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Wang G, Moitessier N, Mittermaier AK. Computational and biophysical methods for the discovery and optimization of covalent drugs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10866-10882. [PMID: 37609777 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03285j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that act by covalently attaching to their targets have been used to treat human diseases for over a hundred years. However, the deliberate design of covalent drugs was discouraged due to concerns of toxicity and off-target effects. Recent successes in covalent drug discovery have sparked fresh interest in this field. New screening and testing methods aimed at covalent inhibitors can play pivotal roles in facilitating the discovery process. This feature article focuses on computational and biophysical advances originating from our labs over the past decade and how these approaches have contributed to the design of prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) and SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Moitessier
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Anthony K Mittermaier
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
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Bhattacharjee A, Bachovchin DA. DPP8/9 are not Required to Cleave Most Proline-Containing Peptides. Isr J Chem 2023; 63:e202200117. [PMID: 37982048 PMCID: PMC10655806 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule inhibitors of the intracellular serine peptidases DPP8 and DPP9 (DPP8/9) activate the NLRP1 and CARD8 inflammasomes, but the key DPP8/9 substrates have not yet been identified. DPP8/9 cleave after proline to remove N-terminal dipeptides from peptides or proteins, and studies using pseudo-peptide reporter substrates have suggested that these enzymes may play key roles in the catabolism of many proline-containing peptides generated by the proteasome. Here, we evaluated the degradation of a wide array of actual peptides in cell lysates, and discovered that DPP8/9 are not in fact involved in the processing of the vast majority of proline-containing peptides. Overall, these results indicate that DPP8/9 have a much more limited substrate scope than previously thought, and likely specifically cleave some critically important, but as yet unknown, intracellular peptide or protein that regulates inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Bhattacharjee
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, 10065, USA
- Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, 10065, USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, 10065, USA
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Taraszkiewicz A, Sinkiewicz I, Sommer A, Staroszczyk H. The biological role of prolyl oligopeptidase and the procognitive potential of its peptidic inhibitors from food proteins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:6567-6580. [PMID: 36798052 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2170973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is a conserved serine protease belonging to proline-specific peptidases. It has both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity and is involved in numerous biological processes in the human body, playing a role in e.g., cellular growth and differentiation, inflammation, as well as the development of some neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. This article describes the physiological and pathological aspects of POP activity and the state-of-art of its peptidic inhibitors originating from food proteins, with a particular focus on their potential as cognition-enhancing agents. Although some milk, meat, fish, and plant protein-derived peptides have the potential to be applied as natural, procognitive nutraceuticals, their effectiveness requires further evaluation, especially in clinical trials. We demonstrated that the important features of the most promising POP-inhibiting peptides are very short sequence, high content of hydrophobic amino acids, and usually the presence of proline residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Taraszkiewicz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Izabela Sinkiewicz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Sommer
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanna Staroszczyk
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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Khan A, Waqas M, Khan M, Halim SA, Rehman NU, Al-Harrasi A. Identification of novel prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors from resin of Boswella papyrifera (Del.) Hochst. and their mechanism: Virtual and biochemical studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:751-767. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Walczewska-Szewc K, Rydzewski J, Lewkowicz A. Inhibition-mediated changes in prolyl oligopeptidase dynamics possibly related to α-synuclein aggregation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:4366-4373. [PMID: 35112120 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of protein aggregates is one of the leading causes of neuronal malfunction and subsequent brain damage in many neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease, α-synucleins are involved in the accumulation of aggregates. The origin of aggregation is unknown, but there is convincing evidence that it can be reduced by prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) inhibition. This effect cannot simply be related to the inhibition of the enzyme's catalytic function since not all PREP inhibitors stop α-synuclein aggregation. Finding differences in the dynamics of the enzyme inhibited by different compounds would allow us to identify the protein regions involved in the interaction between PREP and α-synuclein. Here, we investigate the effects of three PREP inhibitors, each of which affects α-synuclein aggregation to a different extent. We use molecular dynamics modelling to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying PREP inhibition and find structural differences between inhibitor-PREP systems. We suggest that even subtle variations in enzyme dynamics affect its interactions with α-synucleins. Our identification of these regions may therefore be biologically relevant in preventing α-synuclein aggregate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Walczewska-Szewc
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Jakub Rydzewski
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Aneta Lewkowicz
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Gdansk University, Wita Stwosza 57, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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Hellinen L, Koskela A, Vattulainen E, Liukkonen M, Wegler C, Treyer A, Handin N, Svensson R, Myöhänen T, Poso A, Kaarniranta K, Artursson P, Urtti A. Inhibition of prolyl oligopeptidase: A promising pathway to prevent the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112501. [PMID: 34891119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a currently untreatable vision threatening disease. Impaired proteasomal clearance and autophagy in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and subsequent photoreceptor damage are connected with dry AMD, but detailed pathophysiology is still unclear. In this paper, we discover inhibition of cytosolic protease, prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP), as a potential pathway to treat dry AMD. We showed that PREP inhibitor exposure induced autophagy in the RPE cells, shown by increased LC3-II levels and decreased p62 levels. PREP inhibitor treatment increased total levels of autophagic vacuoles in the RPE cells. Global proteomics was used to examine the phenotype of a commonly used cell model displaying AMD characteristics, oxidative stress and altered protein metabolism, in vitro. These RPE cells displayed induced protein aggregation and clear alterations in macromolecule metabolism, confirming the relevance of the cell model. Differences in intracellular target engagement of PREP inhibitors were observed with cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). These differences were explained by intracellular drug exposure (the unbound cellular partition coefficient, Kpuu). Importantly, our data is in line with previous observations regarding the discrepancy between PREP's cleaving activity and outcomes in autophagy. This highlights the need to further explore PREP's role in autophagy so that more effective compounds can be designed to battle diseases in which autophagy induction is needed. The present work is the first report investigating the PREP pathway in the RPE and we predict that the PREP inhibitors can be further optimized for treatment of dry AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hellinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ali Koskela
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 , Finland
| | - Elina Vattulainen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 , Finland
| | - Mikko Liukkonen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 , Finland
| | - Christine Wegler
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Treyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niklas Handin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard Svensson
- Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timo Myöhänen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 , Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Biohybrid Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Peterhoff, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia.
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The effect of prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors on alpha-synuclein aggregation and autophagy cannot be predicted by their inhibitory efficacy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Serfozo P, Wysocki J, Gulua G, Schulze A, Ye M, Liu P, Jin J, Bader M, Myöhänen T, García-Horsman JA, Batlle D. Ang II (Angiotensin II) Conversion to Angiotensin-(1-7) in the Circulation Is POP (Prolyloligopeptidase)-Dependent and ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2)-Independent. Hypertension 2019; 75:173-182. [PMID: 31786979 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Ang II (Angiotensin II)-Angiotensin-(1-7) axis of the Renin Angiotensin System encompasses 3 enzymes that form Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] directly from Ang II: ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), PRCP (prolylcarboxypeptidase), and POP (prolyloligopeptidase). We investigated their relative contribution to Ang-(1-7) formation in vivo and also ex vivo in serum, lungs, and kidneys using models of genetic ablation coupled with pharmacological inhibitors. In wild-type (WT) mice, infusion of Ang II resulted in a rapid increase of plasma Ang-(1-7). In ACE2-/-/PRCP-/- mice, Ang II infusion resulted in a similar increase in Ang-(1-7) as in WT (563±48 versus 537±70 fmol/mL, respectively), showing that the bulk of Ang-(1-7) formation in circulation is essentially independent of ACE2 and PRCP. By contrast, a POP inhibitor, Z-Pro-Prolinal reduced the rise in plasma Ang-(1-7) after infusing Ang II to control WT mice. In POP-/- mice, the increase in Ang-(1-7) was also blunted as compared with WT mice (309±46 and 472±28 fmol/mL, respectively P=0.01), and moreover, the rate of recovery from acute Ang II-induced hypertension was delayed (P=0.016). In ex vivo studies, POP inhibition with ZZP reduced Ang-(1-7) formation from Ang II markedly in serum and in lung lysates. By contrast, in kidney lysates, the absence of ACE2, but not POP, obliterated Ang-(1-7) formation from added Ang II. We conclude that POP is the main enzyme responsible for Ang II conversion to Ang-(1-7) in the circulation and in the lungs, whereas Ang-(1-7) formation in the kidney is mainly ACE2-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Serfozo
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (P.S., G.G., A.S., M.B.)
