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Lauterbach AL, Slezak AJ, Wang R, Cao S, Raczy MM, Watkins EA, Jimenez CJM, Hubbell JA. Mannose-Decorated Co-Polymer Facilitates Controlled Release of Butyrate to Accelerate Chronic Wound Healing. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300515. [PMID: 37503634 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate is a key bacterial metabolite that plays an important and complex role in modulation of immunity and maintenance of epithelial barriers. Its translation to clinic is limited by poor bioavailability, pungent smell, and the need for high doses, and effective delivery strategies have yet to realize clinical potential. Here, a novel polymeric delivery platform for tunable and sustainable release of butyrate consisting of a methacrylamide backbone with butyryl ester or phenyl ester side chains as well as mannosyl side chains, which is also applicable to other therapeutically relevant metabolites is reported. This platform's utility in the treatment of non-healing diabetic wounds is explored. This butyrate-containing material modulated immune cell activation in vitro and induced striking changes in the milieu of soluble cytokine and chemokine signals present within the diabetic wound microenvironment in vivo. This novel therapy shows efficacy in the treatment of non-healing wounds through the modulation of the soluble signals present within the wound, and importantly accommodates the critical temporal regulation associated with the wound healing process. Currently, the few therapies to address non-healing wounds demonstrate limited efficacy. This novel platform is positioned to address this large unmet clinical need and improve the closure of otherwise non-healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Lauterbach
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Anna J Slezak
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ruyi Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Shijie Cao
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Michal M Raczy
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Elyse A Watkins
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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2
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Schaefer AK, Wastyk HC, Mohanan V, Hou CW, Lauro ML, Melnyk JE, Burch JM, Grimes CL. Crohn's Disease Variants of Nod2 Are Stabilized by the Critical Contact Region of Hsp70. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4445-4448. [PMID: 28792733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nod2 is a cytosolic, innate immune receptor responsible for binding to bacterial cell wall fragments such as muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Upon binding, subsequent downstream activation of the NF-κB pathway leads to an immune response. Nod2 mutations are correlated with an increased susceptibility to Crohn's disease (CD) and ultimately result in a misregulated immune response. Previous work had demonstrated that Nod2 interacts with and is stabilized by the molecular chaperone Hsp70. In this work, it is shown using purified protein and in vitro biochemical assays that the critical Nod2 CD mutations (G908R, R702W, and 1007fs) preserve the ability to bind bacterial ligands. A limited proteolysis assay and luciferase reporter assay reveal regions of Hsp70 that are capable of stabilizing Nod2 and rescuing CD mutant activity. A minimal 71-amino acid subset of Hsp70 that stabilizes the CD-associated variants of Nod2 and restores a proper immune response upon activation with MDP was identified. This work suggests that CD-associated Nod2 variants could be stabilized in vivo with a molecular chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Hannah C Wastyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Vishnu Mohanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Ching-Wen Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Mackenzie L Lauro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - James E Melnyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jason M Burch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Catherine L Grimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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3
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Lauro ML, Burch JM, Grimes CL. The effect of NOD2 on the microbiota in Crohn's disease. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 40:97-102. [PMID: 27035071 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements toward the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) indicate great promise for long-term remission. CD patients suffer from a complex host of dysregulated interactions between their innate immune system and microbiome. The most predominant link to the onset of CD is a genetic mutation in the innate immune receptor nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing 2 (NOD2). NOD2 responds to the presence of bacteria and stimulates the immune response. Mutations to NOD2 promote low diversity and dysbiosis in the microbiome, leading to impaired mucosal barrier function. Current treatments suppress the immune response rather than enhancing the function of this critical protein. New progress toward stabilizing NOD2 signaling through its interactions with chaperone proteins holds potential in the development of novel CD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie L Lauro
- University of Delaware, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Jason M Burch
- University of Delaware, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Newark, DE 19716, United States
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4
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Furukawa A, Koriyama Y. A role of Heat Shock Protein 70 in Photoreceptor Cell Death: Potential as a Novel Therapeutic Target in Retinal Degeneration. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 22:7-14. [PMID: 26507240 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases (RDs) such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by night blindness and peripheral vision loss, which caused by the dysfunction and death of photoreceptor cells. Although many causative gene mutations have been reported, the final common end stage is photoreceptor cell death. Unfortunately, no effective treatments or therapeutic agents have been discovered. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is highly conserved and has antiapoptotic activities. A few reports have shown that HSP70 plays a role in RDs. Thus, we focused on the role of HSP70 in photoreceptor cell death. Using the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death model in mice, we could examine two stages of the novel cell death mechanism; the early stage, including HSP70 cleavage through protein carbonylation by production of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation and Ca(2+) influx/calpain activation, and the late stage of cathepsin and/or caspase activation. The upregulation of intact HSP70 expression by its inducer is likely to protect photoreceptor cells. In this review, we focus on the role of HSP70 and the novel cell death signaling process in RDs. We also describe candidate therapeutic agents for RDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Furukawa
- Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Koriyama
- Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
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Lyu BN, Ismailov SB, Ismailov B, Lyu MB. Mitochondrial concept of leukemogenesis: key role of oxygen-peroxide effects. Theor Biol Med Model 2008; 5:23. [PMID: 19014456 PMCID: PMC2614412 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-5-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and hypothesis The high sensitivity of hematopoietic cells, especially stem cells, to radiation and to pro-oxidative and other leukemogenic agents is related to certain of their morphological and metabolic features. It is attributable to the low (minimal) number of active mitochondria and the consequently slow utilization of O2 entering the cell. This results in an increased intracellular partial pressure of O2 (pO2) and increased levels of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species, and a Δ(PO – AO) imbalance between the pro-oxidative (PO) and antioxidative (AO) constituents. Proposed mechanism Because excessive O2 is toxic, we suggest that hematopoietic cells exist in a kind of unstable dynamic balance. This suggestion is based on the idea that mitochondria not only consume O2 in the process of ATP production but also constitute the main anti-oxygenic stage in the cell's protective antioxidative system. Variations in the mitochondrial base capacity (quantity and quality of mitochondria) constitute an important and highly efficient channel for regulating the oxidative stress level within a cell. The primary target for leukemogenic agents is the few mitochondria within the hematopoietic stem cell. Disturbance and weakening of their respiratory function further enhances the initial pro-oxidative state of the cell. This readily results in peroxygenation stress, creating the necessary condition for inducing leukemogenesis. We propose that this is the main cause of all related genetic and other disorders in the cell. ROS, RNS and peroxides act as signal molecules affecting redox-sensitive transcription factors, enzymes, oncogenes and other effectors. Thereby, they influence the expression and suppression of many genes, as well as the course and direction of proliferation, differentiation, leukemogenesis and apoptosis. Differentiation of leukemic cells is blocked at the precursor stage. While the transformation of non-hematopoietic cells into tumor cells starts during proliferation, hematopoietic cells become leukemic at one of the interim stages in differentiation, and differentiation does not continue beyond that point. Proliferation is switched to differentiation and back according to a trigger principle, again involving ROS and RNS. When the leukemogenic ΔL(PO – AO) imbalance decreases in an under-differentiated leukemia cell to the differentiation level ΔD(PO – AO), the cell may continue to differentiate to the terminal stage. Conclusion The argument described in this article is used to explain the causes of congenital and children's leukemia, and the induction of leukemia by certain agents (vitamin K3, benzene, etc.). Specific research is required to validate the proposals made in this article. This will require accurate and accessible methods for measuring and assessing oxidative stress in different types of cells in general, and in hematopoietic cells in particular, in their different functional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris N Lyu
- Scientific Center for Anti-Infectious Drugs, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
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6
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Tena-Suck ML, Moreno-Jiménez S, Alonso M, Aguirre-Crux L, Sánchez A. Oligodendrogliomas in relation to astrocytes differentiation. Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study. Ann Diagn Pathol 2008; 12:313-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Chen CJ, Chang WC, Chen BK. Attenuation of c-Jun and Sp1 expression and p300 recruitment to gene promoter confers the trichostatin A-induced inhibition of 12(S)-lipoxygenase expression in EGF-treated A431 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 591:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Wang X, Wang Q, Guo L, Ying X, Zhao Y. Immunolocalisation of heat shock protein 72 and glycoprotein 96 in colonic adenocarcinoma. Acta Histochem 2007; 110:117-23. [PMID: 18155754 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) and glycoprotein 96 (gp96) are highly expressed in cancer tissues. Recent studies indicate the possible roles of HSP72 and gp96 in the development and progression of colonic carcinomas, but detailed information is still ambiguous. In this study, we investigated the correlation between clinical pathology and immunolocalisation of HSP72 and gp96 in human colonic carcinoma. The distribution of HSP72 and gp96 was studied in 160 human colonic carcinomas, with or without metastasis, as well as in mucous membranes adjacent to cancers by means of immunohistochemistry. HSP72 immunoreactivity was detected in 145 of 160 primary tumours (90.6%) and in 44 of 160 mucous membranes adjacent to cancers (27.5%). Gp96 was detected in 81.3% colonic carcinomas and in 13.8% mucous membranes adjacent to cancer. Immunolocalisation of HSP72 and gp96 was mainly cytoplasmic. HSP72 and gp96 immunolabelling was significantly higher in colonic carcinomas with metastasis than in those without metastasis (P<0.05). The results indicate a significant correlation between the immunopositivity of HSP72 and gp96 and the progression of colonic carcinomas. Immunolabelling of HSP72 and gp96 may be useful as diagnostic or prognostic markers in colonic carcinoma.
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9
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Wang XP, Wang QX, Ying XP. Correlation between clinicopathology and expression of heat shock protein 72 and glycoprotein 96 in human gastric adenocarcinoma. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2007; 212:35-41. [PMID: 17464101 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.212.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) and glycoprotein 96 (gp96) are highly expressed in cancer tissues. Recent studies indicate the possible roles of HSP72 and gp96 in the development and progression of gastric carcinomas but detailed information is still ambiguous. In this study, we investigated the correlation between clinicopathology and expression of HSP72 and gp96 in human gastric carcinoma. The expression of HSP72 and gp96 was studied in 60 human gastric carcinomas with or without metastasis as well as in mucous membrane adjacent to cancers by way of immunohistochemistry. HSP72 immunoreactivities were detected in 54 of 60 primary tumors (90.0%) and in 22 of 60 mucous membranes adjacent to cancers (36.7%). Likewise, gp96 immunoreactivities were detected in 49 cases of gastric carcinoma (81.7%) and in 15 samples of mucous membrane adjacent to cancer (25.0%). Both HSP72 and gp96 were stained in cytoplasm. HSP72 and gp96 expression in colonic carcinomas with metastasis was significantly higher than those with non-metastasis (p < 0.05). The results indicate that there exists a significant correlation between the expression of HSP72 and gp96 and the progression of gastric carcinomas. The high-level expression of HSP72 and gp96 may be used as diagnostic or prognostic markers for gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, China.
