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Pedone EM, Di Gaetano S, Capasso D. Editorial: Special Issue "Galectins: Structure, Function and Therapeutic Inhibitors". Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3674. [PMID: 38612485 PMCID: PMC11011806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectins, β-galactoside-binding proteins, play relevant roles in different biological processes; therefore, they are becoming emerging targets for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Maria Pedone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sonia Di Gaetano
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenica Capasso
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy;
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Sherik M, Eves R, Guo S, Lloyd CJ, Klose KE, Davies PL. Sugar-binding and split domain combinations in repeats-in-toxin adhesins from Vibrio cholerae and Aeromonas veronii mediate cell-surface recognition and hemolytic activities. mBio 2024; 15:e0229123. [PMID: 38171003 PMCID: PMC10865825 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02291-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria use repeats-in-toxin adhesins for colonization and biofilm formation. In the cholera agent Vibrio cholerae, flagellar-regulated hemagglutinin A (FrhA) enables these functions. Using bioinformatic analysis, a sugar-binding domain was identified in FrhA adjacent to a domain of unknown function. AlphaFold2 indicated the boundaries of both domains to be slightly shorter than previously predicted and assisted in the recognition of the unknown domain as a split immunoglobulin-like fold that can assist in projecting the sugar-binding domain toward its target. The AlphaFold2-predicted structure is in excellent agreement with the molecular envelope obtained from small-angle X-ray scattering analysis of a recombinant construct spanning the sugar-binding and unknown domains. This two-domain construct was probed by glycan micro-array screening and showed binding to mammalian fucosylated glycans, some of which are characteristic erythrocyte markers and intestinal cell epitopes. Isothermal titration calorimetry further showed the construct-bound l-fucose with a Kd of 21 µM. Strikingly, this recombinant protein construct bound and lysed erythrocytes in a concentration-dependent manner, and its hemolytic activity was blocked by the addition of l-fucose. A protein ortholog construct from Aeromonas veronii was also produced and showed a similar glycan-binding pattern, binding affinity, erythrocyte-binding, and hemolytic activities. As demonstrated here with Hep-2 cells, fucose-based inhibitors of this sugar-binding domain can potentially be developed to block colonization by V. cholerae and other pathogenic bacteria that share this adhesin domain.IMPORTANCEThe bacterium, Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera, uses an adhesion protein to stick to human cells and begin the infection process. One part of this adhesin protein binds to a particular sugar, fucose, on the surface of the target cells. This binding can lead to colonization and killing of the cells by the bacteria. Adding l-fucose to the bacteria before they bind to the human cells can prevent attachment and has promise as a preventative drug to protect against cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Sherik
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Eves
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shuaiqi Guo
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cameron J. Lloyd
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Karl E. Klose
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Peter L. Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Gautam S, Das DK, Kaur J, Kumar A, Ubaidullah M, Hasan M, Yadav KK, Gupta RK. Transition metal-based nanoparticles as potential antimicrobial agents: recent advancements, mechanistic, challenges, and future prospects. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:84. [PMID: 37382784 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial transmission is considered one of the potential risks for communicable diseases, requiring promising antibiotics. Traditional drugs possess a limited spectrum of effectiveness, and their frequent administration reduces effectiveness and develops resistivity. In such a situation, we are left with the option of developing novel antibiotics with higher efficiency. In this regard, nanoparticles (NPs) may play a pivotal role in managing such medical situations due to their distinct physiochemical characteristics and impressive biocompatibility. Metallic NPs are found to possess extraordinary antibacterial effects that are useful in vitro as well as in vivo as self-modified therapeutic agents. Due to their wide range of antibacterial efficacy, they have potential therapeutic applications via diverse antibacterial routes. NPs not only restrict the development of bacterial resistance, but they also broaden the scope of antibacterial action without binding the bacterial cell directly to a particular receptor with promising effectiveness against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbes. This review aimed at exploring the most relevant types of metal NPs employed as antimicrobial agents, particularly those based on Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn metals, and their antimicrobial mechanisms. Further, the challenges and future prospects of NPs in biological applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Gautam
- Nano-Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Uttar Pradesh, Mathura, 281406, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Das
- Nano-Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Uttar Pradesh, Mathura, 281406, India
| | - Jasvinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, 244102, India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Nano-Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Uttar Pradesh, Mathura, 281406, India.