| | - Jan Wysocki
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.)
| | - Gvantca Gulua
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (P.S., G.G., A.S., M.B.)
| | - Arndt Schulze
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (P.S., G.G., A.S., M.B.)
| | - Minghao Ye
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.)
| | - Pan Liu
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.)
| | - Jing Jin
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.)
| | - Michael Bader
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (P.S., G.G., A.S., M.B.).,Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Germany (M.B.)
| | - Timo Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy (T.M.), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Daniel Batlle
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.)
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9
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Fu P, Sun W, Lai J, Shen YH, Zhang Z. Identification of two isoforms of Pop in the domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori: Cloning, characterization and expression analysis. Gene 2018; 667:101-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Manzanares P, Martínez R, Garrigues S, Genovés S, Ramón D, Marcos JF, Martorell P. Tryptophan-Containing Dual Neuroprotective Peptides: Prolyl Endopeptidase Inhibition and Caenorhabditis elegans Protection from β-Amyloid Peptide Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1491. [PMID: 29772745 PMCID: PMC5983740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotective peptides represent an attractive pharmacological strategy for the prevention or treatment of age-related diseases, for which there are currently few effective therapies. Lactoferrin (LF)-derived peptides (PKHs) and a set of six rationally-designed tryptophan (W)-containing heptapeptides (PACEIs) were characterized as prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) inhibitors, and their effect on β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) toxicity in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was evaluated. Two LF-derived sequences, PKH8 and PKH11, sharing a W at the C-terminal end, and the six PACEI heptapeptides (PACEI48L to PACEI53L) exhibited significant in vitro PEP inhibition. The inhibitory peptides PKH11 and PACEI50L also alleviated Aβ-induced paralysis in the in vivo C. elegans model of AD. Partial or total loss of the inhibitory effect on PEP was achieved by the substitution of W residues in PKH11 and PACEI50L and correlated with the loss of protection against Aβ toxicity, pointing out the relevance of W on the neuroprotective activity. Further experiments suggest that C. elegans protection might not be mediated by an antioxidant mechanism but rather by inhibition of Aβ oligomerization and thus, amyloid deposition. In conclusion, novel natural and rationally-designed W-containing peptides are suitable starting leads to design effective neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Manzanares
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Roberto Martínez
- Department of Food Biotechnology; Biópolis S.L.-Archer Daniels Midland, Parc Científic Universitat de València Edif. 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Sandra Garrigues
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Salvador Genovés
- Department of Food Biotechnology; Biópolis S.L.-Archer Daniels Midland, Parc Científic Universitat de València Edif. 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Daniel Ramón
- Department of Food Biotechnology; Biópolis S.L.-Archer Daniels Midland, Parc Científic Universitat de València Edif. 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jose F Marcos
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Patricia Martorell
- Department of Food Biotechnology; Biópolis S.L.-Archer Daniels Midland, Parc Científic Universitat de València Edif. 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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11
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Prolyl oligopeptidase and its role in the organism: attention to the most promising and clinically relevant inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP), also called prolyl endopeptidase, is a cytosolic enzyme investigated by several research groups. It has been proposed to play an important role in physiological processes such as modulation of the levels of several neuronal peptides and hormones containing a proline residue. Due to its proteolytic activity and physiological role in cell signaling pathways, inhibition of POP offers an emerging approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases as well as other diseases related to cognitive impairment. Furthermore, it may also represent an interesting target for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, and as an antiangiogenesis or antineoplastic agent. In this review paper, we summarized naturally occurring POP inhibitors together with peptide-like inhibitors and their biological effects. Some of them have shown promising results and interesting pharmacological profiles. However, to date, there is no POP inhibitor available on the market although several clinical trials have been undertaken.
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Zhou D, Li BH, Wang J, Ding YN, Dong Y, Chen YW, Fan JG. Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibition Attenuates Steatosis in the L02 Human Liver Cell Line. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165224. [PMID: 27760195 PMCID: PMC5070736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is a serine endopeptidase that is widely distributed in vivo, particularly in the liver. Significant changes in functional mitochondrial proteins involved with mitochondrial oxidoreductases/transporters and nucleic acid binding proteins were observed after POP inhibition in the liver, which suggested a role of POP in regulating liver energy metabolism. Steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with disturbances in lipid and energy metabolism in hepatocytes. Here, we aimed to study the effect of POP on hepatocyte steatosis. Methods The human liver cell line L02 was used to investigate the biological effects of POP. An in vitro cell model of steatosis was successfully induced with oleic acid and palmitic acid. L02 cells were also subjected to S17092 (a POP inhibitor) at different concentrations for 24 or 48 h. Ac-SDKP levels and POP activity were measured to assess the rate of inhibition of POP by S17092. The POP gene and protein expression levels were detected using real-time PCR and Western blots, respectively. Oil red O staining was performed and the triglyceride levels in the L02 cells were also measured. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected using CCK-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism was detected using real-time PCR. The effects of POP inhibition on LC3B II were detected by Western blot. Results Compared with the control, the POP mRNA levels increased by approximately 30%, and the POP protein levels increased by almost 60% in the steatotic L02 cells. After S17092 (0.026~130 μM) incubation for 24 or 48 h, cell proliferation was significantly decreased in the free fatty acid (FFA)-treated cells at 26–130 μM; however, S17092 did not affect the proliferation of L02 cells after 24 h of incubation with S17092 at 0.026–65 μM without FFA treatment. S17092 treatment (13 and 26 μM) also elicited no significant effect on apoptosis in normal L02 cells, but FFA treatment increased cell apoptosis, which was attenuated by S17092 incubation. S17092 treatment inhibited intracellular POP activity and decreased the AcSDKP level at the concentration of 0.026–26 μM. After treatment with FFA for 24 h, oil red O staining revealed significant lipid accumulation in the cells in the model group compared with the controls; however, lipid accumulation was suppressed after the administration of S17092 (13 and 26 μM). Accordingly, the triglyceride levels in the FFA-treated cells were approximately 5-fold greater than those of the controls and were decreased by approximately 25% and 45% after the administration of S17092 at 13 and 26 μM, respectively. The mRNA levels of FASN, PPAR-γ, and SREBP-1c were higher in the FFA-treated cells than in the normal controls, and all of these levels were significantly inhibited in the presence of S17092 at both 13 and 26 μM. S17092 treatment did not affect LC3B II in the FFA-treated cells compared with FFA treatment alone. Conclusion The expression of POP increases with hepatocyte steatosis, and POP inhibitors can significantly reduce intracellular lipid accumulation, which might be related to the inhibition of genes involved in lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Hang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Nian Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Wen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YWC); (JGF)
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YWC); (JGF)
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Szul T, Bratcher PE, Fraser KB, Kong M, Tirouvanziam R, Ingersoll S, Sztul E, Rangarajan S, Blalock JE, Xu X, Gaggar A. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Engagement Mediates Prolyl Endopeptidase Release from Airway Epithelia via Exosomes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 26222144 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0108oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases are important regulators of pulmonary remodeling and airway inflammation. Recently, we have characterized the enzyme prolyl endopeptidase (PE), a serine peptidase, as a critical protease in the generation of the neutrophil chemoattractant tripeptide Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP) from collagen. However, PE has been characterized as a cytosolic enzyme, and the mechanism mediating PE release extracellularly remains unknown. We examined the role of exosomes derived from airway epithelia as a mechanism for PE release and the potential extracellular signals that regulate the release of these exosomes. We demonstrate a specific regulatory pathway of exosome release from airway epithelia and identify PE as novel exosome cargo. LPS stimulation of airway epithelial cells induces release of PE-containing exosomes, which is significantly attenuated by small interfering RNA depletion of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). These differences were recapitulated upon intratracheal LPS administration in mice competent versus deficient for TLR4 signaling. Finally, sputum samples from subjects with cystic fibrosis colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa demonstrate elevated exosome content and increased PE levels. This TLR4-based mechanism highlights the first report of nonstochastic release of exosomes in the lung and couples TLR4 activation with matrikine generation. The increased quantity of these proteolytic exosomes in the airways of subjects with chronic lung disease highlights a new mechanism of injury and inflammation in the pathogenesis of pulmonary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Szul
