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Bernardino PN, Luo AS, Andrew PM, Unkel CM, Gonzalez MI, Gelli A, Lein PJ. Evidence Implicating Blood-Brain Barrier Impairment in the Pathogenesis of Acquired Epilepsy following Acute Organophosphate Intoxication. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:301-312. [PMID: 37827702 PMCID: PMC10801776 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) poisoning can trigger cholinergic crisis, a life-threatening toxidrome that includes seizures and status epilepticus. These acute toxic responses are associated with persistent neuroinflammation and spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), also known as acquired epilepsy. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment has recently been proposed as a pathogenic mechanism linking acute OP intoxication to chronic adverse neurologic outcomes. In this review, we briefly describe the cellular and molecular components of the BBB, review evidence of altered BBB integrity following acute OP intoxication, and discuss potential mechanisms by which acute OP intoxication may promote BBB dysfunction. We highlight the complex interplay between neuroinflammation and BBB dysfunction that suggests a positive feedforward interaction. Lastly, we examine research from diverse models and disease states that suggest mechanisms by which loss of BBB integrity may contribute to epileptogenic processes. Collectively, the literature identifies BBB impairment as a convergent mechanism of neurologic disease and justifies further mechanistic research into how acute OP intoxication causes BBB impairment and its role in the pathogenesis of SRS and potentially other long-term neurologic sequelae. Such research is critical for evaluating BBB stabilization as a neuroprotective strategy for mitigating OP-induced epilepsy and possibly seizure disorders of other etiologies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Clinical and preclinical studies support a link between blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and epileptogenesis; however, a causal relationship has been difficult to prove. Mechanistic studies to delineate relationships between BBB dysfunction and epilepsy may provide novel insights into BBB stabilization as a neuroprotective strategy for mitigating epilepsy resulting from acute organophosphate (OP) intoxication and non-OP causes and potentially other adverse neurological conditions associated with acute OP intoxication, such as cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro N Bernardino
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (P.N.B., A.S.L., P.M.A., C.M.U., P.J.L.); Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (M.I.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California (A.G.)
| | - Audrey S Luo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (P.N.B., A.S.L., P.M.A., C.M.U., P.J.L.); Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (M.I.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California (A.G.)
| | - Peter M Andrew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (P.N.B., A.S.L., P.M.A., C.M.U., P.J.L.); Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (M.I.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California (A.G.)
| | - Chelsea M Unkel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (P.N.B., A.S.L., P.M.A., C.M.U., P.J.L.); Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (M.I.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California (A.G.)
| | - Marco I Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (P.N.B., A.S.L., P.M.A., C.M.U., P.J.L.); Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (M.I.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California (A.G.)
| | - Angie Gelli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (P.N.B., A.S.L., P.M.A., C.M.U., P.J.L.); Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (M.I.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California (A.G.)
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (P.N.B., A.S.L., P.M.A., C.M.U., P.J.L.); Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (M.I.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California (A.G.)
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Patil CR, Suryakant Gawli C, Bhatt S. Targeting inflammatory pathways for treatment of the major depressive disorder. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103697. [PMID: 37422168 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Current treatments modalities for major depressive disorder (MDD) mainly target the monoaminergic neurotransmission. However, the therapeutic inadequacy and adverse effects confine the use of these conventional antidepressants to a limited subset of MDD patients. The classical antidepressants are increasingly proving unsatisfactory in tackling the treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Hence, the focus of treatment is shifting to alternative pathogenic pathways involved in depression. Preclinical and clinical evidences accumulated across the last decades have unequivocally affirmed the causative role of immuno-inflammatory pathways in the progression of depression. There is an upsurge in the clinical evaluations of the drugs having anti-inflammatory effects as antidepressants. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms connecting the inflammatory pathways to the MDD and current clinical status of inflammation modulating drugs in the treatment of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandragauda R Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Karwand Naka, Shirpur 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandrakant Suryakant Gawli
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Karwand Naka, Shirpur 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shvetank Bhatt
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India.
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Haydinger CD, Ashander LM, Tan ACR, Smith JR. Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1: More than a Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050743. [PMID: 37237555 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is a transmembrane protein in the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed on the surface of multiple cell populations and upregulated by inflammatory stimuli. It mediates cellular adhesive interactions by binding to the β2 integrins macrophage antigen 1 and leukocyte function-associated antigen 1, as well as other ligands. It has important roles in the immune system, including in leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium and transendothelial migration, and at the immunological synapse formed between lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. ICAM-1 has also been implicated in the pathophysiology of diverse diseases from cardiovascular diseases to autoimmune disorders, certain infections, and cancer. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the structure and regulation of the ICAM1 gene and the ICAM-1 protein. We discuss the roles of ICAM-1 in the normal immune system and a selection of diseases to highlight the breadth and often double-edged nature of its functions. Finally, we discuss current therapeutics and opportunities for advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron D Haydinger
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Liam M Ashander
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Alwin Chun Rong Tan
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Justine R Smith
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
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Zhou L, Wu X, Qin S, Shi J, Yu C, Xu Z, Tian G, Zhu W, Qin J. Cell-liposome delivery system based on neuroinflammation to target the amygdala for ameliorating depressive-like behaviors. Int J Pharm 2023; 637:122724. [PMID: 36958607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a serious psychiatric disorder with unsatisfactory outcomes due to difficulties in delivering therapeutic molecules from the periphery to the brain. Neuroinflammation plays a key role in neurobiology and the treatment of depression. Neutrophils can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and infiltrate key brain regions related to the pathophysiology of depression during neuroinflammation. N-Acetyl Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP) peptides efficiently bind to CXCR2 receptors on the surface of neutrophils. The neuropeptide oxytocin demonstrated antidepressant properties in preclinical and clinical studies, but its inability to penetrate the BBB hampers its therapeutic applications. In this study, we established a novel drug delivery system based on neutrophil infiltration in key brain regions during neuroinflammation. PGP was used to modify oxytocin-loaded liposomes (PGP-OTL) as the target ligand. Systematic administration of PGP-OTL exhibited enhanced antidepressant properties resulting from elevated oxytocin concentrations, especially in the amygdala, a crucial depression-implicated brain region. Enhanced antidepressant effects of PGP-OTL, similar to the ones caused by central oxytocin infusion, were observed in behavioral measurement including forced swim and tail suspension tests. Our study demonstrated that PGP-OTL can "hitchhike" neutrophils and enhance delivery of therapeutics into the brain, thus providing the means for developing novel cell-liposome-based drug delivery strategies for depression therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence & Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sijie Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunfeng Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhaowei Xu
- Precision Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264003, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Precision Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264003, China.
