of the evolution of tooth number and size. Our work reveal how growth, by tinkering with reaction/diffusion processes, drives the diversification of tooth classes and other repeated structure during adaptive radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Sadier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Neal Anthwal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Renaud Dessalles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Greenshield, 46 rue Saint-Antoine, 75004, Paris, France
| | - Michael Lake
- Advanced Light Microscopy and Spectroscopy Laboratory, California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Laurent A Bentolila
- Advanced Light Microscopy and Spectroscopy Laboratory, California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Robert Haase
- DFG Cluster of Excellence "Physics of Life", TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Natalie A Nieves
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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6
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Zimm R, Berio F, Debiais-Thibaud M, Goudemand N. A shark-inspired general model of tooth morphogenesis unveils developmental asymmetries in phenotype transitions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216959120. [PMID: 37027430 PMCID: PMC10104537 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216959120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental complexity stemming from the dynamic interplay between genetic and biomechanic factors canalizes the ways genotypes and phenotypes can change in evolution. As a paradigmatic system, we explore how changes in developmental factors generate typical tooth shape transitions. Since tooth development has mainly been researched in mammals, we contribute to a more general understanding by studying the development of tooth diversity in sharks. To this end, we build a general, but realistic, mathematical model of odontogenesis. We show that it reproduces key shark-specific features of tooth development as well as real tooth shape variation in small-spotted catsharks Scyliorhinus canicula. We validate our model by comparison with experiments in vivo. Strikingly, we observe that developmental transitions between tooth shapes tend to be highly degenerate, even for complex phenotypes. We also discover that the sets of developmental parameters involved in tooth shape transitions tend to depend asymmetrically on the direction of that transition. Together, our findings provide a valuable base for furthering our understanding of how developmental changes can lead to both adaptive phenotypic change and trait convergence in complex, phenotypically highly diverse, structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Zimm
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon Cedex07 69364, France
| | - Fidji Berio
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon Cedex07 69364, France
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier34095, France
| | - Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier34095, France
| | - Nicolas Goudemand
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon Cedex07 69364, France
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7
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Evanitsky MN, Di Talia S. An active traveling wave of Eda/NF-kB signaling controls the timing and hexagonal pattern of skin appendages in zebrafish. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.10.536269. [PMID: 37090617 PMCID: PMC10120683 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.536269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Periodic patterns make up a variety of tissues, including skin appendages such as feathers and scales. Skin appendages serve important and diverse functions across vertebrates, yet the mechanisms that regulate their patterning are not fully understood. Here, we have used live imaging to investigate dynamic signals regulating the ontogeny of zebrafish scales. Scales are bony skin appendages which develop sequentially along the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes to cover the fish in a hexagonal array. We have found that scale development requires cell-cell communication and is coordinated through an active wave mechanism. Using a live transcriptional reporter, we show that a wave of Eda/NF-κB activity precedes scale initiation and is required for scale formation. Experiments decoupling the propagation of the wave from dermal placode formation and osteoblast differentiation demonstrate that the Eda/NF-kB activity wavefront times the sequential patterning of scales. Moreover, this decoupling resulted in defects in scale size and significant deviations in the hexagonal patterning of scales. Thus, our results demonstrate that a biochemical traveling wave coordinates scale initiation and proper hexagonal patterning across the fish body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya N Evanitsky
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Stefano Di Talia
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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8
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Curantz C, Bailleul R, Castro-Scherianz M, Hidalgo M, Durande M, Graner F, Manceau M. Cell shape anisotropy contributes to self-organized feather pattern fidelity in birds. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001807. [PMID: 36215298 PMCID: PMC9584522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing tissues can self-organize into a variety of patterned structures through the stabilization of stochastic fluctuations in their molecular and cellular properties. While molecular factors and cell dynamics contributing to self-organization have been identified in vivo, events channeling self-organized systems such that they achieve stable pattern outcomes remain unknown. Here, we described natural variation in the fidelity of self-organized arrays formed by feather follicle precursors in bird embryos. By surveying skin cells prior to and during tissue self-organization and performing species-specific ex vivo drug treatments and mechanical stress tests, we demonstrated that pattern fidelity depends on the initial amplitude of cell anisotropy in regions of the developing dermis competent to produce a pattern. Using live imaging, we showed that cell shape anisotropy is associated with a limited increase in cell motility for sharp and precisely located primordia formation, and thus, proper pattern geometry. These results evidence a mechanism through which initial tissue properties ensure stability in self-organization and thus, reproducible pattern production. A study of natural variation in feather pattern geometry and a combination of pharmacological and mechanical manipulations ex vivo provides evidence for a mechanism by which initial tissue properties ensure stability in self-organization and species-specific pattern production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Curantz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, UPMC Paris VI, Paris, France
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Richard Bailleul
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, UPMC Paris VI, Paris, France
- Developmental Biology & Cell Biology and Biophysics Units, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - María Castro-Scherianz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Magdalena Hidalgo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Melina Durande
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7057, Paris, France
| | - François Graner
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7057, Paris, France
| | - Marie Manceau
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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9
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Wu P, Jiang TX, Lei M, Chen CK, Hsieh Li SM, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. Cyclic growth of dermal papilla and regeneration of follicular mesenchymal components during feather cycling. Development 2021; 148:dev198671. [PMID: 34344024 PMCID: PMC10656464 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
How dermis maintains tissue homeostasis in cyclic growth and wounding is a fundamental unsolved question. Here, we study how dermal components of feather follicles undergo physiological (molting) and plucking injury-induced regeneration in chickens. Proliferation analyses reveal quiescent, transient-amplifying (TA) and long-term label-retaining dermal cell (LRDC) states. During the growth phase, LRDCs are activated to make new dermal components with distinct cellular flows. Dermal TA cells, enriched in the proximal follicle, generate both peripheral pulp, which extends distally to expand the epithelial-mesenchymal interactive interface for barb patterning, and central pulp, which provides nutrition. Entering the resting phase, LRDCs, accompanying collar bulge epidermal label-retaining cells, descend to the apical dermal papilla. In the next cycle, these apical dermal papilla LRDCs are re-activated to become new pulp progenitor TA cells. In the growth phase, lower dermal sheath can generate dermal papilla and pulp. Transcriptome analyses identify marker genes and highlight molecular signaling associated with dermal specification. We compare the cyclic topological changes with those of the hair follicle, a convergently evolved follicle configuration. This work presents a model for analyzing homeostasis and tissue remodeling of mesenchymal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ting-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mingxing Lei
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- The IEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Man Hsieh Li
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Randall B. Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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10