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine.,2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology
| | - Preston E Bratcher
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine.,2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology
| | | | - Michele Kong
- 4 Pediatrics.,5 Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- 2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology.,6 Department of Pediatrics and Emory+Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Sarah Ingersoll
- 6 Department of Pediatrics and Emory+Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- 7 Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, and
| | - Sunil Rangarajan
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine
| | - J Edwin Blalock
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine.,2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology.,5 Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center.,8 University of Alabama at Birmingham Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Xin Xu
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine.,2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology
| | - Amit Gaggar
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine.,2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology.,5 Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center.,7 Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, and.,8 University of Alabama at Birmingham Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,9 Medicine Service, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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14
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Mariaule G, De Cesco S, Airaghi F, Kurian J, Schiavini P, Rocheleau S, Huskić I, Auclair K, Mittermaier A, Moitessier N. 3-Oxo-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-4-carboxylic Acid as a Drug Chiral Bicyclic Scaffold: Structure-Based Design and Preparation of Conformationally Constrained Covalent and Noncovalent Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 59:4221-34. [PMID: 26619267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Mariaule
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Stéphane De Cesco
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Francesco Airaghi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jerry Kurian
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Paolo Schiavini
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Sylvain Rocheleau
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Igor Huskić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Anthony Mittermaier
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Nicolas Moitessier
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
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15
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Hypothalamic prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) regulates pancreatic insulin and glucagon secretion in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11876-81. [PMID: 25071172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) has been implicated in neuronal functions. Here we report that hypothalamic PREP is predominantly expressed in the ventromedial nucleus (VMH), where it regulates glucose-induced neuronal activation. PREP knockdown mice (Prep(gt/gt)) exhibited glucose intolerance, decreased fasting insulin, increased fasting glucagon levels, and reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion compared with wild-type controls. Consistent with this, central infusion of a specific PREP inhibitor, S17092, impaired glucose tolerance and decreased insulin levels in wild-type mice. Arguing further for a central mode of action of PREP, isolated pancreatic islets showed no difference in glucose-induced insulin release between Prep(gt/gt) and wild-type mice. Furthermore, hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies showed no difference between Prep(gt/gt) and wild-type control mice. Central PREP regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion appears to be mediated by the autonomic nervous system because Prep(gt/gt) mice have elevated sympathetic outflow and norepinephrine levels in the pancreas, and propranolol treatment reversed glucose intolerance in these mice. Finally, re-expression of PREP by bilateral VMH injection of adeno-associated virus-PREP reversed the glucose-intolerant phenotype of the Prep(gt/gt) mice. Taken together, our results unmask a previously unknown player in central regulation of glucose metabolism and pancreatic function.
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16
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Martorell P, Bataller E, Llopis S, Gonzalez N, Álvarez B, Montón F, Ortiz P, Ramón D, Genovés S. A cocoa peptide protects Caenorhabditis elegans from oxidative stress and β-amyloid peptide toxicity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63283. [PMID: 23675471 PMCID: PMC3652819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cocoa and cocoa-based products contain different compounds with beneficial properties for human health. Polyphenols are the most frequently studied, and display antioxidant properties. Moreover, protein content is a very interesting source of antioxidant bioactive peptides, which can be used therapeutically for the prevention of age-related diseases. Methodology/Principal Findings A bioactive peptide, 13L (DNYDNSAGKWWVT), was obtained from a hydrolyzed cocoa by-product by chromatography. The in vitro inhibition of prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) was used as screening method to select the suitable fraction for peptide identification. Functional analysis of 13L peptide was achieved using the transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans strain CL4176 expressing the human Aβ1–42 peptide as a pre-clinical in vivo model for Alzheimer's disease. Among the peptides isolated, peptide 13L (1 µg/mL) showed the highest antioxidant activity (P≤0.001) in the wild-type strain (N2). Furthermore, 13L produced a significant delay in body paralysis in strain CL4176, especially in the 24–47 h period after Aβ1–42 peptide induction (P≤0.0001). This observation is in accordance with the reduction of Aβ deposits in CL4176 by western blot. Finally, transcriptomic analysis in wild-type nematodes treated with 13L revealed modulation of the proteosomal and synaptic functions as the main metabolic targets of the peptide. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that the cocoa 13L peptide has antioxidant activity and may reduce Aβ deposition in a C. elegans model of Alzheimer's disease; and therefore has a putative therapeutic potential for prevention of age-related diseases. Further studies in murine models and humans will be essential to analyze the effectiveness of the 13L peptide in higher animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Martorell
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Food Biotechnology Department, Biópolis SL, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Bataller
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Food Biotechnology Department, Biópolis SL, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia Llopis
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Food Biotechnology Department, Biópolis SL, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Núria Gonzalez
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Food Biotechnology Department, Biópolis SL, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Álvarez
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Microbial Biotechnology Department, Biópolis SL, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Montón
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Food Biotechnology Department, Biópolis SL, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pepa Ortiz
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Food Biotechnology Department, Biópolis SL, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramón
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Food Biotechnology Department, Biópolis SL, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Genovés
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Food Biotechnology Department, Biópolis SL, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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17
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De Cesco S, Deslandes S, Therrien E, Levan D, Cueto M, Schmidt R, Cantin LD, Mittermaier A, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Moitessier N. Virtual screening and computational optimization for the discovery of covalent prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors with activity in human cells. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6306-15. [PMID: 22765237 DOI: 10.1021/jm3002839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our docking program, Fitted, implemented in our computational platform, Forecaster, has been modified to carry out automated virtual screening of covalent inhibitors. With this modified version of the program, virtual screening and further docking-based optimization of a selected hit led to the identification of potential covalent reversible inhibitors of prolyl oligopeptidase activity. After visual inspection, a virtual hit molecule together with four analogues were selected for synthesis and made in one-five chemical steps. Biological evaluations on recombinant POP and FAPα enzymes, cell extracts, and living cells demonstrated high potency and selectivity for POP over FAPα and DPPIV. Three compounds even exhibited high nanomolar inhibitory activities in intact living human cells and acceptable metabolic stability. This small set of molecules also demonstrated that covalent binding and/or geometrical constraints to the ligand/protein complex may lead to an increase in bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane De Cesco