| | - Weili Zhu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence & Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Lopes PC, Faber-Hammond JJ, Siemonsma C, Patel S, Renn SCP. The social environment alters neural responses to a lipopolysaccharide challenge. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 110:162-174. [PMID: 36878331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sick animals display drastic changes in their behavioral patterns, including decreased activity, decreased food and water intake, and decreased interest in social interactions. These behaviors, collectively called "sickness behaviors", can be socially modulated. For example, when provided with mating opportunities, males of several species show reduced sickness behaviors. While the behavior is known to change, how the social environment affects neural molecular responses to sickness is not known. Here, we used a species, the zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata, where males have been shown to decrease sickness behaviors when presented with novel females. Using this paradigm, we obtained samples from three brain regions (the hypothalamus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the nucleus taeniae) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or control treated males housed under four different social environments. Manipulation of the social environment rapidly changed the strength and co-expression patterns of the neural molecular responses to the immune challenge in all brain regions tested, therefore suggesting that the social environment plays a significant role in determining the neural responses to an infection. In particular, brains of males paired with a novel female showed muted immune responses to LPS, as well as altered synaptic signaling. Neural metabolic activity in response to the LPS challenge was also affected by the social environment. Our results provide new insights into the effects of the social environment on brain responses to an infection, thereby improving our understanding of how the social environment can affect health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Lopes
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | | | - Chandler Siemonsma
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Suzy C P Renn
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
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Hu S, Li S, Ning W, Huang X, Liu X, Deng Y, Franceschi D, Ogbuehi AC, Lethaus B, Savkovic V, Li H, Gaus S, Zimmerer R, Ziebolz D, Schmalz G, Huang S. Identifying crosstalk genetic biomarkers linking a neurodegenerative disease, Parkinson's disease, and periodontitis using integrated bioinformatics analyses. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1032401. [PMID: 36545026 PMCID: PMC9760933 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1032401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify the genetic linkage mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) and periodontitis, and explore the role of immunology in the crosstalk between both these diseases. Methods The gene expression omnibus (GEO) datasets associated with whole blood tissue of PD patients and gingival tissue of periodontitis patients were obtained. Then, differential expression analysis was performed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) deregulated in both diseases, which were defined as crosstalk genes. Inflammatory response-related genes (IRRGs) were downloaded from the MSigDB database and used for dividing case samples of both diseases into different clusters using k-means cluster analysis. Feature selection was performed using the LASSO model. Thus, the hub crosstalk genes were identified. Next, the crosstalk IRRGs were selected and Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was applied to investigate the correlation between hub crosstalk genes and hub IRRGs. Additionally, immune infiltration analysis was performed to examine the enrichment of immune cells in both diseases. The correlation between hub crosstalk genes and highly enriched immune cells was also investigated. Results Overall, 37 crosstalk genes were found to be overlapping between the PD-associated DEGs and periodontitis-associated DEGs. Using clustering analysis, the most optimal clustering effects were obtained for periodontitis and PD when k = 2 and k = 3, respectively. Using the LASSO feature selection, five hub crosstalk genes, namely, FMNL1, MANSC1, PLAUR, RNASE6, and TCIRG1, were identified. In periodontitis, MANSC1 was negatively correlated and the other four hub crosstalk genes (FMNL1, PLAUR, RNASE6, and TCIRG1) were positively correlated with five hub IRRGs, namely, AQP9, C5AR1, CD14, CSF3R, and PLAUR. In PD, all five hub crosstalk genes were positively correlated with all five hub IRRGs. Additionally, RNASE6 was highly correlated with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in periodontitis, and MANSC1 was highly correlated with plasmacytoid dendritic cells in PD. Conclusion Five genes (i.e., FMNL1, MANSC1, PLAUR, RNASE6, and TCIRG1) were identified as crosstalk biomarkers linking PD and periodontitis. The significant correlation between these crosstalk genes and immune cells strongly suggests the involvement of immunology in linking both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaonan Hu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Shaonan Hu,
| | - Simin Li
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanchen Ning
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhong Huang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqiong Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Beijing Tibetan Hospital, China Tibetology Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yupei Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Beijing Tibetan Hospital, China Tibetology Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Debora Franceschi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Bernd Lethaus
- Department of Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vuk Savkovic
- Department of Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hanluo Li
- Department of Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gaus
- Department of Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Zimmerer
- Department of Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Ziebolz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schmalz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shaohong Huang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Shaohong Huang,
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Medina-Rodriguez EM, Beurel E. Blood brain barrier and inflammation in depression. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 175:105926. [PMID: 36375722 PMCID: PMC10035601 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a vital structure to protect the brain, tightly filtering the passage of nutrients and molecules from the blood to the brain. This is critical for maintaining the proper functioning of the brain, and any disruption in the BBB has detrimental consequences often leading to diseases. It is not clear whether disruption of the BBB occurs first in depression or is the consequence of the disease, however disruption of the BBB has been observed in depressed patients and evidence points to the role of important culprits in depression, stress and inflammation in disrupting the integrity of the BBB. The mechanisms whereby stress, and inflammation affect the BBB remain to be fully understood. Yet, the role of cytokines in regulating tight junction protein expression seems crucial. Altogether, the findings in depression suggest that acting at the BBB level might provide therapeutic benefit in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Medina-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Eléonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America.
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Zhou Z, Hui ES, Kranz GS, Chang JR, de Luca K, Pinto SM, Chan WW, Yau SY, Chau BK, Samartzis D, Jensen MP, Wong AYL. Potential mechanisms underlying the accelerated cognitive decline in people with chronic low back pain: A scoping review. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101767. [PMID: 36280211 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has shown that people with chronic low back pain (CLBP) demonstrate significantly greater declines in multiple cognitive domains than people who do not have CLBP. Given the high prevalence of CLBP in the ever-growing aging population that may be more vulnerable to cognitive decline, it is important to understand the mechanisms underlying the accelerated cognitive decline observed in this population, so that proper preventive or treatment approaches can be developed and implemented. The current scoping review summarizes what is known regarding the potential mechanisms underlying suboptimal cognitive performance and cognitive decline in people with CLBP and discusses future research directions. Five potential mechanisms were identified based on the findings from 34 included studies: (1) altered activity in the cortex and neural networks; (2) grey matter atrophy; (3) microglial activation and neuroinflammation; (4) comorbidities associated with CLBP; and (5) gut microbiota dysbiosis. Future studies should deepen the understanding of mechanisms underlying this association so that proper prevention and treatment strategies can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China
| | - Edward S Hui
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China
| | - Georg S Kranz
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China
| | - Jeremy R Chang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China
| | - Katie de Luca
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sabina M Pinto
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China
| | - Winnie Wy Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China
| | - Suk-Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China; Research Institute of Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China
| | - Bolton Kh Chau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China
| | - Dino Samartzis
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Centre, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark P Jensen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arnold Y L Wong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China; Research Institute of Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, China.
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Potentials of Neuropeptides as Therapeutic Agents for Neurological Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020343. [PMID: 35203552 PMCID: PMC8961788 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent leaps in modern medicine, progress in the treatment of neurological diseases remains slow. The near impermeable blood-brain barrier (BBB) that prevents the entry of therapeutics into the brain, and the complexity of neurological processes, limits the specificity of potential therapeutics. Moreover, a lack of etiological understanding and the irreversible nature of neurological conditions have resulted in low tolerability and high failure rates towards existing small molecule-based treatments. Neuropeptides, which are small proteinaceous molecules produced by the body, either in the nervous system or the peripheral organs, modulate neurological function. Although peptide-based therapeutics originated from the treatment of metabolic diseases in the 1920s, the adoption and development of peptide drugs for neurological conditions are relatively recent. In this review, we examine the natural roles of neuropeptides in the modulation of neurological function and the development of neurological disorders. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of these proteinaceous molecules in filling gaps in current therapeutics.
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10
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Lin J, Tan B, Li Y, Feng H, Chen Y. Sepsis-Exacerbated Brain Dysfunction After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:819182. [PMID: 35126060 PMCID: PMC8814659 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.819182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis susceptibility is significantly increased in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), owing to immunosuppression and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. To date, ICH with sepsis occurrence is still difficult for clinicians to deal with, and the mortality, as well as long-term cognitive disability, is still increasing. Actually, intracerebral hemorrhage and sepsis are mutually exacerbated via similar pathophysiological mechanisms, mainly consisting of systemic inflammation and circulatory dysfunction. The main consequence of these two processes is neural dysfunction and multiple organ damages, notably, via oxidative stress and neurotoxic mediation under the mediation of central nervous system activation and blood-brain barrier disruption. Besides, the comorbidity-induced multiple organ damages will produce numerous damage-associated molecular patterns and consequently exacerbate the severity of the disease. At present, the prospective views are about operating artificial restriction for the peripheral immune system and achieving cross-tolerance among organs via altering immune cell composition to reduce inflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Binbin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Hua Feng, ;
| | - Yujie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yujie Chen, ;
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11
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The blood-brain barrier in aging and neurodegeneration. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2659-2673. [PMID: 35361905 PMCID: PMC9156404 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is vital for maintaining brain homeostasis by enabling an exquisite control of exchange of compounds between the blood and the brain parenchyma. Moreover, the BBB prevents unwanted toxins and pathogens from entering the brain. This barrier, however, breaks down with age and further disruption is a hallmark of many age-related disorders. Several drugs have been explored, thus far, to protect or restore BBB function. With the recent connection between the BBB and gut microbiota, microbial-derived metabolites have been explored for their capabilities to protect and restore BBB physiology. This review, will focus on the vital components that make up the BBB, dissect levels of disruption of the barrier, and discuss current drugs and therapeutics that maintain barrier integrity and the recent discoveries of effects microbial-derived metabolites have on BBB physiology.
