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Min J, Yang S, Cai Y, Vanderwall DR, Wu Z, Li S, Liu S, Liu B, Wang J, Ding Y, Chen J, Jiang C, Wren JD, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z, Greco C, Kanie T, Peng J, Zhang XA. Tetraspanin Tspan8 restrains interferon signaling to stabilize intestinal epithelium by directing endocytosis of interferon receptor. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:154. [PMID: 37204469 PMCID: PMC10484302 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation can impair intestinal barrier, while increased epithelial permeability can lead to inflammation. In this study, we found that the expression of Tspan8, a tetraspanin expressed specifically in epithelial cells, is downregulated in mouse model of ulcerative disease (UC) but correlated with those of cell-cell junction components, such as claudins and E-cadherin, suggesting that Tspan8 supports intestinal epithelial barrier. Tspan8 removal increases intestinal epithelial permeability and upregulates IFN-γ-Stat1 signaling. We also demonstrated that Tspan8 coalesces with lipid rafts and facilitates IFNγ-R1 localization at or near lipid rafts. As IFN-γ induces its receptor undergoing clathrin- or lipid raft-dependent endocytosis and IFN-γR endocytosis plays an important role in Jak-Stat1 signaling, our analysis on IFN-γR endocytosis revealed that Tspan8 silencing impairs lipid raft-mediated but promotes clathrin-mediated endocytosis of IFN-γR1, leading to increased Stat1 signaling. These changes in IFN-γR1 endocytosis upon Tspan8 silencing correlates with fewer lipid raft component GM1 at the cell surface and more clathrin heavy chain in the cells. Our findings indicate that Tspan8 determines the IFN-γR1 endocytosis route, to restrain Stat1 signaling, stabilize intestine epithelium, and subsequently prevent intestine from inflammation. Our finding also implies that Tspan8 is needed for proper endocytosis through lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Min
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Shenglan Yang
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Yang Cai
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - David R Vanderwall
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Zhiping Wu
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Shuping Li
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Songlan Liu
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Beibei Liu
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Yingjun Ding
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Junxiong Chen
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Chao Jiang
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | | | - Anna Csiszar
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Céline Greco
- Department of Pain and Palliative Care Unit, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Tomoharu Kanie
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xin A Zhang
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA.
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2
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Lee JH, Han JH, Woo JH, Jou I. 25-Hydroxycholesterol suppress IFN-γ-induced inflammation in microglia by disrupting lipid raft formation and caveolin-mediated signaling endosomes. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:252-265. [PMID: 34808332 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Acute microglial activation plays an important role in neuroprotection. However, dysregulated, prolonged microgliosis exacerbates neurodegeneration through excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic factors. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), an inflammatory cytokine, exacerbates the detrimental microglial response. Although various anti-inflammatory drugs have been evaluated as interventions for microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, no anti-inflammatories are in clinical use for microgliosis. The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of oxysterols, blood brain barrier (BBB) penetrable bioactive lipids, revealing that this intervention suppresses neuroinflammation by disrupting membrane lipid raft formation and caveolae-mediated endosomal IFN-γ signaling. We find that 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) rapidly repressed IFN-γ receptor trafficking to lipid rafts in microglia by disrupting raft formation, thereby suppressing microglial inflammatory response. IFN-γ treatment upregulated expression of Cav-1, a major component of caveolae, and IFN-γ signaling was sustained through Cav-1+ signaling endosomes. 25-HC repressed IFN-γ induction of Cav-1 expression in microglia, and subsequently suppressed the chronic inflammatory response. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that 25-HC effectively regulate the inflammatory status of microglia by mediating the formation of rafts and caveolae-dependent signaling endosomes. Given the important roles of IFN-γ and microglia in the pathology of neurodegenerative brain diseases, a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of 25-HC that is not receptor-dependent, but rather is related to the regulation of membrane rafts and caveolae, suggests a new therapeutic target for inflammatory neurodegenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Inflamm-aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Hye Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Inflamm-aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Joo Hong Woo
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Inflamm-aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Inflamm-aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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3
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Pereiro P, Figueras A, Novoa B. Insights into teleost interferon-gamma biology: An update. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:150-164. [PMID: 31028897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-ϒ) is probably one of the most relevant cytokines orchestrating the immune response in vertebrates. Although the activities mediated by this molecule are well known in mammals, several aspects of the IFN-ϒ system in teleosts remain a riddle to scientists. Numerous studies support a potentially similar role of the fish IFN-ϒ signalling pathway in some well-described immunological processes induced by this cytokine in mammals. Nevertheless, the existence in some teleost species of duplicated ifng genes and an additional gene derived from ifng known as interferon-γ-related (ifngrel), among other things, raises new interesting questions about the mode of action of these various molecules in fish. Moreover, certain IFN-ϒ-mediated activities recently observed in mammals are still fully unknown in fish. Another attractive but mainly unexplored curious property of IFN-ϒ in vertebrates is its potential dual role depending on the type of pathogen. In addition, some aspects mediated by this molecule could favour the resolution of a bacterial infection but be harmful in the context of a viral disease, and vice versa. This review collects old and new aspects of IFN-ϒ research in teleosts and discusses new questions and pathways of investigation based on recent discoveries in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, Spain; Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, Spain.