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
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18
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Bachovchin DA, Cravatt BF. The pharmacological landscape and therapeutic potential of serine hydrolases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:52-68. [PMID: 22212679 PMCID: PMC3665514 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Serine hydrolases perform crucial roles in many biological processes, and several of these enzymes are targets of approved drugs for indications such as type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and infectious diseases. Despite this, most of the human serine hydrolases (of which there are more than 200) remain poorly characterized with respect to their physiological substrates and functions, and the vast majority lack selective, in vivo-active inhibitors. Here, we review the current state of pharmacology for mammalian serine hydrolases, including marketed drugs, compounds that are under clinical investigation and selective inhibitors emerging from academic probe development efforts. We also highlight recent methodological advances that have accelerated the rate of inhibitor discovery and optimization for serine hydrolases, which we anticipate will aid in their biological characterization and, in some cases, therapeutic validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Bachovchin
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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19
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Ong FS, Lin CX, Campbell DJ, Okwan-Duodu D, Chen X, Blackwell WLB, Shah KH, Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, Shen XZ, Fuchs S, Bernstein KE. Increased angiotensin II-induced hypertension and inflammatory cytokines in mice lacking angiotensin-converting enzyme N domain activity. Hypertension 2011; 59:283-90. [PMID: 22203735 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.180844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
-Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is composed of the N- and C-terminal catalytic domains. To study the role of the ACE domains in the inflammatory response, N-knockout (KO) and C-KO mice, models lacking 1 of the 2 ACE domains, were analyzed during angiotensin II-induced hypertension. At 2 weeks, N-KO mice have systolic blood pressures that averaged 173±4.6 mm Hg, which is more than 25 mm Hg higher than the blood pressures observed in wild-type or C-KO mice (146±3.2 and 147±4.2 mm Hg). After 3 weeks, blood pressure differences between N-KO, C-KO, and wild-type were even more pronounced. Macrophages from N-KO mice have increased expression of tumor necrosis factor α after stimulation with either lipopolysaccharide (about 4-fold) or angiotensin II (about 2-fold), as compared with C-KO or wild-type mice. Inhibition of the enzyme prolyl oligopeptidase, responsible for the formation of acetyl-SerAspLysPro and other peptides, eliminated the blood pressure difference and the difference in tumor necrosis factor α expression between angiotensin II-treated N-KO and wild-type mice. However, this appears independent of acetyl-SerAspLysPro. These data establish significant differences in the inflammatory response as a function of ACE N- or C-domain catalytic activity. They also indicate a novel role of prolyl oligopeptidase in the cytokine regulation and in the blood pressure response to experimental hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Ong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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20
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Tinoco AD, Saghatelian A. Investigating endogenous peptides and peptidases using peptidomics. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7447-61. [PMID: 21786763 DOI: 10.1021/bi200417k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rather than simply being protein degradation products, peptides have proven to be important bioactive molecules. Bioactive peptides act as hormones, neurotransmitters, and antimicrobial agents in vivo. The dysregulation of bioactive peptide signaling is also known to be involved in disease, and targeting peptide hormone pathways has been a successful strategy in the development of novel therapeutics. The importance of bioactive peptides in biology has spurred research to elucidate the function and regulation of these molecules. Classical methods for peptide analysis have relied on targeted immunoassays, but certain scientific questions necessitated a broader and more detailed view of the peptidome--all the peptides in a cell, tissue, or organism. In this review we discuss how peptidomics has emerged to fill this need through the application of advanced liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods that provide unique insights into peptide activity and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur D Tinoco
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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21
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Long JZ, Cravatt BF. The metabolic serine hydrolases and their functions in mammalian physiology and disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6022-63. [PMID: 21696217 DOI: 10.1021/cr200075y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Long
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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22
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López A, Tarragó T, Giralt E. Low molecular weight inhibitors of Prolyl Oligopeptidase: a review of compounds patented from 2003 to 2010. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1023-44. [PMID: 21539473 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.577416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolyl Oligopeptidase (POP) is a serine peptidase that cleaves post-proline bonds in short peptides. Besides the direct hydrolytic regulation function over peptides, neuropeptides and peptide hormones, POP is probably involved in the regulation of the inositol pathway and participates in protein-protein interactions. Experimental data show that POP inhibitors have neuroprotective, anti-amnesic and cognition-enhancing properties. These compounds are considered therapeutic agents of interest for the treatment of cognitive deficits related to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Recent findings pointed to the involvement of POP in angiogenesis, although the exact mechanism is still under study. AREAS COVERED This review comprises patents and patent applications involving POP inhibitors patented between 2003 and 2010, classified as peptidomimetics, heteroaryl ketones and alkaloids. The binding processes and the mechanisms of inhibition of these inhibitors are also discussed, together with their in vivo effects. EXPERT OPINION The major part of the repertory of POP inhibitors derived from systematical modification of the canonical compound benzyloxycarbonyl-prolyl-prolinal (ZPP). Nevertheless, only two of them have progressed into the clinical trials. One possible reason for this failure is the lack of studies concerning pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and toxicity, together with the absence of suitable animal models. Moreover, POP is still not a well-defined therapeutic target. Further studies are required for the elucidation of the biological role of POP and to validate the therapeutic action of inhibitors in cognitive processes. In contrast, the involvement of POP in protein-protein interactions together with the recent evidences in angiogenesis opens alternative approaches to the traditional active site-directed inhibitors, as well as new therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham López
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Bernstein KE, Shen XZ, Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, Billet S, Okwan-Duodu D, Ong FS, Fuchs S. Different in vivo functions of the two catalytic domains of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Curr Opin Pharmacol 2010; 11:105-11. [PMID: 21130035 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) can cleave angiotensin I, bradykinin, neurotensin and many other peptide substrates in vitro. In part, this is due to the structure of ACE, a protein composed of two independent catalytic domains. Until very recently, little was known regarding the specific in vivo role of each ACE domain, and they were commonly regarded as equivalent. This is not true, as shown by mouse models with a genetic inactivation of either the ACE N- or C-domain. In vivo, most angiotensin II is produced by the ACE C-domain. Some peptides, such as the anti-fibrotic peptide AcSDKP, are substrates only of the ACE N-domain. Knowing the in vivo role of each ACE domain has great significance for developing ACE domain-specific inhibitors and for understanding the full effects of the anti-ACE pharmaceuticals in widespread clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 110 N. George Burns Rd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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24
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Li P, Xiao HD, Xu J, Ong FS, Kwon M, Roman J, Gal A, Bernstein KE, Fuchs S. Angiotensin-converting enzyme N-terminal inactivation alleviates bleomycin-induced lung injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1113-21. [PMID: 20651228 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.081127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bleomycin has potent anti-oncogenic properties for several neoplasms, but drug administration is limited by bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system has been suggested to decrease bleomycin toxicity, but the efficacy of such strategies remains uncertain and somewhat contradictory. Our hypothesis is that, besides angiotensin II, other substrates of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), such as the tetrapeptide N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP), play a significant role in controlling fibrosis. We studied bleomycin-induced lung injury in normotensive mice, termed N-KO and C-KO, which have point mutations inactivating either the N- or C-terminal catalytic sites of ACE, respectively. N-KO, but not C-KO mice, have a marked resistance to bleomycin lung injury as assessed by lung histology and hydroxyproline content. To determine the importance of the ACE N-terminal peptide substrate AcSDKP in the resistance to bleomycin injury, N-KO mice were treated with S-17092, a prolyl-oligopeptidase inhibitor that inhibits the formation of AcSDKP. In response to bleomycin injection, S-17092-treated N-KO mice developed lung fibrosis similar to wild-type mice. In contrast, the administration of AcSDKP to wild-type mice reduced lung fibrosis due to bleomycin administration. This study shows that the inactivation of the N-terminal catalytic site of ACE significantly reduced bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and implicates AcSDKP in the mechanism of protection. These data suggest a possible means to increase tolerance to bleomycin and to treat fibrosing lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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25