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10
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Kumar N, Gammell P, Clynes M. Proliferation control strategies to improve productivity and survival during CHO based production culture : A summary of recent methods employed and the effects of proliferation control in product secreting CHO cell lines. Cytotechnology 2007; 53:33-46. [PMID: 19003188 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese Hamster Ovary cells are the primary system for the production of recombinant proteins for therapeutic use. Protein productivity is directly proportional to viable biomass, viability and culture longevity of the producer cells and a number of approaches have been taken to optimise these parameters. Cell cycle arrest, particularly in G1 phase, typically using reduced temperature cultivation and nutritional control have been used to enhance productivity in production cultures by prolonging the production phase, but the mechanism by which these approaches work is still not fully understood. In this article, we analyse the public literature on proliferation control approaches as they apply to production cell lines with particular reference to what is known about the mechanisms behind each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 11, Ireland
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11
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Afanasyeva EA, Komarova EY, Larsson LG, Bahram F, Margulis BA, Guzhova IV. Drug-induced Myc-mediated apoptosis of cancer cells is inhibited by stress protein Hsp70. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2615-21. [PMID: 17694514 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Myc oncoprotein serves a dual function by stimulating cells both towards growth and apoptosis. The latter functions are often abrogated during tumor development. The Hsp70 stress protein is a potent anti-apoptotic molecule, but its potential role in protecting cells from Myc-mediated apoptosis has not been investigated. Our results show that activated Myc potentiated apoptosis induced by the cancer drugs etoposide (ETO) and camptothecin (CAMP) in v-Myc-expressing human U-937 monoblastic cells and in Rat1 cells containing a conditionally active Myc/estrogen receptor (MycER) fusion protein. However, both heat shock and ectopic Hsp70 expression protected the cells from Myc-mediated apoptosis after drug treatment in both systems. The increased susceptibility to the anti-tumor drugs by activated Myc was enhanced by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Hsp70 expression in U-937 cells. Addressing the mechanisms by which Myc and Hsp70 promotes and inhibits drug-induced apoptosis, respectively, we found that v-Myc stimulated cytochrome c release and activation of effector caspase-9, -3 and -7, but not of initiator caspase-8. Inhibition of caspase-9 specifically reduced v-Myc-stimulated apoptosis, whereas inhibition of caspase-8 and -3/7 reduced apoptosis both in v-myc-expressing and parental ETO-treated U-937 cells. Interestingly, Myc-stimulated activation of effector caspases was inhibited, but cytochrome c release was not affected by Hsp70 expression, suggesting that Hsp70 interferes with the proapoptotic function of Myc downstream of mitochondria, at the level of caspase-9 and downstream caspases. In conclusion, Hsp70 seems to have key function in inhibition of apoptosis mediated by Myc and may therefore play an important role in Myc-driven oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Afanasyeva
- Laboratory of Cell Protection Mechanism, Institute of Cytology RAS, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
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Husain Z, Almeciga I, Delgado JC, Clavijo OP, Castro JE, Belalcazar V, Pinto C, Zuñiga J, Romero V, Yunis EJ. Increased FasL expression correlates with apoptotic changes in granulocytes cultured with oxidized clozapine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 214:326-34. [PMID: 16510162 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Clozapine has been associated with a 1% incidence of agranulocytosis. The formation of an oxidized intermediate clozapine metabolite has been implicated in direct polymorphonuclear (PMN) toxicity. We utilized two separate systems to analyze the role of oxidized clozapine in inducing apoptosis in treated cells. Human PMN cells incubated with clozapine (0-10 microM) in the presence of 0.1 mM H2O2 demonstrated a progressive decrease of surface CD16 expression along with increased apoptosis. RT-PCR analysis showed decreased CD16 but increased FasL gene expression in clozapine-treated PMN cells. No change in constitutive Fas expression was observed in treated cells. In HL-60 cells induced to differentiate with retinoic acid (RA), a similar increase in FasL expression, but no associated changes in CD16 gene expression, was observed following clozapine treatments. Our results demonstrate increased FasL gene expression in oxidized clozapine-induced apoptotic neutrophils suggesting that apoptosis in granulocytes treated with clozapine involves Fas/FasL interaction that initiates a cascade of events leading to clozapine-induced agranulocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaheed Husain
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Sui CY, Li HY, Hu Y, Zong ZH, Li HX, Guo RX. Purification of heat shock protein 70 peptide complex and its effect on proliferation of HepG-2 cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:1775-1779. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i18.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To separate and purify heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) peptide complex from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), and investigate its effect on the proliferation of HepG-2 cells.
METHODS: The mixture of proteins was derived from HCC tissues by means of splitting and centrifugation. Then the proteins were purified by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose and ion exchange chromatography with DEAE-Sephacel. The obtained protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot for its molecular weight and property. Bradford method was used to measure the concentration of the protein. The growth of HepG-2 cells, which were stimulated by HSP-70 peptide complex (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 mg/L), was observed by MTT assay.
RESULTS: A protein band with a molecular weight of about 70 kDa was obtained and shown by SDS-PAGE, and it was confirmed to be the HSP70 by Western blot. Bradford method showed that a quantity of 1.5 mg HSP70 protein was obtained from every 10 g HCC tissues. After treatment with HSP-70 peptide complex, the value of optical density (OD) in HSP70 group was significantly higher at 24, 48, and 72 h than that in control group (0.1 mg/L: t = - 0.2500, P = 0.00; t = -0.1777, P = 0.001; t = -0.3094, P = 0.001; 0.5 mg/L: t = -0.2878, P = 0.00; t = -0.2044, P = 0.00; t = -0.3285, P = 0.00; 1 mg/L: t = -0.3118, P = 0.00; t = -0.2592, P = 0.00; t = -0.1994, P = 0.025; 5 mg/L: t = -0.4007, P = 0.00; t = -0.1302, P = 0.016; t = -0.2537, P = 0.005), and the cell livability in HSP70 group was also significantly higher (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: The pure HSP70-peptide complex is obtained, and it can promote the growth of HepG-2 cells.
