1
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RARG variant predictive of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity identifies a cardioprotective therapy. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:2076-2089.e7. [PMID: 34525346 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin is an anthracycline chemotherapy agent effective in treating a wide range of malignancies, but its use is limited by dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. A recent genome-wide association study identified a SNP (rs2229774) in retinoic acid receptor-γ (RARG) as statistically associated with increased risk of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. Here, we show that human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) from patients with rs2229774 and who suffered doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) are more sensitive to doxorubicin. We determine that the mechanism of this RARG variant effect is mediated via suppression of topoisomerase 2β (TOP2B) expression and activation of the cardioprotective extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. We use patient-specific hiPSC-CMs as a drug discovery platform, determining that the RARG agonist CD1530 attenuates DIC, and we confirm this cardioprotective effect in an established in vivo mouse model of DIC. This study provides a rationale for clinical prechemotherapy genetic screening for rs2229774 and a foundation for the clinical use of RARG agonist treatment to protect cancer patients from DIC.
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2
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Wang S, Moise AR. Recent insights on the role and regulation of retinoic acid signaling during epicardial development. Genesis 2019; 57:e23303. [PMID: 31066193 PMCID: PMC6682438 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, carries out essential and conserved roles in vertebrate heart development. Retinoic acid signals via retinoic acid receptors (RAR)/retinoid X receptors (RXRs) heterodimers to induce the expression of genes that control cell fate specification, proliferation, and differentiation. Alterations in retinoic acid levels are often associated with congenital heart defects. Therefore, embryonic levels of retinoic acid need to be carefully regulated through the activity of enzymes, binding proteins and transporters involved in vitamin A metabolism. Here, we review evidence of the complex mechanisms that control the fetal uptake and synthesis of retinoic acid from vitamin A precursors. Next, we highlight recent evidence of the role of retinoic acid in orchestrating myocardial compact zone growth and coronary vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suya Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexander R. Moise
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6 Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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3
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Aminkeng F, Ross CJD, Rassekh SR, Hwang S, Rieder MJ, Bhavsar AP, Smith A, Sanatani S, Gelmon KA, Bernstein D, Hayden MR, Amstutz U, Carleton BC. Recommendations for genetic testing to reduce the incidence of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82:683-95. [PMID: 27197003 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (ACT) occurs in 57% of treated patients and remains an important limitation of anthracycline-based chemotherapy. In various genetic association studies, potential genetic risk markers for ACT have been identified. Therefore, we developed evidence-based clinical practice recommendations for pharmacogenomic testing to further individualize therapy based on ACT risk. METHODS We followed a standard guideline development process, including a systematic literature search, evidence synthesis and critical appraisal, and the development of clinical practice recommendations with an international expert group. RESULTS RARG rs2229774, SLC28A3 rs7853758 and UGT1A6 rs17863783 variants currently have the strongest and the most consistent evidence for association with ACT. Genetic variants in ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCC5, ABCB1, ABCB4, CBR3, RAC2, NCF4, CYBA, GSTP1, CAT, SULT2B1, POR, HAS3, SLC22A7, SCL22A17, HFE and NOS3 have also been associated with ACT, but require additional validation. We recommend pharmacogenomic testing for the RARG rs2229774 (S427L), SLC28A3 rs7853758 (L461L) and UGT1A6*4 rs17863783 (V209V) variants in childhood cancer patients with an indication for doxorubicin or daunorubicin therapy (Level B - moderate). Based on an overall risk stratification, taking into account genetic and clinical risk factors, we recommend a number of management options including increased frequency of echocardiogram monitoring, follow-up, as well as therapeutic options within the current standard of clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS Existing evidence demonstrates that genetic factors have the potential to improve the discrimination between individuals at higher and lower risk of ACT. Genetic testing may therefore support both patient care decisions and evidence development for an improved prevention of ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folefac Aminkeng
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin J D Ross
- Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shahrad R Rassekh
- Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Soomi Hwang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael J Rieder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Amit P Bhavsar
- Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anne Smith
- Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy Innovations Programme, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shubhayan Sanatani
- Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Hayden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, National University of Singapore and Association for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Ursula Amstutz
- Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bruce C Carleton
- Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy Innovations Programme, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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4
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Bernstein D, Burridge P. Patient-Specific Pluripotent Stem Cells in Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity: A New Window Into Personalized Medicine. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2014; 37:23-27. [PMID: 25530693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bernstein