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Lawandi J, Gerber-Lemaire S, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Moitessier N. Inhibitors of prolyl oligopeptidases for the therapy of human diseases: defining diseases and inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3423-38. [PMID: 20058865 DOI: 10.1021/jm901104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice Lawandi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
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26
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Abstract
The MEROPS website (http://merops.sanger.ac.uk) includes information on peptidase inhibitors as well as on peptidases and their substrates. Displays have been put in place to link peptidases and inhibitors together. The classification of protein peptidase inhibitors is continually being revised, and currently inhibitors are grouped into 67 families based on comparisons of protein sequences. These families can be further grouped into 38 clans based on comparisons of tertiary structure. Small molecule inhibitors are important reagents for peptidase characterization and, with the increasing importance of peptidases as drug targets, they are also important to the pharmaceutical industry. Small molecule inhibitors are now included in MEROPS and over 160 summaries have been written.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Rawlings
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
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27
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Abstract
Prolyl endopeptidase (Prep) is a member of the prolyl peptidase family and is of interest because of its unique biochemistry and connections to cognitive function. Using an unbiased mass spectrometry (MS)-based peptidomics platform, we identified Prep-regulated peptides in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice by measuring changes in the peptidome as a function of Prep activity. This approach was validated by the identification of known Prep substrates, such as the neuropeptide substance P and thymosin-beta4, the precursor to the bioactive peptide Ac-SDKP. In addition to these known substrates, we also discovered that Prep regulates many additional peptides, including additional bioactive peptides and proline rich peptides (PRPs). Biochemical experiments confirmed that some of these Prep-regulated peptides are indeed substrates of the enzyme. Moreover, these experiments also supported the known preference of Prep for shorter peptides while revealing a previously unknown cleavage site specificity of Prep when processing certain multi-proline-containing peptides, including PRPs. The discovery of Prep-regulated peptides implicates Prep in new biological pathways and provides insights into the biochemistry of this enzyme.
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28
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Lawandi J, Toumieux S, Seyer V, Campbell P, Thielges S, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Moitessier N. Constrained Peptidomimetics Reveal Detailed Geometric Requirements of Covalent Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6672-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901013a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice Lawandi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6
| | - Sylvestre Toumieux
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6
| | - Valentine Seyer
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6
| | - Philip Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6
| | - Sabine Thielges
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6
| | | | - Nicolas Moitessier
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6
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29
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Djekic UV, Gaggar A, Weathington NM. Attacking the multi-tiered proteolytic pathology of COPD: new insights from basic and translational studies. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 121:132-46. [PMID: 19026684 PMCID: PMC4465592 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protease activity in inflammation is complex. Proteases released by cells in response to infection, cytokines, or environmental triggers like cigarette smoking cause breakdown of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In chronic inflammatory diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), current findings indicate that pathology and morbidity are driven by dysregulation of protease activity, either through hyperactivity of proteases or deficiency or dysfunction their antiprotease regulators. Animal studies demonstrate the accuracy of this hypothesis through genetic and pharmacologic tools. New work shows that ECM destruction generates peptide fragments active on leukocytes via neutrophil or macrophage chemotaxis towards collagen and elastin derived peptides respectively. Such fragments now have been isolated and characterized in vivo in each case. Collectively, this describes a biochemical circuit in which protease activity leads to activation of local immunocytes, which in turn release cytokines and more proteases, leading to further leukocyte infiltration and cyclical disease progression that is chronic. This circuit concept is well known, and is intrinsic to the protease-antiprotease hypothesis; recently analytic techniques have become sensitive enough to establish fundamental mechanisms of this hypothesis, and basic and clinical data now implicate protease activity and peptide signaling as pathologically significant pharmacologic targets. This review discusses targeting protease activity for chronic inflammatory disease with special attention to COPD, covering important basic and clinical findings in the field; novel therapeutic strategies in animal or human studies; and a perspective on the successes and failures of agents with a focus on clinical potential in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uros V Djekic
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Physiology and Biophysics
| | - Amit Gaggar
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Physiology and Biophysics
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
| | - Nathaniel M Weathington
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Physiology and Biophysics
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program
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Alatorre-Santamaría S, Rodriguez-Mata M, Gotor-Fernández V, de Mattos MC, Sayago FJ, Jiménez AI, Cativiela C, Gotor V. Efficient access to enantiomerically pure cyclic alpha-amino esters through a lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution. TETRAHEDRON, ASYMMETRY 2009; 19:1714-1719. [PMID: 20104250 PMCID: PMC2587339 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of alpha-amino acid derivatives containing the 2,3-dihydroindole or octahydroindole core have been chemoenzymatically synthesized in good overall yields and high enantiomeric purity under mild reaction conditions using lipases for the introduction of chirality. Candida antarctica lipase type A has shown excellent activity and high enantiodiscrimination ability towards the two cyclic amino esters used as substrates. The selectivity of the process proved to be greatly dependent on the alkoxycarbonylating agent. Thus, the enzymatic kinetic resolution of methyl indoline-2-carboxylate has been successfully achieved using 3-methoxyphenyl allyl carbonate, whereas (2R,3aR,7aR)-benzyl octahydroindole-2-carboxylate required the less reactive diallyl carbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Alatorre-Santamaría
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
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31
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Pyrrolidinyl pyridone and pyrazinone analogues as potent inhibitors of prolyl oligopeptidase (POP). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4360-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Morain P, Boeijinga PH, Demazières A, De Nanteuil G, Luthringer R. Psychotropic profile of S 17092, a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor, using quantitative EEG in young healthy volunteers. Neuropsychobiology 2007; 55:176-83. [PMID: 17700042 DOI: 10.1159/000107070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The central activity of S 17092, a prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) inhibitor, was investigated by quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) in 48 young healthy men participating in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. S 17092 (100, 200, 400 or 600 mg) and placebo were administered once daily for 10 days in a rising multiple-dose scheme. EEG recordings were performed before and repeatedly from 0.5 to 24 h after dose on day 1 and day 10. PEP activity in plasma was also measured for the same periods. S 17092 appeared as a potent inhibitor of PEP activity at all doses, after both single and repeated administrations. EEG changes after acute doses were slight and of short duration, mainly characterized by increased relative alpha 1 power, suggesting a vigilance-promoting EEG profile. After repeated doses and more strikingly after a superimposed dose, increases in relative alpha 1 power were still present with additional increase in relative delta power and decreases in absolute fast alpha, fast beta, theta powers and total power at all doses. These EEG findings suggest that S 17092 might possess some mood-stabilizing potential in addition to its cognition-enhancing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Morain
- IRIS, Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIER, Courbevoie, France.