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12
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Mul Fedele ML, Senna CA, Aiello I, Golombek DA, Paladino N. Circadian Rhythms in Bacterial Sepsis Pathology: What We Know and What We Should Know. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:773181. [PMID: 34956930 PMCID: PMC8696002 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.773181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a syndrome caused by a deregulated host response to infection, representing the primary cause of death from infection. In animal models, the mortality rate is strongly dependent on the time of sepsis induction, suggesting a main role of the circadian system. In patients undergoing sepsis, deregulated circadian rhythms have also been reported. Here we review data related to the timing of sepsis induction to further understand the different outcomes observed both in patients and in animal models. The magnitude of immune activation as well as the hypothermic response correlated with the time of the worst prognosis. The different outcomes seem to be dependent on the expression of the clock gene Bmal1 in the liver and in myeloid immune cells. The understanding of the role of the circadian system in sepsis pathology could be an important tool to improve patient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena Lis Mul Fedele
- Laboratorio de Cronofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas/Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UCA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Agustina Senna
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Aiello
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Andres Golombek
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Paladino
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Natalia Paladino,
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Galea I. The blood-brain barrier in systemic infection and inflammation. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2489-2501. [PMID: 34594000 PMCID: PMC8481764 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular blood-brain barrier is a highly regulated interface between the blood and brain. Its primary function is to protect central neurons while signaling the presence of systemic inflammation and infection to the brain to enable a protective sickness behavior response. With increasing degrees and duration of systemic inflammation, the vascular blood-brain barrier becomes more permeable to solutes, undergoes an increase in lymphocyte trafficking, and is infiltrated by innate immune cells; endothelial cell damage may occasionally occur. Perturbation of neuronal function results in the clinical features of encephalopathy. Here, the molecular and cellular anatomy of the vascular blood-brain barrier is reviewed, first in a healthy context and second in a systemic inflammatory context. Distinct from the molecular and cellular mediators of the blood-brain barrier's response to inflammation, several moderators influence the direction and magnitude at genetic, system, cellular and molecular levels. These include sex, genetic background, age, pre-existing brain pathology, systemic comorbidity, and gut dysbiosis. Further progress is required to define and measure mediators and moderators of the blood-brain barrier's response to systemic inflammation in order to explain the heterogeneity observed in animal and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Galea
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
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14
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Wang XL, Li L. Circadian Clock Regulates Inflammation and the Development of Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:696554. [PMID: 34595127 PMCID: PMC8476957 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.696554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock regulates numerous key physiological processes and maintains cellular, tissue, and systemic homeostasis. Disruption of circadian clock machinery influences key activities involved in immune response and brain function. Moreover, Immune activation has been closely linked to neurodegeneration. Here, we review the molecular clock machinery and the diurnal variation of immune activity. We summarize the circadian control of immunity in both central and peripheral immune cells, as well as the circadian regulation of brain cells that are implicated in neurodegeneration. We explore the important role of systemic inflammation on neurodegeneration. The circadian clock modulates cellular metabolism, which could be a mechanism underlying circadian control. We also discuss the circadian interventions implicated in inflammation and neurodegeneration. Targeting circadian clocks could be a potential strategy for the prevention and treatment of inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianjian Li
- Department of Surgery, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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15
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Acute Inflammation Confers Enhanced Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0001621. [PMID: 34232086 PMCID: PMC8552513 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00016-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a crucial role in the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. In this study, we demonstrate that an inflammatory pulmonary environment at the time of infection mediated by lipopolysaccharide treatment in mice confers enhanced protection against M. tuberculosis for up to 6 months postinfection. This early and transient inflammatory environment was associated with a neutrophil and CD11b+ cell influx and increased inflammatory cytokines. In vitro infection demonstrated that neutrophils from lipopolysaccharide-treated mice exhibited increased association with M. tuberculosis and had a greater innate capacity for killing M. tuberculosis. Finally, partial depletion of neutrophils in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice showed an increase in M. tuberculosis burden, suggesting neutrophils played a part in the protection observed in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. These results indicate a positive role for an inflammatory environment in the initial stages of M. tuberculosis infection and suggest that acute inflammation at the time of M. tuberculosis infection can positively alter disease outcome. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis disease, is estimated to infect one-fourth of the world's population and is one of the leading causes of death due to an infectious disease worldwide. The high-level variability in tuberculosis disease responses in the human populace may be linked to immune processes related to inflammation. In many cases, inflammation appears to exasperate tuberculosis responses; however, some evidence suggests inflammatory processes improve control of M. tuberculosis infection. Here, we show an acute inflammatory stimulus in mice provides protection against M. tuberculosis for up to 6 months, suggesting acute inflammation can positively affect M. tuberculosis infection outcome.
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16
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Sabet N, Soltani Z, Khaksari M. Multipotential and systemic effects of traumatic brain injury. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 357:577619. [PMID: 34058510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality of people at all ages. Biochemical, cellular and physiological events that occur during primary injury lead to a delayed and long-term secondary damage that can last from hours to years. Secondary brain injury causes tissue damage in the central nervous system and a subsequent strong and rapid inflammatory response that may lead to persistent inflammation. However, this inflammatory response is not limited to the brain. Inflammatory mediators are transferred from damaged brain tissue to the bloodstream and produce a systemic inflammatory response in peripheral organs, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, renal and endocrine systems. Complications of TBI are associated with its multiple and systemic effects that should be considered in the treatment of TBI patients. Therefore, in this review, an attempt was made to examine the systemic effects of TBI in detail. It is hoped that this review will identify the mechanisms of injury and complications of TBI, and open a window for promising treatment in TBI complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Sabet
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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17
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Kasatkina LA, Rittchen S, Sturm EM. Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Action of the Endocannabinoid System under Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115431. [PMID: 34063947 PMCID: PMC8196612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid-based retrograde messengers with a relatively short half-life that are produced endogenously and, upon binding to the primary cannabinoid receptors CB1/2, mediate multiple mechanisms of intercellular communication within the body. Endocannabinoid signaling is implicated in brain development, memory formation, learning, mood, anxiety, depression, feeding behavior, analgesia, and drug addiction. It is now recognized that the endocannabinoid system mediates not only neuronal communications but also governs the crosstalk between neurons, glia, and immune cells, and thus represents an important player within the neuroimmune interface. Generation of primary endocannabinoids is accompanied by the production of their congeners, the N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), which together with N-acylneurotransmitters, lipoamino acids and primary fatty acid amides comprise expanded endocannabinoid/endovanilloid signaling systems. Most of these compounds do not bind CB1/2, but signal via several other pathways involving the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and non-cannabinoid G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs) to mediate anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective activities. In vivo generation of the cannabinoid compounds is triggered by physiological and pathological stimuli and, specifically in the brain, mediates fine regulation of synaptic strength, neuroprotection, and resolution of neuroinflammation. Here, we review the role of the endocannabinoid system in intrinsic neuroprotective mechanisms and its therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuroinflammation and associated synaptopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila A. Kasatkina
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sonja Rittchen
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Eva M. Sturm
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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van Vuuren MJ, Nell TA, Carr JA, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Iron Dysregulation and Inflammagens Related to Oral and Gut Health Are Central to the Development of Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 11:E30. [PMID: 33383805 PMCID: PMC7823713 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal lesions in Parkinson's disease (PD) are commonly associated with α-synuclein (α-Syn)-induced cell damage that are present both in the central and peripheral nervous systems of patients, with the enteric nervous system also being especially vulnerable. Here, we bring together evidence that the development and presence of PD depends on specific sets of interlinking factors that include neuroinflammation, systemic inflammation, α-Syn-induced cell damage, vascular dysfunction, iron dysregulation, and gut and periodontal dysbiosis. We argue that there is significant evidence that bacterial inflammagens fuel this systemic inflammation, and might be central to the development of PD. We also discuss the processes whereby bacterial inflammagens may be involved in causing nucleation of proteins, including of α-Syn. Lastly, we review evidence that iron chelation, pre-and probiotics, as well as antibiotics and faecal transplant treatment might be valuable treatments in PD. A most important consideration, however, is that these therapeutic options need to be validated and tested in randomized controlled clinical trials. However, targeting underlying mechanisms of PD, including gut dysbiosis and iron toxicity, have potentially opened up possibilities of a wide variety of novel treatments, which may relieve the characteristic motor and nonmotor deficits of PD, and may even slow the progression and/or accompanying gut-related conditions of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthinus Janse van Vuuren
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (M.J.v.V.); (T.A.N.)
| | - Theodore Albertus Nell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (M.J.v.V.); (T.A.N.)
| | - Jonathan Ambrose Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (M.J.v.V.); (T.A.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (M.J.v.V.); (T.A.N.)