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University
| | - Paul Burridge
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University
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5
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Garnaas MK, Cutting CC, Meyers A, Kelsey PB, Harris JM, North TE, Goessling W. Rargb regulates organ laterality in a zebrafish model of right atrial isomerism. Dev Biol 2012; 372:178-89. [PMID: 22982668 PMCID: PMC3697125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Developmental signals determine organ morphology and position during embryogenesis. To discover novel modifiers of liver development, we performed a chemical genetic screen in zebrafish and identified retinoic acid as a positive regulator of hepatogenesis. Knockdown of the four RA receptors revealed that all receptors affect liver formation, however specific receptors exert differential effects. Rargb knockdown results in bilateral livers but does not impact organ size, revealing a unique role for Rargb in conferring left-right positional information. Bilateral populations of hepatoblasts are detectable in rargb morphants, indicating Rargb acts during hepatic specification to position the liver, and primitive endoderm is competent to form liver on both sides. Hearts remain at the midline and gut looping is perturbed in rargb morphants, suggesting Rargb affects lateral plate mesoderm migration. Overexpression of Bmp during somitogenesis similarly results in bilateral livers and midline hearts, and inhibition of Bmp signaling rescues the rargb morphant phenotype, indicating Rargb functions upstream of Bmp to regulate organ sidedness. Loss of rargb causes biliary and organ laterality defects as well as asplenia, paralleling symptoms of the human condition right atrial isomerism. Our findings uncover a novel role for RA in regulating organ laterality and provide an animal model of one form of human heterotaxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija K Garnaas
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Waxman JS, Yelon D. Zebrafish retinoic acid receptors function as context-dependent transcriptional activators. Dev Biol 2011; 352:128-40. [PMID: 21276787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
RA receptors (RARs) have been thought to function through a binary repressor-activator mechanism: in the absence of ligand, they function as transcriptional repressors, and, in the presence of ligand, they function as transcriptional activators. This prevailing model of RAR mechanism has been derived mostly from in vitro studies and has not been widely tested in developmental contexts. Here, we investigate whether zebrafish RARs function as transcriptional activators or repressors during early embryonic anterior-posterior patterning. Ectopic expression of wild-type zebrafish RARs does not disrupt embryonic patterning and does not sensitize embryos to RA treatment, indicating that RAR availability is not limiting in the embryo. In contrast, ectopic expression of hyperactive zebrafish RARs induces expression of a RA-responsive reporter transgene as well as ectopic expression of endogenous RA-responsive target genes. However, ectopic expression of dominant negative zebrafish RARs fails to induce embryonic phenotypes that are consistent with loss of RA signaling, despite their ability to function as transcriptional repressors in heterologous cell culture assays. Together, our studies suggest that zebrafish RAR function is context-dependent and that, during early patterning, zebrafish RARs function primarily as transcriptional activators and may only have minimal ability to act as transcriptional repressors. Thus, it seems that the binary model for RAR function does not apply to all in vivo scenarios. Taking into account studies of RA signaling in tunicates and tetrapods, we propose a parsimonious model of the evolution of RAR function during chordate anterior-posterior patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Waxman
- Developmental Genetics Program and Department of Cell Biology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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7
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Zile MH. Vitamin A-not for your eyes only: requirement for heart formation begins early in embryogenesis. Nutrients 2010; 2:532-50. [PMID: 22254040 PMCID: PMC3257662 DOI: 10.3390/nu2050532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A insufficiency has profound adverse effects on embryonic development. Major advances in understanding the role of vitamin A in vertebrate heart formation have been made since the discovery that the vitamin A active form, all-trans-retinoic acid, regulates many genes, including developmental genes. Among the experimental models used, the vitamin A-deficient avian embryo has been an important tool to study the function of vitamin A during early heart formation. A cluster of retinoic acid-regulated developmental genes have been identified that participate in building the heart. In the absence of retinoic acid the embryonic heart develops abnormally leading to embryolethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija H Zile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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8
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Savory JGA, Bouchard N, Pierre V, Rijli FM, De Repentigny Y, Kothary R, Lohnes D. Cdx2 regulation of posterior development through non-Hox targets. Development 2009; 136:4099-110. [PMID: 19906845 DOI: 10.1242/dev.041582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factors Cdx1, Cdx2 and Cdx4 play essential roles in anteroposterior vertebral patterning through regulation of Hox gene expression. Cdx2 is also expressed in the trophectoderm commencing at E3.5 and plays an essential role in implantation, thus precluding assessment of the cognate-null phenotype at later stages. Cdx2 homozygous null embryos generated by tetraploid aggregation exhibit an axial truncation indicative of a role for Cdx2 in elaborating the posterior embryo through unknown mechanisms. To better understand such roles, we developed a conditional Cdx2 floxed allele in mice and effected temporal inactivation at post-implantation stages using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre. This approach yielded embryos that were devoid of detectable Cdx2 protein and exhibited the axial truncation phenotype predicted from previous studies. This phenotype was associated with attenuated expression of genes encoding several key players in axial elongation, including Fgf8, T, Wnt3a and Cyp26a1, and we present data suggesting that T, Wnt3a and Cyp26a1 are direct Cdx2 targets. We propose a model wherein Cdx2 functions as an integrator of caudalizing information by coordinating axial elongation and somite patterning through Hox-independent and -dependent pathways, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne G A Savory