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4
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Ju A, Lee SW, Lee YE, Han KC, Kim JC, Shin SC, Park HJ, EunKyeong Kim E, Hong S, Jang M. A carrier-free multiplexed gene editing system applicable for suspension cells. Biomaterials 2019; 217:119298. [PMID: 31280073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered cells via CRISPR/Cas9 system can serve as powerful sources for cancer immunotherapeutic applications. Furthermore, multiple genetic alterations are necessary to overcome tumor-induced immune-suppressive mechanisms. However, one of the major obstacles is the technical difficulty with efficient multiple gene manipulation of suspension cells due to the low transfection efficacy. Herein, we established a carrier-free multiplexed gene editing platform in a simplified method, which can enhance the function of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells by modulating suspension cancer cells. Our multiple Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) enable simultaneous disruption of two programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) ligands, functioning as negative regulators in the immune system, by accessing engineered Cas9 proteins with abilities of complexation and cellular penetration. In addition, combination with electroporation enhanced multiple gene editing efficacy, compared with that by treatment of multiple Cas9 RNPs alone. This procedure resulted in high gene editing at multiple loci of suspension cells. The treatment of multiple Cas9 RNPs targeting both ligands strongly improved Th1-type cytokine production of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, resulting in synergistic cytotoxic effects against cancer. Simultaneous suppression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on cancer cells via our developed editing system allows effective anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, the treatment of multiple Cas9 RNPs targeting PD-L1, PD-L2, and TIM-3 had approximately 70-90% deletion efficacy. Thus, our multiplexed gene editing strategy endows potential clinical utilities in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ju
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Cheol Han
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Natural Constituents of Research Center, Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Shin
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunice EunKyeong Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokmann Hong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mihue Jang
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Green DS, Young HA, Valencia JC. Current prospects of type II interferon γ signaling and autoimmunity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13925-13933. [PMID: 28652404 PMCID: PMC5572907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r116.774745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon γ (IFNγ) is a pleiotropic protein secreted by immune cells. IFNγ signals through the IFNγ receptor, a protein complex that mediates downstream signaling events. Studies into IFNγ signaling have provided insight into the general concepts of receptor signaling, receptor internalization, regulation of distinct signaling pathways, and transcriptional regulation. Although IFNγ is the central mediator of the adaptive immune response to pathogens, it has been shown to be involved in several non-infectious physiological processes. This review will provide an introduction into IFNγ signaling biology and the functional roles of IFNγ in the autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Green
- From the Women's Malignancy Branch, Translational Genomics Section, Center for Cancer, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Howard A Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201.
| | - Julio C Valencia
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201.
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6
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van Dijk F, Olinga P, Poelstra K, Beljaars L. Targeted Therapies in Liver Fibrosis: Combining the Best Parts of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB and Interferon Gamma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:72. [PMID: 26501061 PMCID: PMC4594310 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines, growth factors, and other locally produced mediators play key roles in the regulation of disease progression. During liver fibrosis, these mediators orchestrate the balance between pro- and antifibrotic activities as exerted by the hepatic cells. Two important players in this respect are the profibrotic mediator platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) and the antifibrotic cytokine interferon gamma (IFNγ). PDGF-BB, produced by many resident and infiltrating cells, causes extensive proliferation, migration, and contraction of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and myofibroblasts. These cells are the extracellular matrix-producing hepatic cells and they highly express the PDGFβ receptor. On the other hand, IFNγ is produced by natural killer cells in fibrotic livers and is endowed with proinflammatory, antiviral, and antifibrotic activities. This cytokine attracted much attention as a possible therapeutic compound in fibrosis. However, clinical trials yielded disappointing results because of low efficacy and adverse effects, most likely related to the dual role of IFNγ in fibrosis. In our studies, we targeted the antifibrotic IFNγ to the liver myofibroblasts. For that, we altered the cell binding properties of IFNγ, by delivery of the IFNγ-nuclear localization sequence to the highly expressed PDGFβ receptor using a PDGFβ receptor recognizing peptide, thereby creating a construct referred to as “Fibroferon” (i.e., fibroblast-targeted interferon γ). In recent years, we demonstrated that HSC-specific delivery of IFNγ increased its antifibrotic potency and improved its general safety profile in vivo, making Fibroferon highly suitable for the treatment of (fibrotic) diseases associated with elevated PDGFβ receptor expression. The present review summarizes the knowledge on these two key mediators, PDGF-BB and IFNγ, and outlines how we used this knowledge to create the cell-specific antifibrotic compound Fibroferon containing parts of both of these mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fransien van Dijk
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy , Groningen , Netherlands ; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Klaas Poelstra
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Leonie Beljaars
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy , Groningen , Netherlands
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7
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Blouin CM, Lamaze C. Interferon gamma receptor: the beginning of the journey. Front Immunol 2013; 4:267. [PMID: 24027571 PMCID: PMC3760442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our view of endocytosis and membrane trafficking of transmembrane receptors has dramatically changed over the last 20 years. Several new endocytic routes have been discovered and mechanistically characterized in mammalian cells. Long considered as a passive means to terminate signaling through down-regulation of the number of activated receptors at the plasma membrane, it is now established that receptor endocytosis and endosomal sorting can be directly linked to the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways. The functional links between membrane trafficking of interferon receptors and JAK/STAT signaling have recently begun to be unraveled. These studies raise the exciting possibility that a certain level of signal specificity can be achieved through endocytosis and selective localization of the activated complexes within cellular membranes. The ongoing development of high-resolution cell imaging techniques with better spatial and temporal resolution gives new means of deciphering the inherent complexity of membrane trafficking and signaling. This should help to better comprehend the molecular mechanisms by which endocytosis and endosomal sorting of interferon receptors can orchestrate signaling selectivity within the JAK/STAT pathway that can be activated by as many as 60 different cytokines, growth factors, and hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric M. Blouin