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19
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Kumar M, Arora P, Sandhir R. Hydrogen Sulfide Reverses LPS-Induced Behavioral Deficits by Suppressing Microglial Activation and Promoting M2 Polarization. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 16:483-499. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Treg Cells Attenuate Neuroinflammation and Protect Neurons in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 15:224-237. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Chen QQ, Haikal C, Li W, Li JY. Gut Inflammation in Association With Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:218. [PMID: 31572126 PMCID: PMC6753187 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is generally thought to be caused by multiple factors, including environmental and genetic factors. Emerging evidence suggests that intestinal disturbances, such as constipation, are common non-motor symptoms of PD. Gut inflammation may be closely associated with pathogenesis in PD. This review aims to discuss the cross-talk between gut inflammation and PD pathology initiation and progression. Firstly, we will highlight the studies demonstrating how gut inflammation is related to PD. Secondly, we will analyze how gut inflammation spreads from the gastro-intestine to the brain. Here, we will mainly discuss the neural pathway of pathologic α-syn and the systemic inflammatory routes. Thereafter, we will address how alterations in the brain subsequently lead to dopaminergic neuron degeneration, in which oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, T cell driven inflammation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are involved. We conclude a model of PD triggered by gut inflammation, which provides a new angle to understand the mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Caroline Haikal
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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22
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Szöllősi D, Hegedűs N, Veres DS, Futó I, Horváth I, Kovács N, Martinecz B, Dénes Á, Seifert D, Bergmann R, Lebeda O, Varga Z, Kaleta Z, Szigeti K, Máthé D. Evaluation of Brain Nuclear Medicine Imaging Tracers in a Murine Model of Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 20:952-962. [PMID: 29736562 PMCID: PMC6244542 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate a set of widely used nuclear medicine imaging agents as possible methods to study the early effects of systemic inflammation on the living brain in a mouse model of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine systemic inflammation model was selected as a model of SAE. Procedures C57BL/6 mice were used. A multimodal imaging protocol was carried out on each animal 4 h following the intravenous administration of LPS using the following tracers: [99mTc][2,2-dimethyl-3-[(3E)-3-oxidoiminobutan-2-yl]azanidylpropyl]-[(3E)-3-hydroxyiminobutan-2-yl]azanide ([99mTc]HMPAO) and ethyl-7-[125I]iodo-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate ([125I]iomazenil) to measure brain perfusion and neuronal damage, respectively; 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose ([18F]FDG) to measure cerebral glucose uptake. We assessed microglia activity on another group of mice using 2-[6-chloro-2-(4-[125I]iodophenyl)-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-acetamide ([125I]CLINME). Radiotracer uptakes were measured in different brain regions and correlated. Microglia activity was also assessed using immunohistochemistry. Brain glutathione levels were measured to investigate oxidative stress. Results Significantly reduced perfusion values and significantly enhanced [18F]FDG and [125I]CLINME uptake was measured in the LPS-treated group. Following perfusion compensation, enhanced [125I]iomazenil uptake was measured in the LPS-treated group’s hippocampus and cerebellum. In this group, both [18F]FDG and [125I]iomazenil uptake showed highly negative correlation to perfusion measured with ([99mTc]HMPAO uptake in all brain regions. No significant differences were detected in brain glutathione levels between the groups. The CD45 and P2Y12 double-labeling immunohistochemistry showed widespread microglia activation in the LPS-treated group. Conclusions Our results suggest that [125I]CLINME and [99mTc]HMPAO SPECT can be used to detect microglia activation and brain hypoperfusion, respectively, in the early phase (4 h post injection) of systemic inflammation. We suspect that the enhancement of [18F]FDG and [125I]iomazenil uptake in the LPS-treated group does not necessarily reflect neural hypermetabolism and the lack of neuronal damage. They are most likely caused by processes emerging during neuroinflammation, e.g., microglia activation and/or immune cell infiltration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11307-018-1201-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Szöllősi
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis Univ, Budapest, H-1094, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Hegedűs
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis Univ, Budapest, H-1094, Hungary
| | - Dániel S Veres
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis Univ, Budapest, H-1094, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Futó
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis Univ, Budapest, H-1094, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Horváth
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis Univ, Budapest, H-1094, Hungary
| | - Noémi Kovács
- CROmed Translational Research Centers, Budapest, H-1047, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Martinecz
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Seifert
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, CZ 250 68, Rez, Czech Republic
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Helmholz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Radiopharmazie Radiopharmaceutische Biologie, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ondřej Lebeda
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, CZ 250 68, Rez, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis Univ, Budapest, H-1094, Hungary.,Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kaleta
- Progressio Fine Chemical Engineering Ltd, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Szigeti
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis Univ, Budapest, H-1094, Hungary.
| | - Domokos Máthé
- CROmed Translational Research Centers, Budapest, H-1047, Hungary
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Hippensteel JA, Anderson BJ, Orfila JE, McMurtry SA, Dietz RM, Su G, Ford JA, Oshima K, Yang Y, Zhang F, Han X, Yu Y, Liu J, Linhardt RJ, Meyer NJ, Herson PS, Schmidt EP. Circulating heparan sulfate fragments mediate septic cognitive dysfunction. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1779-1784. [PMID: 30720464 DOI: 10.1172/jci124485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic patients frequently develop cognitive impairment that persists beyond hospital discharge. The impact of sepsis on electrophysiological and molecular determinants of learning is underexplored. We observed that mice that survived sepsis or endotoxemia experienced loss of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated (BDNF-mediated) process responsible for spatial memory formation. Memory impairment occurred despite preserved hippocampal BDNF content and could be reversed by stimulation of BDNF signaling, suggesting the presence of a local BDNF inhibitor. Sepsis is associated with degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx, releasing heparan sulfate fragments (of sufficient size and sulfation to bind BDNF) into the circulation. Heparan sulfate fragments penetrated the hippocampal blood-brain barrier during sepsis and inhibited BDNF-mediated LTP. Glycoarray approaches demonstrated that the avidity of heparan sulfate for BDNF increased with sulfation at the 2-O position of iduronic acid and the N position of glucosamine. Circulating heparan sulfate in endotoxemic mice and septic humans was enriched in 2-O- and N-sulfated disaccharides; furthermore, the presence of these sulfation patterns in the plasma of septic patients at intensive care unit (ICU) admission predicted persistent cognitive impairment 14 days after ICU discharge or at hospital discharge. Our findings indicate that circulating 2-O- and N-sulfated heparan sulfate fragments contribute to septic cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian J Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sarah A McMurtry
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert M Dietz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorada, USA
| | - Guowei Su
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joshay A Ford
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kaori Oshima
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yimu Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Xiaorui Han
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Nuala J Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- Department of Anesthesia, and.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorada, USA
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Pflieger FJ, Hernandez J, Schweighöfer H, Herden C, Rosengarten B, Rummel C. The role of neutrophil granulocytes in immune-to-brain communication. Temperature (Austin) 2018; 5:296-307. [PMID: 30574524 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2018.1538598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-to-brain communication has been studied in a variety of experimental models. Crucial insights into signalling and mechanisms were previously revealed in studies investigating fever induction pathways. The scientific community has primarily focused on neuronal and humoral pathways in the manifestation of this response. Emerging evidence has now shown that immune-to-brain signalling via immune cells is pivotal for normal brain function and brain pathology. The present manuscript aims to provide a brief overview on the current understanding of how immune cells signal to the brain. Insights are summarized on the potential physiological significance of some immune cells signalling from the periphery to the brain. A particular focus is laid on the role of neutrophil granulocytes. As such, IL-1β expressing neutrophil granulocytes have been shown to transfer inflammatory information to the brain and contribute to prolonged behavioural changes due to septic encephalopathy in rats during severe systemic inflammation induced by the bacterial component and TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide. Modulation of immune cell recruitment to the brain is discussed by various confounding factors including sleep, exercise, the nutritional status e.g. obesity, leptin and omega 3 fatty acids, and psychological or inflammatory stressors. The physiological significance of immune cell mediated communication between the immune system and the brain is highlighted by the fact that systemic inflammatory insults can exacerbate ongoing brain pathologies via immune cell trafficking. New insights into mechanisms and mediators of immune cell mediated immune-to-brain communication are important for the development of new therapeutic strategies and the better understanding of existing ones. Abbreviations: ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone; BBB: blood-brain barrier; BBI: blood-brain interface; CD: cluster of differentiation; CINC: cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant; CRH: corticotropin releasing hormone; CVOs: circumventricular organs; CXCR: chemokine receptor; DAPI: 40:6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dilactate; DHA: docosahexaenoid acid; ICAM: intracellular adhesion molecule; IL: interleukin; i.p.: intraperitoneal; i.v.: intravenous; KC: keratinocytes-derived chemokine; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MIP: macrophage inflammatory protein; MS: multiple sclerosis; NFκB: nuclear factor kappa B; NF-IL6: nuclear factor IL-6; PCTR: protectin conjugates in tissue regeneration; PG: prostaglandin; p.i.: post injection; PVN: paraventricular nucleus; ra: receptor antagonist; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TIMP: tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases; TLR: toll-like receptor; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Johannes Pflieger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jessica Hernandez
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hanna Schweighöfer
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Erickson MA, Liang WS, Fernandez EG, Bullock KM, Thysell JA, Banks WA. Genetics and sex influence peripheral and central innate immune responses and blood-brain barrier integrity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205769. [PMID: 30325961 PMCID: PMC6191122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a stimulator of the innate immune system and is routinely used in animal models to study blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction under inflammatory conditions. It is appreciated that both humans and mice have sexually dimorphic immune responses, which could influence the brain’s response to a systemic inflammatory insult. Mouse strain is also an important factor that can contribute to pathophysiological responses to inflammatory stimuli. Therefore, we aimed to test whether BBB disruption and the associated cytokine profiles in response to LPS differed in male and female mice from two mouse strains most commonly used in blood-brain barrier studies: CD-1 and C57BL6/J (C57). Mice were treated with saline, a single injection of 0.3, or 3mg/kg LPS, or three injections of 3mg/kg LPS, and studied 28 hours after the first LPS injection. To assay BBB disruption, we utilized the tracer 99mTc-DTPA. A 23-plex panel of cytokines was assayed in brain and blood of the same cohort of mice, which allowed us to compare differences in the levels of individual cytokines as well as correlations among cytokines and 99mTc-DTPA uptake. We found that only the three-injection dose of LPS induced significant BBB disruption in all sexes and strains. The treatment, strain, and sex, as well as treatment-by- strain and treatment-by-sex interactions significantly contributed to the variance. The mean brain/serum ratios of 99mTc-DTPA in the three-injection LPS group were ranked CD-1 male < CD-1 female < C57 male < C57 female. There were significant sex and strain differences in cytokine profiles in brain and blood, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in brain were most strongly correlated with 99mTc-DTPA brain/serum ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Erickson
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - W. Sandy Liang
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth G. Fernandez
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kristin M. Bullock
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jarl A. Thysell
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Dental Scaling Decreases the Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Nested Case-Control Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15081587. [PMID: 30049978 PMCID: PMC6121362 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of dental scaling in Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains inconclusive. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between dental scaling and the development of PD. A retrospective nested case-control study was performed using the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. The authors identified 4765 patients with newly diagnosed PD from 2005 to 2013 and 19,060 individuals without PD by matching sex, age, and index year. In subgroup 1, with individuals aged 40–69 years, individuals without periodontal inflammatory disease (PID) showed a protective effect of dental scaling against PD development, especially for dental scaling over five consecutive years (adjusted odds ratio = 0.204, 95% CI = 0.047–0.886, p = 0.0399). In general, the protective effect of dental scaling showed greater benefit for individuals with PID than for those without PID, regardless of whether dental scaling was performed for five consecutive years. In subgroup 2, with patients aged ≥70 years, the discontinued (not five consecutive years) scaling showed increased risk of PD. This was the first study to show that patients without PID who underwent dental scaling over five consecutive years had a significantly lower risk of developing PD. These findings emphasize the value of early and consecutive dental scaling to prevent the development of PD.
