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Yokoi S, Suno R, Mitsutake A. Structural and Computational Insights into Dynamics and Intermediate States of Orexin 2 Receptor Signaling. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6082-6096. [PMID: 38722794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) whose activation is crucial to regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Recently, inactive and active state structures were determined from X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy single particle analysis, and the activation mechanisms have been discussed based on these static data. GPCRs have multiscale intermediate states during activation, and insights into these dynamics and intermediate states may aid the precise control of intracellular signaling by ligands in drug discovery. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to investigate dynamics induced in response to thermal perturbations, such as structural fluctuations of main and side chains. In this study, we proposed collective motions of the TM domain during activation by performing 30 independent microsecond-scale MD simulations for various OX2R systems and applying relaxation mode analysis. The analysis results suggested that TM3 had a vertical structural movement relative to the membrane surface during activation. In addition, we extracted three characteristic amino acid residues on TM3, i.e., Q1343.32, V1423.40, and R1523.50, which exhibited large conformational fluctuations. We quantitatively evaluated the changes in their equilibrium during activation in relation to the movement of TM3. We also discuss the regulation of ligand binding recognition and intracellular signal selectivity by changes in the equilibrium of Q1343.32 and R1523.50, respectively, according to MD simulations and GPCR database. Additionally, the OX2R-Gi signaling complex is stabilized in the conformation resembling a non-canonical (NC) state, which was previously proposed as an intermediate state during activation of neurotensin 1 receptor. Insights into the dynamics and intermediate states during activation gained from this study may be useful for developing biased agonists for OX2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yokoi
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ryoji Suno
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Ayori Mitsutake
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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2
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Nelic D, Chetverikov N, Hochmalová M, Diaz C, Doležal V, Boulos J, Jakubík J, Martemyanov K, Janoušková-Randáková A. Agonist-selective activation of individual G-proteins by muscarinic receptors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9652. [PMID: 38671143 PMCID: PMC11053168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective activation of individual subtypes of muscarinic receptors is a promising way to safely alleviate a wide range of pathological conditions in the central nervous system and the periphery as well. The flexible G-protein interface of muscarinic receptors allows them to interact with several G-proteins with various efficacy, potency, and kinetics. Agonists biased to the particular G-protein mediated pathway may result in selectivity among muscarinic subtypes and, due to the non-uniform expression of individual G-protein alpha subunits, possibly achieve tissue specificity. Here, we demonstrate that novel tetrahydropyridine-based agonists exert specific signalling profiles in coupling with individual G-protein α subunits. These signalling profiles profoundly differ from the reference agonist carbachol. Moreover, coupling with individual Gα induced by these novel agonists varies among subtypes of muscarinic receptors which may lead to subtype selectivity. Thus, the novel tetrahydropyridine-based agonist can contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism of pathway-specific activation of muscarinic receptors and serve as a starting point for the development of desired selective muscarinic agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Nelic
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nikolai Chetverikov
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hochmalová
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Christina Diaz
- Department of Physical Sciences, Barry University, Miami Shores, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vladimír Doležal
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - John Boulos
- Department of Physical Sciences, Barry University, Miami Shores, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jan Jakubík
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kirill Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
| | - Alena Janoušková-Randáková
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
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3
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Fritzius T, Tureček R, Fernandez-Fernandez D, Isogai S, Rem PD, Kralikova M, Gassmann M, Bettler B. Preassembly of specific Gβγ subunits at GABA B receptors through auxiliary KCTD proteins accelerates channel gating. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116176. [PMID: 38555036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
GABAB receptors (GBRs) are G protein-coupled receptors for GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GBRs regulate fast synaptic transmission by gating Ca2+ and K+ channels via the Gβγ subunits of the activated G protein. It has been demonstrated that auxiliary GBR subunits, the KCTD proteins, shorten onset and rise time and increase desensitization of receptor-induced K+ currents. KCTD proteins increase desensitization of K+ currents by scavenging Gβγ from the channel, yet the mechanism responsible for the rapid activation of K+ currents has remained elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that KCTD proteins preassemble Gβγ at GBRs. The preassembly obviates the need for diffusion-limited G protein recruitment to the receptor, thereby accelerating G protein activation and, as a result, K+ channel activation. Preassembly of Gβγ at the receptor relies on the interaction of KCTD proteins with a loop protruding from the seven-bladed propeller of Gβ subunits. The binding site is shared between Gβ1 and Gβ2, limiting the interaction of KCTD proteins to these particular Gβ isoforms. Substituting residues in the KCTD binding site of Gβ1 with those from Gβ3 hinders the preassembly of Gβγ with GBRs, delays onset and prolongs rise time of receptor-activated K+ currents. The KCTD-Gβ interface, therefore, represents a target for pharmacological modulation of channel gating by GBRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rostislav Tureček
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Auditory Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Shin Isogai
- Microbial Downstream Process Development, Lonza AG, Visp, Switzerland
| | - Pascal D Rem
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Kralikova
- Department of Auditory Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Gassmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Bettler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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4
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Jobe A, Vijayan R. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors: the ongoing search for a home. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1349097. [PMID: 38495099 PMCID: PMC10941346 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1349097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) make up the largest receptor superfamily, accounting for 4% of protein-coding genes. Despite the prevalence of such transmembrane receptors, a significant number remain orphans, lacking identified endogenous ligands. Since their conception, the reverse pharmacology approach has been used to characterize such receptors. However, the multifaceted and nuanced nature of GPCR signaling poses a great challenge to their pharmacological elucidation. Considering their therapeutic relevance, the search for native orphan GPCR ligands continues. Despite limited structural input in terms of 3D crystallized structures, with advances in machine-learning approaches, there has been great progress with respect to accurate ligand prediction. Though such an approach proves valuable given that ligand scarcity is the greatest hurdle to orphan GPCR deorphanization, the future pairings of the remaining orphan GPCRs may not necessarily take a one-size-fits-all approach but should be more comprehensive in accounting for numerous nuanced possibilities to cover the full spectrum of GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie Jobe
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- The Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Björkman L, Forsman H, Bergqvist L, Dahlgren C, Sundqvist M. Larixol is not an inhibitor of Gα i containing G proteins and lacks effect on signaling mediated by human neutrophil expressed formyl peptide receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115995. [PMID: 38151076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils express several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) connected to intracellular Gαi or Gαq containing G proteins for down-stream signaling. To dampen GPCR mediated inflammatory processes, several inhibitors targeting the receptors and/or their down-stream signals, have been developed. Potent and selective inhibitors for Gαq containing G proteins are available, but potent and specific inhibitors of Gαi containing G proteins are lacking. Recently, Larixol, a compound extracted from the root of Euphorbia formosana, was shown to abolish human neutrophil functions induced by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF), an agonist recognized by formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) which couple to Gαi containing G proteins. The inhibitory effect was suggested to be due to interference with/inhibition of signals transmitted by βγ complexes of the Gαi containing G proteins coupled to FPR1. In this study, we applied Larixol, obtained from two different commercial sources, to determine the receptor- and G protein- selectivity of this compound in human neutrophils. However, our data show that Larixol not only lacks inhibitory effect on neutrophil responses mediated through FPR1, but also on responses mediated through FPR2, a Gαi coupled GPCR closely related to FPR1. Furthermore, Larixol did not display any features as a selective inhibitor of neutrophil responses mediated through the Gαq coupled GPCRs for platelet activating factor and ATP. Hence, our results imply that the inhibitory effects described for the root extract of Euphorbia formosana are not mediated by Larixol and that the search for a selective inhibitor of G protein dependent signals generated by Gαi coupled neutrophil GPCRs must continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Björkman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linda Bergqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Deng X, Zeng Y, Ding D. MiR-30c-5p-Targeted Regulation of GNAI2 Improves Neural Function Injury and Inflammation in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04802-5. [PMID: 38153649 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