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Harn HIC, Wang SP, Lai YC, Van Handel B, Liang YC, Tsai S, Schiessl IM, Sarkar A, Xi H, Hughes M, Kaemmer S, Tang MJ, Peti-Peterdi J, Pyle AD, Woolley TE, Evseenko D, Jiang TX, Chuong CM. Symmetry breaking of tissue mechanics in wound induced hair follicle regeneration of laboratory and spiny mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2595. [PMID: 33972536 PMCID: PMC8110808 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration is a process that recapitulates and restores organ structure and function. Although previous studies have demonstrated wound-induced hair neogenesis (WIHN) in laboratory mice (Mus), the regeneration is limited to the center of the wound unlike those observed in African spiny (Acomys) mice. Tissue mechanics have been implicated as an integral part of tissue morphogenesis. Here, we use the WIHN model to investigate the mechanical and molecular responses of laboratory and African spiny mice, and report these models demonstrate opposing trends in spatiotemporal morphogenetic field formation with association to wound stiffness landscapes. Transcriptome analysis and K14-Cre-Twist1 transgenic mice show the Twist1 pathway acts as a mediator for both epidermal-dermal interactions and a competence factor for periodic patterning, differing from those used in development. We propose a Turing model based on tissue stiffness that supports a two-scale tissue mechanics process: (1) establishing a morphogenetic field within the wound bed (mm scale) and (2) symmetry breaking of the epidermis and forming periodically arranged hair primordia within the morphogenetic field (μm scale). Thus, we delineate distinct chemo-mechanical events in building a Turing morphogenesis-competent field during WIHN of laboratory and African spiny mice and identify its evo-devo advantages with perspectives for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans I-Chen Harn
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Pei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chih Lai
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ben Van Handel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ya-Chen Liang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Stephanie Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ina Maria Schiessl
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arijita Sarkar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haibin Xi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Hughes
- International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Stefan Kaemmer
- Park Systems Inc., 3040 Olcott Street, Santa Clara, CA, 95054, USA
| | - Ming-Jer Tang
- International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - April D Pyle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas E Woolley
- Cardiff School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Senghennydd Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Denis Evseenko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ting-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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11
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Folding Keratin Gene Clusters during Skin Regional Specification. Dev Cell 2021; 53:561-576.e9. [PMID: 32516596 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regional specification is critical for skin development, regeneration, and evolution. The contribution of epigenetics in this process remains unknown. Here, using avian epidermis, we find two major strategies regulate β-keratin gene clusters. (1) Over the body, macro-regional specificities (scales, feathers, claws, etc.) established by typical enhancers control five subclusters located within the epidermal differentiation complex on chromosome 25; (2) within a feather, micro-regional specificities are orchestrated by temporospatial chromatin looping of the feather β-keratin gene cluster on chromosome 27. Analyses suggest a three-factor model for regional specification: competence factors (e.g., AP1) make chromatin accessible, regional specifiers (e.g., Zic1) target specific genome regions, and chromatin regulators (e.g., CTCF and SATBs) establish looping configurations. Gene perturbations disrupt morphogenesis and histo-differentiation. This chicken skin paradigm advances our understanding of how regulation of big gene clusters can set up a two-dimensional body surface map.
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12
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Weber EL, Woolley TE, Yeh CY, Ou KL, Maini PK, Chuong CM. Self-organizing hair peg-like structures from dissociated skin progenitor cells: New insights for human hair follicle organoid engineering and Turing patterning in an asymmetric morphogenetic field. Exp Dermatol 2020; 28:355-366. [PMID: 30681746 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human skin progenitor cells will form new hair follicles, although at a low efficiency, when injected into nude mouse skin. To better study and improve upon this regenerative process, we developed an in vitro system to analyse the morphogenetic cell behaviour in detail and modulate physical-chemical parameters to more effectively generate hair primordia. In this three-dimensional culture, dissociated human neonatal foreskin keratinocytes self-assembled into a planar epidermal layer while fetal scalp dermal cells coalesced into stripes, then large clusters, and finally small clusters resembling dermal condensations. At sites of dermal clustering, subjacent epidermal cells protruded to form hair peg-like structures, molecularly resembling hair pegs within the sequence of follicular development. The hair peg-like structures emerged in a coordinated, formative wave, moving from periphery to centre, suggesting that the droplet culture constitutes a microcosm with an asymmetric morphogenetic field. In vivo, hair follicle populations also form in a progressive wave, implying the summation of local periodic patterning events with an asymmetric global influence. To further understand this global patterning process, we developed a mathematical simulation using Turing activator-inhibitor principles in an asymmetric morphogenetic field. Together, our culture system provides a suitable platform to (a) analyse the self-assembly behaviour of hair progenitor cells into periodically arranged hair primordia and (b) identify parameters that impact the formation of hair primordia in an asymmetric morphogenetic field. This understanding will enhance our future ability to successfully engineer human hair follicle organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Weber
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Chao-Yuan Yeh
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kuang-Ling Ou
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Oxford, UK
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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13
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Lee J, Rabbani CC, Gao H, Steinhart MR, Woodruff BM, Pflum ZE, Kim A, Heller S, Liu Y, Shipchandler TZ, Koehler KR. Hair-bearing human skin generated entirely from pluripotent stem cells. Nature 2020; 582:399-404. [PMID: 32494013 PMCID: PMC7593871 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The skin is a multi-layered organ equipped with appendages (i.e. follicles and glands) critical for regulating bodily fluid retention and temperature, guarding against external stresses, and mediating touch and pain sensation1,2. Reconstruction of appendage-bearing skin in cultures and in bioengineered grafts remains an unmet biomedical challenge3–9. Here, we report an organoid culture system that generates complex skin from human pluripotent stem cells. We use step-wise modulation of the TGFβ and FGF signalling pathways to co-induce cranial epithelial cells and neural crest cells within a spherical cell aggregate. During 4–5 months incubation, we observe the emergence of a cyst-like skin organoid composed of stratified epidermis, fat-rich dermis, and pigmented hair follicles equipped with sebaceous glands. A network of sensory neurons and Schwann cells form nerve-like bundles that target Merkel cells in organoid hair follicles, mimicking human touch circuitry. Single-cell RNA-sequencing and direct comparison to foetal specimens suggest that skin organoids are equivalent to human facial skin in the second-trimester of development. Moreover, we show that skin organoids form planar hair-bearing skin when grafted on nude mice. Together, our results demonstrate that nearly complete skin can self-assemble in vitro and be used to reconstitute skin in vivo. We anticipate skin organoids will be foundational to future studies of human skin development, disease modelling, or reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cyrus C Rabbani
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew R Steinhart
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Zachary E Pflum
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stefan Heller
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Taha Z Shipchandler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karl R Koehler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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14
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Ji G, Zhang M, Liu Y, Shan Y, Tu Y, Ju X, Zou J, Shu J, Wu J, Xie J. A gene co‐expression network analysis of the candidate genes and molecular pathways associated with feather follicle traits of chicken skin. J Anim Breed Genet 2020; 138:122-134. [DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gai‐ge Ji
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province Institute of Poultry Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science Yangzhou China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province Institute of Poultry Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science Yangzhou China