- Laboratoire Trafic, Signalisation et Ciblage Intracellulaires, Institut Curie – Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- Laboratoire Trafic, Signalisation et Ciblage Intracellulaires, Institut Curie – Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
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8
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Chen PH, Chien FC, Lee SP, Chan WE, Lin IH, Liu CS, Lee FJ, Lai JS, Chen P, Yang-Yen HF, Yen JJY. Identification of a novel function of the clathrin-coated structure at the plasma membrane in facilitating GM-CSF receptor-mediated activation of JAK2. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3611-26. [PMID: 22935703 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that ligand binding to the high-affinity GM-CSF receptor (GMR) activates JAK2. However, how and where this event occurs in a cellular environment remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that clathrin- but not lipid raft-mediated endocytosis is crucial for GMR signaling. Knockdown expression of clathrin heavy chain or intersectin 2 (ITSN2) attenuated GMR-mediated activation of JAK2, whereas inhibiting clathrin-coated pits or plagues to bud off the membrane by the dominant-negative mutant of dynamin enhanced such event. Moreover, unlike the wild-type receptor, an ITSN2-non-binding mutant of GMR defective in targeting to clathrin-coated pits or plagues [collectively referred to as clathrin-coated structures (CCSs) here] failed to activate JAK2 at such locations. Additional experiments demonstrate that ligand treatment not only enhanced JAK2/GMR association at CCSs, but also induced a conformational change of JAK2 which is required for JAK2 to be activated by CCS-localized CK2. Interestingly, ligand-independent activation of the oncogenic mutant of JAK2 (JAK2V617F) also requires the targeting of this mutant to CCSs. But JAK2V617F seems to be constitutively in an open conformation for CK2 activation. Together, this study reveals a novel functional role of CCSs in GMR signaling and the oncogenesis of JAK2V617F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Yancoski J, Sadat MA, Aksentijevich N, Bernasconi A, Holland SM, Rosenzweig SD. A novel internalization motif regulates human IFN-γ R1 endocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:301-8. [PMID: 22595141 PMCID: PMC3395421 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0212057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that the IFN-γ R1 287-YVSLI-91 intracellular motif regulates its endocytosis. IFN-γ exerts its biological activities by interacting with a specific cell-surface RC composed of two IFN-γ R1 and two IFN-γ R2 chains. Following IFN-γ binding and along with the initiation of signal transduction, the ligand and IFN-γ R1 are internalized. Two major types of consensus-sorting signals are described in receptors, which are rapidly internalized from the plasma membrane to intracellular compartments: tyrosine-based and dileucine-based internalization motifs. Transfection of HEK 293 cells and IFN-γ R1-deficient fibroblasts with WT and site-directed, mutagenesis-generated mutant IFN-γ R1 expression vectors helped us to identify region IFN-γ R1 287-YVSLI-291 as the critical domain required for IFN-γ-induced IFN-γ R1 internalization and Y287 and LI290-291 as part of a common structure essential for receptor endocytosis and function. This new endocytosis motif, YxxLI, shares characteristics of tyrosine-based and dileucine-based internalization motifs and is highly conserved in IFN-γ Rs across species. The IFN-γ R1 270-LI-271 dileucine motif, previously thought to be involved in this receptor endocytosis, showed to be unnecessary for receptor endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Yancoski
- Servicio de Inmunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría “J. P. Garrahan,” Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Mohammed A. Sadat
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, and
| | | | - Andrea Bernasconi
- Servicio de Inmunología y Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Pediatría “J. P. Garrahan,” Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Steven M. Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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10
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Vidal OM, Stec W, Bausek N, Smythe E, Zeidler MP. Negative regulation of Drosophila JAK-STAT signalling by endocytic trafficking. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:3457-66. [PMID: 20841381 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.066902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate regulation of signal transduction pathways is essential for normal development and is often disrupted in disease. Therefore, many regulatory mechanisms and feedback loops have evolved to ensure appropriate signalling. One mechanism previously suggested to modulate a range of signal transduction pathways involves the internalisation and destruction of transmembrane receptors by the endocytic trafficking machinery. Strikingly, a recent report has suggested that the endocytic trafficking of the Drosophila JAK-STAT pathway receptor Domeless (Dome) does not act to downregulate pathway activity, but rather is necessary for in vivo signalling. Here, we examine this relationship to address the interaction of Drosophila JAK-STAT pathway signalling and endocytic trafficking. We show that Dome is trafficked through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and a directed RNAi screen identified several components of the endocytic machinery as negative regulators of pathway signalling. We demonstrate that Dome signals both from the plasma membrane and internalised vesicles and show, using knockdown experiments, that endocytic components negatively regulate JAK-STAT signalling in vivo. As such, disruption in endocytic trafficking represents a potent negative regulator of the disease relevant JAK-STAT signalling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Marino Vidal
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S102TN, UK
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11
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Cho O, Hong SH, Kim JS, Yoon JK, Kim K, Chwae YJ, Shin HJ, Park S. IFN-λ endocytosis and IFN-λ responsive promoter activation are dependent on cholesterol. Cytokine 2010; 51:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Reijmers RM, Vondenhoff MFR, Roozendaal R, Kuil A, Li JP, Spaargaren M, Pals ST, Mebius RE. Impaired lymphoid organ development in mice lacking the heparan sulfate modifying enzyme glucuronyl C5-epimerase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3656-64. [PMID: 20208005 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of lymphoid organs depends on cross talk between hematopoietic cells and mesenchymal stromal cells and on vascularization of the lymphoid primordia. These processes are orchestrated by cytokines, chemokines, and angiogenic factors that require tight spatiotemporal regulation. Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are molecules designed to specifically bind and regulate the bioactivity of soluble protein ligands. Their binding capacity and specificity are controlled by modification of the HS side chain by HS-modifying enzymes. Although HS proteoglycans have been implicated in the morphogenesis of several organ systems, their role in controlling lymphoid organ development has thus far remained unexplored. In this study, we report that modification of HS by the HS-modifying enzyme glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Glce), which controls HS chain flexibility, is required for proper lymphoid organ development. Glce(-/-) mice show a strongly reduced size of the fetal spleen as well as a spectrum of defects in thymus and lymph node development, ranging from dislocation to complete absence of the organ anlage. Once established, however, the Glce(-/-) primordia recruited lymphocytes and developed normal architectural features. Furthermore, Glce(-/-) lymph node anlagen transplanted into wild-type recipient mice allowed undisturbed lymphocyte maturation. Our results indicate that modification of HS by Glce is required for controlling the activity of molecules that are instructive for early lymphoid tissue morphogenesis but may be dispensable at later developmental stages and for lymphocyte maturation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier M Reijmers