MiRNAs are related to neuronal proliferation and apoptosis following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). This study focused on miR-30c-5p in the disease. An oxygen-glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R) model was prepared in HT22 cells and transfected to overexpress miR-30c-5p and G Protein Subunit Alpha I2 (GNAI2) respectively or co-transfected to silence miR-30c-5p and GNAI2. Meanwhile, a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was constructed in mice, and miR-30c-5p and GNAI2 were silenced in vivo simultaneously. The mice were evaluated for neurological damage, apoptosis, and inflammation. HT22 cells were tested for cytotoxicity, proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory factors. The interaction between miR-30c-5p and GNAI2 was predicted, analyzed, and confirmed. MiR-30c-5p was found to be downregulated in both experimental models. miR-30c-5p reduced lactate dehydrogenase production, inflammatory response, inhibit apoptosis, and enhanced neuronal proliferation, while GNAI2 overexpression showed the opposite results. Downregulated miR-30c-5p worsened neurological function, apoptosis, and inflammation of MCAO mice while silencing GNAI2 attenuated the influence of downregulated miR-30c-5p. MiR-30c-5p can improve neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory response caused by CIRI and is neuroprotective by targeting GNAI2, providing a new target for treating CIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Deng
- Department of Neurology, Yichun People's Hospital of Jiangxi Province, No. 1061 Jinxiu Avenue, Yuanzhou District, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province, 336000, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Yichun People's Hospital of Jiangxi Province, No. 1061 Jinxiu Avenue, Yuanzhou District, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province, 336000, China
| | - Dan Ding
- Department of Neurology, Yichun People's Hospital of Jiangxi Province, No. 1061 Jinxiu Avenue, Yuanzhou District, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province, 336000, China.
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Zheng Q, Yu Q, Yao W, Lv K, Zhang N, Xu W. Decoding VaCOLD1 Function in Grapevines: A Membrane Protein Enhancing Cold Stress Tolerance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19357-19371. [PMID: 38037352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In globally cultivated grapevines, low-temperature stress poses a persistent challenge. Although COLD1 is recognized as a cold receptor in rice, its function in grapevine cold signaling is unclear. Here, we identified VaCOLD1, a transmembrane protein from the cold-tolerant Vitis amurensis Rupr, which is primarily located on plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Broadly expressed across multiple tissues, VaCOLD1 responds to various environmental stresses, particularly to cold. Its promoter contains distinct hormone- and stress-responsive elements, with GUS assays confirming widespread expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Validation of interaction between VaCOLD1 and VaGPA1, together with their combined expression in yeast and grape calli, notably improved cold endurance. Overexpression of VaCOLD1 enhances cold tolerance in Arabidopsis by strengthening the CBF-COR signaling pathway. This is achieved through shielding against osmotic disturbances and modifying the expression of ABA-mediated genes. These findings emphasize the critical role of the VaCOLD1-VaGPA1 complex in mediating the response to cold stress via the CBF-COR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Zheng
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- Engineering Research Center of Grape and Wine, Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Qinhan Yu
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- Engineering Research Center of Grape and Wine, Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Wenkong Yao
- College of Enology & Horticulture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- Engineering Research Center of Grape and Wine, Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Kai Lv
- College of Enology & Horticulture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- Engineering Research Center of Grape and Wine, Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Ningbo Zhang
- College of Enology & Horticulture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- Engineering Research Center of Grape and Wine, Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Weirong Xu
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Enology & Horticulture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- Engineering Research Center of Grape and Wine, Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Björkman L, Forsman H, Bergqvist L, Dahlgren C, Sundqvist M. WITHDRAWN: Larixol is not an inhibitor of Gα i containing G proteins and lacks effect on signaling mediated by human neutrophil expressed formyl peptide receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115919. [PMID: 37952896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Björkman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linda Bergqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Masuho I, Kise R, Gainza P, Von Moo E, Li X, Tany R, Wakasugi-Masuho H, Correia BE, Martemyanov KA. Rules and mechanisms governing G protein coupling selectivity of GPCRs. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113173. [PMID: 37742189 PMCID: PMC10842385 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) convert extracellular stimuli into intracellular signaling by coupling to heterotrimeric G proteins of four classes: Gi/o, Gq, Gs, and G12/13. However, our understanding of the G protein selectivity of GPCRs is incomplete. Here, we quantitatively measure the enzymatic activity of GPCRs in living cells and reveal the G protein selectivity of 124 GPCRs with the exact rank order of their G protein preference. Using this information, we establish a classification of GPCRs by functional selectivity, discover the existence of a G12/13-coupled receptor, G15-coupled receptors, and a variety of subclasses for Gi/o-, Gq-, and Gs-coupled receptors, culminating in development of the predictive algorithm of G protein selectivity. We further identify the structural determinants of G protein selectivity, allowing us to synthesize non-existent GPCRs with de novo G protein selectivity and efficiently identify putative pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Masuho
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
| | - Ryoji Kise
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Pablo Gainza
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ee Von Moo
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Xiaona Li
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ryosuke Tany
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Hideko Wakasugi-Masuho
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Bruno E Correia
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kirill A Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Rysiewicz B, Błasiak E, Mystek P, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Polit A. Beyond the G protein α subunit: investigating the functional impact of other components of the Gαi 3 heterotrimers. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:279. [PMID: 37817242 PMCID: PMC10566112 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01307-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific interactions between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and G proteins play a key role in mediating signaling events. While there is little doubt regarding receptor preference for Gα subunits, the preferences for specific Gβ and Gγ subunits and the effects of different Gβγ dimer compositions on GPCR signaling are poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the subcellular localization and functional response of Gαi3-based heterotrimers with different combinations of Gβ and Gγ subunits. METHODS Live-cell imaging microscopy and colocalization analysis were used to investigate the subcellular localization of Gαi3 in combination with Gβ1 or Gβ2 heterotrimers, along with representative Gγ subunits. Furthermore, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM-FRET) was used to investigate the nanoscale distribution of Gαi3-based heterotrimers in the plasma membrane, specifically with the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). In addition, the functional response of the system was assessed by monitoring intracellular cAMP levels and conducting bioinformatics analysis to further characterize the heterotrimer complexes. RESULTS Our results show that Gαi3 heterotrimers mainly localize to the plasma membrane, although the degree of colocalization is influenced by the accompanying Gβ and Gγ subunits. Heterotrimers containing Gβ2 showed slightly lower membrane localization compared to those containing Gβ1, but certain combinations, such as Gαi3β2γ8 and Gαi3β2γ10, deviated from this trend. Examination of the spatial arrangement of Gαi3 in relation to D2R and of changes in intracellular cAMP level showed that the strongest functional response is observed for those trimers for which the distance between the receptor and the Gα subunit is smallest, i.e. complexes containing Gβ1 and Gγ8 or Gγ10 subunit. Deprivation of Gαi3 lipid modifications resulted in a significant decrease in the amount of protein present in the cell membrane, but did not always affect intracellular cAMP levels. CONCLUSION Our studies show that the composition of G protein heterotrimers has a significant impact on the strength and specificity of GPCR-mediated signaling. Different heterotrimers may exhibit different conformations, which further affects the interactions of heterotrimers and GPCRs, as well as their interactions with membrane lipids. This study contributes to the understanding of the complex signaling mechanisms underlying GPCR-G-protein interactions and highlights the importance of the diversity of Gβ and Gγ subunits in G-protein signaling pathways. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Rysiewicz