| | - Mohd Ubaidullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mudassir Hasan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal, 462044, India
- Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq
| | - Ram K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas Polymer Research Center, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS, 66762, USA
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Zhong X, Wang DL, Xiao LH, Mo LF, Luo XF. ABO blood groups and nosocomial infection. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e64. [PMID: 37009679 PMCID: PMC10894906 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The timely identification of the high-risk groups for nosocomial infections (NIs) plays a vital role in its prevention and control. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate whether the ABO blood group is a risk factor for NI. In this study, patients with NI and non-infection were matched by the propensity score matching method and a logistic regression model was used to analyse the matched datasets. The study found that patients with the B&AB blood group were susceptible to Escherichia coli (OR = 1.783, p = 0.039); the A blood group were susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus (OR = 2.539, p = 0.019) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OR = 5.724, p = 0.003); the A&AB blood group were susceptible to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OR = 4.061, p = 0.008); the AB blood group were vulnerable to urinary tract infection (OR = 13.672, p = 0.019); the B blood group were susceptible to skin and soft tissue infection (OR = 2.418, p = 0.016); and the B&AB blood group were vulnerable to deep incision infection (OR = 4.243, p = 0.043). Summarily, the patient's blood group is vital for identifying high-risk groups for NIs and developing targeted prevention and control measures for NIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhong
- Infection Management Department, Shenzhen Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong-Li Wang
- Testing Centre, Guangming District Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li-Hua Xiao
- Infection Management Department, Shenzhen Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lan-Fang Mo
- Infection Management Department, Shenzhen Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Luo
- Infection Management Department, Shenzhen Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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Mukherjee R, Somovilla VJ, Chiodo F, Bruijns S, Pieters RJ, Garssen J, van Kooyk Y, Kraneveld AD, van Bergenhenegouwen J. Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2'-Fucosyllactose Inhibits Ligand Binding to C-Type Lectin DC-SIGN but Not to Langerin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314745. [PMID: 36499067 PMCID: PMC9737664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and their most abundant component, 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL), are known to be immunomodulatory. Previously, it was shown that HMOs and 2'-FL bind to the C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN. Here we show, using a ligand-receptor competition assay, that a whole mixture of HMOs from pooled human milk (HMOS) and 2'-FL inhibit the binding of the carbohydrate-binding receptor DC-SIGN to its prototypical ligands, fucose and the oligosaccharide Lewis-B, (Leb) in a dose-dependent way. Interestingly, such inhibition by HMOS and 2'-FL was not detected for another C-type lectin, langerin, which is evolutionarily similar to DC-SIGN. The cell-ligand competition assay using DC-SIGN expressing cells confirmed that 2'-FL inhibits the binding of DC-SIGN to Leb. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations show that 2'-FL exists in a preorganized bioactive conformation before binding to DC-SIGN and this conformation is retained after binding to DC-SIGN. Leb has more flexible conformations and utilizes two binding modes, which operate one at a time via its two fucoses to bind to DC-SIGN. Our hypothesis is that 2'-FL may have a reduced entropic penalty due to its preorganized state, compared to Leb, and it has a lower binding enthalpy, suggesting a better binding to DC-SIGN. Thus, due to the better binding to DC-SIGN, 2'-FL may replace Leb from its binding pocket in DC-SIGN. The MD simulations also showed that 2'-FL does not bind to langerin. Our studies confirm 2'-FL as a specific ligand for DC-SIGN and suggest that 2'-FL can replace other DC-SIGN ligands from its binding pocket during the ligand-receptor interactions in possible immunomodulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Mukherjee
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (A.D.K.); Tel.: +31-686-088-526 (R.M.); +31-30-2534-509 (A.D.K.)
| | - Victor J. Somovilla
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roland J. Pieters
- Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (A.D.K.); Tel.: +31-686-088-526 (R.M.); +31-30-2534-509 (A.D.K.)