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Dai Y, Rahmani M, Dent P, Grant S. Blockade of histone deacetylase inhibitor-induced RelA/p65 acetylation and NF-kappaB activation potentiates apoptosis in leukemia cells through a process mediated by oxidative damage, XIAP downregulation, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 activation. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:5429-44. [PMID: 15964800 PMCID: PMC1156999 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.13.5429-5444.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-kappaB activation is reciprocally regulated by RelA/p65 acetylation and deacetylation, which are mediated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and deacetylases (HDACs). Here we demonstrate that in leukemia cells, NF-kappaB activation by the HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) MS-275 and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid was associated with hyperacetylation and nuclear translocation of RelA/p65. The latter events, as well as the association of RelA/p65 with IkappaBalpha, were strikingly diminished by either coadministration of the IkappaBalpha phosphorylation inhibitor Bay 11-7082 (Bay) or transfection with an IkappaBalpha superrepressor. Inhibition of NF-kappaB by pharmacological inhibitors or genetic strategies markedly potentiated apoptosis induced by HDACIs, and this was accompanied by enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, downregulation of Mn-superoxide dismutase and XIAP, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) activation. Conversely, N-acetyl L-cysteine blocked apoptosis induced by Bay/HDACIs by abrogating ROS generation. Inhibition of JNK1 activation attenuated Bay/HDACI lethality without affecting NF-kappaB inactivation and ROS generation. Finally, XIAP overexpression dramatically protected cells against the Bay/HDACI regimen but failed to prevent ROS production and JNK1 activation. Together, these data suggest that HDACIs promote the accumulation of acetylated RelA/p65 in the nucleus, leading to NF-kappaB activation. Moreover, interference with these events by either pharmacological or genetic means leads to a dramatic increase in HDACI-mediated lethality through enhanced oxidative damage, downregulation of NF-kappaB-dependent antiapoptotic proteins, and stress-related JNK1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Dai
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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15
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Wang XP, Liao J, Liu GZ, Wang XC, Shang HW. Co-expression of heat shock protein 70 and glucose-regulated protein 94 in human gastric carcinoma cell line BGC-823. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:3601-4. [PMID: 15962384 PMCID: PMC4315970 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i23.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the co-expression and significance of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and glucose-regulated protein 94 (grp94) in human gastric carcinoma cell line BGC-823.
METHODS: The expression and localization of HSP70 and grp94 in human gastric carcinoma cell line BGC-823 were determined by immunocytochemistry and indirect immunofluorescence cytochemical staining. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the correlation between expression of HSP70, grp94 and cell cycle in BGC-823 cell line.
RESULTS: Gastric cancer cell line BGC-823 expressed high level of HSP70 and grp94. The positive rate of HSP70 and grp94 was 84.9±4.94% and 79.6±5.16%, respectively. Both of them were stained in cell plasma. There was a significant difference compared with control group (1.9±0.94%, P<0.01). During the cell cycle, HSP70 and grp94 were continuously expressed in BGC-823.
CONCLUSION: HSP70 and grp94 are highly expressed in human gastric carcinoma BGC-823 cells through the whole cell cycle. There is no relationship between expression of HSP70, grp94 and cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100054, China.
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16
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Wang XP, Qiu FR, Liu GZ, Chen RF. Correlation between clinicopathology and expression of heat shock protein 70 and glucose-regulated protein 94 in human colonic adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:1056-9. [PMID: 15742415 PMCID: PMC4250772 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i7.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the correlation between clinicopathology and expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and glucose-regulated protein 94 (grp94) in human colonic carcinoma.
METHODS: The expression of HSP70 and grp94 was studied in 80 human colonic cancers with or without metastasis as well as in their adjacent mucous membrane by way of immunohistochemistry and pathology photograph analysis.
RESULTS: The expression of HSP70 and grp94 was significantly higher in cancer than that in adjacent mucous membrane (92.5%, 85.0% vs 56.3%, 42.5%, P<0.01). HSP70 and grp94 expressed higher in moderately- and poorly-differentiated colonic cancers than that in their adjacent tissues (93.7%, 87.5%; 100%, 90% vs 56.3%, 42.5%; P<0.01). Dukes C and D stages of colonic cancers showed higher positive rates than Dukes A and B stage groups (97.1%, 91.2%; 100%, 90.9%; vs 80%, 70%; 78.6%, 71.4%; P<0.05). There were definite differences in HSP70 and grp94 expression between metastasis groups and non-metastasis groups (100% vs 75%, 100% vs 50%, P<0.05).
CONCLUSION: The HSP70 and grp94 expression rates in colonic cancer groups are significantly higher than that in their adjacent mucous membrane. The HSP70 and grp94 expression in poorly-differentiated colonic cancers with metastasis is significantly higher than well-differentiated cancers without metastasis. The overexpression of HSP70 and grp94 can be used as diagnostic or prognostic markers for colonic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100054, China.
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17
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Wang XP, Liu GZ, Song AL, Chen RF, Li HY, Liu Y. Expression and significance of heat shock protein 70 and glucose-regulated protein 94 in human esophageal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:429-32. [PMID: 15637761 PMCID: PMC4205355 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i3.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression and significance of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and glucose-regulated protein 94 (grp94) in human esophageal carcinoma and adjacent normal tissues.
METHODS: The expression of HSP70 and grp94 in 78 human esophageal cancer and adjacent normal tissues was studied by immunohistochemistry and pathology photograph analysis.
RESULTS: Both esophageal cancer and adjacent normal tissues could express HSP70 and grp94. Of the 78 cases of esophageal carcinoma, 95.0%(72/78) showed positive HSP70, mainly stained in nuclei, while grp94 was mainly stained in cell plasma, and the positive rate was 71.8%(56/78).There was a significant difference in the expression of HSP70 and grp94 between esophageal cancer and adjacent normal tissues (P<0.01). Compared with adjacent normal tissues, there was a significant difference between differential types and HSP70 expression (P<0.01).
CONCLUSION: HSP70 and grp94 express differently in cell plasma and nuclei. The expression intensity of HSP70 is related to the differentiation of esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100054, China.