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Błasiak
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Mystek
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Polit
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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11
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Hanke W, Alenfelder J, Liu J, Gutbrod P, Kehraus S, Crüsemann M, Dörmann P, Kostenis E, Scholz M, König GM. The Bacterial G q Signal Transduction Inhibitor FR900359 Impairs Soil-Associated Nematodes. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:549-569. [PMID: 37453001 PMCID: PMC10725363 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic depsipeptide FR900359 (FR) is derived from the soil bacterium Chromobacterium vaccinii and known to bind Gq proteins of mammals and insects, thereby abolishing the signal transduction of their Gq protein-coupled receptors, a process that leads to severe physiological consequences. Due to their highly conserved structure, Gq family of proteins are a superior ecological target for FR producing organisms, resulting in a defense towards a broad range of harmful organisms. Here, we focus on the question whether bacteria like C. vaccinii are important factors in soil in that their secondary metabolites impair, e.g., plant harming organisms like nematodes. We prove that the Gq inhibitor FR is produced under soil-like conditions. Furthermore, FR inhibits heterologously expressed Gαq proteins of the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Heterodera schachtii in the micromolar range. Additionally, in vivo experiments with C. elegans and the plant parasitic cyst nematode H. schachtii demonstrated that FR reduces locomotion of C. elegans and H. schachtii. Finally, egg-laying of C. elegans and hatching of juvenile stage 2 of H. schachtii from its cysts is inhibited by FR, suggesting that FR might reduce nematode dispersion and proliferation. This study supports the idea that C. vaccinii and its excreted metabolome in the soil might contribute to an ecological equilibrium, maintaining and establishing the successful growth of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Hanke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Judith Alenfelder
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jun Liu
- Neural Information Flow, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - CAESAR, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, D-53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Gutbrod
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
- Bonn International Graduate School - Land and Food, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 9, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Kehraus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Max Crüsemann
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Monika Scholz
- Neural Information Flow, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - CAESAR, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, D-53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany.
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12
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Colombo S, Reddy HP, Petri S, Williams DJ, Shalomov B, Dhindsa RS, Gelfman S, Krizay D, Bera AK, Yang M, Peng Y, Makinson CD, Boland MJ, Frankel WN, Goldstein DB, Dascal N. Epilepsy in a mouse model of GNB1 encephalopathy arises from altered potassium (GIRK) channel signaling and is alleviated by a GIRK inhibitor. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1175895. [PMID: 37275776 PMCID: PMC10232839 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1175895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo mutations in GNB1, encoding the Gβ1 subunit of G proteins, cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with global developmental delay and epilepsy, GNB1 encephalopathy. Here, we show that mice carrying a pathogenic mutation, K78R, recapitulate aspects of the disorder, including developmental delay and generalized seizures. Cultured mutant cortical neurons also display aberrant bursting activity on multi-electrode arrays. Strikingly, the antiepileptic drug ethosuximide (ETX) restores normal neuronal network behavior in vitro and suppresses spike-and-wave discharges (SWD) in vivo. ETX is a known blocker of T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and G protein-coupled potassium (GIRK) channels. Accordingly, we present evidence that K78R results in a gain-of-function (GoF) effect by increasing the activation of GIRK channels in cultured neurons and a heterologous model (Xenopus oocytes)-an effect we show can be potently inhibited by ETX. This work implicates a GoF mechanism for GIRK channels in epilepsy, identifies a new mechanism of action for ETX in preventing seizures, and establishes this mouse model as a pre-clinical tool for translational research with predicative value for GNB1 encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Colombo
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Haritha P. Reddy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Sabrina Petri
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Damian J. Williams
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Boris Shalomov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ryan S. Dhindsa
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sahar Gelfman
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Krizay
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Amal K. Bera
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Mu Yang
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Mouse NeuroBehavior Core Facility, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yueqing Peng
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christopher D. Makinson
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael J. Boland
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wayne N. Frankel
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - David B. Goldstein
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nathan Dascal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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13
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Renna SA, McKenzie SE, Michael JV. Species Differences in Platelet Protease-Activated Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098298. [PMID: 37176005 PMCID: PMC10179473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a class of integral membrane proteins that are cleaved by a variety of proteases, most notably thrombin, to reveal a tethered ligand and promote activation. PARs are critical mediators of platelet function in hemostasis and thrombosis, and therefore are attractive targets for anti-platelet therapies. Animal models studying platelet PAR physiology have relied heavily on genetically modified mouse strains, which have provided ample insight but have some inherent limitations. The current review aims to summarize the notable PAR expression and functional differences between the mouse and human, in addition to highlighting some recently developed tools to further study human physiology in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Renna
- Department of Medicine, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Steven E McKenzie
- Department of Medicine, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - James V Michael
- Department of Medicine, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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14
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Levesque MV, Hla T. Signal Transduction and Gene Regulation in the Endothelium. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:cshperspect.a041153. [PMID: 35667710 PMCID: PMC9722983 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signals act on G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to regulate homeostasis and adapt to stress. This involves rapid intracellular post-translational responses and long-lasting gene-expression changes that ultimately determine cellular phenotype and fate changes. The lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptors (S1PRs) are examples of well-studied GPCR signaling axis essential for vascular development, homeostasis, and diseases. The biochemical cascades involved in rapid S1P signaling are well understood. However, gene-expression regulation by S1PRs are less understood. In this review, we focus our attention to how S1PRs regulate nuclear chromatin changes and gene transcription to modulate vascular and lymphatic endothelial phenotypic changes during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Because S1PR-targeted drugs approved for use in the treatment of autoimmune diseases cause substantial vascular-related adverse events, these findings are critical not only for general understanding of stimulus-evoked gene regulation in the vascular endothelium, but also for therapeutic development of drugs for autoimmune and perhaps vascular diseases.