| | - Jeroen van Bergenhenegouwen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kaur P, Gupta M, Sagar V. FUT2 gene as a genetic susceptible marker of infectious diseases: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2022; 13:1-14. [PMID: 35892094 PMCID: PMC9301175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Some blood group antigens are reported as a susceptibility marker for some diseases. For instance, HBGA (Histo-blood group antigen) which is controlled by gene FUT2 also considered as a susceptible marker. The FUT2 gene which exhibits the expression of alpha-1, 2-L-fucosyltransferase enzyme also leads to HBGA expression for the gut, and it provides a composition of the phenotypical profile that exists in some populations with unique histories of evolution and it can be considered as a marker of the genetic population. It is found to have an association with many diseases which is discussed in this review. Polymorphic mutations are known to inhibit and reduce its function which are population specific. Detailed understanding and deeper knowledge of its role in the pathogenesis and prevention of many diseases is required. FUT2 may also have a potential role in the case of COVID-19 as a susceptible marker due to its association with respiratory diseases and the ABO blood group. There is an utmost need for this kind of review knowing its importance and owing to limited collective information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramvir Kaur
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhu Gupta
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
| | - Vivek Sagar
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
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The Enclosed Intestinal Microbiome: Semiochemical Signals from the Precambrian and Their Disruption by Heavy Metal Pollution. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020287. [PMID: 35207574 PMCID: PMC8879143 DOI: 10.3390/life12020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly likely that many non-communicable diseases of humans and associated animals are due to the degradation of their intestinal microbiomes, a situation often referred to as dysbiosis. An analysis of the resultant diseases offers an opportunity to probe the function of these microbial partners of multicellular animals. In our view, it now seems likely that vertebrate animals and their microbiomes have coevolved throughout the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition and beyond, operating by semiochemical messaging between the multicellular host and its microbial community guest. A consideration of the overall role of the mutualistic intestinal microbiome as an enclosed bioreactor throws up a variety of challenging concepts. In particular: the significance of the microbiome with respect to the immune system suggests that microeukaryotes could act as microbial sentinel cells; the ubiquity of bacteriophage viruses implies the rapid turnover of microbial composition by a viral-shunt mechanism; and high microbial diversity is needed to ensure that horizontal gene transfer allows valuable genetic functions to be expressed. We have previously postulated that microbes of sufficient diversity must be transferred from mother to infant by seemingly accidental contamination during the process of natural birth. We termed this maternal microbial inheritance and suggested that it operates alongside parental genetic inheritance to modify gene expression. In this way, the adjustment of the neonate immune system by the microbiome may represent one of the ways in which the genome of a vertebrate animal interacts with its microbial environment. The absence of such critical functions in the neonate may help to explain the observation of persistent immune-system problems in affected adults. Equally, granted that the survival of the guest microbiome depends on the viability of its host, one function of microbiome-generated semiochemicals could be to facilitate the movement of food through the digestive tract, effectively partitioning nutrition between host and guest. In the event of famine, downregulation of microbial growth and therefore of semiochemical production would allow all available food to be consumed by the host. Although it is often thought that non-communicable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, are caused by consumption of food containing insufficient dietary fibre, our hypothesis suggests that poor-quality food is not the prime cause but that the tendency for disease follows the degradation of the intestinal microbiome, when fat build-up occurs because the relevant semiochemicals can no longer be produced. It is the purpose of this paper to highlight the possibility that the origins of the microbiome lie in the Precambrian and that the disconnection of body and microbiome gives rise to non-communicable disease through the loss of semiochemical signalling. We further surmise that this disconnect has been largely brought about by heavy metal poisoning, potentially illuminating a facet of the exposome, the sum total of environmental insults that influence the expression of the genetic inheritance of an animal.