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Gomez JA, Sun W, Gama V, Hajkova D, Yoshida T, Wu Z, Miyagi M, Pink JJ, Jackson MW, Danielpour D, Matsuyama S. The C-terminus of interferon gamma receptor beta chain (IFNgammaR2) has antiapoptotic activity as a Bax inhibitor. Cancer Biol Ther 2009; 8:1771-86. [PMID: 19657228 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.8.18.9323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bax is a pro-apoptotic protein that mediates intrinsic cell-death signaling. Using a yeast-based functional screening approach, we identified interferon gamma receptor beta chain (IFNgammaR2) as a new Bax suppressor. IFNgammaR2 is a component of the IFNgamma receptor complex along with the IFNgammaR alpha chain (IFNgammaR1). Upon IFNgamma binding, a conformational change in the receptor complex occurs that activates the Jak2/STAT1 signaling cascade. We found that the C-terminal region (amino acids 296-337) of IFNgammaR2 (IFNgammaR2(296-337)) contains a novel Bax inhibitory domain. This portion does not contain the Jak2-binding domain; therefore, the antiapoptotic function of IFNgammaR2 is independent of JAK/STAT signaling. IFNgammaR2(296-337) rescued human cells from apoptosis induced by overexpression of Bax but not Bak. Overexpression of IFNgammaR2 (wild type and IFNgammaR2(296-337)) rescued cells from etoposide and staurosporine, which are known to induce Bax-mediated cell death. Interestingly, IFNgammaR2 inhibited apoptosis induced by the BH3-only protein Bim-EL, suggesting that IFNgammaR2 inhibits Bax activation through a BH3-only protein. Bax and IFNgammaR2 were co-immunoprecipitated from cell lysates prepared from HEK293 and DAMI cells. Furthermore, direct binding of purified recombinant proteins of Bax and IFNgammaR2 was also confirmed. Addition of recombinant Bcl-2 protein to cell lysates significantly reduced the interaction of IFNgammaR2 and Bax, suggesting that Bcl-2 and IFNgammaR2 bind a similar domain of Bax. We found that the C-terminal fragment (cytoplasmic domain) of IFNgammaR2 is expressed in human cancer cell lines of megakaryocytic cancer (DAMI), breast cancer (MDA-MD-468), and prostate cancer (PC3 cells). The presence of the C-terminal fragment of IFNgammaR2 may confer on cancer cells resistance to apoptotic stresses. Our discovery of the anti-Bax activity of the cytoplasmic domain of IFNgammaR2 may shed new light on the mechanism of how cell death is controlled by IFNgamma and Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Gomez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 , USA
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14
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Iron Chelators and Hypoxia Mimetics Inhibit IFNγ-Mediated Jak-STAT Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:723-9. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Claudinon J, Monier MN, Lamaze C. Interfering with interferon receptor sorting and trafficking: impact on signaling. Biochimie 2007; 89:735-43. [PMID: 17493737 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) and their receptors (IFN-Rs) play fundamental roles in a multitude of biological functions. Many articles and reviews emphasize that the JAK/STAT machinery is obligatory for relay of the information transmitted by IFNs after binding to their cognate receptors at the plasma membrane. In contrast, very few studies have addressed the endocytosis and the intracellular trafficking of IFN-Rs, the immediate step following IFN binding. However, recent findings have shed light on the importance of IFN-R sorting and trafficking in the control of IFN signaling. Thus, IFN-Rs can be included in the growing family of signaling receptors for which regulation of biological activity critically involves endocytosis and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Claudinon
- Laboratoire Trafic et Signalisation, UMR144 Curie/CNRS, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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16
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Obeid D, Nguyen J, Lesavre P, Bauvois B. Differential regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme and angiotensin-converting enzyme by type I and II interferons in human normal and leukemic myeloid cells. Oncogene 2006; 26:102-10. [PMID: 16799629 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane metalloproteases angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM-17) have been associated with inflammation, cancer progression and angiogenesis. Few investigations into the regulation of these enzymes by physiological stimuli have been reported. In this study, we investigated the influence of interferons (IFNs) type I (alpha, beta) and II (gamma) on ACE and TACE expression of human leukemic NB4 cells and monocytes. We assessed the expression of proteases by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence analyses. IFNgamma, but not type I IFNs, upregulated membrane ACE in a dose- and time-dependency and this was reflected by the increase of ACE enzymatic activity and ACE mRNA. ACE upregulation was dependent on protein synthesis. Treatment of the interferon responsive factor 1 (IRF1)-unresponsive HepG2 cell line with IFNgamma did not affect ACE expression, thus suggesting the participation of the IRF1 signaling pathway in IFNgamma-mediated ACE upregulation in myeloid cells. In contrast, both types of IFNs, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, downregulated surface TACE without affecting TACE transcript. Soluble TACE was not detected in the medium of IFN-treated cells. IFNgamma-mediated decrease of surface TACE in NB4 cells was reversible, and correlated with an increase in intracellular TACE, suggesting that cell surface TACE was internalized in response to IFNs. These findings, showing the presence of IFN-dependent controlled mechanisms by which ACE and TACE levels are regulated in human normal and leukemic myeloid cells, may have implications in the context of current investigations on the therapeutic potential of IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Obeid
- INSERM 507, Hôpital Necker, Bâtiment Lavoisier, Paris, France
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17
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Sachdev D, Singh R, Fujita-Yamaguchi Y, Yee D. Down-regulation of Insulin Receptor by Antibodies against the Type I Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor: Implications for Anti–Insulin-Like Growth Factor Therapy in Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66:2391-402. [PMID: 16489046 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-II, and insulin have all been implicated in regulating several aspects of the malignant phenotype via the type I IGF receptor (IGF1R) and insulin receptor (IR). We have previously shown that a chimeric single-chain antibody against IGF1R (scFv-Fc) and a murine antibody EM164 down-regulate IGF1R, making breast cancer cells unresponsive to IGF-I. To determine if IR signaling is affected, we examined regulation of IR in MCF-7 cells after exposure to these antibodies. Surprisingly, both scFv-Fc and EM164 resulted in decreased levels of IR in vitro and in vivo despite their lack of reactivity against IR. Twenty-four-hour pretreatment with EM164 also inhibited insulin-mediated phosphorylation of IR and insulin-stimulated proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Neither scFv-Fc nor EM164 caused down-regulation of IR in cells that express very low levels of IGF1R or no IGF1R. Expression of IGF1R was required for IR down-regulation, which was specific as neither antibody caused down-regulation of beta1 integrin or epidermal growth factor receptor. Reagents that disrupt lipid rafts inhibited IR down-regulation by the antibodies, suggesting that IR in close physical proximity to IGF1R in lipid rafts was being endocytosed. Our data show that down-regulation of IR by monoclonal antibodies against IGF1R requires the coexpression of IGF1R and may be due to endocytosis of hybrid IR/IGF1R or holo-IR. Thus, antibodies against IGF1R provide inhibition of both IGF and insulin signaling in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Sachdev