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15
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Garzón-Niño J, Cortés-Montero E, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, Sánchez-Blázquez P. αN-Acetyl β-Endorphin Is an Endogenous Ligand of σ1Rs That Regulates Mu-Opioid Receptor Signaling by Exchanging G Proteins for σ2Rs in σ1R Oligomers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010582. [PMID: 36614024 PMCID: PMC9820303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid peptide β-endorphin coexists in the pituitary and brain in its αN-acetylated form, which does not bind to opioid receptors. We now report that these neuropeptides exhibited opposite effects in in vivo paradigms, in which ligands of the sigma type 1 receptor (σ1R) displayed positive effects. Thus, αN-acetyl β-Endorphin reduced vascular infarct caused by permanent unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion and diminished the incidence of N-methyl-D-aspartate acid-promoted convulsive syndrome and mechanical allodynia caused by unilateral chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve. Moreover, αN-acetyl β-Endorphin reduced the analgesia of morphine, β-Endorphin and clonidine but enhanced that of DAMGO. All these effects were counteracted by β-Endorphin and absent in σ1R-/- mice. We observed that σ1Rs negatively regulate mu-opioid receptor (MOR)-mediated morphine analgesia by binding and sequestering G proteins. In this scenario, β-Endorphin promoted the exchange of σ2Rs by G proteins at σ1R oligomers and increased the regulation of G proteins by MORs. The opposite was observed for the αN-acetyl derivative, as σ1R oligomerization decreased and σ2R binding was favored, which displaced G proteins; thus, MOR-regulated transduction was reduced. Our findings suggest that the pharmacological β-Endorphin-specific epsilon receptor is a σ1R-regulated MOR and that β-Endorphin and αN-acetyl β-Endorphin are endogenous ligands of σ1R.
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16
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Kankanamge D, Tennakoon M, Karunarathne A, Gautam N. G protein gamma subunit, a hidden master regulator of GPCR signaling. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102618. [PMID: 36272647 PMCID: PMC9678972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins (αβγ subunits) that are activated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate the biological responses of eukaryotic cells to extracellular signals. The α subunits and the tightly bound βγ subunit complex of G proteins have been extensively studied and shown to control the activity of effector molecules. In contrast, the potential roles of the large family of γ subunits have been less studied. In this review, we focus on present knowledge about these proteins. Induced loss of individual γ subunit types in animal and plant models result in strikingly distinct phenotypes indicating that γ subtypes play important and specific roles. Consistent with these findings, downregulation or upregulation of particular γ subunit types result in various types of cancers. Clues about the mechanistic basis of γ subunit function have emerged from imaging the dynamic behavior of G protein subunits in living cells. This shows that in the basal state, G proteins are not constrained to the plasma membrane but shuttle between membranes and on receptor activation βγ complexes translocate reversibly to internal membranes. The translocation kinetics of βγ complexes varies widely and is determined by the membrane affinity of the associated γ subtype. On translocating, some βγ complexes act on effectors in internal membranes. The variation in translocation kinetics determines differential sensitivity and adaptation of cells to external signals. Membrane affinity of γ subunits is thus a parsimonious and elegant mechanism that controls information flow to internal cell membranes while modulating signaling responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kankanamge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mithila Tennakoon
- Department of Chemistry, St Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - N Gautam
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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17
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Jiang H, Galtes D, Wang J, Rockman HA. G protein-coupled receptor signaling: transducers and effectors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C731-C748. [PMID: 35816644 PMCID: PMC9448338 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00210.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of considerable interest due to their importance in a wide range of physiological functions and in a large number of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs as therapeutic entities. With continued study of their function and mechanism of action, there is a greater understanding of how effector molecules interact with a receptor to initiate downstream effector signaling. This review aims to explore the signaling pathways, dynamic structures, and physiological relevance in the cardiovascular system of the three most important GPCR signaling effectors: heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCR kinases (GRKs), and β-arrestins. We will first summarize their prominent roles in GPCR pharmacology before transitioning into less well-explored areas. As new technologies are developed and applied to studying GPCR structure and their downstream effectors, there is increasing appreciation for the elegance of the regulatory mechanisms that mediate intracellular signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniella Galtes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jialu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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18
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GNB3 c.825C>T (rs5443) Polymorphism and Risk of Acute Cardiovascular Events after Renal Allograft Transplant. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179783. [PMID: 36077181 PMCID: PMC9456448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The c.825C>T single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs5443) of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit β3 (GNB3) results in increased intracellular signal transduction via G-proteins. The present study investigated the effect of the GNB3 c.825C>T polymorphism on cardiovascular events among renal allograft recipients posttransplant. Our retrospective study involved 436 renal allograft recipients who were followed up for up to 8 years after transplant. The GNB3 c.825C>T polymorphism was detected with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The GNB3 TT genotype was detected in 43 (10%) of 436 recipients. Death due to an acute cardiovascular event occurred more frequently among recipients with the TT genotype (4 [9%]) than among those with the CC/CT genotypes (7 [2%]; p = 0.003). The rates of myocardial infarction (MI)−free survival (p = 0.003) and acute peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD)−free survival (p = 0.004) were significantly lower among T-homozygous patients. A multivariate analysis showed that homozygous GNB3 c.825C>T polymorphism exerted only a mild effect for the occurrence of myocardial infarction (relative risk, 2.2; p = 0.065) or acute PAOD (relative risk, 2.4; p = 0.05) after renal transplant. Our results suggest that the homozygous GNB3 T allele exerts noticeable effects on the risk of MI and acute PAOD only in the presence of additional nonheritable risk factors.