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Hashioka S, Inoue K, Hayashida M, Wake R, Oh-Nishi A, Miyaoka T. Implications of Systemic Inflammation and Periodontitis for Major Depression. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:483. [PMID: 30072865 PMCID: PMC6058051 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that infection and persistent low-grade inflammation in peripheral tissues are important pathogenic factors in major depression. Major depression is frequently comorbid with systemic inflammatory diseases/conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, allergies of different types, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic liver disease, diabetes, and cancer, in which pro-inflammatory cytokines are overexpressed. A number of animal studies demonstrate that systemic inflammation induced by peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide increases the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both the periphery and brain and causes abnormal behavior similar to major depression. Systemic inflammation can cause an increase in CNS levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with glial activation, namely, neuroinflammation, through several postulated pathways. Such neuroinflammation can in turn induce depressive moods and behavioral changes by affecting brain functions relevant to major depression, especially neurotransmitter metabolism. Although various clinical studies imply a causal relationship between periodontitis, which is one of the most common chronic inflammatory disorders in adults, and major depression, the notion that periodontitis is a risk factor for major depression is still unproven. Additional population-based cohort studies or prospective clinical studies on the relationship between periodontitis and major depression are needed to substantiate the causal link of periodontitis to major depression. If such a link is established, periodontitis may be a modifiable risk factor for major depression by simple preventive oral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Inoue
- Health Service Center, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | | | - Rei Wake
- Department of Psychiatry, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Arata Oh-Nishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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28
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Cheng Y, Zan J, Song Y, Yang G, Shang H, Zhao W. Evaluation of intestinal injury, inflammatory response and oxidative stress following intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2120-2128. [PMID: 30015849 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal injury is a common complication following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), which leads to malnutrition, impaired immunity and unsatisfactory prognosis. Previous studies have revealed the pathogenesis of intestinal injury following traumatic brain injury using ischemic stroke models. However, the effects of ICH on intestinal injury remain unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the pathological alterations and molecular mechanism, as well as the time course of intestinal injury following ICH in mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the following seven groups (n=6 mice/group): Control group, which underwent a sham operation, and six ICH groups (2, 6, 12 and 24 h, and days 3 and 7). The ICH model was induced by stereotactically injecting autologous blood in two stages into the brain. Subsequently, intestinal tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological examination. Small intestinal motility was measured by charcoal meal test, and gut barrier dysfunction was evaluated by detecting the plasma levels of endotoxin. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunohistochemistry and ELISA analysis were performed to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression levels of inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6, tumor necrosis factor‑α, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 and chemokine (C‑C motif) ligand‑5] in intestinal tissue and serum. Furthermore, intestinal leukocyte infiltration was detected by measuring myeloperoxidase activity. Oxidative stress was indirectly detected by measuring reactive oxygen species‑associated markers (malondialdehyde content and superoxide dismutase activity assays) and the mRNA and protein expression levels of antioxidant genes [nuclear factor (erythroid‑derived 2)‑like 2, manganese superoxide dismutase and heme oxygenase 1] by qPCR and western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that significant destruction of the gut mucosa, delayed small intestinal motility, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and increased inflammatory responses and oxidative stress occurred rapidly in response to ICH. These symptoms occurred as early as 2 h after ICH and persisted for 7 days. These findings suggested that ICH may induce immediate and persistent damage to gut structure and barrier function, which may be associated with upregulation of inflammation and oxidative stress markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Jieyu Zan
- Department of Pediatrics, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yaying Song
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Guoyuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Hanbing Shang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
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Chen CK, Wu YT, Chang YC. Periodontal inflammatory disease is associated with the risk of Parkinson's disease: a population-based retrospective matched-cohort study. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3647. [PMID: 28828251 PMCID: PMC5554596 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cause−effect relation between periodontal inflammatory disease (PID) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains uncertain. The purpose of our study was to investigate the association between PID and PD. Methods We conducted a retrospective matched-cohort study by using Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. We identified 5,396 patients with newly diagnosed PID during 1997–2004 and 10,792 cases without PID by matching sex, age, index of year (occurrence of PID), and comorbidity. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to evaluate the risk of subsequent PD. Results At the final follow-up, a total of 176 (3.26%) and 275 (2.55%) individuals developed PD in the case and control groups, respectively. Patients with PID have a higher risk of developing PD (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.431, 95% CI [1.141–1.794], p = 0.002). Discussion Our results show that PID is associated with an increased risk of developing PD. Whilst these findings suggest that reducing PID may modify the risk of developing PD, further study will be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Kai Chen
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Section of Dentistry, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Tsan Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Chang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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30
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Egberts A, Mattace-Raso FU. Increased neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in delirium: a pilot study. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:1115-1121. [PMID: 28769556 PMCID: PMC5529095 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s137182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Delirium is a common and severe complication among older hospitalized patients. The pathophysiology is poorly understood, but it has been suggested that inflammation and oxidative stress may play a role. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate levels of the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) – a marker of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress – in patients with and without delirium. Methods This pilot study was performed within a retrospective chart review study that included acutely ill patients, 65 years and older, who were admitted to the ward of geriatrics of the Erasmus University Medical Center. All patients in whom the differential white blood cell (WBC) counts as well as the C-reactive protein (CRP) level were determined within 24 h after admission were included in the present study. Differences in NLR between patients with and without delirium were investigated using univariate analysis of variance, with adjustments for age, sex, comorbidities, CRP level, and total WBC count. Results Eighty-six patients were included. Thirteen patients were diagnosed with delirium. In adjusted models, higher mean NLR values were found in patients with, than in those without, delirium (9.10 vs 5.18, P=0.003). Conclusion In this pilot study, we found increased NLR levels in patients with delirium. This finding might suggest that an inadequate response of the immune system and oxidative stress may play a role in the pathogenesis of delirium. Further studies are needed to confirm the association between NLR and delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Egberts
- Section of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco Us Mattace-Raso
- Section of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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31
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Geffard M, Mangas A, Coveñas R. Follow-up of multiple sclerosis patients treated with Endotherapia (GEMSP). Biomed Rep 2017; 6:307-313. [PMID: 28451391 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotherapia (GEMSP) is a novel therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the efficiency of Endotherapia in the follow-up of 193 patients with MS. The efficiency coefficient that was evaluated was the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, which is a functional scale of MS progression. The evaluated score of each patient during follow-up visits was compared with the theoretical score of the disease progression without GEMSP. The evolution of the EDSS score was evaluated according to the inclusion score. The quantitative global study of the EDSS score highlighted a statistically significant difference between the final average scores of the treatment with GEMSP (M) and worldwide reference (R) groups. The improvement of the M group compared with the R group was 24.5%. According to the final EDSS scores, the study highlighted a difference in favor of the M group with 62.0% for scores ≤3, 7.8% for scores between 3 and 6 and 19.6% for scores ≥6. According to the qualitative evolution of the EDSS scores, the improvements in favor of group M were 49.3% for scores ≤3, 79.1% for scores between 3 and 6 and 19.5% for scores ≥6. The qualitative study of the EDSS score showed a statistically significant success percentage; the success percentages were between 59.1 and 90.0%. In a larger population of MS patients, the data confirm the beneficial effects of GEMSP that were previously reported in pre-clinical and clinical studies. In addition, 78% of patients showed an improvement or deceleration of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Geffard
- Institut pour le Développement de la Recherche en Pathologie Humaine et Thérapeutique, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Arturo Mangas
- Gemacbio, Research Department, Lieu dit Berganton, 33127 Saint Jean d'Illac, France
| | - Rafael Coveñas
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Varatharaj A, Galea I. The blood-brain barrier in systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:1-12. [PMID: 26995317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a key role in maintaining the specialized microenvironment of the central nervous system (CNS), and enabling communication with the systemic compartment. BBB changes occur in several CNS pathologies. Here, we review disruptive and non-disruptive BBB changes in systemic infections and other forms of systemic inflammation, and how these changes may affect CNS function in health and disease. We first describe the structure and function of the BBB, and outline the techniques used to study the BBB in vitro, and in animal and human settings. We then summarise the evidence from a range of models linking BBB changes with systemic inflammation, and the underlying mechanisms. The clinical relevance of these BBB changes during systemic inflammation are discussed in the context of clinically-apparent syndromes such as sickness behaviour, delirium, and septic encephalopathy, as well as neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. We review emerging evidence for two novel concepts: (1) a heightened sensitivity of the diseased, versus healthy, BBB to systemic inflammation, and (2) the contribution of BBB changes induced by systemic inflammation to progression of the primary disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravinthan Varatharaj
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 806, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
| | - Ian Galea