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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18
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Curry H, Alvarez GR, Zwilling BS, Lafuse WP. Toll-like receptor 2 stimulation decreases IFN-gamma receptor expression in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2004; 24:699-710. [PMID: 15684737 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2004.24.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a key cytokine in the immune defense against mycobacteria. IFN-gamma activates macrophages to resist the growth of mycobacteria and induces expression of MHC class II molecules required for antigen presentation. Macrophages infected with mycobacteria or stimulated by the interaction of mycobacterial products with toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) have reduced responses to IFN-gamma. Previous research has shown that infection of mouse macrophages with Mycobacterium avium causes decreased expression of the IFN-gamma receptor (IFNGR). In the present study, we show that TLR2 stimulation of RAW264.7 macrophages with a synthetic lipoprotein, Pam3CSK4, also causes rapid decrease in expression of IFNGR-1 protein, with little change in IFNGR-2 protein levels. The decrease in IFNGR-2 expression in TLR2-stimulated cells required receptor internalization and proteasomal degradation. The level of IFNGR-1 mRNA also decreased in TLR2-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and M. avium-infected cells. The decrease in IFNGR-1 mRNA was shown to be due to decreased transcription. In spite of the decrease in IFNGR-2 receptor expression, activation of Stat1 activation by an optimal dose of IFN-gamma was identical between control and TLR2-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. However, at low suboptimal doses of IFN-gamma, Stat1 activation was decreased in TLR2-stimulated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Curry
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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19
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Xue M, Vines CM, Buranda T, Cimino DF, Bennett TA, Prossnitz ER. N-formyl peptide receptors cluster in an active raft-associated state prior to phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:45175-84. [PMID: 15302864 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407053200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to ligand binding, G protein-coupled receptors undergo phosphorylation and activate cellular internalization machinery. An important component of this process is the concentration of receptors into clusters on the plasma membrane. Aside from organizing the receptor in anticipation of internalization, little is known of the function of ligand-mediated G protein-coupled receptor clustering, which has traditionally been thought of as being a phosphorylation-dependent event prior to receptor internalization. We now report that following receptor activation, the N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR) forms distinct membrane clusters prior to its association with arrestin. To determine whether this clustering is dependent upon receptor phosphorylation, we used a mutant form of the FPR, DeltaST-FPR, which lacks all phosphorylation sites in the carboxyl-terminal domain. We found that activation of the signaling-competent DeltaST-FPR resulted in rapid receptor clustering on the plasma membrane independent of Gi protein activation. This clustering required receptor activation since the D71A mutant receptor, which binds ligand but is incapable of transitioning to an active state, failed to induce receptor clustering. Furthermore we demonstrated that FPR-mediated clustering and signaling were cholesterol-dependent processes, suggesting that translocation of the active receptor to lipid rafts may be required for maximal signaling activity. Finally we showed that FPR stimulation in the absence of receptor phosphorylation resulted in translocation of FPR to GM1-rich clusters. Our results demonstrate for the first time that formation of a clustered activated receptor state precedes receptor phosphorylation, arrestin binding, and internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xue
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque 87131, USA
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20
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Siddiqui SS, Siddiqui ZK, Malik AB. Albumin endocytosis in endothelial cells induces TGF-β receptor II signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 286:L1016-26. [PMID: 14729511 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00356.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells undergo albumin endocytosis using a set of albumin binding proteins. This process is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis. We showed by several criteria that the previously described 73-kDa endothelial cell surface albumin binding protein is the 75-kDa transforming growth factor (TGF)-β receptor type II (TβRII). Albumin coimmunoprecipitated with TβRII from a membrane fraction from rat lung microvascular endothelial cells. Albumin endocytosis-negative COS-7 cells became albumin endocytosis competent when transfected with wild-type TβRII but not when transfected with a domain-negative kinase mutant of TβRII. An antibody specific for TβRII inhibited albumin endocytosis. A mink lung epithelial cell line, which expresses both the TGF-β receptor type I (TβRI) and the TβRII receptor, exhibited albumin binding to the cell surface and endocytosis. In contrast, mutant L-17 and DR-26 cells lacking TβRI or TβRII, respectively, each showed a dramatic reduction in binding and endocytosis. Albumin endocytosis induced Smad2 phosphorylation and Smad4 translocation as well as increased protein expression of the inhibitory Smad, Smad7. We identified regions of significant homology between amino acid sequences of albumin and TGF-β, suggesting a structural basis for the interaction of albumin with the TGF-β receptors and subsequent activation of TβRII signaling. The observed albumin-induced internalization of TβRII signaling may be an important mechanism in the vessel wall for controlling TGF-β responses in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid S Siddiqui
- Dept. of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Univ. of Illinois, 835 South Wolcott Ave. (M/C 868 Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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21