| | - Yi‐fan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province Institute of Poultry Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science Yangzhou China
| | - Yan‐ju Shan
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province Institute of Poultry Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science Yangzhou China
| | - Yun‐jie Tu
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province Institute of Poultry Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science Yangzhou China
| | - Xiao‐jun Ju
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province Institute of Poultry Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science Yangzhou China
| | - Jian‐min Zou
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province Institute of Poultry Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science Yangzhou China
| | - Jing‐ting Shu
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province Institute of Poultry Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science Yangzhou China
| | - Jun‐feng Wu
- Jiangsu Li‐hua Animal Husbandry Company Jiangsu China
| | - Jin‐fang Xie
- Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanchang China
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15
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Benton MJ, Dhouailly D, Jiang B, McNamara M. The Early Origin of Feathers. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:856-869. [PMID: 31164250 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Feathers have long been regarded as the innovation that drove the success of birds. However, feathers have been reported from close dinosaurian relatives of birds, and now from ornithischian dinosaurs and pterosaurs, the cousins of dinosaurs. Incomplete preservation makes these reports controversial. If true, these findings shift the origin of feathers back 80 million years before the origin of birds. Gene regulatory networks show the deep homology of scales, feathers, and hairs. Hair and feathers likely evolved in the Early Triassic ancestors of mammals and birds, at a time when synapsids and archosaurs show independent evidence of higher metabolic rates (erect gait and endothermy), as part of a major resetting of terrestrial ecosystems following the devastating end-Permian mass extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Baoyu Jiang
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Maria McNamara
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Cork, Cork, Ireland
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16
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Wu XS, Yeh CY, Harn HIC, Jiang TX, Wu P, Widelitz RB, Baker RE, Chuong CM. Self-assembly of biological networks via adaptive patterning revealed by avian intradermal muscle network formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10858-10867. [PMID: 31072931 PMCID: PMC6561168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818506116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Networked structures integrate numerous elements into one functional unit, while providing a balance between efficiency, robustness, and flexibility. Understanding how biological networks self-assemble will provide insights into how these features arise. Here, we demonstrate how nature forms exquisite muscle networks that can repair, regenerate, and adapt to external perturbations using the feather muscle network in chicken embryos as a paradigm. The self-assembled muscle networks arise through the implementation of a few simple rules. Muscle fibers extend outward from feather buds in every direction, but only those muscle fibers able to connect to neighboring buds are eventually stabilized. After forming such a nearest-neighbor configuration, the network can be reconfigured, adapting to perturbed bud arrangement or mechanical cues. Our computational model provides a bioinspired algorithm for network self-assembly, with intrinsic or extrinsic cues necessary and sufficient to guide the formation of these regenerative networks. These robust principles may serve as a useful guide for assembling adaptive networks in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shan Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Chao-Yuan Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hans I-Chen Harn
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, 701 Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Xing Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Randall B Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Ruth E Baker
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033;
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan
- International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, 701 Tainan, Taiwan
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17
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Gao Q, Zhou G, Lin SJ, Paus R, Yue Z. How chemotherapy and radiotherapy damage the tissue: Comparative biology lessons from feather and hair models. Exp Dermatol 2018; 28:413-418. [PMID: 30457678 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are common modalities for cancer treatment. While targeting rapidly growing cancer cells, they also damage normal tissues and cause adverse effects. From the initial insult such as DNA double-strand break, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a general stress response, there are complex regulatory mechanisms that control the actual tissue damage process. Besides apoptosis, a range of outcomes for the damaged cells are possible including cell cycle arrest, senescence, mitotic catastrophe, and inflammatory responses and fibrosis at the tissue level. Feather and hair are among the most actively proliferating (mini-)organs and are highly susceptible to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy damage, thus provide excellent, experimentally tractable model systems for dissecting how normal tissues respond to such injuries. Taking a comparative biology approach to investigate this has turned out to be particularly productive. Started in chicken feather and then extended to murine hair follicles, it was revealed that in addition to p53-mediated apoptosis, several other previously overlooked mechanisms are involved. Specifically, Shh, Wnt, mTOR, cytokine signalling and ROS-mediated degradation of adherens junctions have been implicated in the damage and/or reparative regeneration process. Moreover, we show here that inflammatory responses, which can be prominent upon histological examination of chemo- or radiotherapy-damaged hair follicle, may not be essential for the hair loss phenotype. These studies point to fundamental, evolutionarily conserved mechanisms in controlling tissue responses in vivo, and suggest novel strategies for the prevention and management of adverse effects that arise from chemo- or radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- QingXiang Gao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - GuiXuan Zhou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Sung-Jan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - ZhiCao Yue
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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18
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Widelitz RB, Lin GW, Lai YC, Mayer JA, Tang PC, Cheng HC, Jiang TX, Chen CF, Chuong CM. Morpho-regulation in diverse chicken feather formation: Integrating branching modules and sex hormone-dependent morpho-regulatory modules. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 61:124-138. [PMID: 30569461 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many animals can change the size, shape, texture and color of their regenerated coats in response to different ages, sexes, or seasonal environmental changes. Here, we propose that the feather core branching morphogenesis module can be regulated by sex hormones or other environmental factors to change feather forms, textures or colors, thus generating a large spectrum of complexity for adaptation. We use sexual dimorphisms of the chicken to explore the role of hormones. A long-standing question is whether the sex-dependent feather morphologies are autonomously controlled by the male or female cell types, or extrinsically controlled and reversible. We have recently identified core feather branching molecular modules which control the anterior-posterior (bone morphogenetic orotein [BMP], Wnt gradient), medio-lateral (Retinoic signaling, Gremlin), and proximo-distal (Sprouty, BMP) patterning of feathers. We hypothesize that morpho-regulation, through quantitative modulation of existing parameters, can act on core branching modules to topologically tune the dimension of each parameter during morphogenesis and regeneration. Here, we explore the involvement of hormones in generating sexual dimorphisms using exogenously delivered hormones. Our strategy is to mimic male androgen levels by applying exogenous dihydrotestosterone and aromatase inhibitors to adult females and to mimic female estradiol levels by injecting exogenous estradiol to adult males. We also examine differentially expressed genes in the feathers of wildtype male and female chickens to identify potential downstream modifiers of feather morphogenesis. The data show male and female feather morphology and their color patterns can be modified extrinsically through molting and resetting the stem cell niche during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall B Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gee-Way Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chih Lai
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Julie A Mayer
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Biocept Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Pin-Chi Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The IEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Chen Cheng