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Aguilar G, Ortiz N, Gonzales D, Loyola S, Paredes JA. High titers of anti-A1 and anti-B antibodies among Peruvian group O platelet donors. Transfus Apher Sci 2021; 61:103341. [PMID: 34916156 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2021.103341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Critical antibody titers have been described as factors associated with hemolysis in ABO plasma-incompatible platelet (PLT) transfusions. This study was carried out to describe the frequency of high-titers anti-A and antiB IgM and IgG antibodies in group O apheresis platelet donors, and to explore differences according to the donor characteristics. A cross-sectional study was carried out at the Blood Bank of a National Hospital in Peru from January to March 2019. IgM and IgG antibodies against A1 and B antigens were quantified in 339 platelet donors using the direct hemagglutination technique and the solid-phase adherence technique, respectively. For analysis purposes, two cut-off points; ≥128 and ≥64, were used to define a critical titer for IgM due to a lack of consensus. An IgG titer of ≥256 was also defined as critical. Of the donors, 22.1 % had critical IgM titers when the cut-off point was defined as ≥128. However, when the IgM cut-off was ≥64, the frequency of platelet donors with critical titers increased to 54.0 %. The frequency of donors with critical IgG titers was 23.5 %. Higher IgG titers were associated with female donors while higher IgM titers were negative associated with age. One in two or three platelet donors, depending on the cutoff point used to define a critical IgM titer, had at least one critical titer of anti-A or anti-B antibodies. Early identification of platelet donors with critical antibody titers could prevent passive transfusion of ABO antibodies to non-isogroup recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gissel Aguilar
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Nathalie Ortiz
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Donna Gonzales
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Steev Loyola
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Doctorado en Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación UNIMOL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - José A Paredes
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Servicio de Hemoterapia y Banco de Sangre, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru.
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Rana R, Ranjan V, Kumar N. Association of ABO and Rh Blood Group in Susceptibility, Severity, and Mortality of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Hospital-Based Study From Delhi, India. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:767771. [PMID: 34796130 PMCID: PMC8593001 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.767771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ABO and Rh blood group systems are associated with many diseases including cancerous, infectious, non-infectious, bacterial and viral diseases. Studies have shown association of blood groups A and O with higher and lower odds for coronavirus disease 2019 positivity, respectively. Methods This is a single-center, retrospective study conducted at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi. We investigated the association of ABO and Rh blood groups with susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 infection, severity of disease, recovery period, and mortality of patients. Patients were enrolled from April 8, 2020 to October 4, 2020. A total of 2,586 real-time PCR (RT-PCR)-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients were recruited. Data was analyzed using chi-square test, odds ratio, and Mann–Whitney test to determine the association of blood groups. Results In the 2,586 COVID-19-infected patients, the frequencies of A, B, O, and AB were 29.93%, 41.80%, 21.19%, and 7.98%, respectively. Of the patients, 98.07% were Rh positive. Blood group A (odds ratio, 1.53; CI, 1.40–1.66; p < 0.001) and B (odds ratio, 1.15; CI, 1.06–1.24; p < 0.001) is observed to be significantly associated with COVID-19 susceptibility, whereas blood group O (odds ratio, 0.65; CI, 0.59–0.71; p < 0.001) and AB (odds ratio, 0.66; CI, 0.59–0.71; p < 0.001) have low risk of COVID-19 infection. Conclusion A, B, and Rh+ are found to be more susceptible to COVID-19 infection, whereas blood groups O, AB, and Rh− are at a lower risk of COVID-19 infection. No association was found between blood groups and susceptibility to severity of disease and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Rana
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Ranjan
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
The reduction of excessive weight remains a major public health challenge, with control currently limited to a calorie reduction strategy. Currently, attempts are being made at revisiting the fibre hypothesis based on the African studies of Denis Burkitt, that the lack of dietary fibre in the modern diet was responsible for the occurrence of obesity and many of the other non-communicable diseases of what he called “Western civilization”. However, the dilemma is that Burkitt himself stressed that other peoples of his day, such as the Maasai, remained healthy without consuming such high fibre diets. Equally, the present obesity epidemic is accompanied by diseases of a malfunctioning immune system and of poor mental health that do not seem to be adequately explained simply by a deficiency of dietary fibre. Though unknown in Burkitt’s day, an increasing degradation of a mutualistic intestinal microbiome would offer a better fit to the observed epidemiology, especially if the microbiome is not effectively passed on from mother to child at birth. Taking the broader view, in this article we posit a view of the microbiome as a cofactor of mammalian evolution, in which a maternal microbial inheritance complements the parental genetic inheritance of the animal, both engaging epigenetic processes. As this would require the microbiome to be fully integrated with the animal as it develops into an adult, so we have a meaningful evolutionary role for the microbiome–gut–brain axis. By a failure to correctly establish a microbiome–gut interface, the inhibition of maternal microbial inheritance sets the scene for the future development of non-communicable disease: compromised immune system function on the one hand and dysfunctional gut–brain communication on the other. The basic principle is that the fully functioning, diverse, microbiome achieves interkingdom communication by the generation of messenger chemicals, semiochemicals. It is envisaged that the in situ detection of these as yet ill-defined chemical entities by means of an ingestible sensor would indicate the severity of disease and provide a guide as to its amelioration.