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19
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Villaseca S, Romero G, Ruiz MJ, Pérez C, Leal JI, Tovar LM, Torrejón M. Gαi protein subunit: A step toward understanding its non-canonical mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:941870. [PMID: 36092739 PMCID: PMC9449497 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.941870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterotrimeric G protein family plays essential roles during a varied array of cellular events; thus, its deregulation can seriously alter signaling events and the overall state of the cell. Heterotrimeric G-proteins have three subunits (α, β, γ) and are subdivided into four families, Gαi, Gα12/13, Gαq, and Gαs. These proteins cycle between an inactive Gα-GDP state and active Gα-GTP state, triggered canonically by the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and by other accessory proteins receptors independent also known as AGS (Activators of G-protein Signaling). In this review, we summarize research data specific for the Gαi family. This family has the largest number of individual members, including Gαi1, Gαi2, Gαi3, Gαo, Gαt, Gαg, and Gαz, and constitutes the majority of G proteins α subunits expressed in a tissue or cell. Gαi was initially described by its inhibitory function on adenylyl cyclase activity, decreasing cAMP levels. Interestingly, today Gi family G-protein have been reported to be importantly involved in the immune system function. Here, we discuss the impact of Gαi on non-canonical effector proteins, such as c-Src, ERK1/2, phospholipase-C (PLC), and proteins from the Rho GTPase family members, all of them essential signaling pathways regulating a wide range of physiological processes.
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20
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Kolesnikov AV, Lobysheva E, Gnana-Prakasam JP, Kefalov VJ, Kisselev OG. Regulation of rod photoreceptor function by farnesylated G-protein γ-subunits. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272506. [PMID: 35939447 PMCID: PMC9359561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-protein transducin, Gt, is a key signal transducer and amplifier in retinal rod and cone photoreceptor cells. Despite similar subunit composition, close amino acid identity, and identical posttranslational farnesylation of their Gγ subunits, rods and cones rely on unique Gγ1 (Gngt1) and Gγc (Gngt2) isoforms, respectively. The only other farnesylated G-protein γ-subunit, Gγ11 (Gng11), is expressed in multiple tissues but not retina. To determine whether Gγ1 regulates uniquely rod phototransduction, we generated transgenic rods expressing Gγ1, Gγc, or Gγ11 in Gγ1-deficient mice and analyzed their properties. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting demonstrated the robust expression of each transgenic Gγ in rod cells and restoration of Gαt1 expression, which is greatly reduced in Gγ1-deficient rods. Electroretinography showed restoration of visual function in all three transgenic Gγ1-deficient lines. Recordings from individual transgenic rods showed that photosensitivity impaired in Gγ1-deficient rods was also fully restored. In all dark-adapted transgenic lines, Gαt1 was targeted to the outer segments, reversing its diffuse localization found in Gγ1-deficient rods. Bright illumination triggered Gαt1 translocation from the rod outer to inner segments in all three transgenic strains. However, Gαt1 translocation in Gγ11 transgenic mice occurred at significantly dimmer background light. Consistent with this, transretinal ERG recordings revealed gradual response recovery in moderate background illumination in Gγ11 transgenic mice but not in Gγ1 controls. Thus, while farnesylated Gγ subunits are functionally active and largely interchangeable in supporting rod phototransduction, replacement of retina-specific Gγ isoforms by the ubiquitous Gγ11 affects the ability of rods to adapt to background light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Kolesnikov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elena Lobysheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jaya P. Gnana-Prakasam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Vladimir J. Kefalov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Oleg G. Kisselev
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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21
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Deng JJ, Liu L, Ge Y, Song Z, Huang J, Fan G, Xiong XF. Synthesis and evaluation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives as small molecule Gαq/11 inhibitors against uveal melanoma. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 239:114520. [PMID: 35716516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is an aggressive malignancy with high mortality in adults and lacks effective systemic therapies. Activating gene mutations related to the Gαq/11 signaling pathway are prevalent in UM, and Gαq/11 inhibitors have shown anti-UM activity in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives as Gαq/11 inhibitors, and discovered GQ352 with the selective antiproliferative activity against UM cells. Importantly, GQ352 directly binds to the Gαq and inhibits the dissociation of Gαβγ heterotrimers with the IC50 value of 8.9 μM. GQ352 inhibits UM tumorigenesis by suppressing Gαq/11 downstream ERK phosphorylation and YAP dephosphorylation, as shown in Western blot analysis. In addition, GQ352 displayed reasonable physiochemical properties and human liver microsome stability, indicating the potential application in UM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Deng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Lu Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yang Ge
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhendong Song
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jie Huang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guangjin Fan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiao-Feng Xiong
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
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22
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Ge Y, Deng JJ, Zhu J, Liu L, Ouyang S, Song Z, Zhang X, Xiong XF. Discovery of small molecule Gαq/11 protein inhibitors against uveal melanoma. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3326-3340. [PMID: 35967274 PMCID: PMC9366314 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutively activated G proteins caused by specific mutations mediate the development of multiple malignancies. The mutated Gαq/11 are perceived as oncogenic drivers in the vast majority of uveal melanoma (UM) cases, making directly targeting Gαq/11 to be a promising strategy for combating UM. Herein, we report the optimization of imidazopiperazine derivatives as Gαq/11 inhibitors, and identified GQ262 with improved Gαq/11 inhibitory activity and drug-like properties. GQ262 efficiently blocked UM cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Analysis of the apoptosis-related proteins, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and yes-associated protein (YAP) demonstrated that GQ262 distinctly induced UM cells apoptosis and disrupted the downstream effectors by targeting Gαq/11 directly. Significantly, GQ262 showed outstanding antitumor efficacy in vivo with good safety at the testing dose. Collectively, our findings along with the favorable pharmacokinetics of GQ262 revealed that directly targeting Gαq/11 may be an efficient strategy against uveal melanoma.