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 806, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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Brain Barrier Breakdown as a Cause and Consequence of Neuroinflammation in Sepsis. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1045-1053. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lange JH, Niehaus I, Cegolon L. Does generalized hypo-oxygenation (hypoxia) allow endotoxin into the brain through the blood brain barrier, thus increasing the risk for Parkinson disease? Croat Med J 2016; 57:406-7. [PMID: 27586558 PMCID: PMC5048233 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2016.57.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J H Lange
- JH Lange, Envirosafe Training and Consultants, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,
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Schweighöfer H, Rummel C, Roth J, Rosengarten B. Modulatory effects of vagal stimulation on neurophysiological parameters and the cellular immune response in the rat brain during systemic inflammation. Intensive Care Med Exp 2016; 4:19. [PMID: 27357828 PMCID: PMC4927529 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-016-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stimulation of the vagus nerve has modulating, anti-inflammatory effects on the cellular immune response in the blood and the spleen, stabilizing brain function. Here, we aimed to investigate its potential effects on immune-to-brain communication focusing on neurophysiological readouts and leukocyte migration to the brain during severe sepsis-like endotoxemia. Methods Systemic inflammation was induced by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 mg/kg). Animals received either no manipulation of the vagus nerve, vagotomy, or vagotomy plus vagus nerve stimulation of the distal trunk. Somatosensory evoked potentials and evoked flow velocity response were measured for 4.5 h as indicators of brain function and neurovascular coupling, respectively. In addition, brain areas with (cortex) and without (hypothalamus) tight blood-brain barrier were studied separately using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Moreover, plasma cytokine and leptin levels were analyzed by ELISA. Results LPS induced a decline of both neurophysiological parameters, which was prevented by vagus nerve stimulation. As for peripheral organs, LPS-stimulated neutrophil counts increased in the brain and colocalized in the brain with endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. Interestingly, vagal stimulation reduced this colocalization and decreased nuclear translocation of the brain cell activation marker nuclear factor interleukin 6 (NF-IL6). Furthermore, it reduced the gene expression of inflammatory markers and extravasation signals (IL-6, CXCL-1, ICAM-1) in the hypothalamus but not the cortex linked to a moderate decrease in circulating cytokine levels (interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha) as well as lower plasma leptin concentration. Conclusions Our data suggest beneficial effects of anti-inflammatory vagus nerve stimulation on brain function by reducing the interaction of neurotrophil granulocytes with the brain endothelium as well as attenuating inflammatory responses in brain areas lacking a blood-brain barrier. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40635-016-0091-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Schweighöfer
- Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Roth
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rosengarten
- Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Fujikawa R, Higuchi S, Nakatsuji M, Yasui M, Ikedo T, Nagata M, Yokode M, Minami M. EP4 Receptor-Associated Protein in Microglia Promotes Inflammation in the Brain. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1982-1988. [PMID: 27315781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells play a key role in neuronal damage in neurodegenerative disorders. Overactivated microglia induce detrimental neurotoxic effects through the excess production of proinflammatory cytokines. However, the mechanisms of microglial activation are poorly understood. We focused on prostaglandin E2 type 4 receptor-associated protein (EPRAP), which suppresses macrophage activation. We demonstrated that EPRAP exists in microglia in the brain. Furthermore, EPRAP-deficient mice displayed less microglial accumulation, and intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) led to reduced expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA in the brains of EPRAP-deficient mice. Consistently, EPRAP-deficient microglia showed a marked decrease in the production of tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induced by LPS treatment compared with wild-type controls. In addition, EPRAP deficiency decreased microglial activation and neuronal cell death induced by intraventricular injection of kainic acid. EPRAP deficiency impaired the LPS-induced phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in microglia. The phosphorylation levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4-which phosphorylates c-jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-were also decreased in EPRAP-deficient microglia after LPS stimulation. Although EPRAP in macrophages plays a role in the attenuation of inflammation, EPRAP promotes proinflammatory activation of microglia through mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4-mediated signaling and may be key to the deteriorating neuronal damage brought on by brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risako Fujikawa
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sei Higuchi
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Nakatsuji
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mika Yasui
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taichi Ikedo
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Nagata
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yokode
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Minami
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Poon DCH, Ho YS, You R, Tse HL, Chiu K, Chang RCC. PKR deficiency alters E. coli-induced sickness behaviors but does not exacerbate neuroimmune responses or bacterial load. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:212. [PMID: 26585788 PMCID: PMC4653925 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic inflammation induces neuroimmune activation, ultimately leading to sickness (e.g., fever, anorexia, motor impairments, exploratory deficits, and social withdrawal). In this study, we evaluated the role of protein kinase R (PKR), a serine-threonine kinase that can control systemic inflammation, on neuroimmune responses and sickness. Methods Wild-type (WT) PKR+/+ mice and PKR−/− mice were subcutaneously injected with live Escherichia coli (E. coli) or vehicle. Food consumption, rotarod test performance, burrowing, open field activity, object investigation, and social interaction were monitored. Plasma TNF-α and corticosterone were measured by ELISA. The percentage of neutrophils in blood was deduced from blood smears. Inflammatory gene expression (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, iNOS) in the liver and the brain (hypothalamus and hippocampus) were quantified by real-time PCR. Blood and lavage fluid (injection site) were collected for microbiological plate count and for real-time PCR of bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) expression in the hypothalamus was also determined by real-time PCR. Results Deficiency of PKR diminished peripheral inflammatory responses following E. coli challenge. However, while the core components of sickness (anorexia and motor impairments) were similar between both strains of mice, the behavioral components of sickness (reduced burrowing, exploratory activity deficits, and social withdrawal) were only observable in PKR−/− mice but not in WT mice. Such alteration of behavioral components was unlikely to be caused by exaggerated neuroimmune activation, by an impaired host defense to the infection, or due to a dysregulated corticosterone response, because both strains of mice displayed similar neuroimmune responses, bacterial titers, and plasma corticosterone profiles throughout the course of infection. Nevertheless, the induction of hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) by E. coli was delayed in PKR−/− mice relative to WT mice, suggesting that PKR deficiency may postpone the CRH response during systemic inflammation. Conclusions Taken together, our findings show that (1) loss of PKR could alter E. coli-induced sickness behaviors and (2) this was unlikely to be due to exacerbated neuroimmune activation, (3) elevated bacterial load, or (4) dysregulation in the corticosterone response. Further studies can address the role of PKR in the CRH response together with its consequence on sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chun-Hei Poon
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yuen-Shan Ho
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ran You
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hei-Long Tse
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Kin Chiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Rm. L1-49, Laboratory Block, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Demeestere D, Libert C, Vandenbroucke RE. Clinical implications of leukocyte infiltration at the choroid plexus in (neuro)inflammatory disorders. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:928-41. [PMID: 25979470 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is a highly vascularized organ located in the brain ventricles and contains a single epithelial cell layer forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). This barrier is crucial for immune surveillance in health and is an underestimated gate for entry of immune cells during numerous inflammatory disorders. Several of these disorders are accompanied by disturbance of the BCSFB and increased leukocyte infiltration, which affects neuroinflammation. Understanding the mechanism of immune cell entry at the CP might lead to identification of new therapeutic targets. Here, we focus on current knowledge of leukocyte infiltration at the CP in inflammatory conditions and its therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Demeestere
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Blom C, Deller BL, Fraser DD, Patterson EK, Martin CM, Young B, Liaw PC, Yazdan-Ashoori P, Ortiz A, Webb B, Kilmer G, Carter DE, Cepinskas G. Human severe sepsis cytokine mixture increases β2-integrin-dependent polymorphonuclear leukocyte adhesion to cerebral microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:149. [PMID: 25882865 PMCID: PMC4409718 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-0883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a state of acute brain dysfunction in response to a systemic infection. We propose that systemic inflammation during sepsis causes increased adhesion of leukocytes to the brain microvasculature, resulting in blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Thus, our objectives were to measure inflammatory analytes in plasma of severe sepsis patients to create an experimental cytokine mixture (CM), and to use this CM to investigate the activation and interactions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and human cerebrovascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) in vitro. Methods The concentrations of 41 inflammatory analytes were quantified in plasma obtained from 20 severe sepsis patients and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls employing an antibody microarray. Two CMs were prepared to mimic severe sepsis (SSCM) and control (CCM), and these CMs were then used for PMN and hCMEC/D3 stimulation in vitro. PMN adhesion to hCMEC/D3 was assessed under conditions of flow (shear stress 0.7 dyn/cm2). Results Eight inflammatory analytes elevated in plasma obtained from severe sepsis patients were used to prepare SSCM and CCM. Stimulation of PMN with SSCM led to a marked increase in PMN adhesion to hCMEC/D3, as compared to CCM. PMN adhesion was abolished with neutralizing antibodies to either β2 (CD18), αL/β2 (CD11α/CD18; LFA-1) or αM/β2 (CD11β/CD18; Mac-1) integrins. In addition, immune-neutralization of the endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cell adhesion molecule, ICAM-1 (CD54) also suppressed PMN adhesion. Conclusions Human SSCM up-regulates PMN pro-adhesive phenotype and promotes PMN adhesion to cerebrovascular endothelial cells through a β2-integrin-ICAM-1-dependent mechanism. PMN adhesion to the brain microvasculature may contribute to SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Blom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Str. North, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Brittany L Deller
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Str. North, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Douglas D Fraser
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Str. North, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada. .,Children's Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6C 2V5, Canada. .,Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Rd East, London, ON, N6C 6B5, Canada. .,Department of Paediatrics, Western University, 100 Collip Circle, London, ON, N6G 4X8, Canada. .,Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, 339 Windermere Road, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada.