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Nguyen QP, Karagas MR, Madan JC, Dade E, Palys TJ, Morrison HG, Pathmasiri WW, McRitche S, Sumner SJ, Frost HR, Hoen AG. Associations between the gut microbiome and metabolome in early life. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:238. [PMID: 34454437 PMCID: PMC8400760 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The infant intestinal microbiome plays an important role in metabolism and immune development with impacts on lifelong health. The linkage between the taxonomic composition of the microbiome and its metabolic phenotype is undefined and complicated by redundancies in the taxon-function relationship within microbial communities. To inform a more mechanistic understanding of the relationship between the microbiome and health, we performed an integrative statistical and machine learning-based analysis of microbe taxonomic structure and metabolic function in order to characterize the taxa-function relationship in early life. RESULTS Stool samples collected from infants enrolled in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) at approximately 6-weeks (n = 158) and 12-months (n = 282) of age were profiled using targeted and untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as well as DNA sequencing of the V4-V5 hypervariable region from the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. There was significant inter-omic concordance based on Procrustes analysis (6 weeks: p = 0.056; 12 months: p = 0.001), however this association was no longer significant when accounting for phylogenetic relationships using generalized UniFrac distance metric (6 weeks: p = 0.376; 12 months: p = 0.069). Sparse canonical correlation analysis showed significant correlation, as well as identifying sets of microbe/metabolites driving microbiome-metabolome relatedness. Performance of machine learning models varied across different metabolites, with support vector machines (radial basis function kernel) being the consistently top ranked model. However, predictive R2 values demonstrated poor predictive performance across all models assessed (avg: - 5.06% -- 6 weeks; - 3.7% -- 12 months). Conversely, the Spearman correlation metric was higher (avg: 0.344-6 weeks; 0.265-12 months). This demonstrated that taxonomic relative abundance was not predictive of metabolite concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a degree of overall association between taxonomic profiles and metabolite concentrations. However, lack of predictive capacity for stool metabolic signatures reflects, in part, the possible role of functional redundancy in defining the taxa-function relationship in early life as well as the bidirectional nature of the microbiome-metabolome association. Our results provide evidence in favor of a multi-omic approach for microbiome studies, especially those focused on health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang P. Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
| | - Margaret R. Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
- Children’s Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH USA
| | - Juliette C. Madan
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
- Children’s Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH USA
| | - Erika Dade
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
| | - Thomas J. Palys
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
| | - Hilary G. Morrison
- Josephine Bay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - Wimal W. Pathmasiri
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Susan McRitche
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Susan J. Sumner
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - H. Robert Frost
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
| | - Anne G. Hoen
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
- Children’s Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH USA
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12
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Wang M, Lv J, Chen P, Yu G, Shi S, Liu L, Zhou X, Xu D, Zhao M, Zhang H. Associations of ABO blood type and galactose-deficient immunoglobulin A1 with adverse outcomes in patients with IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:288-294. [PMID: 31603230 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both ABO blood group antigens and pathogenic immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) are influenced by modifications of N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose. The purpose of this study was to assess whether ABO blood type is associated with galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) in the progression of kidney disease in patients with IgAN. METHODS We enrolled 1313 IgAN patients with a median of 44 months follow-up and measured the plasma Gd-IgA1 levels. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to estimate the association between all variables and adverse outcomes. Using the propensity score matching method, 718 IgAN patients with blood type either A or B were selected, and their data were used to assess the association of blood type and Gd-IgA1/serum complement 3 (sC3) with outcomes. RESULTS We found that the risk of adverse outcomes was significantly higher in patients with blood type A than in those with type B (hazard ratio = 1.82, 95% confidence interval 1.23-2.71; P = 0.003) after multivariate adjustment. The Gd-IgA1 levels showed trends similar to the multivariate-adjusted event-free curves for the blood types. However, this higher risk of adverse outcomes in type A than in type B patients was no longer significant after the addition of Gd-IgA1/sC3 to the model. CONCLUSIONS IgAN patients with blood type A had a higher risk of adverse outcomes than those with type B, and this risk was associated with Gd-IgA1/sC3. Thus, the ABO blood type may provide a reference for the prognostic factors for individuals with IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manliu Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jicheng Lv