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Khalid E, Chang JP. Receptor-proximal effectors mediating GnRH actions in the goldfish pituitary: Involvement of G protein subunits and GRKs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 319:113991. [PMID: 35157923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.113991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In goldfish (Carassius auratus), two endogenous isoforms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) secretion. These isoforms, GnRH2 and GnRH3, act on a shared population of cell-surface GnRH receptors (GnRHRs) expressed on both gonadotrophs and somatotrophs, and can signal through unique, yet partially overlapping, suites of intracellular effectors, in a phenomenon known as functional selectivity or biased signalling. In this study, G-protein alpha (Gα) subunits were targeted with two inhibitors, YM-254890 and BIM-46187, to ascertain the contribution of specific G-protein subunits in GnRH signalling. Results with the Gαq/11-specific inhibitor YM-254890 on primary cultures of goldfish pituitary cells revealed the use of these subunits in GnRH control of both LH and GH release, as well as GnRH-induced elevations in phospho-ERK levels. Results with the pan-Gα inhibitor BIM-46187 matched those using YM-254890 in LH release but GH responses differed, indicating additional, non-Gαq/11 subunits may be involved in somatotrophs. BIM-46187 also elevated unstimulated LH and GH release suggesting that Gα subunits regulate basal hormone secretion. Furthermore, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK2/3) inhibition reduced LH responses to GnRH2 and GnRH3, and selectively enhanced GnRH2-stimulated GH release, indicating differential use of GRK2/3 in GnRH actions on gonadotrophs and somatotrophs. These findings in a primary untransformed system provide the first direct evidence to establish Gαq/11 as an obligate driver of GnRH signalling in goldfish pituitary cells, and additionally describe the differential agonist- and cell type-selective involvement of GRK2/3 in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enezi Khalid
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2E9, Canada
| | - John P Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2E9, Canada.
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Ferré S, Ciruela F, Dessauer CW, González-Maeso J, Hébert TE, Jockers R, Logothetis DE, Pardo L. G protein-coupled receptor-effector macromolecular membrane assemblies (GEMMAs). Pharmacol Ther 2022; 231:107977. [PMID: 34480967 PMCID: PMC9375844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest group of receptors involved in cellular signaling across the plasma membrane and a major class of drug targets. The canonical model for GPCR signaling involves three components - the GPCR, a heterotrimeric G protein and a proximal plasma membrane effector - that have been generally thought to be freely mobile molecules able to interact by 'collision coupling'. Here, we synthesize evidence that supports the existence of GPCR-effector macromolecular membrane assemblies (GEMMAs) comprised of specific GPCRs, G proteins, plasma membrane effector molecules and other associated transmembrane proteins that are pre-assembled prior to receptor activation by agonists, which then leads to subsequent rearrangement of the GEMMA components. The GEMMA concept offers an alternative and complementary model to the canonical collision-coupling model, allowing more efficient interactions between specific signaling components, as well as the integration of the concept of GPCR oligomerization as well as GPCR interactions with orphan receptors, truncated GPCRs and other membrane-localized GPCR-associated proteins. Collision-coupling and pre-assembled mechanisms are not exclusive and likely both operate in the cell, providing a spectrum of signaling modalities which explains the differential properties of a multitude of GPCRs in their different cellular environments. Here, we explore the unique pharmacological characteristics of individual GEMMAs, which could provide new opportunities to therapeutically modulate GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Addiction, Intramural Research Program, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carmen W. Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Terence E. Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec
| | - Ralf Jockers
- University of Paris, Institute Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Diomedes E. Logothetis
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy at the Bouvé College of Health Sciences and College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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25
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Wen S, Peng W, Chen Y, Du X, Xia J, Shen B, Zhou G. Four differentially expressed genes can predict prognosis and microenvironment immune infiltration in lung cancer: a study based on data from the GEO. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:193. [PMID: 35184748 PMCID: PMC8859904 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is among the major diseases threatening human health. Although the immune response plays an important role in tumor development, its exact mechanisms are unclear. Materials and methods Here, we used CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms to determine the proportion of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) as well as the number of immune and mesenchymal components from the data of 474 lung cancer patients from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. And we used data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA) for validation. Results We observed that immune, stromal, and assessment scores were only somewhat related to survival with no statistically significant differences. Further investigations revealed these scores to be associated with different pathology types. GO and KEGG analyses of differentially expressed genes revealed that they were strongly associated with immunity in lung cancer. In order to determine whether the signaling pathways identified by GO and KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analyses were up- or down-regulated, we performed a gene set enrichment analysis using the entire matrix of differentially expressed genes. We found that signaling pathways involved in hallmark allograft rejection, hallmark apical junction, hallmark interferon gamma response, the hallmark P53 pathway, and the hallmark TNF-α signaling via NF-ĸB were up-regulated in the high-ESTIMATE-score group. CIBERSORT analysis for the proportion of TICs revealed that different immune cells were positively correlated with the ESTIMATE score. Cox regression analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed that CPA3, C15orf48, FCGR1B, and GNG4 were associated with patient prognosis. A prognostic model was constructed wherein patients with high-risk scores had a worse prognosis (p < 0.001 using the log-rank test). The Area Under Curve (AUC)value for the risk model in predicting the survival was 0.666. The validation set C index was 0.631 (95% CI: 0.580–0.652). The AUC for the risk formula in the validation set was 0.560 that confirmed predictivity of the signature. Conclusion We found that immune-related gene expression models could predict patient prognosis. Moreover, high- and low-ESTIMATE-score groups had different types of immune cell infiltration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09296-8.