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Yang N, Huang Y, Jiang J, Frank SJ. Caveolar and lipid raft localization of the growth hormone receptor and its signaling elements: impact on growth hormone signaling. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:20898-905. [PMID: 15010456 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400625200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone receptor (GHR) is a cell surface receptor that mediates the somatogenic and metabolic effects of the growth hormone (GH). GHR signaling is transduced via the receptor-associated cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase called Janus protein kinase 2 (JAK2). The major intracellular signaling systems activated by JAK2 in response to GH include the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1 and -2 pathways. In this report, we investigate the role of cholesterol-rich plasma membrane microdomains (caveolae and lipid rafts) in GH signaling. By subcellular fractionation of the GH-responsive 3T3-F442A murine preadipocyte, we found dramatic enrichment (6.7-fold) of plasma membrane GHR in the caveolae membranes (CM). JAK2 was also represented in the CM fraction, but was less enriched (2.5-fold) than GHR. ERK1/2 and the important ERK pathway upstream small adaptor protein, Grb2 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 2), were also enriched in caveolae (2.3- and 8.3-fold, respectively), but STAT5 was barely detected in the same fraction. Correspondingly, GH-induced tyrosine-phosphorylated GHR, JAK2, and ERK1/2 were highly represented in the CM fraction, whereas tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT5 was enriched in the non-membranous fraction of the post-nuclear supernatant. Additionally, GH induced further accumulation of GHR, Grb2, and SHC proteins in the CM fraction. Interestingly, treatment of the cells with the caveolae-disrupting agent, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (mbetaCD), selectively inhibited GH-induced ERK1/2 activation but not STAT5 phosphorylation; repletion of cholesterol in mbetaCD-treated cells restored GH-induced ERK activation. Comparison of 3T3-F442A cells with the GHR-expressing human IM-9 lymphoblasts revealed similar enrichment of GHR in the lipid raft fraction of IM-9 as in the CM fraction of 3T3-F442A, but there were dramatic differences in the ERKs and Grb2. The IM-9 cell, in which ERKs are not activated by GH, displayed no enrichment of ERKs and Grb2 in the lipid raft fraction. Our results suggest that localization of GHRs in the CM fraction of the plasma membrane plays important roles in signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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22
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Langer JA, Cutrone EC, Kotenko S. The Class II cytokine receptor (CRF2) family: overview and patterns of receptor–ligand interactions. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2004; 15:33-48. [PMID: 14746812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Expanded genomic information has driven the discovery of new members of the human Class II family of cytokine receptors (CRF2), which now includes 12 proteins. The corresponding cytokines have been identified, paired with their receptors and initially characterized for function. These cytokines include: a new human Type I IFN, IFN-kappa; molecules related to IL-10 (IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26); and IFN-lambdas (IL-28/29), which have antiviral and cell stimulatory activities reminiscent of Type I IFNs, but act through a distinct receptor. In response to ligand binding, the CRF2 proteins form heterodimers, leading to cytokine-specific cellular responses; these diverse physiological functions are just beginning to be explored. Progress in structural and mutational analysis of ligand-receptor interactions now presents a more reliable framework for understanding receptor-ligand interactions, and for predicting key regions in less well studied members of the CRF2 family. The relationships between the CRF2 proteins will be summarized, as will the progress in identifying patterns of receptor interactions with ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome A Langer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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23
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Kim J, Adam RM, Solomon KR, Freeman MR. Involvement of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in interleukin-6-induced neuroendocrine differentiation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Endocrinology 2004; 145:613-9. [PMID: 14563701 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-0772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 is an inflammatory cytokine that has been linked to aggressive prostate cancer (PCa). Previous studies have demonstrated that IL-6 can enhance the differentiation of PCa cells toward a neuroendocrine (NE) phenotype, a possible indicator of hormone-refractory disease. In this report, we present evidence that the mechanism of IL-6-stimulated NE differentiation employs a detergent-resistant (lipid raft) membrane compartment for signal transduction in LNCaP PCa cells. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3, a mediator of IL-6 signaling, was rapidly phosphorylated and translocated to the nucleus in LNCaP cells treated with IL-6. Both processes were inhibited by filipin, a cholesterol-binding compound that disrupts plasma membrane lipid rafts. Isolation of Triton X-100-insoluble raft fractions from LNCaP cells by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation demonstrated that the 80-kDa IL-6 receptor localized almost exclusively to the raft compartment. Although STAT3 was located predominantly in the Triton X-100-soluble subcellular fraction in exponentially growing cells, abundant phosphorylated STAT3 was detected in the raft fraction after stimulation with IL-6. Increases in expression of the NE marker, neuron-specific enolase, and neuron-specific enolase promoter activity after IL-6 treatment were reduced after membrane rafts were disrupted by filipin treatment. LNCaP cells expressed the raft-resident proteins flotillin-2 and G(ialpha2), but notably not caveolins, the predominant structural protein present in caveolar membrane rafts in many tissues and tumor cells. These results are the first to define a role for lipid raft membrane microdomains in signal transduction mechanisms capable of promoting the NE phenotype in PCa cells, and they demonstrate that the raft compartment is capable of mediating such signals in the absence of caveolins. Our results also suggest a mechanistic role for membrane cholesterol in cell signaling events relevant to PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Kim
- The Urologic Laboratory, John F. Enders Research Laboratories, Room 1161, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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Gobeil F, Bernier SG, Vazquez-Tello A, Brault S, Beauchamp MH, Quiniou C, Marrache AM, Checchin D, Sennlaub F, Hou X, Nader M, Bkaily G, Ribeiro-da-Silva A, Goetzl EJ, Chemtob S. Modulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression by nuclear lysophosphatidic acid receptor type-1. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:38875-83. [PMID: 12847111 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212481200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive molecule involved in inflammation, immunity, wound healing, and neoplasia. Its pleiotropic actions arise presumably by interaction with their cell surface G protein-coupled receptors. Herein, the presence of the specific nuclear lysophosphatidic acid receptor-1 (LPA1R) was revealed in unstimulated porcine cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (pCMVECs), LPA1R stably transfected HTC4 rat hepatoma cells, and rat liver tissue using complementary approaches, including radioligand binding experiments, electron- and cryomicroscopy, cell fractionation, and immunoblotting with three distinct antibodies. Coimmunoprecipitation studies in enriched plasmalemmal fractions of unstimulated pCMVEC showed that LPA1Rs are dually sequestrated in caveolin-1 and clathrin subcompartments, whereas in nuclear fractions LPA1R appeared primarily in caveolae. Immunofluorescent assays using a cell-free isolated nuclear system confirmed LPA1R and caveolin-1 co-localization. In pCMVEC, LPA-stimulated increases in cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric-oxide synthase RNA and protein expression were insensitive to caveolea-disrupting agents but sensitive to LPA-generating phospholipase A2 enzyme and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Moreover, LPA-induced increases in Ca2+ transients and/or iNOS expression in highly purified rat liver nuclei were prevented by pertussis toxin, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt inhibitor wortmannin and Ca2+ chelator and channel blockers EGTA and SK&F96365, respectively. This study describes for the first time the nucleus as a potential organelle for LPA intracrine signaling in the regulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression.