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The IEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The IEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The IEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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19
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Yu Z, Jiang K, Xu Z, Huang H, Qian N, Lu Z, Chen D, Di R, Yuan T, Du Z, Xie W, Lu X, Li H, Chai R, Yang Y, Zhu B, Kunieda T, Wang F, Chen T. Hoxc-Dependent Mesenchymal Niche Heterogeneity Drives Regional Hair Follicle Regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:487-500.e6. [PMID: 30122476 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal niche cells instruct activity of tissue-resident stem and progenitor cell populations. Epithelial stem cells in hair follicles (HFs) have region-specific activity, which may arise from intrinsic cellular heterogeneity within mesenchymal dermal papilla (DP) cells. Here we show that expression of Hoxc genes is sufficient to reprogram mesenchymal DP cells and alter the regenerative potential of epithelial stem cells. Hoxc gene expression in adult skin dermis closely correlates with regional HF regeneration patterns. Disrupting the region-specific expression patterns of Hoxc genes, by either decreasing their epigenetic repression via Bmi1 loss or inducing ectopic interactions of the Hoxc locus with an active epigenetic region, leads to precocious HF regeneration. We further show that a single Hoxc gene is sufficient to activate dormant DP niches and promote regional HF regeneration through canonical Wnt signaling. Altogether, these results reveal that Hoxc genes bestow mesenchymal niches with tissue-level heterogeneity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yu
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100871, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kaiju Jiang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zijian Xu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huanwei Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Nannan Qian
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhiwei Lu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Daoming Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ruonan Di
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tianyi Yuan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhenhai Du
- Tsinghua University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Tsinghua University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Huawei Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tetsuo Kunieda
- Okayama University, Faculty of Agriculture Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Fengchao Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Ting Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
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20
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Abstract
The same genes and signalling pathways control the formation of skin appendages in both fish and land animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Brunsdon
- MRC Human Genetics Unit & Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit & Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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21
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Aman AJ, Fulbright AN, Parichy DM. Wnt/β-catenin regulates an ancient signaling network during zebrafish scale development. eLife 2018; 7:37001. [PMID: 30014845 PMCID: PMC6072442 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how patterning influences cell behaviors to generate three dimensional morphologies is a central goal of developmental biology. Additionally, comparing these regulatory mechanisms among morphologically diverse tissues allows for rigorous testing of evolutionary hypotheses. Zebrafish skin is endowed with a coat of precisely patterned bony scales. We use in-toto live imaging during scale development and manipulations of cell signaling activity to elucidate core features of scale patterning and morphogenesis. These analyses show that scale development requires the concerted activity of Wnt/β-catenin, Ectodysplasin (Eda) and Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling. This regulatory module coordinates Hedgehog (HH) dependent collective cell migration during epidermal invagination, a cell behavior not previously implicated in skin appendage morphogenesis. Our analyses demonstrate the utility of zebrafish scale development as a tractable system in which to elucidate mechanisms of developmental patterning and morphogenesis, and suggest a single, ancient origin of skin appendage patterning mechanisms in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Aman
- Department of Biology and Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Alexis N Fulbright
- Department of Biology and Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - David M Parichy
- Department of Biology and Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
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22
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Videau P, Rivers OS, Tom SK, Oshiro RT, Ushijima B, Swenson VA, Philmus B, Gaylor MO, Cozy LM. The hetZ gene indirectly regulates heterocyst development at the level of pattern formation in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. Mol Microbiol 2018; 109:91-104. [PMID: 29676808 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular development requires the careful orchestration of gene expression to correctly create and position specialized cells. In the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, nitrogen-fixing heterocysts are differentiated from vegetative cells in a reproducibly periodic and physiologically relevant pattern. While many genetic factors required for heterocyst development have been identified, the role of HetZ has remained unclear. Here, we present evidence to clarify the requirement of hetZ for heterocyst production and support a model where HetZ functions in the patterning stage of differentiation. We show that a clean, nonpolar deletion of hetZ fails to express the developmental genes hetR, patS, hetP and hetZ correctly and fails to produce heterocysts. Complementation and overexpression of hetZ in a hetP mutant revealed that hetZ was incapable of bypassing hetP, suggesting that it acts upstream of hetP. Complementation and overexpression of hetZ in a hetR mutant, however, demonstrated bypass of hetR, suggesting that it acts downstream of hetR and is capable of bypassing the need for hetR for differentiation irrespective of nitrogen status. Finally, protein-protein interactions were observed between HetZ and HetR, Alr2902 and HetZ itself. Collectively, this work suggests a regulatory role for HetZ in the patterning phase of cellular differentiation in Anabaena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Videau
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA
| | - Orion S Rivers
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Sasa K Tom
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Reid T Oshiro
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Blake Ushijima
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Vaille A Swenson
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA
| | - Benjamin Philmus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael O Gaylor
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA
| | - Loralyn M Cozy
- Department of Biology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
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23
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Cheng D, Yan X, Qiu G, Zhang J, Wang H, Feng T, Tian Y, Xu H, Wang M, He W, Wu P, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM, Yue Z. Contraction of basal filopodia controls periodic feather branching via Notch and FGF signaling. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1345. [PMID: 29632339 PMCID: PMC5890251 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is a general mechanism that increases the surface area of an organ. In chicken feathers, the flat epithelial sheath at the base of the follicle is transformed into periodic branches. How exactly the keratinocytes are organized into this pattern remains unclear. Here we show that in the feather follicle, the pre-branch basal keratinocytes have extensive filopodia, which contract and smooth out after branching. Manipulating the filopodia via small GTPases RhoA/Cdc42 also regulates branch formation. These basal filopodia help interpret the proximal-distal FGF gradient in the follicle. Furthermore, the topological arrangement of cell adhesion via E-Cadherin re-distribution controls the branching process. Periodic activation of Notch signaling drives the differential cell adhesion and contraction of basal filopodia, which occurs only below an FGF signaling threshold. Our results suggest a coordinated adjustment of cell shape and adhesion orchestrates feather branching, which is regulated by Notch and FGF signaling. Keratinocytes are organised into a periodic pattern in feather branching, but how this is regulated is unclear. Here, the authors show that there is a coordinated change in cell shape and adherence, mediated by Notch, FGF signalling and Rho GTPases, which in turn regulates feather branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Cheng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Xiaoli Yan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Guofu Qiu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Hanwei Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Yarong Tian
- Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Haiping Xu
- Department of Mathematics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Meiqing Wang
- Department of Mathematics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Wanzhong He
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Randall B Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Zhicao Yue
- Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China.