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Bondos SE, Dunker AK, Uversky VN. Intrinsically disordered proteins play diverse roles in cell signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:20. [PMID: 35177069 PMCID: PMC8851865 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways allow cells to detect and respond to a wide variety of chemical (e.g. Ca2+ or chemokine proteins) and physical stimuli (e.g., sheer stress, light). Together, these pathways form an extensive communication network that regulates basic cell activities and coordinates the function of multiple cells or tissues. The process of cell signaling imposes many demands on the proteins that comprise these pathways, including the abilities to form active and inactive states, and to engage in multiple protein interactions. Furthermore, successful signaling often requires amplifying the signal, regulating or tuning the response to the signal, combining information sourced from multiple pathways, all while ensuring fidelity of the process. This sensitivity, adaptability, and tunability are possible, in part, due to the inclusion of intrinsically disordered regions in many proteins involved in cell signaling. The goal of this collection is to highlight the many roles of intrinsic disorder in cell signaling. Following an overview of resources that can be used to study intrinsically disordered proteins, this review highlights the critical role of intrinsically disordered proteins for signaling in widely diverse organisms (animals, plants, bacteria, fungi), in every category of cell signaling pathway (autocrine, juxtacrine, intracrine, paracrine, and endocrine) and at each stage (ligand, receptor, transducer, effector, terminator) in the cell signaling process. Thus, a cell signaling pathway cannot be fully described without understanding how intrinsically disordered protein regions contribute to its function. The ubiquitous presence of intrinsic disorder in different stages of diverse cell signaling pathways suggest that more mechanisms by which disorder modulates intra- and inter-cell signals remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Bondos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - A. Keith Dunker
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia 142290
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27
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Chandler B, Todd L, Smith SO. Magic angle spinning NMR of G protein-coupled receptors. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 128:25-43. [PMID: 35282868 PMCID: PMC10718405 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have a simple seven transmembrane helix architecture which has evolved to recognize a diverse number of chemical signals. The more than 800 GPCRs encoded in the human genome function as receptors for vision, smell and taste, and mediate key physiological processes. Consequently, these receptors are a major target for pharmaceuticals. Protein crystallography and electron cryo-microscopy have provided high resolution structures of many GPCRs in both active and inactive conformations. However, these structures have not sparked a surge in rational drug design, in part because GPCRs are inherently dynamic and the structural changes induced by ligand or drug binding to stabilize inactive or active conformations are often subtle rearrangements in packing or hydrogen-bonding interactions. NMR spectroscopy provides a sensitive probe of local structure and dynamics at specific sites within these receptors as well as global changes in receptor structure and dynamics. These methods can also capture intermediate states and conformations with low populations that provide insights into the activation pathways. We review the use of solid-state magic angle spinning NMR to address the structure and activation mechanisms of GPCRs. The focus is on the large and diverse class A family of receptors. We highlight three specific class A GPCRs in order to illustrate how solid-state, as well as solution-state, NMR spectroscopy can answer questions in the field involving how different GPCR classes and subfamilies are activated by their associated ligands, and how small molecule drugs can modulate GPCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Chandler
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
| | - Lauren Todd
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
| | - Steven O Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
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28
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Skiba M, Stolwijk JA, Wegener J. Label-free impedance measurements to unravel biomolecular interactions involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 169:221-236. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Pereira PHS, Garcia CRS. Evidence of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCR) in the Parasitic Protozoa Plasmodium falciparum-Sensing the Host Environment and Coupling within Its Molecular Signaling Toolkit. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12381. [PMID: 34830263 PMCID: PMC8620569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout evolution, the need for single-celled organisms to associate and form a single cluster of cells has had several evolutionary advantages. In complex, multicellular organisms, each tissue or organ has a specialty and function that make life together possible, and the organism as a whole needs to act in balance and adapt to changes in the environment. Sensory organs are essential for connecting external stimuli into a biological response, through the senses: sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch. The G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are responsible for many of these senses and therefore play a key role in the perception of the cells' external environment, enabling interaction and coordinated development between each cell of a multicellular organism. The malaria-causing protozoan parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has a complex life cycle that is extremely dependent on a finely regulated cellular signaling machinery. In this review, we summarize strong evidence and the main candidates of GPCRs in protozoan parasites. Interestingly, one of these GPCRs is a sensor for K+ shift in Plasmodium falciparum, PfSR25. Studying this family of proteins in P. falciparum could have a significant impact, both on understanding the history of the evolution of GPCRs and on finding new targets for antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celia R. S. Garcia
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo—USP, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil;
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30
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Yokoi S, Mitsutake A. Characteristic structural difference between inactive and active states of orexin 2 receptor determined using molecular dynamics simulations. Biophys Rev 2021; 14:221-231. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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31
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Lupše N, Cortesi F, Freese M, Marohn L, Pohlman JD, Wysujack K, Hanel R, Musilova Z. Visual gene expression reveals a cone to rod developmental progression in deep-sea fishes. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:5664-5677. [PMID: 34562090 PMCID: PMC8662630 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates use cone cells in the retina for colour vision and rod cells to see in dim light. Many deep-sea fishes have adapted to their environment to have only rod cells in the retina, while both rod and cone genes are still preserved in their genomes. As deep-sea fish larvae start their lives in the shallow, and only later submerge to the depth, they have to cope with diverse environmental conditions during ontogeny. Using a comparative transcriptomic approach in 20 deep-sea fish species from eight teleost orders, we report on a developmental cone-to-rod switch. While adults mostly rely on rod opsin (RH1) for vision in dim light, larvae almost exclusively express middle-wavelength-sensitive ("green") cone opsins (RH2) in their retinas. The phototransduction cascade genes follow a similar ontogenetic pattern of cone- followed by rod-specific gene expression in most species, except for the pearleye and sabretooth (Aulopiformes), in which the cone cascade remains dominant throughout development. By inspecting the whole genomes of five deep-sea species (four of them sequenced within this study: Idiacanthus fasciola, Chauliodus sloani; Stomiiformes; Coccorella atlantica, and Scopelarchus michaelsarsi; Aulopiformes), we found that deep-sea fish possess one or two copies of the rod RH1 opsin gene, and up to seven copies of the cone RH2 opsin genes in their genomes, while other cone opsin classes have been mostly lost. Our findings hence provide molecular evidence for a limited opsin gene repertoire and a conserved vertebrate pattern whereby cone photoreceptors develop first and rod photoreceptors are added only at later developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Lupše
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fabio Cortesi
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072 QLD, Australia
| | - Marko Freese
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Lasse Marohn
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Jan-Dag Pohlman
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Klaus Wysujack
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Reinhold Hanel
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Zuzana Musilova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
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32
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Fusion with Promiscuous Gα 16 Subunit Reveals Signaling Bias at Muscarinic Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810089. [PMID: 34576254 PMCID: PMC8469978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex evaluation of agonist bias at G-protein coupled receptors at the level of G-protein classes and isoforms including non-preferential ones is essential for advanced agonist screening and drug development. Molecular crosstalk in downstream signaling and a lack of sufficiently sensitive and selective methods to study direct coupling with G-protein of interest complicates this analysis. We performed binding and functional analysis of 11 structurally different agonists on prepared fusion proteins of individual subtypes of muscarinic receptors and non-canonical promiscuous α-subunit of G16 protein to study agonist bias. We have demonstrated that fusion of muscarinic receptors with Gα16 limits access of other competitive Gα subunits to the receptor, and thus enables us to study activation of Gα16 mediated pathway more specifically. Our data demonstrated agonist-specific activation of G16 pathway among individual subtypes of muscarinic receptors and revealed signaling bias of oxotremorine towards Gα16 pathway at the M2 receptor and at the same time impaired Gα16 signaling of iperoxo at M5 receptors. Our data have shown that fusion proteins of muscarinic receptors with α-subunit of G-proteins can serve as a suitable tool for studying agonist bias, especially at non-preferential pathways.