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33
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Je JY, Kim EK, Ahn CB, Moon SH, Jeon BT, Kim B, Park TK, Park PJ. Sulfated chitooligosaccharides as prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 41:529-33. [PMID: 17714777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl endopeptidase (PEP, EC 3.4.21.26) is a proline-specific endopeptidase with a serine-type mechanism, which digests small peptide-like hormones, neuroactive peptides, and various cellular factors. PEP has been involved in neurodegenerative disorders, therefore, the discovery of PEP inhibitors can revert memory loss caused by amnesic compounds. In this study, we prepared hetero-chitooligosaccharides (COSs) with different molecular sizes using ultrafiltration (UF) membrane reactor system from hetero-chitosan with different degrees of deacetylation (DD; 90%, 75% and 50% deacetylation), and synthesized sulfated COSs (SCOSs). PEP inhibitory activities of SCOSs were evaluated and the results showed that 50% deacetylated SCOSs (50-SCOSs) exhibited higher inhibitory activities than those of 90% and 75% deacetylated SCOSs (90-SCOSs and 75-SCOSs). Among the 50-SCOSs (50-SCOS I, 5000-10,000Da; 50-SCOS II, 1000-5000Da; 50-SCOS III, below 1000Da), 50-SCOS II possessed the highest inhibitory activity and IC(50) value was 0.38mg/ml. Kinetics studies with 50-SCOS II indicated a competitive enzyme inhibition with a K(i) value of 0.78mg/ml. It was concluded that the 50-SCOS II may be useful for PEP inhibitor and for developing a new type PEP inhibitor from carbohydrate based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Je
- Division of Food Science and Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yosu 550-749, Republic of Korea
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34
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Efficient access to N-protected derivatives of (R,R,R)- and (S,S,S)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid by HPLC resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Cavasin MA, Liao TD, Yang XP, Yang JJ, Carretero OA. Decreased endogenous levels of Ac-SDKP promote organ fibrosis. Hypertension 2007; 50:130-6. [PMID: 17470726 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.106.084103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is convincing evidence that chronic treatment with N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP), a peptide normally found in tissues and biological fluids, reduces collagen deposition in the heart and kidneys of hypertensive rats and rats with myocardial infarction. However, it is not known whether endogenous Ac-SDKP at basal concentrations has any physiological function related to collagen deposition. Prolyl oligopeptidase is responsible for release of Ac-SDKP from its precursor thymosin-beta(4). When we treated rats with a specific oral rolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor, Ac-SDKP decreased significantly in the plasma, heart, and kidney. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that endogenous Ac-SDKP at basal levels plays a physiological role, antagonizing and/or preventing excessive collagen deposition. We studied whether chronic blockade of Ac-SDKP promotes collagen accumulation and/or accelerates this process in the presence of a profibrotic stimulus such as angiotensin II. We found that decreased basal levels of Ac-SDKP increased cardiac and renal perivascular fibrosis and promoted glomerulosclerosis. Moreover, in the presence of angiotensin II decreasing basal levels of Ac-SDKP accelerated interstitial cardiac fibrosis attributable to an increase in cells that produce collagen. We concluded that Ac-SDKP participates in the regulation of collagen content under normal conditions. We believe this is the first study showing that this peptide plays a physiological role at basal concentrations, preventing organ collagen accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Cavasin
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Sciences Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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36
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García-Horsman JA, Männistö PT, Venäläinen JI. On the role of prolyl oligopeptidase in health and disease. Neuropeptides 2007; 41:1-24. [PMID: 17196652 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is a serine peptidase which digests small peptide-like hormones, neuroactive peptides, and various cellular factors. Therefore, this peptidase has been implicated in many physiological processes as well as in some psychiatric disorders, most probably through interference in inositol cycle. Intense research has been performed to elucidate, on the one hand, the basic structure, ligand binding, and kinetic properties of POP, and on the other, the pharmacology of its inhibitors. There is fairly strong evidence of in vivo importance of POP on substance P, arginine vasopressin, thyroliberin and gonadoliberin metabolism. However, information about the biological relevance of POP is not yet conclusive. Evidence regarding the physiological role of POP is lacking, which is surprising considering that peptidase inhibitors have been exploited for drug development, some of which are currently in clinical trials as memory enhancers for the aged and in a variety of neurological disorders. Here we review the recent progress on POP research and evaluate the relevance of the peptidase in the metabolism of various neuropeptides. The recognition of novel forms and relatives of POP may improve our understanding of how this family of proteins functions in normal and in neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A García-Horsman
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Neurobiology, Av. Autopista del Saler 16, 46013 Valencia, Spain.