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
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9
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Su D, Gudas LJ. Gene expression profiling elucidates a specific role for RARgamma in the retinoic acid-induced differentiation of F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:1129-60. [PMID: 18164278 PMCID: PMC2988767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The biological effects of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), a major active metabolite of retinol, are mainly mediated through its interactions with retinoic acid receptor (RARs alpha, beta, gamma) and retinoid X receptor (RXRs alpha, beta, gamma) heterodimers. RAR/RXR heterodimers activate transcription by binding to RA-response elements (RAREs or RXREs) in the promoters of primary target genes. Murine F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells have been widely used as a model for cellular differentiation and RA signaling during embryonic development. We identified and characterized genes that are differentially expressed in F9 wild type (Wt) and F9 RARgamma-/- cells, with and without RA treatment, through the use of oligonucleotide-based microarrays. Our data indicate that RARgamma, in the absence of exogenous RA, modulates gene expression. Genes such as Sfrp2, Tie1, Fbp2, Emp1, and Emp3 exhibited higher transcript levels in RA-treated Wt, RARalpha-/- and RARbeta2-/- lines than in RA-treated RARgamma-/- cells, and represent specific RARgamma targets. Other genes, such as Runx1, were expressed at lower levels in both F9 RARbeta2-/- and RARgamma-/- cell lines than in F9 Wt and RARalpha-/-. Genes specifically induced by RA at 6h with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide in F9 Wt, but not in RARgamma-/- cells, included Hoxa3, Hoxa5, Gas1, Cyp26a1, Sfrp2, Fbp2, and Emp1. These genes represent specific primary RARgamma targets in F9 cells. Several genes in the Wnt signaling pathway were regulated by RARgamma. Delineation of the receptor-specific actions of RA with respect to cell proliferation and differentiation should result in more effective therapies with this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, and Weill Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences of Cornell University
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, and Weill Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences of Cornell University
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10
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Snider P, Olaopa M, Firulli AB, Conway SJ. Cardiovascular development and the colonizing cardiac neural crest lineage. ScientificWorldJournal 2007; 7:1090-113. [PMID: 17619792 PMCID: PMC2613651 DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2007.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that transgenic manipulation of mammalian neural crest-related gene expression and microsurgical removal of premigratory chicken and Xenopus embryonic cardiac neural crest progenitors results in a wide spectrum of both structural and functional congenital heart defects, the actual functional mechanism of the cardiac neural crest cells within the heart is poorly understood. Neural crest cell migration and appropriate colonization of the pharyngeal arches and outflow tract septum is thought to be highly dependent on genes that regulate cell-autonomous polarized movement (i.e., gap junctions, cadherins, and noncanonical Wnt1 pathway regulators). Once the migratory cardiac neural crest subpopulation finally reaches the heart, they have traditionally been thought to participate in septation of the common outflow tract into separate aortic and pulmonary arteries. However, several studies have suggested these colonizing neural crest cells may also play additional unexpected roles during cardiovascular development and may even contribute to a crest-derived stem cell population. Studies in both mice and chick suggest they can also enter the heart from the venous inflow as well as the usual arterial outflow region, and may contribute to the adult semilunar and atrioventricular valves as well as part of the cardiac conduction system. Furthermore, although they are not usually thought to give rise to the cardiomyocyte lineage, neural crest cells in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) can contribute to the myocardium and may have different functions in a species-dependent context. Intriguingly, both ablation of chick and Xenopus premigratory neural crest cells, and a transgenic deletion of mouse neural crest cell migration or disruption of the normal mammalian neural crest gene expression profiles, disrupts ventral myocardial function and/or cardiomyocyte proliferation. Combined, this suggests that either the cardiac neural crest secrete factor/s that regulate myocardial proliferation, can signal to the epicardium to subsequently secrete a growth factor/s, or may even contribute directly to the heart. Although there are species differences between mouse, chick, and Xenopus during cardiac neural crest cell morphogenesis, recent data suggest mouse and chick are more similar to each other than to the zebrafish neural crest cell lineage. Several groups have used the genetically defined Pax3 (splotch) mutant mice model to address the role of the cardiac neural crest lineage. Here we review the current literature, the neural crest-related role of the Pax3 transcription factor, and discuss potential function/s of cardiac neural crest-derived cells during cardiovascular developmental remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Snider
- Cardiovascular Development Group,
Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research,
Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN 46202,
USA
| | - Michael Olaopa
- Cardiovascular Development Group,
Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research,
Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN 46202,
USA
| | - Anthony B. Firulli
- Cardiovascular Development Group,
Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research,
Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN 46202,
USA
| | - Simon J. Conway
- Cardiovascular Development Group,
Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research,
Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN 46202,
USA
- *Simon J. Conway:
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11
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Pilon N, Oh K, Sylvestre JR, Savory JGA, Lohnes D. Wnt signaling is a key mediator of Cdx1 expression in vivo. Development 2007; 134:2315-23. [PMID: 17537796 DOI: 10.1242/dev.001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse, Cdx1 is essential for normal anteroposterior vertebral patterning through regulation of a subset of Hox genes. Retinoic acid (RA) and certain Wnts have also been implicated in vertebral patterning, although the relationship between these signaling pathways and the regulation of mesodermal Hox gene expression is not fully understood. Prior work has shown that Cdx1 is a direct target of both Wnt and retinoid signaling pathways,and might therefore act to relay these signals to the Hox genes. Wnt and RA are believed to impact on Cdx1 through an atypical RA-response element (RARE) and Lef/Tcf-response elements (LRE), respectively, in the proximal promoter. To address the roles of these regulatory motifs and pathways, we derived mice mutated for the LRE or the LRE plus the RARE. In contrast to RARE-null mutants, which exhibit limited vertebral defects,LRE-null and LRE+RARE-null mutants exhibited vertebral malformations affecting the entire cervical region that closely phenocopied the malformations seen in Cdx1-null mutants. Mutation of the LRE also greatly reduced induction of Cdx1 by RA, demonstrating a requirement for Wnt signaling in the regulation of this gene by retinoids. LRE and LRE+RARE mutants also exhibited vertebral fusions, suggesting a defect in somitogenesis. As Wnt signaling is implicated in somitogenesis upstream of the Notch pathway, it is conceivable that Cdx1 might play a role in this process. However, none of the Notch pathway genes assessed was overtly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pilon
- Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Vieux-Rochas M, Coen L, Sato T, Kurihara Y, Gitton Y, Barbieri O, Blay KL, Merlo G, Ekker M, Kurihara H, Janvier P, Levi G. Molecular dynamics of retinoic acid-induced craniofacial malformations: implications for the origin of gnathostome jaws. PLoS One 2007; 2:e510. [PMID: 17551590 PMCID: PMC1876820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intake of retinoic acid (RA) or of its precursor, vitamin A, during early pregnancy is associated with increased incidence of craniofacial lesions. The origin of these teratogenic effects remains enigmatic as in cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs), which largely contribute to craniofacial structures, the RA-transduction pathway is not active. Recent results suggest that RA could act on the endoderm of the first pharyngeal arch (1stPA), through a RARß-dependent mechanism. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that RA provokes dramatically different craniofacial malformations when administered at slightly different developmental times within a narrow temporal interval corresponding to the colonization of the 1st PA by CNCCs. We provide evidence showing that RA acts on the signalling epithelium of the 1st PA, gradually reducing the expression of endothelin-1 and Fgf8. These two molecular signals are instrumental in activating Dlx genes in incoming CNCCs, thereby triggering the morphogenetic programs, which specify different jaw elements. Conclusions/Significance The anatomical series induced by RA-treatments at different developmental times parallels, at least in some instances, the supposed origin of modern jaws (e.g., the fate of the incus). Our results might provide a conceptual framework for the rise of jaw morphotypes characteristic of gnathostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Vieux-Rochas
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS, UMR5166, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Coen
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS, UMR5166, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yorick Gitton
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS, UMR5166, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Ottavia Barbieri
- Transgenic Unit, Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetic University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Karine Le Blay
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS, UMR5166, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | | | - Marc Ekker
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Philippe Janvier
- CNRS, UMR 5143, Département Histoire de la Terre, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Palaeontology Department, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Levi
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS, UMR5166, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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13
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Kopinke D, Sasine J, Swift J, Stephens WZ, Piotrowski T. Retinoic acid is required for endodermal pouch morphogenesis and not for pharyngeal endoderm specification. Dev Dyn 2007; 235:2695-709. [PMID: 16871626 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Because tissues from all three germ layers contribute to the pharyngeal arches, it is not surprising that all major signaling pathways are involved in their development. We focus on the role of retinoic acid (RA) signaling because it has been recognized for quite some time that alterations in this pathway lead to craniofacial malformations. Several studies exist that describe phenotypes observed upon RA perturbations in pharyngeal arch development; however, these studies did not address whether RA plays multiple roles at distinct time points during development. Here, we report the resulting phenotypes in the hindbrain, the neural crest-derived tissues, and the pharyngeal endoderm when RA synthesis is disrupted during zebrafish gastrulation and pharyngeal arch morphogenesis. Our results demonstrate that RA is required for the post-gastrulation morphogenesis and segmentation of endodermal pouches, and that loss of RA does not affect the length of the pharyngeal ectoderm or medial endoderm along the anterior-posterior axis. We also provide evidence that RA is not required for the specification of pharyngeal pouch endoderm and that the pharyngeal endoderm consists of at least two different cell populations, of which the pouch endoderm is sensitive to RA and the more medial pharyngeal endoderm is not. These results demonstrate that the developmental processes underlying pharyngeal arch defects differ depending on when RA signaling is disturbed during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kopinke