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Guizhen Yu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Sufang Shi
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xujie Zhou
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Damin Xu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
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13
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Yu S, Xiong Y, Fu Y, Chen G, Zhu H, Mo X, Wu D, Xu J. Shotgun metagenomics reveals significant gut microbiome features in different grades of acute pancreatitis. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104849. [PMID: 33781869 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) has a broad spectrum of severity and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota may be associated with AP severity. AIMS We aimed to evaluate the composition and functional effects of gut microbiota in different grades of AP severity. METHODS We carried out shotgun metagenomic sequencing on rectal swab samples from three patients with mild acute pancreatitis (MAP), three with moderately severe acute pancreatitis (MSAP), three with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and three normal control persons (NOR). Differences analysis in gut microbiota composition and functional enrichment was performed. RESULTS Gut microbiota in AP patients was characterized by decreased species richness. The most representative gut microbiota in mild acute pancreatitis (MAP), moderately severe acute pancreatitis (MSAP), and severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) was Streptococcus, Escherichia-coli, and Enterococcus, respectively. Each of the three AP-associated genera could differentiate AP from healthy control population. Representative pathways associated with the glutathione metabolism, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) were enriched in MAP, MSAP, and SAP, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The study shows a potential association of gut microbiome composition and function to the progression of AP severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yangyang Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yangyang Fu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Guorong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Huadong Zhu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xun Mo
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, International Clinical Epidemiology Network, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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14
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Fan Q, Zhang W, Li B, Li DJ, Zhang J, Zhao F. Association Between ABO Blood Group System and COVID-19 Susceptibility in Wuhan. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:404. [PMID: 32793517 PMCID: PMC7385064 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The ABO blood group system has been associated with multiple infectious diseases, including hepatitis B, dengue haemorrhagic fever and so on. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new respiratory infectious disease and the relationship between COVID-19 and ABO blood group system needs to be explored urgently. Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted at Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from 1 January 2020 to 5 March 2020. A total of 105 COVID-19 cases and 103 controls were included. The blood group frequency was tested with the chi-square statistic, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated between cases and controls. In addition, according to gender, the studied population was divided into two subgroups, and we assessed the association between cases and controls by gender. Finally, considering lymphopenia as a feature of COVID-19, the relationship between the ABO blood group and the lymphocyte count was determined in case samples. Results: The frequencies of blood types A, B, AB, and O were 42.8, 26.7, 8.57, and 21.9%, respectively, in the case group. Association analysis between the ABO blood group and COVID-19 indicated that there was a statistically significant difference for blood type A (P = 0.04, OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.02–1.73) but not for blood types B, AB or O (P = 0.48, OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.66–1.23; P = 0.61, OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.53–1.46; and P = 0.23, OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.58–1.15, respectively). An analysis stratified by gender revealed that the association was highly significant between blood type A in the female subgroup (P = 0.02, OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.08–2.27) but not in the male subgroup (P = 0.51, OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.78–1.67). The average level of lymphocyte count was the lowest with blood type A in patients, however, compared with other blood types, there was still no significant statistical difference. Conclusions: Our findings provide epidemiological evidence that females with blood type A are susceptible to COVID-19. However, these research results need to be validated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral Radiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - De-Jia Li
- Department of Preventive Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Preventive Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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15