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37
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Tarragó T, Frutos S, Rodriguez-Mias RA, Giralt E. Identification by 19F NMR of traditional Chinese medicinal plants possessing prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitory activity. Chembiochem 2006; 7:827-33. [PMID: 16628753 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase is a cytosolic serine peptidase that hydrolyzes proline-containing peptides at the carboxy termini of the proline residues. This peptidase has been associated with schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, and related neuropsychiatric disorders and might therefore have important clinical implications. Traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) plants provide a rich source of unexplored compounds for strategies to find novel POP inhibitors, but the traditional methodologies used to identify POP inhibitors could have some limitations when working with natural products: interference with the colorimetric or fluorimetric detection methods commonly used to screen for POP inhibitors can result in the generation of false positives or false negatives. Since NMR screening is less prone to such interference, we decided to explore the use of 19F NMR to screen for POP inhibitors. We synthesized a new 19F-labeled POP substrate--Z-Gly-Pro-Phe-4(CF3)-NH2--and used it to search for new POP inhibitors in TCM plant extracts. We identified several plants with high POP-inhibitory activity and show here that the combination of 19F NMR and TCM plant extracts is a useful tool for identifying new POP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Tarragó
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Leprince J, Cosquer D, Bellemère G, Chatenet D, Tollemer H, Jégou S, Tonon MC, Vaudry H. Catabolism of the octadecaneuropeptide ODN by prolyl endopeptidase: identification of an unusual cleavage site. Peptides 2006; 27:1561-9. [PMID: 16406204 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The octadecaneuropeptide ODN (QATVGDVNTDRPGLLDLK), a biologically active fragment of diazepam-binding inhibitor, exerts a number of behavioral and neurophysiological activities. The presence of a proline residue in the sequence of ODN led us to investigate the role of proline endopeptidase (PEP) in the catabolism of this neuropeptide. The effect of PEP on the breakdown of ODN and related analogs was studied by combining RP-HPLC analysis and MALDI-TOF MS characterization. Incubation of ODN with PEP generated two products, i.e. ODN3-18 and ODN5-18 which resulted from cleavage of the Ala-Thr and Val-Gly peptide bonds. S 17092, a specific PEP inhibitor, significantly reduced the PEP-induced cleavages of ODN. Similarly, [Ala2]OP showed S 17092-sensitive post-alanine cleavage, while [pGlu1]ODN and OP (ODN11-18) were not catabolized by the enzyme. For all these peptides, cleavage of the Pro-Gly peptide bond by PEP was never observed, even after prolonged incubation times. In contrast, PEP hydrolyzed human urotensin II at the canonical post-proline site. Collectively, these data suggest that the Ala2 residue is the preferential cleavage site of ODN and that the Pro-Gly bond of ODN is not hydrolyzed by PEP. In addition, this study reveals for the first time that the endoproteolytic activity of PEP can specifically take place after a valine moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Leprince
- INSERM U413, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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39
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Bellemère G, Vaudry H, Morain P, Jégou S. Effect of prolyl endopeptidase inhibition on arginine-vasopressin and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone catabolism in the rat brain. J Neuroendocrinol 2005; 17:306-13. [PMID: 15869566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Compound S 17092 is a potent and selective inhibitor of prolyl endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26, PEP) that may be of therapeutic value for the treatment of memory impairment associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we investigated the effects of S 17092 on the catabolism of the promnesic neuropeptides thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in the rat brain. In vitro, bacterial PEP hydrolysed both TRH and AVP, and the breakdown of the two peptides was almost completely prevented by 10(-5) M S 17092. In vivo, a single oral administration of S 17092 provoked a significant increase in TRH-like immunoreactivity (TRH-LI) in the cerebral cortex (+63% for a 10 mg/kg dose and +72% for a 30 mg/kg dose), as well as AVP-LI in the hippocampus (+54% for a 30 mg/kg dose), but did not affect TRH-LI in the amygdala nor AVP-LI in the cerebral cortex. Chronic administration of S 17092 (10 or 30 mg/kg daily) lead to a significant increase in THR-LI in the cerebral cortex (+55% and +56%, respectively), but did not modify AVP-LI in the hippocampus, nor in the cerebral cortex. These results show that the selective PEP inhibitor S 17092 increases TRH and AVP content in discrete regions of the rat brain. The present data suggest that the promnesic and antiamnesic effects of S 17092 can be accounted for, at least in part, by blockage of AVP and TRH degradation by PEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bellemère
- INSERM U413, European Institute for Peptide Research, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, UA CNRS, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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40
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Tarragó T, Sabidó E, Kogan MJ, de Oliveira E, Giralt E. Primary structure, recombinant expression and homology modelling of human brain prolyl oligopeptidase, an important therapeutic target in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases. J Pept Sci 2005; 11:283-7. [PMID: 15838896 DOI: 10.1002/psc.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Tarragó
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Jarho EM, Venäläinen JI, Huuskonen J, Christiaans JAM, Garcia-Horsman JA, Forsberg MM, Järvinen T, Gynther J, Männistö PT, Wallén EAA. A cyclopent-2-enecarbonyl group mimics proline at the P2 position of prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2004; 47:5605-7. [PMID: 15509157 DOI: 10.1021/jm049503w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the aim to replace the natural amino acid proline by a proline mimetic structure, a cyclopent-2-enecarbonyl moiety was studied at the P2 position of prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) inhibitors. The cyclopent-2-enecarbonyl moiety proved to be an excellent proline mimetic at the P2 position of POP inhibitors. The replacement is particularly useful when increased lipophilicity is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina M Jarho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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42
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Mortier E, Bernard J, Plet A, Jacques Y. Natural, Proteolytic Release of a Soluble Form of Human IL-15 Receptor α-Chain That Behaves as a Specific, High Affinity IL-15 Antagonist. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1681-8. [PMID: 15265897 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 and IL-2 are two structurally and functionally related cytokines whose high affinity receptors share the IL-2R beta-chain and gamma-chain in association with IL-15R alpha-chain (IL-15R alpha) or IL-2R alpha-chain, respectively. Whereas IL-2 action seems restricted to the adaptative T cells, IL-15 appears to be crucial for the function of the innate immune responses, and the pleiotropic expression of IL-15 and IL-15R alpha hints at a much broader role for the IL-15 system in multiple cell types and tissues. In this report, using a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay, we show the existence of a soluble form of human IL-15R alpha (sIL-15R alpha) that arises from proteolytic shedding of the membrane-anchored receptor. This soluble receptor is spontaneously released from IL-15R alpha-expressing human cell lines as well as from IL-15R alpha transfected COS-7 cells. This release is strongly induced by PMA and ionomycin, and to a lesser extent by IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. The size of sIL-15R alpha (42 kDa), together with the analysis of deletion mutants in the ectodomain of IL-15R alpha, indicates the existence of cleavage sites that are proximal to the plasma membrane. Whereas shedding induced by PMA was abrogated by the synthetic matrix metalloproteinases inhibitor GM6001, the spontaneous shedding was not, indicating the occurrence of at least two distinct proteolytic mechanisms. The sIL-15R alpha displayed high affinity for IL-15 and behaved as a potent and specific inhibitor of IL-15 binding to the membrane receptor, and of IL-15-induced cell proliferation (IC(50) in the range from 3 to 20 pM). These results suggest that IL-15R alpha shedding may play important immunoregulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Mortier
- Groupe de Recherche Cytokines et Récepteurs en Immunologie et Cancérologie, Département de Cancérologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 601, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France
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43
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Cavasin MA, Rhaleb NE, Yang XP, Carretero OA. Prolyl oligopeptidase is involved in release of the antifibrotic peptide Ac-SDKP. Hypertension 2004; 43:1140-5. [PMID: 15037553 PMCID: PMC4677773 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000126172.01673.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is a ubiquitous tetrapeptide hydrolyzed almost exclusively by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Chronic treatment with Ac-SDKP decreases cardiac and renal fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in hypertensive rats. However, very little is known about endogenous synthesis of Ac-SDKP, except that thymosin-beta4 may be the most likely precursor. Two enzymes are potentially able to release Ac-SDKP from thymosin-beta4: prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) and endoproteinase asp-N. POP is widely present and active in several tissues and biological fluids, whereas endoproteinase asp-N appears to be lacking in mammals. Therefore, we hypothesized that POP is the main enzyme involved in synthesizing the antifibrotic peptide Ac-SDKP. We investigated in vitro and in vivo production of Ac-SDKP. Using kidney cortex homogenates, we observed that Ac-SDKP was generated in a time-dependent manner in the presence of exogenous thymosin-beta4, and this generation was significantly inhibited by several POP inhibitors (POPi), Z-prolyl-prolinal, Fmoc-prolyl-pyrrolidine-2-nitrile, and S17092. Long-term administration of S17092 in rats significantly decreased endogenous levels of Ac-SDKP in the plasma (from 1.76+/-0.2 to 1.01+/-0.1 nM), heart (from 2.31+/-0.21 to 0.83+/-0.09 pmol/mg protein), and kidneys (from 5.62+/-0.34 to 2.86+/-0.76 pmol/mg protein). As expected, ACE inhibitors significantly increased endogenous levels of Ac-SDKP in the plasma, heart, and kidney, whereas coadministration of POPi prevented this increase. We concluded that POP is the main enzyme responsible for synthesis of the antifibrotic peptide Ac-SDKP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Cavasin
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Blvd, E&R 7115, Detroit, Mich 4820, USA.