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MESH Headings
- Androstadienes/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium/metabolism
- Caveolin 1
- Caveolins/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell-Free System/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chelating Agents/pharmacology
- Clathrin/metabolism
- Egtazic Acid/pharmacology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Immunoblotting
- Liver/metabolism
- Microcirculation
- Microscopy, Electron
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Phospholipases A/metabolism
- Phospholipases A2
- Precipitin Tests
- Protein Binding
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid
- Subcellular Fractions/metabolism
- Swine
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Wortmannin
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernand Gobeil
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Research Center of Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada.
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25
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Musgrave BL, Watson CL, Hoskin DW. CD2-CD48 interactions promote cytotoxic T lymphocyte induction and function: anti-CD2 and anti-CD48 antibodies impair cytokine synthesis, proliferation, target recognition/adhesion, and cytotoxicity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2003; 23:67-81. [PMID: 12744772 DOI: 10.1089/107999003321455462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of CD2 signaling in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) development was examined by stimulating mouse T cells with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in the absence or presence of anti-CD2 mAb or anti-CD48 mAb or both. Induction of nonspecific CTL and interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) synthesis were impaired in the absence of CD2-CD48 interactions. Anti-CD2 mAb also inhibited activation-induced expression of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R). In contrast, IFN-gamma receptor (IFNGR) expression was increased in the presence of anti-CD2 mAb. Reduced cytotoxicity by CTL induced in the absence of CD2-CD48 interactions was associated with a diminished ability of CTL to conjugate with target cells and reduced expression of granzyme B and perforin. Anti-CD2 mAb did not affect expression of Fas ligand and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) by anti-CD3-activated T cells. Cytotoxic effector function and granzyme B and perforin expression were rescued when exogenous IL-2 and IFN-gamma were added in combination with anti-CD2 mAb to anti-CD3-activated T cells at initiation of culture. We conclude that CD2-CD48 interactions during T cell activation are critical for the synthesis of sufficient IL-2 and IFN-gamma to drive CD8(+) T cells to differentiate into functional cytotoxic effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce L Musgrave
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada
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26
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Gras-Masse H. Lipid vector for the delivery of peptides towards intracellular pharmacological targets. J Mol Recognit 2003; 16:234-9. [PMID: 14523934 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability of single-chain lipopeptides to gain access to cellular compartments other than those related to degradation/recycling was first deduced from their capacity to deliver peptide antigens into MHC-class I loading mechanisms. The ability of lipopeptides to escape complete endosome degradation was further illustrated by the selective inhibition of different protein kinase C isoenzymes and, more recently, the presentation of agonistic activity towards the interferon gamma receptor. Taken together, several independent results indicate that modification of a peptide by a single lipid chain confers upon it intracellular trafficking properties that can be used to deliver functional cargo peptides into living cells; the endoplasmic reticulum, cytosolic protease activity, sites of kinase activity, or even the signalling pathway associated with cytokine stimulation, all appear accessible to peptide modified by a single lipidic moiety. In this context, the interferon gamma receptor can be considered as a very discriminative pharmacological model, useful for the comparative evaluation of the cellular delivery of lipopeptides, as it allows the unambiguous tracking of their intact delivery into a wide range of cellular compartments. This model is now being used to probe the influence of the nature of the lipid moiety on the trafficking properties of lipopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Gras-Masse
- Sedac-Therapeutics, Parc Eurasanté Lille-Métropole, 85 Rue Nelson Mandela, 59120 Loos, France.