- University of Utah, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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14
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Collop AH, Broomfield JA, Chandraratna RA, Yong Z, Deimling SJ, Kolker SJ, Weeks DL, Drysdale TA. Retinoic acid signaling is essential for formation of the heart tube in Xenopus. Dev Biol 2006; 291:96-109. [PMID: 16423341 PMCID: PMC3539789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid is clearly important for the development of the heart. In this paper, we provide evidence that retinoic acid is essential for multiple aspects of cardiogenesis in Xenopus by examining embryos that have been exposed to retinoic acid receptor antagonists. Early in cardiogenesis, retinoic acid alters the expression of key genes in the lateral plate mesoderm including Nkx2.5 and HAND1, indicating that early patterning of the lateral plate mesoderm is, in part, controlled by retinoic acid. We found that, in Xenopus, the transition of the heart from a sheet of cells to a tube required retinoic acid signaling. The requirement for retinoic acid signaling was determined to take place during a narrow window of time between embryonic stages 14 and 18, well before heart tube closure. At the highest doses used, the lateral fields of myocardium fail to fuse, intermediate doses lead to a fusion of the two sides but failure to form a tube, and embryos exposed to lower concentrations of antagonist form a heart tube that failed to complete all the landmark changes that characterize looping. The myocardial phenotypes observed when exposed to the retinoic acid antagonist resemble the myocardium from earlier stages of cardiogenesis, although precocious expression of cardiac differentiation markers was not seen. The morphology of individual cells within the myocardium appeared immature, closely resembling the shape and size of cells at earlier stages of development. However, the failures in morphogenesis are not merely a slowing of development because, even when allowed to develop through stage 40, the heart tubes did not close when embryos were exposed to high levels of antagonist. Indeed, some aspects of left-right asymmetry also remained even in hearts that never formed a tube. These results demonstrate that components of the retinoic acid signaling pathway are necessary for the progression of cardiac morphogenesis in Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Collop
- Childrens Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Rd. E. London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Canada
| | - Joel A.S. Broomfield
- Childrens Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Rd. E. London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Zhao Yong
- Childrens Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Rd. E. London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven J. Deimling
- Childrens Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Rd. E. London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra J. Kolker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Daniel L. Weeks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Thomas A. Drysdale
- Childrens Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Rd. E. London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author. Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, Canada. Fax: +1 519 685 8186
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15
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Molecular mediators of retinoic acid signaling during development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1574-3349(06)16004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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16
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Szanto A, Narkar V, Shen Q, Uray IP, Davies PJA, Nagy L. Retinoid X receptors: X-ploring their (patho)physiological functions. Cell Death Differ 2005; 11 Suppl 2:S126-43. [PMID: 15608692 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) belongs to a family of ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate many aspects of metazoan life. A class of nuclear receptors requires RXR as heterodimerization partner for their function. This places RXR in the crossroad of multiple distinct biological pathways. This and the fact that the debate on the endogenous ligand requirement for RXR is not yet settled make RXR still an enigmatic transcription factor. Here, we review some of the biology of RXR. We place RXR into the evolution of nuclear receptors, review structural details and ligands of the receptor. Then processes regulated by RXR are discussed focusing on the developmental roles deduced from studies on knockout animals and metabolic roles in diseases such as diabetes and atherosclerosis deduced from pharmacological studies. Finally, aspects of RXR's involvement in myeloid differentiation and apoptosis are summarized along with issues on RXR's suitability as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Szanto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen H-4012, Hungary
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17
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Mark M, Ghyselinck NB, Chambon P. Retinoic acid signalling in the development of branchial arches. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2005; 14:591-8. [PMID: 15380252 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2004.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Branchial arches develop through a complex sequence of interactions between migrating cells, derived from neural crest and mesoderm, and epithelia of ectodermal and endodermal origin, to yield a variety of derivatives, notably skeletal elements, arteries and glands. In all vertebrate species, dramatic malformations generated by experimental blocks or activations of retinoic acid signalling highlight key roles for this molecule in the endoderm for branchial arch formation and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Mark
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, BP10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France.