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18
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Sangiuolo F, D'Apice MR, Gambardella S, Di Daniele N, Novelli G. Toward the pharmacogenomics of cystic fibrosis – an update. Pharmacogenomics 2004; 5:861-78. [PMID: 15469408 DOI: 10.1517/14622416.5.7.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common autosomal recessive disorder in Caucasians, with a frequency of ∼ 1 in 3000 live births. The mutated gene is a defective chloride channel in epithelial cells, named cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Several different protocols for the scanning of the entire gene have aided molecular diagnosis and improved our understanding of the disorder’s pathophysiology, but also showed the disease’s complexity. Therefore, CF phenotype remains difficult to predict from CFTR mutation data alone: several studies have suggested that additional genes could modulate its clinical outcome. Gene replacement therapy is still far from being used in patients with CF, mostly due to the difficulties with targeting the appropriate cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances, both in the pharmacological and gene therapy field, aimed for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sangiuolo
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Roma, Italy
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19
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Ridd K, Alexander DJ, Reed CJ. Foetal rat lung epithelial (FRLE) cells: alterations in cellular homeostasis and gene expression in response to etoposide, hydrogen peroxide and sodium butyrate. Toxicology 2004; 195:209-20. [PMID: 14751676 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genomics technology offers a way of detecting the effects of a toxin on the expression of many genes in a single experiment. We have previously partially characterised a foetal rat lung epithelial (FRLE) cell line and shown that it is suitable for use in a pneumocytotoxicity screen. In this study, we wanted to ascertain whether we could use alterations in FRLE cell gene expression as a sensitive marker of cell stress. Sodium butyrate and etoposide were shown to arrest FRLE cell cycle at G0/G1 and G2/M phase of the cell cycle, respectively and this was associated with a decrease in the number of cells in culture. Following 24 h of culture both compounds caused a statistically significant increase in the mRNA levels of the cell cycle inhibitory protein, gadd153, whereas p21 was statistically altered by etoposide only. Hydrogen peroxide induced growth arrest at low concentrations (< or =250 microM) following 24 h of culture. We could not detect an increase in apoptosis or in the mRNA levels of the pro-apoptotic protein bax in FRLE cells following culture with hydrogen peroxide or etoposide. Thus, it was possible to correlate cellular perturbations in FRLE cells with alterations in gene expression, demonstrating that these cells are suitable for use in a toxicity screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ridd
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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20
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Chen T, Sun H, Lu J, Zhao Y, Tao D, Li X, Huang B. Histone acetylation is involved in hsp70 gene transcription regulation in Drosophila melanogaster. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 408:171-6. [PMID: 12464268 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The acetylation/deacetylation modifications of N-terminal tails of core histones play critical roles in activation/repression of many eukaryotic genes. However, the role of acetylation in transcription regulation of heat shock protein genes (hsp) is still a disputed issue. In this study, we investigated the influences of histone acetylation modification on changes in structure of polytene chromosomes and in expression of hsp70 gene in Drosophila melanogaster, by using histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors Trichostatin A (TSA) and sodium butyrate (BuA), and the heat shock treatment of larvae of the flies. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that both TSA and BuA were able to affect the chromatin structure at the site where hsp70 gene is located along the polytene chromosome. Furthermore, the HDAC inhibitors significantly promoted the hsp70 gene transcription, at an extent similar to that induced by heat shock. The immunofluorescence in situ localization study further confirmed that the hsp70 gene locus was hyperacetylated after the heat induction. We therefore conclude that histone acetylation can significantly enhance both the basal and the inducible expression of hsp70 gene in D. melanogaster and hence plays important roles in hsp gene regulation. This study has provided a basis and a framework for further investigations aimed at the establishment of the correlation between acetylation modification and hsp gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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21
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Powell K, Zeitlin PL. Therapeutic approaches to repair defects in deltaF508 CFTR folding and cellular targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002; 54:1395-408. [PMID: 12458151 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(02)00148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The deltaF508 mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene is the most common mutation in CF. The mutant CFTR protein is defective with respect to multiple functions including cAMP-regulated chloride conductance, nucleotide transport, and regulatory actions on other ion channels. Since the deltaF508 protein is also temperature-sensitive and unstable during translation and folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), most of the nascent chains are targeted for premature proteolysis from the ER. This paper focuses on the events that occur in the ER during folding and reviews potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Powell
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 316 Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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22
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Iwata K, Tomita K, Sano H, Fujii Y, Yamasaki A, Shimizu E. Trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, down-regulates interleukin-12 transcription in SV-40-transformed lung epithelial cells. Cell Immunol 2002; 218:26-33. [PMID: 12470611 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(02)00523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of histone deacetylation results in increased gene expression. Trichostatin (Ts)A, a specific histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, up-regulates transcription of some genes but represses expression of others. We quantified histone acetylation in SV-40-transformed lung epithelial cells using flow cytometry. Further, to evaluate the effect of TsA on transcription of genes associated with airway inflammation, we measured interleukin (IL)-8 production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as well as IL-12 transcription by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, in the transformed cells after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of TsA. Pretreatment of cells with TsA before LPS stimulation induced hyperacetylation of histones (especially in the S phase of the cell cycle), enhanced IL-8 production, and suppressed IL-12p35 and IL-12p40 mRNA accumulation. Thus we have demonstrated a useful way to detect hyperacetylation at the single-cell level, as well as the ability of an HDAC inhibitor to repress genes in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Iwata
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-machi, Yonago-shi, Tottori-ken 683-8504, Japan
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23