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44
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Bellemère G, Morain P, Vaudry H, Jégou S. Effect of S 17092, a novel prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor, on substance P and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone breakdown in the rat brain. J Neurochem 2003; 84:919-29. [PMID: 12603817 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated the effects of a novel prolyl endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26, PEP) inhibitor, compound S 17092, on substance P (SP) and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) metabolism in the rat brain. In vitro experiments revealed that S 17092 inhibits in a dose-dependent manner PEP activity in rat cortical extracts (IC50 = 8.3 nm). In addition, S 17092 totally abolished the degradation of SP and alpha-MSH induced by bacterial PEP. In vivo, a significant decrease in PEP activity was observed in the medulla oblongata after a single oral administration of S 17092 at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg (-78% and -82%, respectively) and after chronic oral treatment with S 17092 at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg per day (-75% and -88%, respectively). Concurrently, a single administration of S 17092 (30 mg/kg) caused a significant increase in SP- and alpha-MSH-like immunoreactivity (LI) in the frontal cortex (+41% and +122%, respectively) and hypothalamus (+84% and +49%, respectively). In contrast, chronic treatment with S 17092 did not significantly modify SP- and alpha-MSH-LI in the frontal cortex and hypothalamus. Collectively, the present results show that S 17092 elevates SP and alpha-MSH concentrations in the rat brain by inhibiting PEP activity. These data suggest that the effect of S 17092 on memory impairment can be accounted for, at least in part, by inhibition of catabolism of promnesic neuropeptides such as SP and alpha-MSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Bellemère
- European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, INSERM U 413, CNRS, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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45
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Odaka C, Mizuochi T, Shirasawa T, Morain P, Checler F. Murine T cells expressing high activity of prolyl endopeptidase are susceptible to activation-induced cell death. FEBS Lett 2002; 512:163-7. [PMID: 11852073 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) is widely distributed and thought to play an important role in the degradation of peptide hormones and neuropeptides, but its biological role is totally unknown. In this study, we examined PEP activity in subpopulations of murine T cells and found that PEP activity was significantly higher in immature thymocytes than in mature thymocytes or in peripheral T cells. Stimulation of murine peripheral T cells time-dependently increased PEP activity. Although murine T cell hybridomas exhibited high PEP activity, the PEP activity was fully inhibited by treatment with PEP inhibitor. The pretreated T cells were found to be resistant to activation-induced cell death (AICD). Similar results were obtained in murine thymocytes as well as in activated peripheral T cells. PEP activity in T cell hybridomas remained unchanged during AICD. These results suggest that T cells expressing high PEP activity are susceptible to ACID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Odaka
- Department of Bacterial and Blood Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8640, Tokyo, Japan.
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46
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Morain P, Lestage P, De Nanteuil G, Jochemsen R, Robin JL, Guez D, Boyer PA. S 17092: a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor as a potential therapeutic drug for memory impairment. Preclinical and clinical studies. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2002; 8:31-52. [PMID: 12070525 PMCID: PMC6741683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2002.tb00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Any treatment that could positively modulate central neuropeptides levels would provide a promising therapeutic approach to the treatment of cognitive deficits associated with aging and/or neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, based on the activity in rodents, S 17092 (2S,3aS,7aS)-1][(R,R)-2-phenylcyclopropyl]carbonyl]-2-[(thiazolidin-3-yl)carbonyl]octahydro-1H-indole) has been selected as a potent inhibitor of cerebral prolyl-endopeptidase (PEP). By retarding the degradation of neuroactive peptides, S 17092 was successfully used in a variety of memory tasks. These tasks explored short-term, long-term, reference and working memory in aged mice, as well as in rodents and monkeys with chemically induced amnesia or spontaneous memory deficits. S 17092 has also been safely administered to humans, and showed a clear peripheral expression of its mechanism of action through its inhibitory effect upon PEP activity in plasma. S 17092 exhibited central effects, as evidenced by EEG recording in healthy volunteers, and could improve a delayed verbal memory task. Collectively, the preclinical and clinical effects of S 17092 have suggested a promising role for this compound as an agent for the treatment of cognitive disorders associated with cerebral aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Morain
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 6 Place des pleïades, 92415 Courbevoie, France.
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47
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Sugaya K, Brannen CL. Stem cell strategies for neuroreplacement therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Med Hypotheses 2001; 57:697-700. [PMID: 11918428 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.2001.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The existence of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult human brain provides impetus for investigating possible neuroreplacement therapies for neurodegenerative disease. Due to recent advances in techniques affording isolation and maintenance of NSCs using non-serum culture media, these cells have become exciting candidates for therapeutic strategies. We are able to expand NSCs by mitogenic growth factors in vitro and in defined conditions, NSCs differentiate into each of the diverse brain cell types: neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. This article addresses the involvement of amyloid-beta precursor protein and the presenilins in NSCs' biology and possible application of NSCs for therapeutic approaches in Alzheimer's disease. Ongoing studies in our laboratory, and recent findings by others using human neural progenitors, serve as the conceptual frame for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sugaya
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA.
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Hasebe T, Hua J, Someya A, Morain P, Checler F, Nagaoka I. Involvement of cytosolic prolyl endopeptidase in degradation of p40‐phox splice variant protein in myeloid cells. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.69.6.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hasebe
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan; and
| | - Jian Hua
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan; and
| | - Akimasa Someya
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan; and
| | - Philippe Morain
- Division D of Medical Chemistry, Institute de Recherche Servier, 92150 Suresnes, and
| | | | - Isao Nagaoka
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan; and
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Petit A, Barelli H, Morain P, Checler F. Novel proline endopeptidase inhibitors do not modify Abeta40/42 formation and degradation by human cells expressing wild-type and swedish mutated beta-amyloid precursor protein. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:1613-7. [PMID: 10928965 PMCID: PMC1572208 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that proline endopeptidase (PE) could participate to the catabolism of the beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) or to the physiopathological maturation of the beta-amyloid protein precursor (betaAPP). We have examined the putative ability of human purified PE to catabolize Abeta40 and Abeta42 and the possible contribution of this enzyme to the generation of Abeta40 and Abeta42 in human HEK293 cells. We show first that purified human PE does not degrade synthetic Abeta40 and Abeta42, in vitro. We establish that HEK293 cell homogenates exhibit a Z-Gly-Pro-7AMC-cleaving enzyme, the activity of which is inhibited by Z-Pro-Prolinal and S17092 and S19825, two novel PE inhibitors, with affinities similar to those displayed on the purified human PE. These inhibitors also penetrate cells and achieve a full inhibition of endogenous proline endopeptidase in human cells. By means of selective antibodies directed towards the C-terminal of Abeta40 and Abeta42, we assessed the effect of PE inhibitors on the recovery of both Abeta species. This was examined in HEK293 cells stably overexpressing the wild-type and the familial Alzheimer's disease-related Swedish mutated beta-APP. We establish that none of these inhibitors affected Abeta40 or Abeta42 production in these transfected cells. Overall, our study indicates that human PE does not degrade Abeta40 and Abeta42. Furthermore, PE does not contribute to Abeta40 and Abeta42 formation in HEK293 cells. Therefore, PE does not appear to contribute to the Abeta-related aetiology of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Petit
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UPR411 du CNRS, 660 route des lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Hélène Barelli
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UPR411 du CNRS, 660 route des lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | | | - Frédéric Checler
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UPR411 du CNRS, 660 route des lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
- Author for correspondence:
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