| | - Eric K Patterson
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Rd East, London, ON, N6C 6B5, Canada.
| | - Claudio M Martin
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Rd East, London, ON, N6C 6B5, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Western University, 1151 Richmond Str. North, London, ON, N6A 3K6, Canada.
| | - Bryan Young
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, 339 Windermere Road, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada.
| | - Patricia C Liaw
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada. .,The Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, 237 Barton Str. East, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada.
| | - Payam Yazdan-Ashoori
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Str. North, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Angelica Ortiz
- Children's Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6C 2V5, Canada.
| | - Brian Webb
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 3747 N Meridian Rd, Rockford, IL, 61105, USA.
| | - Greg Kilmer
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 3747 N Meridian Rd, Rockford, IL, 61105, USA.
| | - David E Carter
- London Regional Genomics Centre, Robarts Research Institute, 1151 Richmond Str. North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Gediminas Cepinskas
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Rd East, London, ON, N6C 6B5, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, 1151 Richmond Str. North, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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Kaur T, Uppoor A, Naik D. Parkinson's disease and periodontitis - the missing link? A review. Gerodontology 2015; 33:434-438. [DOI: 10.1111/ger.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswani Kaur
- Department of Periodontology; Manipal College of Dental Sciences; Manipal University; Mangalore India
| | - Ashita Uppoor
- Department of Periodontology; Manipal College of Dental Sciences; Manipal University; Mangalore India
| | - Dilip Naik
- Department of Periodontology; Manipal College of Dental Sciences; Manipal University; Mangalore India
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Cazareth J, Guyon A, Heurteaux C, Chabry J, Petit-Paitel A. Molecular and cellular neuroinflammatory status of mouse brain after systemic lipopolysaccharide challenge: importance of CCR2/CCL2 signaling. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:132. [PMID: 25065370 PMCID: PMC4237883 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic and environmental factors are critical elements influencing the etiology of major depression. It is now accepted that neuroinflammatory processes play a major role in neuropsychological disorders. Neuroinflammation results from the dysregulation of the synthesis and/or release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines with central or peripheral origin after various insults. Systemic bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge is commonly used to study inflammation-induced depressive-like behaviors in rodents. In the present study, we investigated immune-to-brain communication in mice by examining the effects of peripheral LPS injection on neuroinflammation encompassing cytokine and chemokine production, microglia and central nervous system (CNS)-associated phagocyte activation, immune cell infiltration and serotonergic neuronal function. Methods LPS was administered to C57BL/6 J mice by intraperitoneal injection; brains were collected and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA and proteins were measured. To examine the relative contribution of the different populations of brain immune cells to the occurrence of neuroinflammation after acute systemic inflammation, we precisely characterized them by flow cytometry, studied changes in their proportions and level of activation, and measured the amount of cytokines they released by Cytometric Bead Array™ after cell sorting and ex vivo culture. Because of the central role that the chemokine CCL2 seems to play in our paradigm, we studied the effect of CCL2 on the activity of serotonergic neurons of the raphe nucleus using electrophysiological recordings. Results We report that systemic LPS administration in mice caused a marked increase in pro-inflammatory IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα and CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) mRNA and protein levels in the brain. Moreover, we found that LPS caused microglia and CNS-associated phagocyte activation characterized by upregulation of CCR2, TLR4/CD14, CD80 and IL-4Rα, associated with overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially CCL2. LPS also induced a marked and selective increase of CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes within the brain. Finally, we showed that CCL2 hyperpolarized serotonergic raphe neurons in mouse midbrain slices, thus probably reducing the serotonin tone in projection areas. Conclusion Together, we provide a detailed characterization of the molecular and cellular players involved in the establishment of neuroinflammation after systemic injection of LPS. This highlights the importance of the CCL2/CCR2 signaling and suggests a possible link with depressive disorders.