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18
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Firulli AB, Conway SJ. Combinatorial transcriptional interaction within the cardiac neural crest: a pair of HANDs in heart formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 72:151-61. [PMID: 15269889 PMCID: PMC2561314 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac neural crest cells migrate from the rostral dorsal neural folds and populate the branchial arches, which contribute directly to the cardiac-outflow structures. Although neural crest cell specification is associated with a number of morphogenic factors, little is understood about the mechanisms by which transcription factors actually implement the transcriptional programs that dictate cell migration and later the differentiation into the proper cell types within the great vessels and the heart. It is clear from genetic evidence that members of the paired box family and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors from the twist family of proteins are expressed in and play an important function in cardiac neural crest specification and differentiation. Interestingly, both paired box and bHLH factors can function as dimers and, in the case of twist family bHLH factors, partner choice can clearly dictate a change in transcriptional program. The focus of this review is to consider what role the protein-protein interactions of these transcription factors may play in determining cardiac neural crest specification and differentiation, and how genetic alteration of transcription factor stoichiometry within the cell may reflect more than a simple null event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B Firulli
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5225, USA.
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19
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Chen CF, Lohnes D. Dominant-negative retinoic acid receptors elicit epidermal defects through a non-canonical pathway. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:3012-21. [PMID: 15528198 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411522200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that a dominant-negative retinoic acid receptor alpha (dnRARalpha), expressed under the K14 promoter, causes severe epidermal defects. Similar defects are, however, not seen in RARalphagamma double null mutant mice, which lack the entire complement of RARs expressed in the epidermis. To investigate the mechanism of action of these dominant-negative receptors, dnRARalpha or a DNA binding-deficient variant, dnRARalpha(DBD), were targeted to the basal epidermis. Expression of either receptor type led to similar epidermal phenotypes suggesting that both RAR mutants acted through a common mechanism. The epidermal phenotype was reminiscent of defects seen in p63(-/-) mice. Consistent with this, reduced p63 expression was observed in transgenic offspring expressing either RAR mutant, suggesting that down-regulation of p63 might underlie the effects of these receptors on epidermal development. By contrast, expression of p63 in the epidermis of RARalphagamma(-/-) offspring was unaffected, indicating that RARs were not essential for p63 expression. These findings suggest that dnRARs may impact on epidermal development through one or more non-canonical pathways, which are independent of receptor-DNA interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Feng Chen
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal K1H 8M5, Canada
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20
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Zile MH. Vitamin a requirement for early cardiovascular morphogenesis specification in the vertebrate embryo: insights from the avian embryo. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004; 229:598-606. [PMID: 15229353 DOI: 10.1177/153537020422900703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is required throughout the life cycle, including crucial stages of embryonic and fetal development. With the identification of retinoic acid-specific nuclear transcription factors, the retinoid receptors, considerable advances have been made in understanding the molecular function of vitamin A. The requirement for vitamin A during early embryogenesis has successfully been examined in the vitamin A-deficient avian embryo during neurulation, when in the vertebrates crucial developmental decisions take place. These studies revealed that retinoic acid is essential during these early stages of embryogenesis for the initiation of organogenesis (i.e., formation of the heart). If retinoic acid is not present at this time, abnormal development ensues, leading to early embryonic death. Though the initial insult of the absence of vitamin A appears to be on the specification of cardiovascular tissues, subsequently all development is adversely affected and the embryo dies. Molecular and functional studies revealed that retinoic acid regulates the expression of the cardiogenic transcription factor GATA-4 and several heart asymmetry genes, which explains why the heart position is random in vitamin A-deficient quail embryos. During the crucial retinoic acid-requiring developmental window, retinoic acid transduces its signals to genes for heart morphogenesis via the receptors RARalpha2, RARgamma, and RXRalpha. Elucidation of the function of vitamin A during early embryonic development may lead to a better understanding of the cardiovascular birth defects prevalent in the Western world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija H Zile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 234 G.M. Trout Bldg., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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21