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24
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Ishida K, Mitsui T. Role of the boundary in feather bud formation on one-dimensional bioengineered skin. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:016107. [PMID: 31069292 PMCID: PMC6481706 DOI: 10.1063/1.4989414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of a boundary in pattern formation from a homogenous state in Turing's reaction–diffusion equations is important, particularly when the domain size is comparable to the pattern scale. Such experimental conditions may be achieved for in vitro regeneration of ectodermal appendages such as feathers, via reconstruction of embryonic single cells. This procedure can eliminate a predefined genetic map, such as the midline of chick feather bud formation, leaving uniformly distributed identical cells as a bioengineered skin. Here, the self-organizing nature of multiple feather bud formation was examined in bioengineered 1D-skin samples. Primal formation of feather buds occurred at a fixed length from the skin edge. This formation was numerically recapitulated by a standard two-component reaction-diffusion model, suggesting that the boundary effect caused this observation. The proper boundary conditions were nonstandard, either mixed Dirichlet–Neumann or partial-flux. In addition, the model implies imperfect or hindered bud formation as well as nearly equal distances between buds. In contrast, experimental observations indicated that the skin curvature, which was not included in our model, also strongly affected bud formation. Thus, bioengineered skin may provide an ideal template for modeling a self-organized process from a homogenous state. This study will examine the possible diffusion activities of activator or inhibitor molecular candidates and mechanical activities during cell aggregation, which will advance our understanding of skin appendage regeneration from pluripotent or embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ishida
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Mitsui
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
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25
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Dhouailly D, Godefroit P, Martin T, Nonchev S, Caraguel F, Oftedal O. Getting to the root of scales, feather and hair: As deep as odontodes? Exp Dermatol 2017; 28:503-508. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Dhouailly
- Department of Biology and ChemistryUniversité Grenoble‐Alpes La Tronche France
| | - Pascal Godefroit
- Directorate “Earth and History of Life” Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Thomas Martin
- Steinmann‐Institut für GeologieMineralogie und PaläontologieUniversität Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Nonchev
- INSERM, U823Institute for Advanced BiosciencesUniversité Grenoble‐Alpes Rhône‐Alpes France
| | - Flavien Caraguel
- Department of Biology and ChemistryUniversité Grenoble‐Alpes La Tronche France
| | - Olav Oftedal
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater MD USA
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26
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Abstract
The skin is a complex landscape containing regions in which hair follicles exhibit
different types of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yu
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences, Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
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27
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Jourdeuil K, Franz-Odendaal TA. A wide temporal window for conjunctival papillae development ensures the formation of a complete sclerotic ring. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:381-391. [PMID: 28152584 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conjunctival papillae are epithelial thickenings of the conjunctiva that are required for the induction of underlying bones (the scleral ossicles). These transient papillae develop and become inductively active over an extended temporal period (HH 30-36, 6.5-10 dpf). While their inductive capacity was discovered in the mid-1900s, little is known about their development. RESULTS Through a series of timed surgical ablations followed by in situ hybridization for Bmp2, we show that the ring of conjunctival papillae is not altered if the conjunctival epithelium is ablated either prior to or shortly after papillae induction (i.e., HH 29-30, 6.5-7 dpf). A conjunctival papilla ablated at or prior to HH 34 (8 dpf), when the complete ring is present, regenerates and quickly becomes inductively active, inducing an underlying scleral condensation with only a slight delay. This regenerative capacity extends until HH 35.5, a full 36 hours beyond the normal timeline of papillae induction. As such, the period of epithelial competency for papilla induction is longer than previously identified. CONCLUSIONS Papilla regeneration is a mechanism that ensures the formation of a complete sclerotic ring and provides another level of redundancy for the induction of a complete sclerotic ring during the normal inductive period. Developmental Dynamics 246:381-391, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Jourdeuil
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tamara Anne Franz-Odendaal
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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28
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Chen CK, Yu CP, Li SC, Wu SM, Lu MYJ, Chen YH, Chen DR, Ng CS, Ting CT, Li WH. Identification and evolutionary analysis of long non-coding RNAs in zebra finch. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:117. [PMID: 28143393 PMCID: PMC5282891 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important in various biological processes, but very few studies on lncRNA have been conducted in birds. To identify IncRNAs expressed during feather development, we analyzed single-stranded RNA-seq (ssRNA-seq) data from the anterior and posterior dorsal regions during zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) embryonic development. Using published transcriptomic data, we further analyzed the evolutionary conservation of IncRNAs in birds and amniotes. Results A total of 1,081 lncRNAs, including 965 intergenic lncRNAs (lincRNAs), 59 intronic lncRNAs, and 57 antisense lncRNAs (lncNATs), were identified using our newly developed pipeline. These avian IncRNAs share similar characteristics with lncRNAs in mammals, such as shorter transcript length, lower exon number, lower average expression level and less sequence conservation than mRNAs. However, the proportion of lncRNAs overlapping with transposable elements in birds is much lower than that in mammals. We predicted the functions of IncRNAs based on the enriched functions of co-expressed protein-coding genes. Clusters of lncRNAs associated with natal down development were identified. The sequences and expression levels of candidate lncRNAs that shared conserved sequences among birds were validated by qPCR in both zebra finch and chicken. Finally, we identified three highly conserved lncRNAs that may be associated with natal down development. Conclusions Our study provides the first systematical identification of avian lncRNAs using ssRNA-seq analysis and offers a resource of embryonically expressed lncRNAs in zebra finch. We also predicted the biological function of identified lncRNAs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3506-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kuan Chen
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ping Yu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chou Li
- Department of Medical Research, Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Siao-Man Wu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yeh Jade Lu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Chen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Di-Rong Chen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chen Siang Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Chau-Ti Ting
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Department of Life Science & Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Center for the Integrative and Evolutionary Galliformes Genomics (iEGG Center), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan. .,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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29