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Smith PL, Hagberg H, Naylor AS, Mallard C. Neonatal Peripheral Immune Challenge Activates Microglia and Inhibits Neurogenesis in the Developing Murine Hippocampus. Dev Neurosci 2014; 36:119-31. [DOI: 10.1159/000359950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Adam N, Kandelman S, Mantz J, Chrétien F, Sharshar T. Sepsis-induced brain dysfunction. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 11:211-21. [PMID: 23409826 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic infection is often revealed by or associated with brain dysfunction, which is characterized by alteration of consciousness, ranging from delirium to coma, seizure or focal neurological signs. Its pathophysiology involves an ischemic process, secondary to impairment of cerebral perfusion and its determinants and a neuroinflammatory process that includes endothelial activation, alteration of the blood-brain barrier and passage of neurotoxic mediators. Microcirculatory dysfunction is common to these two processes. This brain dysfunction is associated with increased mortality, morbidity and long-term cognitive disability. Its diagnosis relies essentially on neurological examination that can lead to specific investigations, including electrophysiological testing or neuroimaging. In practice, cerebrospinal fluid analysis is indisputably required when meningitis is suspected. Hepatic, uremic or respiratory encephalopathy, metabolic disturbances, drug overdose, sedative or opioid withdrawal, alcohol withdrawal delirium or Wernicke's encephalopathy are the main differential diagnoses. Currently, treatment consists mainly of controlling sepsis. The effects of insulin therapy and steroids need to be assessed. Various drugs acting on sepsis-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction, brain oxidative stress and inflammation have been tested in septic animals but not yet in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Adam
- General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
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Zimmermann J, Krauthausen M, Hofer MJ, Heneka MT, Campbell IL, Müller M. CNS-targeted production of IL-17A induces glial activation, microvascular pathology and enhances the neuroinflammatory response to systemic endotoxemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57307. [PMID: 23468966 PMCID: PMC3584143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a key cytokine modulating the course of inflammatory diseases. Whereas effector functions of IL-17A like induction of antimicrobial peptides and leukocyte infiltration could clearly be demonstrated for peripheral organs, CNS specific effects are not well defined and appear controversial. To further clarify the functional significance of IL-17A in the CNS, we generated a transgenic mouse line with astrocyte-restricted expression of the IL-17A gene. GFAP/IL-17A transgenic mice develop normally and do not show any signs of neurological dysfunction. However, histological characterization revealed astrocytosis and activation of microglia. Demyelination, neurodegeneration or prominent tissue damage was not observed but a vascular pathology mimicking microangiopathic features was evident. Histological and flow cytometric analysis demonstrated the absence of parenchymal infiltration of immune cells into the CNS of GFAP/IL-17A transgenic mice. In GFAP/IL-17A mice, LPS-induced endotoxemia led to a more pronounced microglial activation with expansion of a distinct CD45(high)/CD11b(+) population and increased induction of proinflammatory cytokines compared with controls. Our data argues against a direct role of IL-17A in mediating tissue damage during neuroinflammation. More likely IL-17A acts as a modulating factor in the network of induced cytokines. This novel mouse model will be a very useful tool to further characterize the role of IL-17A in neuroinflammatory disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Markus J. Hofer
- Department of Neuropathology, University Clinic of Marburg and Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael T. Heneka
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Clinical Neuroscience Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Iain L. Campbell
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marcus Müller
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Bingham D, John CM, Levin J, Panter SS, Jarvis GA. Post-injury conditioning with lipopolysaccharide or lipooligosaccharide reduces inflammation in the brain. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 256:28-37. [PMID: 23333234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and disability in the Western world. The first stage of TBI results from the mechanical damage from an impact or blast. A second stage occurs as an inflammatory response to the primary injury and presents an opportunity for clinical intervention. In this study, we investigated the effect of pre- and post-injury treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli and lipooligosaccharide (LOS) from Neisseria meningitidis on levels of cerebral inflammatory cells, circulating blood cells, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in a rat model of neuroinflammation induced by intrastriatal injection of IL-1β to mimic the second stage of TBI. METHODS LPS or LOS was administered intravenously (IV) or intranasally (IN) 2h pre- or post-injection of IL-1β. The rats were euthanized 12h following IL-1β injection. Brain sections were immunostained with antibody to ED-1, a microglia cell marker. Cells in whole blood were assessed with a VetScan HM2 analyzer, and cytokine levels in sera were analyzed with a Bio-Plex system. RESULTS Pre- and post-injury IV administration of LPS or LOS significantly reduced microglia in the brain, and IN pre-treatment with LPS or LOS showed a statistical trend towards reducing microglia. Pre- and post-treatment IV with LOS increased circulating levels of IL-2 and IL-4, whereas IN post-treatment with LPS reduced levels of the inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS The findings strongly support continued investigation of post-conditioning with LPS or LOS as potential neuroprotective treatments for neuroinflammation from TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Bingham
- Center for Immunochemistry, 4150 Clement Street, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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Dufour S, Atchia Y, Gad R, Ringuette D, Sigal I, Levi O. Evaluation of laser speckle contrast imaging as an intrinsic method to monitor blood brain barrier integrity. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:1856-75. [PMID: 24156049 PMCID: PMC3799651 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.001856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) can contribute to the development of many brain disorders. We evaluate laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) as an intrinsic modality for monitoring BBB disruptions through simultaneous fluorescence and LSCI with vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). We demonstrated that drug-induced BBB opening was associated with a relative change of the arterial and venous blood velocities. Cross-sectional flow velocity ratio (veins/arteries) decreased significantly in rats treated with BBB-opening drugs, ≤0.81 of initial values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzie Dufour
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Yaaseen Atchia
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Raanan Gad
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Dene Ringuette
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Iliya Sigal
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Ofer Levi
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
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Nasoohi S, Hemmati AA, Moradi F, Ahmadiani A. The γ-secretase blocker DAPT impairs recovery from lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in rat brain. Neuroscience 2012; 210:99-109. [PMID: 22445932 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is an important contributing enzyme in Alzheimer's disease and is therefore an important therapeutic target. However, the impact of γ-secretase inhibition is not well studied in acute neuroinflammation induced by systemic infection. In this study the influence of γ-secretase on the expression of some proinflammatory markers was assessed in the acute phase as well as the subsiding phase of neuroinflammation. Cerebral γ-secretase cleavage activity was measured by a fluorometric assay after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneal administration. Time profiles of TNF-α and COX-II expression were then determined to detect the time points relevant to the maximal inflammatory responses and the subsequent recovery phase. γ-Secretase activity coincident with TNF-α protein expression returned to its basal level till 8-12 h after systemic challenge with low dose LPS while COX-II over expression lasted for 48-72 h later. Pharmacological inhibition of γ-secretase with local or systemic administration of DAPT (N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester) was performed to indicate the results on the developmental and sinking phases of inflammatory responses in 6 and 72 h post LPS respectively. Our results demonstrate that both local and systemic modulation of γ-secretase hyper-activity with DAPT increase the duration of TNF-α, COX-II, and NFκB induction. We consistently found mild augmented apoptosis in animals treated with DAPT as determined by measuring cleaved caspase-3 expression and by TUNEL assay 72 h following LPS injection. These results suggest that γ-secretase modulation interferes with certain immune regulatory pathways which may restrict some inflammatory transcription factors such as NFκB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nasoohi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, PO Box 6287, Ahvaz, Iran
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Lopez de Heredia L, Gengatharan A, Foster J, Mather S, Magoulas C. Bioluminescence imaging of the brain response to acute inflammation in living C/EBP reporter mice. Neurosci Lett 2011; 497:134-8. [PMID: 21545825 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) is a key regulator of inflammation and immune responses, and recent studies suggest it is involved in inflammatory processes in the nervous system. We generated a transgenic reporter mouse model, carrying the luciferase (luc) gene under the transcriptional control of C/EBP, for visualising C/EBP activity in vivo. Real-time bioluminescence imaging reflecting C/EBP activity was performed in an acute inflammation model, after systemic administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), in C/EBP-luc mice. A striking activity of C/EBP was imaged predominantly in the brain of living C/EBP-luc mice in response to LPS, showing for the first time in vivo that C/EBP mediates the brain response to inflammation. Furthermore, dexamethasone, a potent anti-inflammatory agent, diminished the LPS-induced C/EBP activity demonstrating the physiological regulation of bioluminescence intensity in the brain of C/EBP-luc mice. Our results implicate that C/EBP reporter mice have the potential to be a valuable tool for studies on the mechanisms of brain inflammation in vivo and for the noninvasive preclinical evaluation of therapeutic agents targeting neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Lopez de Heredia
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London E12AT, UK
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Jeong HK, Jou I, Joe EH. Systemic LPS administration induces brain inflammation but not dopaminergic neuronal death in the substantia nigra. Exp Mol Med 2011; 42:823-32. [PMID: 20962566 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that brain inflammation is important in aggravation of brain damage and/or that inflammation causes neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, systemic inflammation has also emerged as a risk factor for PD. In the present study, we evaluated how systemic inflammation induced by intravenous (iv) lipopolysaccharides (LPS) injection affected brain inflammation and neuronal damage in the rat. Interestingly, almost all brain inflammatory responses, including morphological activation of microglia, neutrophil infiltration, and mRNA/protein expression of inflammatory mediators, appeared within 4-8 h, and subsided within 1-3 days, in the substantia nigra (SN), where dopaminergic neurons are located. More importantly, however, dopaminergic neuronal loss was not detectable for up to 8 d after iv LPS injection. Together, these results indicate that acute induction of systemic inflammation causes brain inflammation, but this is not sufficiently toxic to induce neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hey-Kyeong Jeong
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Korea
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Kendall GS, Hristova M, Hirstova M, Horn S, Dafou D, Acosta-Saltos A, Almolda B, Zbarsky V, Rumajogee P, Heuer H, Castellano B, Pfeffer K, Nedospasov SA, Peebles DM, Raivich G. TNF gene cluster deletion abolishes lipopolysaccharide-mediated sensitization of the neonatal brain to hypoxic ischemic insult. J Transl Med 2011; 91:328-41. [PMID: 21135813 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we explored the role of TNF cluster cytokines on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated, synergistic increase in brain injury after hypoxic ischemic insult in postnatal day 7 mice. Pretreatment with moderate doses of LPS (0.3 μg/g) resulted in particularly pronounced synergistic injury within 12 h. Systemic application of LPS alone resulted in a strong upregulation of inflammation-associated cytokines TNFα, LTβ, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL6, chemokines, such as CXCL1, and adhesion molecules E-Selectin, P-Selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1), as well as a trend toward increased LTα levels in day 7 mouse forebrain. In addition, it was also associated with strong activation of brain blood vessel endothelia and local microglial cells. Here, deletion of the entire TNF gene cluster, removing TNFα, LTβ and LTα completely abolished endotoxin-mediated increase in the volume of cerebral infarct. Interestingly, the same deletion also prevented endothelial and microglial activation following application of LPS alone, suggesting the involvement of these cell types in bringing about the LPS-mediated sensitization to neonatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles S Kendall
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Centre for Perinatal Brain Protection and Repair, Institute of Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.
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