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Houle M, Sylvestre JR, Lohnes D. Retinoic acid regulates a subset of Cdx1 function in vivo. Development 2004; 130:6555-67. [PMID: 14660544 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hox gene products are key players in establishing positional identity along the anteroposterior (AP) axis. In vertebrates, gain or loss of Hox expression along the AP axis often leads to inappropriate morphogenesis, typically manifesting as homeotic transformations that affect the vertebrae and/or hindbrain. Various signalling pathways are known to impact on Hox expression, including the retinoid signalling pathway. Exogenous retinoic acid (RA), disruption of enzymes involved in maintaining normal embryonic RA distribution or mutation of the retinoid receptors (RARs and RXRs) can all impact on Hox expression with concomitant effects on AP patterning. Several Hox loci have well characterized RA response elements (RAREs), which have been shown to regulate functionally relevant Hox expression in the neurectoderm. A similar crucial function for any RARE in mesodermal Hox expression has, however, not been documented. The means by which RA regulates mesodermal Hox expression could therefore be either through an undocumented direct mechanism or through an intermediary; these mechanisms are not necessarily exclusive. In this regard, we have found that Cdx1 may serve as such an intermediary. Cdx1 encodes a homeobox transcription factor that is crucial for normal somitic expression of several Hox genes, and is regulated by retinoid signalling in vivo and in vitro likely through an atypical RARE in the proximal promoter. In order to more fully understand the relationship between retinoid signalling, Cdx1 expression and AP patterning, we have derived mice in which the RARE has been functionally inactivated. These RARE-null mutants exhibit reduced expression of Cdx1 at all stages examined, vertebral homeotic transformations and altered Hox gene expression which correlates with certain of the defects seen in Cdx1-null offspring. These findings are consistent with a pivotal role for retinoid signalling in governing a subset of expression of Cdx1 crucial for normal vertebral patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Houle
- Department of Molecular Biology, Université de Montréal, 110 ave des Pins, ouest, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
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22
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Romeih M, Cui J, Michaille JJ, Jiang W, Zile MH. Function of RARgamma and RARalpha2 at the initiation of retinoid signaling is essential for avian embryo survival and for distinct events in cardiac morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2003; 228:697-708. [PMID: 14648846 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian embryogenesis requires retinoid receptor activation by the vitamin A active form, retinoic acid (RA), during neurulation. We conducted loss-of-function analysis in quail embryos by nutritional deprivation of RA and by blocking generation of retinoid receptors. Here we identify a distinct role for RARalpha2 in cardiac inflow tract morphogenesis and for RARgamma in cardiac left/right orientation and looping morphogenesis. Blocking normal embryos with antisense oligonucleotides to RARalpha2 or RXRalpha diminishes GATA-4 transcripts, while blocking RARgamma or RXRalpha diminishes nodal and Pitx2 transcripts; the expression of these genes in the heart forming region resembles that of the vitamin A-deficient embryo. Blocking the function of RARgamma, RARalpha2, and RXRalpha recapitulates the complete vitamin A-deficient phenotype. RARgamma is the most potent mediator of the retinoid signal at this time of development. Our studies provide strong evidence that critical RA-requiring developmental events in the early avian embryo are regulated by means of distinct retinoid receptor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Romeih
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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23
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Cui J, Michaille JJ, Jiang W, Zile MH. Retinoid receptors and vitamin A deficiency: differential patterns of transcription during early avian development and the rapid induction of RARs by retinoic acid. Dev Biol 2003; 260:496-511. [PMID: 12921748 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The functional links of specific retinoid receptors to early developmental events in the avian embryo are not known. Before such studies are undertaken, knowledge is required of the spatiotemporal expression patterns of the receptor genes and their regulation by endogenous retinoic acid levels during the early stages of development. Here, we report the expression patterns of mRNAs for RARalpha, RARalpha2, RARbeta2, RARgamma, RARgamma2, RXRalpha, and RARgamma from neurulation to HH10 in the normal and vitamin A-deficient (VAD) quail embryo. The transcripts for all retinoid receptors are detectable at HH5, except for RXRgamma, which is detected at the beginning of HH6. At the 4/5 somite stage of HH8, when retinoid signaling is initiated in the avian embryo, mRNAs of all receptors are present, with very strong and ubiquitous expression patterns for RARalpha, RARalpha2, RARgamma, RARgamma2, and RXRalpha, a persistent