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Smeeton J, Askary A, Crump JG. Building and maintaining joints by exquisite local control of cell fate. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6:10.1002/wdev.245. [PMID: 27581688 PMCID: PMC5877473 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We owe the flexibility of our bodies to sophisticated articulations between bones. Establishment of these joints requires the integration of multiple tissue types: permanent cartilage that cushions the articulating bones, synovial membranes that enclose a lubricating fluid-filled cavity, and a fibrous capsule and ligaments that provide structural support. Positioning the prospective joint region involves establishment of an "interzone" region of joint progenitor cells within a nascent cartilage condensation, which is achieved through the interplay of activators and inhibitors of multiple developmental signaling pathways. Within the interzone, tight regulation of BMP and TGFβ signaling prevents the hypertrophic maturation of joint chondrocytes, in part through downstream transcriptional repressors and epigenetic modulators. Synovial cells then acquire further specializations through expression of genes that promote lubrication, as well as the formation of complex structures such as cavities and entheses. Whereas genetic investigations in mice and humans have uncovered a number of regulators of joint development and homeostasis, recent work in zebrafish offers a complementary reductionist approach toward understanding joint positioning and the regulation of chondrocyte fate at joints. The complexity of building and maintaining joints may help explain why there are still few treatments for osteoarthritis, one of the most common diseases in the human population. A major challenge will be to understand how developmental abnormalities in joint structure, as well as postnatal roles for developmental genes in joint homeostasis, contribute to birth defects and degenerative diseases of joints. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e245. doi: 10.1002/wdev.245 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Smeeton
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amjad Askary
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J. Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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30
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Abstract
Hair follicle and sweat gland fates can be switched by morphogens at specific skin regions or developmental stages
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Chih Lai
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; and Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; and Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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31
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The heterocyst regulatory protein HetP and its homologs modulate heterocyst commitment in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6984-E6992. [PMID: 27791130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610533113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The commitment of differentiating cells to a specialized fate is fundamental to the correct assembly of tissues within a multicellular organism. Because commitment is often irreversible, entry into and progression through this phase of development must be tightly regulated. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, the multicellular cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 terminally commits ∼10% of its cells to become specialized nitrogen-fixing heterocysts. Although commitment is known to occur 9-14 h after the induction of differentiation, the factors that regulate the initiation and duration of this phase have yet to be elucidated. Here, we report the identification of four genes that share a functional domain and modulate heterocyst commitment: hetP (alr2818), asl1930, alr2902, and alr3234 Epistatic relationships between all four genes relating to commitment were revealed by deleting them individually and in combination; asl1930 and alr3234 acted most upstream to delay commitment, alr2902 acted next in the pathway to inhibit development, and hetP acted most downstream to drive commitment forward. Possible protein-protein interactions between HetP, its homologs, and the heterocyst master regulator, HetR, were assessed, and interaction partners were defined. Finally, patterns of gene expression for each homolog, as determined by promoter fusions to gfp and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, were distinct from that of hetP in both spatiotemporal organization and regulation. We posit that a dynamic succession of protein-protein interactions modulates the timing and efficiency of the commitment phase of development and note that this work highlights the utility of a multicellular cyanobacterium as a model for the study of developmental processes.
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32
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Widelitz R, Chuong CM. Quorum sensing and other collective regenerative behavior in organ populations. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 40:138-143. [PMID: 27500541 PMCID: PMC5135642 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell and microenvironment molecular interactions have been studied in detail but regenerative behavior at the organ population level has remained unexplored. Organ renewal can occur continuously or in cyclic episodes. Progenitors may be distributed as one entity or compartmentalized into multiple units. Multiple units offer advantages as each unit can be regulated differently in different body regions or physiological stages, adapting animals to their niche with flexible functional forms. Using the hair paradigm, we show how periodic patterning can convert one morphogenetic field into many hair germs, how follicles can be renewed with different cycle times and phenotypes in a region-specific manner, and how new properties, such as regenerative waves and quorum sensing, emerge to coordinate collective regenerative behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Widelitz
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 313B, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 313B, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan; International Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration, Graduated Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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33
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Jourdeuil K, Franz-Odendaal TA. Gene expression analysis during the induction and patterning of the conjunctival papillae in the chick embryonic eye. Gene Expr Patterns 2016; 22:30-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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A Complex Structural Variation on Chromosome 27 Leads to the Ectopic Expression of HOXB8 and the Muffs and Beard Phenotype in Chickens. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006071. [PMID: 27253709 PMCID: PMC4890787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muffs and beard (Mb) is a phenotype in chickens where groups of elongated feathers gather from both sides of the face (muffs) and below the beak (beard). It is an autosomal, incomplete dominant phenotype encoded by the Muffs and beard (Mb) locus. Here we use genome-wide association (GWA) analysis, linkage analysis, Identity-by-Descent (IBD) mapping, array-CGH, genome re-sequencing and expression analysis to show that the Mb allele causing the Mb phenotype is a derived allele where a complex structural variation (SV) on GGA27 leads to an altered expression of the gene HOXB8. This Mb allele was shown to be completely associated with the Mb phenotype in nine other independent Mb chicken breeds. The Mb allele differs from the wild-type mb allele by three duplications, one in tandem and two that are translocated to that of the tandem repeat around 1.70 Mb on GGA27. The duplications contain total seven annotated genes and their expression was tested during distinct stages of Mb morphogenesis. A continuous high ectopic expression of HOXB8 was found in the facial skin of Mb chickens, strongly suggesting that HOXB8 directs this regional feather-development. In conclusion, our results provide an interesting example of how genomic structural rearrangements alter the regulation of genes leading to novel phenotypes. Further, it again illustrates the value of utilizing derived phenotypes in domestic animals to dissect the genetic basis of developmental traits, herein providing novel insights into the likely role of HOXB8 in feather development and differentiation. Genetic variation is a key part for the study of evolution, development and differentiation. In domestic animals, many breeds display striking phenotypes that differentiate them from their wild ancestors. Several of these have been related to structural variations, including Fibromelanosis and Rose-comb in chickens, Double-muscled and Osteopetrosis in cattle, Cone degeneration in dogs, and White coat color in pigs. The feather is a type of skin appendages that exists in multiple variants on different body parts, and the derived feathering phenotypes in domestic birds are perfect resources to decipher the mechanisms regulating feather development and differentiation. Here we study the genetics of the Muffs and beard trait, a variant that alters the feather development in the facial area of chickens. We show that this phenotype is associated with a genomic structural variant that leads to an ectopic expression of HOXB8 in the facial skin during feather development. This is thus another example of how structural variants in the genome lead to novel, derived phenotypic changes in domestic animals and suggests an important role for HOXB8 in feather development.