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27
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Shah M, Patel K, Fried VA, Sehgal PB. Interactions of STAT3 with caveolin-1 and heat shock protein 90 in plasma membrane raft and cytosolic complexes. Preservation of cytokine signaling during fever. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:45662-9. [PMID: 12235142 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205935200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) initiates STAT3 signaling in plasma membrane rafts with the subsequent transit of Tyr-phosphorylated STAT3 (PY-STAT3) through the cytoplasmic compartment to the nucleus in association with accessory proteins. We initially identified caveolin-1 (cav-1) as a candidate STAT3-associated accessory protein due to its co-localization with STAT3 and PY-STAT3 in flotation raft fractions, and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) due to its inclusion in cytosolic STAT3-containing 200-400-kDa complexes. Subsequent immunomagnetic bead pullout assays showed that STAT3, PY-STAT3, cav-1, and HSP90 interacted in plasma membrane and cytoplasmic complexes derived from uninduced and stimulated Hep3B cells. This was a general property of STAT3 in that these interactions were also observed in alveolar epithelial type II-like cells, lung fibroblasts, and pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. Exposure of Hep3B cells to the raft disrupter methyl-beta-cyclodextrin for 1-10 min followed by IL-6 stimulation for 15 min preferentially inhibited the appearance of PY-STAT3 in the cav-1-enriched sedimentable cytoplasmic fraction, suggesting that these complexes may represent a trafficking intermediate immediately downstream from the raft. Because IL-6 is known to function in the body in the context of fever, the possibility that HSP90 may help preserve IL-6-induced STAT3 signaling at elevated temperature was investigated. Geldanamycin, an HSP90 inhibitor, markedly inhibited IL-6-stimulated STAT3 signaling in Hep3B hepatocytes cultured overnight at 39.5 degrees C as evaluated by DNA-shift assays, trafficking of PY-STAT3 to the nucleus, cross-precipitation of HSP90 by anti-STAT3 polyclonal antibody, and reporter/luciferase construct experiments. Taken together, the data show that IL-6/raft/STAT3 signaling is a chaperoned pathway that involves cav-1 and HSP90 as accessory proteins and suggest a mechanism for the preservation of this signaling during fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehul Shah
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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28
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Subramaniam PS, Johnson HM. Lipid microdomains are required sites for the selective endocytosis and nuclear translocation of IFN-gamma, its receptor chain IFN-gamma receptor-1, and the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1alpha. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:1959-69. [PMID: 12165521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.4.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IFN-gamma contains a nuclear localization sequence that may play a role in the nuclear transport of activated STAT1alpha via a complex of IFN-gamma/IFN-gamma receptor (IFNGR)-1/STAT1alpha with the nuclear importer nucleoprotein interactor 1. In this study, we examine the mechanism of endocytosis of IFNGR-1 and the relationship of its nuclear translocation to that of STAT1alpha. In untreated WISH cells, both IFNGR-1 and IFNGR-2 were constitutively localized within caveolae-like microdomains isolated from plasma membrane. However, treatment of cells with IFN-gamma resulted in rapid migration of IFNGR-1, but not IFNGR-2, from these microdomains. Filipin pretreatment, which specifically inhibits endocytosis from caveolae-like microdomains, inhibited the nuclear translocation of IFN-gamma and IFNGR-1 as well as the tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1alpha, but did not affect the binding of IFN-gamma to these cells. In the Jurkat T lymphocyte cell line, which does not express caveolin-1, nuclear translocation of IFNGR-1 and STAT1alpha were similarly inhibited by filipin pretreatment. Isolation of lipid microdomains from Jurkat cells showed that both IFNGR-1 and IFNGR-2 were associated with lipid microdomains only after stimulation with IFN-gamma, suggesting that the IFNGR subunits are recruited to lipid microdomains by IFN-gamma binding in lymphocytes (Jurkat) in contrast to their constitutive presence in epithelial (WISH) cells. In contrast, treatments that block clathrin-dependent endocytosis did not inhibit either activation or nuclear translocation of STAT1alpha or the nuclear translocation of IFN-gamma or IFNGR-1. Thus, membrane lipid microdomains play an important role in IFN-gamma-initiated endocytic events involving IFNGR-1, and the nuclear translocation of IFN-gamma, IFNGR-1, and STAT1alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem S Subramaniam
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Sehgal PB, Guo GG, Shah M, Kumar V, Patel K. Cytokine signaling: STATS in plasma membrane rafts. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:12067-74. [PMID: 11815625 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200018200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT transcription factors signal from the plasma membrane to the nucleus in response to growth factors and cytokines. We have investigated whether plasma membrane "rafts" are involved in cytokine-activated STAT signaling. Cytokine-free human hepatoma Hep3B cells or cells treated with interleukin-6 (IL-6) or orthovanadate (a general activator of STATs) were fractionated, and plasma membrane raft fractions were obtained by equilibrium sedimentation or flotation through discontinuous sucrose gradients using either non-detergent or detergent-based (saponin or Triton X-100) methods. By Western blotting the plasma membrane raft fractions obtained using either non-detergent or detergent-based methods contained significant amounts of STAT1 and STAT3 (up to approximately 10% of the total cytoplasmic amount) as well as the integral raft proteins caveolin-1 and flotillin-1, the IL-6-receptor signal transducing chain gp130, the interferon-gamma receptor alpha chain (IFN-gammaRalpha), and the chaperone glucose-regulated protein 58 (GRP58/ER-60/ERp57). Upon activation of signaling by IL-6 or orthovanadate the respective Tyr-phosphorylated STAT species were now also observed in the membrane raft fraction but in a form deficient in DNA binding. The data show pre-association of STATs with plasma membrane rafts in flotation fractions, which also contained caveolin-1 and flotillin-1, and suggest that Tyr phosphorylation may not in itself be sufficient to cause the departure of PY-STATs from plasma membrane rafts. Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, which sequesters cholesterol and disrupts plasma membrane rafts, markedly inhibited IL-6- and IFN-gamma-induced STAT signaling. Signaling through specialized raft microdomains may be a general mechanism operating at the level of the plasma membrane through which cytokines and growth factors activate STAT species (the "raft-STAT signaling hypothesis").
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin B Sehgal
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
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Harris J, Werling D, Hope JC, Taylor G, Howard CJ. Caveolae and caveolin in immune cells: distribution and functions. Trends Immunol 2002; 23:158-64. [PMID: 11864845 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(01)02161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Caveolae are small, cholesterol-rich, hydrophobic membrane domains, characterized by the presence of the protein caveolin and involved in several cellular processes, including clathrin-independent endocytosis, the regulation and transport of cellular cholesterol, and signal transduction. Recently, caveolae have been identified as providing a novel route by which several pathogens are internalized by antigen-presenting cells and as centers for signal transduction. Here, we review the distribution and role of caveolae and caveolin in mammalian immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Harris
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK.
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Abstract
Endocytosis is involved in an enormous variety of cellular processes. To date, most studies on endocytosis in mammalian cells have focused on pathways that start with uptake through clathrin-coated pits. Recently, new techniques and reagents have allowed a wider range of endocytic pathways to begin to be characterized. Various non-clathrin endocytic mechanisms have been identified, including uptake through caveolae, macropinosomes and via a separate constitutive pathway. Many markers for clathrin-independent endocytosis are found in detergent-resistant membrane fractions, or lipid rafts. We will discuss these emerging new findings and their implications for the nature of lipid rafts themselves, as well as for the potential roles of non-clathrin endocytic pathways in remodeling of the plasma membrane and in regulating the membrane composition of specific intracellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Nichols
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, CB2 2QH, Cambridge, UK.
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