expression of RARgamma in the neural tissues, a strong expression of RARbeta2 in lateral plate mesoderm and somites, and an anterior expression of RXRgamma. All retinoid receptors are expressed in the heart primordia. In the VAD quail embryo, the general pattern of retinoid receptor transcript localization is similar to that of the normal, except that the expression of RARalpha2 and RARbeta2 is severely diminished. Administration of retinol or retinoic acid to VAD embryos at or before the 4/5 somite stage rescues the expression of RARalpha2 and RARbeta2 within approximately 45 min and restores normal development. RARbeta2 expression requires the expression of RARalpha2. After neurulation, the expression of all retinoid receptors in the VAD quail embryo becomes independent of vitamin A status and is similar to that of the normal. The mRNA levels and sites of expression of the key enzyme for retinoic acid biosynthesis, Raldh-2, are not affected by vitamin A status; the expression pattern is restricted and does not correspond to that of retinoid receptors at all sites. The general patterns and intensity of retinoid receptor gene expression during early quail development are comparable to those of the mammalian and thus validate the application of results from retinoid-regulated avian development studies to those of the mammalian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cui
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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24
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Adám G, Perrimon N, Noselli S. The retinoic-like juvenile hormone controls the looping of left-right asymmetric organs in Drosophila. Development 2003; 130:2397-406. [PMID: 12702654 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrate development, the establishment of left-right asymmetry is essential for sidedness and the directional looping of organs like the heart. Both the nodal pathway and retinoic acid play major and conserved regulatory roles in these processes. We carried out a novel screen in Drosophila to identify mutants that specifically affect the looping of left-right asymmetric organs. We report the isolation of spin, a novel mutant in which the looping of the genitalia and spermiduct are incomplete; under-rotation of the genitalia indicates that spin controls looping morphogenesis but not direction, thus uncoupling left-right asymmetry and looping morphogenesis. spin is a novel, rotation-specific allele of the fasciclin2 (Fas2) gene, which encodes a cell-adhesion protein involved in several aspects of neurogenesis. In spin mutants, the synapses connecting specific neurosecretory cells to the corpora allata are affected. The corpus allatum is part of the ring gland and is involved in the control of juvenile hormone titers during development. Our genetic and pharmacological results indicate that Fas2(spin) rotation defects are linked to an abnormal endocrine function and an elevated level of juvenile hormone. As juvenile hormone is an insect sesquiterpenoid related to retinoic acid, these results establish a new genetic model for studying organ looping and demonstrate an evolutionarily conserved role for terpenoids in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géza Adám
- Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer, Centre de Biochimie-UMR 6543-CNRS, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France
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25
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Matt N, Ghyselinck NB, Wendling O, Chambon P, Mark M. Retinoic acid-induced developmental defects are mediated by RARbeta/RXR heterodimers in the pharyngeal endoderm. Development 2003; 130:2083-93. [PMID: 12668623 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fusion and hypoplasia of the first two branchial arches, a defect typically observed in retinoic acid (RA) embryopathy, is generated in cultured mouse embryos upon treatment with BMS453, a synthetic compound that exhibits retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta) agonistic properties in transfected cells. By contrast, no branchial arch defects are observed following treatment with synthetic retinoids that exhibit RARalpha or RARgamma agonistic properties. The BMS453-induced branchial arch defects are mediated through RAR activation, as they are similar to those generated by a selective pan-RAR agonist, are prevented by a selective pan-RAR antagonist and cannot be mimicked by exposure to a pan-RXR agonist alone. They are enhanced in the presence of a pan-RXR agonist, and cannot be generated in Rarb-null embryos. Furthermore, they are accompanied, in the morphologically altered region, by ectopic expression of Rarb and of several other direct RA target genes. Therefore, craniofacial abnormalities characteristic of the RA embryopathy are mediated through ectopic activation of RARbeta/RXR heterodimers, in which the ligand-dependent activity of RXR is subordinated to that of RARbeta. Endodermal cells lining the first two branchial arches respond to treatment with the RARbeta agonist, in contrast to neural crest cells and ectoderm, which suggests that a faulty endodermal regionalization is directly responsible for RA-induced branchial arch dysmorphologies. Additionally, we provide the first in vivo evidence that the synthetic RARbeta agonist BMS453 exhibits an antagonistic activity on the two other RAR isotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Matt
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
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