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Kim NS, Lee GM. Overexpression of bcl-2 inhibits sodium butyrate-induced apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cells resulting in enhanced humanized antibody production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 71:184-93. [PMID: 11291028 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(2000)71:3<184::aid-bit1008>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sodium butyrate (NaBu) can enhance the expression of genes from some of the mammalian promoters including cytomegalovirus (CMV) and simian virus 40 (SV40), but it can also inhibit cell growth and induce cellular apoptosis. Thus, the beneficial effect of using a higher concentration of NaBu on a foreign protein expression is compromised by its cytotoxic effect on cell growth. To overcome this cytotoxic effect of NaBu, a survival protein, human Bcl-2, was overexpressed in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (SH2-0.32), producing a humanized antibody directed against the S surface antigen of hepatitis B virus. When batch cultures of both control cells transfected with bcl-2-deficient plasmid (SH2-0.32-Deltabcl-2) and cells transfected with bcl-2 expression plasmid (14C6-bcl-2) were performed in the absence of NaBu, both cells showed similar profiles of cell viability and antibody production. Compared with the SH2-0.32-Deltabcl-2 culture, under the condition of NaBu addition at the exponential growth phase, overexpression of the bcl-2 gene considerably suppressed the NaBu-induced apoptosis of 14C6-bcl-2 by inhibiting caspase 3 activity and extending culture longevity by >2 days. As a result, the final antibody concentration of 14C6-bcl-2 culture was twofold higher than that of SH2-0.32-Deltabcl-2 culture in the presence of NaBu and threefold higher than that of SH2-0.32-Deltabcl-2 and 14C6-bcl-2 cultures in the absence of NaBu.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Kusong-Dong, Yusong-Gu, Taejon 305-701, Korea
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24
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Santini V, Gozzini A, Scappini B, Grossi A, Rossi Ferrini P. Searching for the magic bullet against cancer: the butyrate saga. Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 42:275-89. [PMID: 11699392 DOI: 10.3109/10428190109064584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
n-Butyric acid and its "polymorphic" derivatives have been largely but somehow "blindly" studied in oncology and in red cell diseases with consistent results through decades indicating a strong maturative effect determined by enhancement of gene transcription. Although these effects have been observed mainly in vitro, the relative absence of systemic toxicity of butyrates render these compounds appealing as specific therapeutic agents. More interestingly, their specific mechanism of action, i.e. inhibition of histone deacetylase and de-repression of transcription represents at present an unique tool for diseases such as acute leukemias which are characterised by a disregulation of co-repressors and co-activators of gene transcription. More insight into specificity and modalities of action of different butyrate derivatives may be a guarantee for excellent tailored antileukemic therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Santini
- Department of Hematology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy.
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25
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Choo-Kang LR, Zeitlin PL. Induction of HSP70 promotes DeltaF508 CFTR trafficking. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281:L58-68. [PMID: 11404246 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.1.l58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The DeltaF508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a temperature-sensitive trafficking mutant that is detected as an immature 160-kDa form (band B) in gel electrophoresis. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that HSP70, a member of the 70-kDa heat shock protein family, promotes DeltaF508 CFTR processing to the mature 180-kDa form (band C). Both pharmacological and genetic techniques were used to induce HSP70. IB3-1 cells were treated with sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4PBA) to promote maturation of DeltaF508 CFTR to band C. A dose-dependent increase in band C and total cellular HSP70 was observed. Under these conditions, HSP70-CFTR complexes were increased and 70-kDa heat shock cognate protein-CFTR complexes were decreased. Increased DeltaF508 CFTR maturation was also seen after transfection with an HSP70 expression plasmid and exposure to glutamine, an inducer of HSP70. With immunofluorescence techniques, the increased appearance of CFTR band C correlated with CFTR distribution beyond the perinuclear regions. These data suggest that induction of HSP70 promotes DeltaF508 CFTR maturation and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Choo-Kang
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-2533, USA
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26
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Della Ragione F, Criniti V, Della Pietra V, Borriello A, Oliva A, Indaco S, Yamamoto T, Zappia V. Genes modulated by histone acetylation as new effectors of butyrate activity. FEBS Lett 2001; 499:199-204. [PMID: 11423116 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of evidence correlates the chemopreventive activity of a fiber-rich diet with the production of butyrate. In order to identify the genes transcriptionally modulated by the molecule, we analyzed the expression profile of butyrate-treated colon cancer cells by means of cDNA expression arrays. Moreover, the effect of trichostatin A, a specific histone deacetylase inhibitor, was studied. A superimposable group of 23 genes out of 588 investigated is modulated by both butyrate and trichostatin A. Among them, a major target was tob-1, a gene involved in the control of cell cycle. tob-1 is also up-regulated by butyrate in a neuroblastoma-derived cell line, and its overexpression in the colon cells caused growth arrest. Our findings represent an extensive analysis of genes modulated by butyrate and identify completely new effectors of its biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Della Ragione
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics F. Cedrangolo, Medical School, Second University of Naples, Italy.
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27
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Alcocer F, Whitley D, Salazar J, Jordan W, Bland KI. Mutual exclusion of apoptosis and hsp70 in human vein intimal hyperplasia in vitro. J Surg Res 2001; 96:75-80. [PMID: 11180999 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2000.6049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) plays a role in physiological vascular remodeling, as well as in disease states such as atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty. Heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) may protect the cell against apoptosis and/or necrosis. In this study, we examined hsp70 expression and its temporal relationship to cell survival or death in a model of intimal vein hyperplasia in vitro. METHODS Segments of human saphenous veins were placed into culture. At different days vein segments were serum-starved or exposed to heat shock. Apoptosis and hsp70 expression were analyzed by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and TUNEL assay. RESULTS A marked intimal vein hyperplasia developed after 14 days of culture when compared with baseline. hsp70 was present at baseline and disappeared during culture. Heating during culture could not up-regulate hsp70. The apoptotic markers were absent at baseline and present during normal culture. Conversely, serum starvation stimulated strong hsp70 expression coincidental with the disappearance of apoptotic markers. CONCLUSIONS Stimulation of veins during culture with serum resulted in hyperplasia, apoptosis, and inhibition of hsp70 expression. Down-regulation of hsp70 may permit apoptosis and vessel wall remodeling in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Alcocer
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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28
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Abstract
The work ahead necessary to develop and refine clinically useful antiapoptotic therapy in ischemic-reperfusion injury is daunting. There are many unanswered questions. What is the best method of detecting apoptosis in the cardiac myocytes? What will be the most practical method to deliver this therapy to the cardiac myocyte? Will antiapoptotic agents act selectively on affected myocytes to provide clinical efficacy? Will antiapoptotic agents be effective, or will they be limited by dose heterogeneity? If antiapoptotic is proven to have long lasting efficacy, should it be used for all patients with myocardial infarction or confined only to patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Will antiapoptotic therapy be so effective that it replaces ACE inhibitors and betablockers, or will it always be used as an adjunct to an ACE inhibitor or a betablocker? These questions lay the foundation for investigation for the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Baliga
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0271, USA.