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35
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Oh JW, Lin SJ, Plikus MV. Regenerative metamorphosis in hairs and feathers: follicle as a programmable biological printer. Exp Dermatol 2016; 24:262-4. [PMID: 25557541 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Oh
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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36
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Li A, Lai YC, Figueroa S, Yang T, Widelitz RB, Kobielak K, Nie Q, Chuong CM. Deciphering principles of morphogenesis from temporal and spatial patterns on the integument. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:905-20. [PMID: 25858668 PMCID: PMC4520785 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How tissue patterns form in development and regeneration is a fundamental issue remaining to be fully understood. The integument often forms repetitive units in space (periodic patterning) and time (cyclic renewal), such as feathers and hairs. Integument patterns are visible and experimentally manipulatable, helping us reveal pattern formative processes. Variability is seen in regional phenotypic specificities and temporal cycling at different physiological stages. RESULTS Here we show some cellular/molecular bases revealed by analyzing integument patterns. (1) Localized cellular activity (proliferation, rearrangement, apoptosis, differentiation) transforms prototypic organ primordia into specific shapes. Combinatorial positioning of different localized activity zones generates diverse and complex organ forms. (2) Competitive equilibrium between activators and inhibitors regulates stem cells through cyclic quiescence and activation. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic interactions between stem cells and their adjacent niche regulate regenerative behavior, modulated by multi-layers of macro-environmental factors (dermis, body hormone status, and external environment). Genomics studies may reveal how positional information of localized cellular activity is stored. In vivo skin imaging and lineage tracing unveils new insights into stem cell plasticity. Principles of self-assembly obtained from the integumentary organ model can be applied to help restore damaged patterns during regenerative wound healing and for tissue engineering to rebuild tissues. Developmental Dynamics 244:905-920, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yung-Chih Lai
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Seth Figueroa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Randall B Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Krzysztof Kobielak
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Cheng Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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37
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O'Connor JK, Zheng XT, Sullivan C, Chuong CM, Wang XL, Li A, Wang Y, Zhang XM, Zhou ZH. Evolution and functional significance of derived sternal ossification patterns in ornithothoracine birds. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1550-67. [PMID: 26079847 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The midline pattern of sternal ossification characteristic of the Cretaceous enantiornithine birds is unique among the Ornithodira, the group containing birds, nonavian dinosaurs and pterosaurs. This has been suggested to indicate that Enantiornithes is not the sister group of Ornithuromorpha, the clade that includes living birds and their close relatives, which would imply rampant convergence in many nonsternal features between enantiornithines and ornithuromorphs. However, detailed comparisons reveal greater similarity between neornithine (i.e. crown group bird) and enantiornithine modes of sternal ossification than previously recognized. Furthermore, a new subadult enantiornithine specimen demonstrates that sternal ossification followed a more typically ornithodiran pattern in basal members of the clade. This new specimen, referable to the Pengornithidae, indicates that the unique ossification pattern observed in other juvenile enantiornithines is derived within Enantiornithes. A similar but clearly distinct pattern appears to have evolved in parallel in the ornithuromorph lineage. The atypical mode of sternal ossification in some derived enantiornithines should be regarded as an autapomorphic condition rather than an indication that enantiornithines are not close relatives of ornithuromorphs. Based on what is known about molecular mechanisms for morphogenesis and the possible selective advantages, the parallel shifts to midline ossification that took place in derived enantiornithines and living neognathous birds appear to have been related to the development of a large ventral keel, which is only present in ornithuromorphs and enantiornithines. Midline ossification can serve to medially reinforce the sternum at a relatively early ontogenetic stage, which would have been especially beneficial during the protracted development of the superprecocial Cretaceous enantiornithines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K O'Connor
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - X-T Zheng
- Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China.,Tianyu Natural History Museum of Shandong, Pingyi, Shandong, China
| | - C Sullivan
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - C-M Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - X-L Wang
- Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China.,Tianyu Natural History Museum of Shandong, Pingyi, Shandong, China
| | - A Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China.,Tianyu Natural History Museum of Shandong, Pingyi, Shandong, China
| | - X-M Zhang
- Tianyu Natural History Museum of Shandong, Pingyi, Shandong, China
| | - Z-H Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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38
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Ellis NA, Glazer AM, Donde NN, Cleves PA, Agoglia RM, Miller CT. Distinct developmental genetic mechanisms underlie convergently evolved tooth gain in sticklebacks. Development 2015; 142:2442-51. [PMID: 26062935 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Teeth are a classic model system of organogenesis, as repeated and reciprocal epithelial and mesenchymal interactions pattern placode formation and outgrowth. Less is known about the developmental and genetic bases of tooth formation and replacement in polyphyodonts, which are vertebrates with continual tooth replacement. Here, we leverage natural variation in the threespine stickleback fish Gasterosteus aculeatus to investigate the genetic basis of tooth development and replacement. We find that two derived freshwater stickleback populations have both convergently evolved more ventral pharyngeal teeth through heritable genetic changes. In both populations, evolved tooth gain manifests late in development. Using pulse-chase vital dye labeling to mark newly forming teeth in adult fish, we find that both high-toothed freshwater populations have accelerated tooth replacement rates relative to low-toothed ancestral marine fish. Despite the similar evolved phenotype of more teeth and an accelerated adult replacement rate, the timing of tooth number divergence and the spatial patterns of newly formed adult teeth are different in the two populations, suggesting distinct developmental mechanisms. Using genome-wide linkage mapping in marine-freshwater F2 genetic crosses, we find that the genetic basis of evolved tooth gain in the two freshwater populations is largely distinct. Together, our results support a model whereby increased tooth number and an accelerated tooth replacement rate have evolved convergently in two independently derived freshwater stickleback populations using largely distinct developmental and genetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Ellis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew M Glazer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nikunj N Donde
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Phillip A Cleves
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rachel M Agoglia
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Craig T Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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39