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Arnolds KL, Martin CG, Lozupone CA. Blood type and the microbiome- untangling a complex relationship with lessons from pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 56:59-66. [PMID: 32663769 PMCID: PMC10104170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The complex communities of microbes that constitute the human microbiome are influenced by host and environmental factors. Here, we address how a fundamental aspect of human biology, blood type, contributes to shaping this microscopic ecosystem. Although this question remains largely unexplored, we glean insights from decades of work describing relationships between pathogens and blood type. The bacterial strategies, molecular mechanisms, and host responses that shaped those relationships may parallel those that characterize how blood type and commensals interact. Understanding these nuanced interactions will expand our capacity to analyze and manipulate the human microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Arnolds
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Casey G Martin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Catherine A Lozupone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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16
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Cheng L, Akkerman R, Kong C, Walvoort MTC, de Vos P. More than sugar in the milk: human milk oligosaccharides as essential bioactive molecules in breast milk and current insight in beneficial effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1184-1200. [PMID: 32329623 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1754756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human milk is the gold standard for newborn infants. Breast milk not only provides nutrients, it also contains bioactive components that guide the development of the infant's intestinal immune system, which can have a lifelong effect. The bioactive molecules in breast milk regulate microbiota development, immune maturation and gut barrier function. Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs) are the most abundant bioactive molecules in human milk and have multiple beneficial functions such as support of growth of beneficial bacteria, anti-pathogenic effects, immune modulating effects, and stimulation of intestine barrier functions. Here we critically review the current insight into the benefits of bioactive molecules in mother milk that contribute to neonatal development and focus on current knowledge of hMO-functions on microbiota and the gastrointestinal immune barrier. hMOs produced via genetically engineered microorganisms are now applied in infant formulas to mimic the nutritional composition of breast milk as closely as possible, and their prospects and scientific challenges are discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghui Cheng
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renate Akkerman
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chunli Kong
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marthe T C Walvoort
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Giese APJ, Ali S, Isaiah A, Aziz I, Riazuddin S, Ahmed ZM. Genomics of Otitis Media (OM): Molecular Genetics Approaches to Characterize Disease Pathophysiology. Front Genet 2020; 11:313. [PMID: 32391049 PMCID: PMC7191070 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is an infective and inflammatory disorder known to be a major cause of hearing impairment across all age groups. Both acute and chronic OM result in substantial healthcare utilization related to antibiotic prescription and surgical procedures necessary for its management. Although several studies provided evidence of genetics playing a significant role in the susceptibility to OM, we had limited knowledge about the genes associated with OM until recently. Here we have summarized the known genetic factors that confer susceptibility to various forms of OM in mice and in humans and their genetic load, along with associated cellular signaling pathways. Spotlighted in this review are fucosyltransferase (FUT) enzymes, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of OM. A comprehensive understanding of the functions of OM-associated genes may provide potential opportunities for its diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud P J Giese
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Saadat Ali
- The Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amal Isaiah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ishrat Aziz
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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18
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Guan G, Lan S. Implications of Antioxidant Systems in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1290179. [PMID: 29854724 PMCID: PMC5966678 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1290179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The global incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a group of chronic gastrointestinal disorders, has been rising. The preponderance of evidence demonstrates that oxidative stress (OS) performs a critical function in the onset of IBD and the manner of its development. The purpose of this review is to outline the generation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract and the role played by OS in marking the onset and development of IBD. Furthermore, the review demonstrates the various ways through which OS is related to genetic susceptibility and the mucosal immune response. The experimental results suggest that certain therapeutic regimens for IBD could have a favorable impact by scavenging free radicals, reducing cytokine and prooxidative enzyme concentrations, and improving the antioxidative capabilities of cells. However, antioxidative activity characterized by a high level of specificity may be fundamental for the development of clinical therapies and for relapsing IBD patients. Therefore, additional research is required to clarify the ways through which OS is related to the pathogenesis and progression of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Guan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology and College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Shile Lan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology and College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
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