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29
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress IL-2–mediated gene expression prior to induction of apoptosis. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.4.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHistone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can induce transcriptional activation of a number of genes and induce cellular differentiation as histone acetylation levels increase. Although these inhibitors induce apoptosis in several cell lines, the precise mechanism by which they do so remains obscure. This study shows that HDAC inhibitors, sodium butyrate and trichostatin A (TSA), abrogate interleukin (IL)-2–mediated gene expression in IL-2–dependent cells. The HDAC inhibitors readily induced apoptosis in IL-2–dependent ILT-Mat cells and BAF-B03 transfectants expressing the IL-2 receptor βc chain, whereas they induced far less apoptosis in cytokine-independent K562 cells. However, these inhibitors similarly increased acetylation levels of histones in both cells. Although histone hyperacetylation is believed to lead to transcriptional activation, the results showed an abrogation of IL-2–mediated induction of c-myc,bag-1, and LC-PTP gene expression. This observed abrogation of gene expression occurred prior to phosphatidylserine externalization, a process that occurs in early apoptotic cells. Considering the biologic role played by IL-2–mediated gene expression in cell survival, these data suggest that its abrogation may contribute to the apoptotic process induced by HDAC inhibitors.
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30
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Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can induce transcriptional activation of a number of genes and induce cellular differentiation as histone acetylation levels increase. Although these inhibitors induce apoptosis in several cell lines, the precise mechanism by which they do so remains obscure. This study shows that HDAC inhibitors, sodium butyrate and trichostatin A (TSA), abrogate interleukin (IL)-2–mediated gene expression in IL-2–dependent cells. The HDAC inhibitors readily induced apoptosis in IL-2–dependent ILT-Mat cells and BAF-B03 transfectants expressing the IL-2 receptor βc chain, whereas they induced far less apoptosis in cytokine-independent K562 cells. However, these inhibitors similarly increased acetylation levels of histones in both cells. Although histone hyperacetylation is believed to lead to transcriptional activation, the results showed an abrogation of IL-2–mediated induction of c-myc,bag-1, and LC-PTP gene expression. This observed abrogation of gene expression occurred prior to phosphatidylserine externalization, a process that occurs in early apoptotic cells. Considering the biologic role played by IL-2–mediated gene expression in cell survival, these data suggest that its abrogation may contribute to the apoptotic process induced by HDAC inhibitors.
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31
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Wu YD, Song JD. The expression of glucose regulated protein-94 in colorectal carcinoma cells treated by sodium butyrate. Cell Res 2000; 10:115-25. [PMID: 10896173 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of glucose regulated protein 94 (GRP94) during the treatment of human colorectal carcinoma cell line-Clone A cells with sodium butyrate was studied. Sodium butyrate (SB) can cause functional and morphological effects on Clone A cells including growth arrest at G0/G1 stage and cell differentiation as observed by morphological changes, MTT and flow cytometry assays, as well as reduced Grp94 gene expression as shown by Northern blot and Western blot assays. The possible mechanism of the correlation between Grp94 gene expression and tumor growth inhibition and cell differentiation is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y D Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China
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32
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Galán A, Garcia-Bermejo L, Vilaboa NE, de Blas E, Aller P. Uncoupling of apoptosis and Jun/AP-1 activity in human promonocytic cells treated with DNA-damaging and stress-inducing agents. Eur J Cell Biol 2000; 79:1-9. [PMID: 10711420 DOI: 10.1078/s0171-9335(04)70001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies have indicated that Jun/AP-1 activity is associated with, and probably required for apoptosis induction by DNA-damaging and stress-inducing agents in human myeloid cells. To investigate this possibility, we examined the capacity of continuous treatments with etoposide (10 microM) and camptothecin (0.4 microM), and pulse treatments with X-rays (20 Gy), heat (2 h at 42.5 C) and cadmium chloride (2 h at 200 microM) followed by recovery, to provoke apoptosis and to simulate c-jun and c-fos expression and AP-1 binding in U-937 human promonocytic cells. All these treatments generated apoptosis with similar efficacy (50-60% apoptotic cells at 6 h of treatment or recovery). However, the capacity to increase c-jun and c-fos mRNA levels and to stimulate AP-1 binding was very different, ranging from more than a twelve-fold increase in the case of cadmium, to almost no increase in the case of heat-shock and etoposide. When the cells were pre-conditioned with a soft heat shock (1 h at 42 degrees C) the cadmium-provoked apoptosis was greatly inhibited, but the stimulation of AP-1 binding was not affected. The administration of cAMP-increasing agents also reduced the etoposide- and cadmium-provoked apoptosis. However, cAMP greatly stimulated c-jun and c-fos expression and AP-1 binding when applied together with etoposide (which itself was ineffective), and potentiated the cadmium-induced AP-1 binding. Conversely, retinoic acid abrogated the cadmium-provoked stimulation of AP-1 binding and transactivation capacity, and greatly inhibited the stimulation of binding caused by camptothecin and X-rays. However, retinoic acid did not inhibit the induction of apoptosis by these agents. These results indicate that Jun/AP-1 activity is not necessarily coupled with apoptosis, nor required for apoptosis induction by DNA-damaging and stress-inducing agents in human promonocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid/Spain
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33