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Chen CF, Foley J, Tang PC, Li A, Jiang TX, Wu P, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. Development, regeneration, and evolution of feathers. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2014; 3:169-95. [PMID: 25387232 PMCID: PMC5662002 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The feather is a complex ectodermal organ with hierarchical branching patterns. It provides functions in endothermy, communication, and flight. Studies of feather growth, cycling, and health are of fundamental importance to avian biology and poultry science. In addition, feathers are an excellent model for morphogenesis studies because of their accessibility, and their distinct patterns can be used to assay the roles of specific molecular pathways. Here we review the progress in aspects of development, regeneration, and evolution during the past three decades. We cover the development of feather buds in chicken embryos, regenerative cycling of feather follicle stem cells, formation of barb branching patterns, emergence of intrafeather pigmentation patterns, interplay of hormones and feather growth, and the genetic identification of several feather variants. The discovery of feathered dinosaurs redefines the relationship between feathers and birds. Inspiration from biomaterials and flight research further fuels biomimetic potential of feathers as a multidisciplinary research focal point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Chen
- Center for the Integrative and Evolutionary Galliformes Genomics, Taichung, Taiwan
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40
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Moustakas-Verho JE, Zimm R, Cebra-Thomas J, Lempiäinen NK, Kallonen A, Mitchell KL, Hämäläinen K, Salazar-Ciudad I, Jernvall J, Gilbert SF. The origin and loss of periodic patterning in the turtle shell. Development 2014; 141:3033-9. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.109041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the turtle shell over 200 million years ago greatly modified the amniote body plan, and the morphological plasticity of the shell has promoted the adaptive radiation of turtles. The shell, comprising a dorsal carapace and a ventral plastron, is a layered structure formed by basal endochondral axial skeletal elements (ribs, vertebrae) and plates of bone, which are overlain by keratinous ectodermal scutes. Studies of turtle development have mostly focused on the bones of the shell; however, the genetic regulation of the epidermal scutes has not been investigated. Here, we show that scutes develop from an array of patterned placodes and that these placodes are absent from a soft-shelled turtle in which scutes were lost secondarily. Experimentally inhibiting Shh, Bmp or Fgf signaling results in the disruption of the placodal pattern. Finally, a computational model is used to show how two coupled reaction-diffusion systems reproduce both natural and abnormal variation in turtle scutes. Taken together, these placodal signaling centers are likely to represent developmental modules that are responsible for the evolution of scutes in turtles, and the regulation of these centers has allowed for the diversification of the turtle shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E. Moustakas-Verho
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Roland Zimm
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Judith Cebra-Thomas
- Biology Department, Millersville University, P.O. Box 1002, Millersville, PA 17551, USA
| | - Netta K. Lempiäinen
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Aki Kallonen
- Division of Materials Physics, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Katherine L. Mitchell
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - Keijo Hämäläinen
- Division of Materials Physics, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Isaac Salazar-Ciudad
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jukka Jernvall
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Scott F. Gilbert
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
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41
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Glazer AM, Cleves PA, Erickson PA, Lam AY, Miller CT. Parallel developmental genetic features underlie stickleback gill raker evolution. EvoDevo 2014; 5:19. [PMID: 24851181 PMCID: PMC4029907 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Convergent evolution, the repeated evolution of similar phenotypes in independent lineages, provides natural replicates to study mechanisms of evolution. Cases of convergent evolution might have the same underlying developmental and genetic bases, implying that some evolutionary trajectories might be predictable. In a classic example of convergent evolution, most freshwater populations of threespine stickleback fish have independently evolved a reduction of gill raker number to adapt to novel diets. Gill rakers are a segmentally reiterated set of dermal bones important for fish feeding. A previous large quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping study using a marine × freshwater F2 cross identified QTL on chromosomes 4 and 20 with large effects on evolved gill raker reduction. Results By examining skeletal morphology in adult and developing sticklebacks, we find heritable marine/freshwater differences in gill raker number and spacing that are specified early in development. Using the expression of the Ectodysplasin receptor (Edar) gene as a marker of raker primordia, we find that the differences are present before the budding of gill rakers occurs, suggesting an early change to a lateral inhibition process controlling raker primordia spacing. Through linkage mapping in F2 fish from crosses with three independently derived freshwater populations, we find in all three crosses QTL overlapping both previously identified QTL on chromosomes 4 and 20 that control raker number. These two QTL affect the early spacing of gill raker buds. Conclusions Collectively, these data demonstrate that parallel developmental genetic features underlie the convergent evolution of gill raker reduction in freshwater sticklebacks, suggesting that even highly polygenic adaptive traits can have a predictable developmental genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Glazer
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Phillip A Cleves
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Priscilla A Erickson
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Angela Y Lam
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Craig T Miller
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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42
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Sensale S, Jones W, Blanco RE. Does osteoderm growth follow energy minimization principles? J Morphol 2014; 275:923-32. [PMID: 24634089 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although the growth and development of tissues and organs of extinct species cannot be directly observed, their fossils can record and preserve evidence of these mechanisms. It is generally accepted that bone architecture is the result of genetically based biomechanical constraints, but what about osteoderms? In this article, the influence of physical constraints on cranial osteoderms growth is assessed. Comparisons among lepidosaurs, synapsids, and archosaurs are performed; according to these analyses, lepidosaur osteoderms growth is predicted to be less energy demanding than that of synapsids and archosaurs. Obtained results also show that, from an energetic viewpoint, ankylosaurid osteoderms growth resembles more that of mammals than the one of reptilians, adding evidence to debate whether dinosaurs were hot or cold blooded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Sensale
- Núcleo de Biomecánica, Espacio Interdiscipinario, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11200, Uruguay; Instituto de Física, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11300, Uruguay
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43
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Plikus MV, Chuong CM. Macroenvironmental regulation of hair cycling and collective regenerative behavior. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a015198. [PMID: 24384813 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The hair follicle (HF) regeneration paradigm provides a unique opportunity for studying the collective behavior of stem cells in living animals. Activation of HF stem cells depends on the core inhibitory BMP and activating WNT signals operating within the HF microenvironment. Additionally, HFs receive multilayered signaling inputs from the extrafollicular macroenvironment, which includes dermis, adipocytes, neighboring HFs, hormones, and external stimuli. These activators/inhibitors are integrated across multiple stem-cell niches to produce dynamic hair growth patterns. Because of their pigmentation, these patterns can be easily studied on live shaved animals. Comparing to autonomous regeneration of one HF, populations of HFs display coupled decision making, allowing for more robust and adaptable regenerative behavior to occur collectively. The generic cellular automata model used to simulate coordinated HF cycling here can be extended to study population-level behavior of other complex biological systems made of cycling elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
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