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Anisimov AG, Bolotnikov IA, Volkova TO. Exposure to sodium butyrate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and phorbol-12-myristine-13-acetate alters sensitivity of K562 cells to nonspecific lysis by human or rat leukocytes. Russ J Dev Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02758754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Bernhard D, Ausserlechner MJ, Tonko M, Löffler M, Hartmann BL, Csordas A, Kofler R. Apoptosis induced by the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate in human leukemic lymphoblasts. FASEB J 1999; 13:1991-2001. [PMID: 10544182 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.13.14.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The histone deacetylase inhibitor and potential anti-cancer drug sodium butyrate is a general inducer of growth arrest, differentiation, and in certain cell types, apoptosis. In human CCRF-CEM, acute T lymphoblastic leukemia cells, butyrate, and other histone deacetylase inhibitors caused G2/M cell cycle arrest as well as apoptotic cell death. Forced G0/G1 arrest by tetracycline-regulated expression of transgenic p16/INK4A protected the cells from butyrate-induced cell death without affecting the extent of histone hyperacetylation, suggesting that the latter may be necessary, but not sufficient, for cell death induction. Nuclear apoptosis, but not G2/M arrest, was delayed but not prevented by the tripeptide broad-range caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp.fluoromethylketone (zVAD) and, to a lesser extent, by the tetrapeptide 'effector caspase' inhibitors benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp.fluoromethylketone (DEVD) and benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Glu-Ile-Asp.fluoromethyl-ketone (VEID); however, the viral protein inhibitor of 'inducer caspases', crmA, had no effect. Bcl-2 overexpression partially protected stably transfected CCRF-CEM sublines from butyrate-induced apoptosis, but showed no effect on butyrate-induced growth inhibition, further distinguishing these two butyrate effects. c-myc, constitutively expressed in CCRF-CEM cells, was down-regulated by butyrate, but this was not causative for cell death. On the contrary, tetracycline-induced transgenic c-myc sensitized stably transfected CCRF-CEM derivatives to butyrate-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bernhard
- Institute for General and Experimental Pathology, Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Medical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, A-6020
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35
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Loffing J, Moyer BD, Reynolds D, Stanton BA. PBA increases CFTR expression but at high doses inhibits Cl(-) secretion in Calu-3 airway epithelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:L700-8. [PMID: 10516210 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1999.277.4.l700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (PBA), a short-chain fatty acid, has been approved to treat patients with urea cycle enzyme deficiencies and is being evaluated in the management of sickle cell disease, thalassemia, cancer, and cystic fibrosis (CF). Because relatively little is known about the effects of PBA on the expression and function of the wild-type CF transmembrane conductance regulator (wt CFTR), the goal of this study was to examine the effects of PBA and related compounds on wt CFTR-mediated Cl(-) secretion. To this end, we studied Calu-3 cells, a human airway cell line that expresses endogenous wt CFTR and has a serous cell phenotype. We report that chronic treatment of Calu-3 cells with a high concentration (5 mM) of PBA, sodium butyrate, or sodium valproate but not of sodium acetate reduced basal and 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP-stimulated Cl(-) secretion. Paradoxically, PBA enhanced CFTR protein expression 6- to 10-fold and increased the intensity of CFTR staining in the apical plasma membrane. PBA also increased protein expression of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase. PBA reduced CFTR Cl(-) currents across the apical membrane but had no effect on Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity in the basolateral membrane. Thus a high concentration of PBA (5 mM) reduces Cl(-) secretion by inhibiting CFTR Cl(-) currents across the apical membrane. In contrast, lower therapeutic concentrations of PBA (0.05-2 mM) had no effect on cAMP-stimulated Cl(-) secretion across Calu-3 cells. We conclude that PBA concentrations in the therapeutic range are unlikely to have a negative effect on Cl(-) secretion. However, concentrations >5 mM might reduce transepithelial Cl(-) secretion by serous cells in submucosal glands in individuals expressing wt CFTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Loffing
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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Moyer BD, Loffing-Cueni D, Loffing J, Reynolds D, Stanton BA. Butyrate increases apical membrane CFTR but reduces chloride secretion in MDCK cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:F271-6. [PMID: 10444582 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.1999.277.2.f271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sodium butyrate and its derivatives are useful therapeutic agents for the treatment of genetic diseases including urea cycle disorders, sickle cell disease, thalassemias, and possibly cystic fibrosis (CF). Butyrate partially restores cAMP-activated Cl(-) secretion in CF epithelial cells by stimulating DeltaF508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (DeltaF508-CFTR) gene expression and increasing the amount of DeltaF508-CFTR in the plasma membrane. Because the effect of butyrate on Cl(-) secretion by renal epithelial cells has not been reported, we examined the effects of chronic butyrate treatment (15-18 h) on the function, expression, and localization of CFTR fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP-CFTR) in stably transfected MDCK cells. We report that sodium butyrate reduced Cl(-) secretion across MDCK cells, yet increased apical membrane GFP-CFTR expression 25-fold and increased apical membrane Cl(-) currents 30-fold. Although butyrate also increased Na-K-ATPase protein expression twofold, the drug reduced the activity of the Na-K-ATPase by 55%. Our findings suggest that butyrate inhibits cAMP-stimulated Cl(-) secretion across MDCK cells in part by reducing the activity of the Na-K-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Moyer
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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Abstract
How a cell responds to stress is a central problem in cardiovascular biology. Diverse physiological stresses (eg, heat, hemodynamics, mutant proteins, and oxidative injury) produce multiple changes in a cell that ultimately affect protein structures and function. Cells from different phyla initiate a cascade of events that engage essential proteins, the molecular chaperones, in decisions to repair or degrade damaged proteins as a defense strategy to ensure survival. Accumulative evidence indicates that molecular chaperones such as the heat shock family of stress proteins (HSPs) actively participate in an array of cellular processes, including cytoprotection. The versatility of the ubiquitous HSP family is further enhanced by stress-inducible regulatory networks, both at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. In the present review, we discuss the regulation and function of HSP chaperones and their clinical significance in conditions such as cardiac hypertrophy, vascular wall injury, cardiac surgery, ischemic preconditioning, aging, and, conceivably, mutations in genes encoding contractile proteins and ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Benjamin
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-8573, USA.
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