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33
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Voss JH, Nagel J, Rafehi M, Guixà-González R, Malfacini D, Patt J, Kehraus S, Inoue A, König GM, Kostenis E, Deupi X, Namasivayam V, Müller CE. Unraveling binding mechanism and kinetics of macrocyclic Gα q protein inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105880. [PMID: 34506902 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
G proteins represent intracellular switches that transduce signals relayed from G protein-coupled receptors. The structurally related macrocyclic depsipeptides FR900359 (FR) and YM-254890 (YM) are potent, selective inhibitors of the Gαq protein family. We recently discovered that radiolabeled FR and YM display strongly divergent residence times, which translates into significantly longer antiasthmatic effects of FR. The present study is aimed at investigating the molecular basis for this observed disparity. Based on docking studies, we mutated amino acid residues of the Gαq protein predicted to interact with FR or YM, and recombinantly expressed the mutated Gαq proteins in cells in which the native Gαq proteins had been knocked out by CRISPR-Cas9. Both radioligands showed similar association kinetics, and their binding followed a conformational selection mechanism, which was rationalized by molecular dynamics simulation studies. Several mutations of amino acid residues near the putative binding site of the "lipophilic anchors" of FR, especially those predicted to interact with the isopropyl group present in FR but not in YM, led to dramatically accelerated dissociation kinetics. Our data indicate that the long residence time of FR depends on lipophilic interactions within its binding site. The observed structure-kinetic relationships point to a complex binding mechanism of FR, which likely involves snap-lock- or dowel-like conformational changes of either ligand or protein, or both. These experimental data will be useful for the design of compounds with a desired residence time, a parameter that has now been recognized to be of utmost importance in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Voss
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jessica Nagel
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Muhammad Rafehi
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ramon Guixà-González
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Davide Malfacini
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julian Patt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Kehraus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Tohoku University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Xavier Deupi
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Knerr JM, Kledal TN, Rosenkilde MM. Molecular Properties and Therapeutic Targeting of the EBV-Encoded Receptor BILF1. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4079. [PMID: 34439235 PMCID: PMC8392491 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ-herpesvirus Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) establishes lifelong infections in approximately 90% of adults worldwide. Up to 1,000,000 people yearly are estimated to suffer from health conditions attributed to the infection with this virus, such as nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinomas as well as several forms of B, T and NK cell lymphoma. To date, no EBV-specific therapeutic option has reached the market, greatly reducing the survival prognoses of affected patients. Similar to other herpesviruses, EBV encodes for a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), BILF1, affecting a multitude of cellular signaling pathways. BILF1 has been identified to promote immune evasion and tumorigenesis, effectively ensuring a life-long persistence of EBV in, and driving detrimental health conditions to its host. This review summarizes the epidemiology of EBV-associated malignancies, their current standard-of-care, EBV-specific therapeutics in development, GPCRs and their druggability, and most importantly consolidates the findings of over 15 years of research on BILF1 in the context of EBV-specific drug development. Taken together, BILF1 constitutes a promising target for the development of novel EBV-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Maximilian Knerr
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 København, Denmark;
| | | | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 København, Denmark;
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35
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Pereira PHS, Borges-Pereira L, Garcia CRS. Evidences of G Coupled-Protein Receptor (GPCR) Signaling in the human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum for Sensing its Microenvironment and the Role of Purinergic Signaling in Malaria Parasites. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:171-180. [PMID: 32851963 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200826122716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotides were discovered in the early 19th century and a few years later, the role of such molecules in energy metabolism and cell survival was postulated. In 1972, a pioneer work by Burnstock and colleagues suggested that ATP could also work as a neurotransmitter, which was known as the "purinergic hypothesis". The idea of ATP working as a signaling molecule faced initial resistance until the discovery of the receptors for ATP and other nucleotides, called purinergic receptors. Among the purinergic receptors, the P2Y family is of great importance because it comprises of G proteincoupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs are widespread among different organisms. These receptors work in the cells' ability to sense the external environment, which involves: to sense a dangerous situation or detect a pheromone through smell; the taste of food that should not be eaten; response to hormones that alter metabolism according to the body's need; or even transform light into an electrical stimulus to generate vision. Advances in understanding the mechanism of action of GPCRs shed light on increasingly promising treatments for diseases that have hitherto remained incurable, or the possibility of abolishing side effects from therapies widely used today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H S Pereira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Borges-Pereira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célia R S Garcia
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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36
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Nubbemeyer B, Pepanian A, Paul George AA, Imhof D. Strategies towards Targeting Gαi/s Proteins: Scanning of Protein-Protein Interaction Sites To Overcome Inaccessibility. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1696-1715. [PMID: 33615736 PMCID: PMC8252600 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins are classified into four subfamilies and play a key role in signal transduction. They transmit extracellular signals to intracellular effectors subsequent to the activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are targeted by over 30 % of FDA-approved drugs. However, addressing G proteins as drug targets represents a compelling alternative, for example, when G proteins act independently of the corresponding GPCRs, or in cases of complex multifunctional diseases, when a large number of different GPCRs are involved. In contrast to Gαq, efforts to target Gαi/s by suitable chemical compounds has not been successful so far. Here, a comprehensive analysis was conducted examining the most important interface regions of Gαi/s with its upstream and downstream interaction partners. By assigning the existing compounds and the performed approaches to the respective interfaces, the druggability of the individual interfaces was ranked to provide perspectives for selective targeting of Gαi/s in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Nubbemeyer
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and BioanalyticsPharmaceutical InstituteUniversity of BonnAn der Immenburg 453121BonnGermany
| | - Anna Pepanian
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and BioanalyticsPharmaceutical InstituteUniversity of BonnAn der Immenburg 453121BonnGermany
| | | | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and BioanalyticsPharmaceutical InstituteUniversity of BonnAn der Immenburg 453121BonnGermany
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Tennakoon M, Senarath K, Kankanamge D, Ratnayake K, Wijayaratna D, Olupothage K, Ubeysinghe S, Martins-Cannavino K, Hébert TE, Karunarathne A. Subtype-dependent regulation of Gβγ signalling. Cell Signal 2021; 82:109947. [PMID: 33582184 PMCID: PMC8026654 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit information to the cell interior by transducing external signals to heterotrimeric G protein subunits, Gα and Gβγ subunits, localized on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Though the initial focus was mainly on Gα-mediated events, Gβγ subunits were later identified as major contributors to GPCR-G protein signalling. A broad functional array of Gβγ signalling has recently been attributed to Gβ and Gγ subtype diversity, comprising 5 Gβ and 12 Gγ subtypes, respectively. In addition to displaying selectivity towards each other to form the Gβγ dimer, numerous studies have identified preferences of distinct Gβγ combinations for specific GPCRs, Gα subtypes and effector molecules. Importantly, Gβ and Gγ subtype-dependent regulation of downstream effectors, representing a diverse range of signalling pathways and physiological functions have been found. Here, we review the literature on the repercussions of Gβ and Gγ subtype diversity on direct and indirect regulation of GPCR/G protein signalling events and their physiological outcomes. Our discussion additionally provides perspective in understanding the intricacies underlying molecular regulation of subtype-specific roles of Gβγ signalling and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Tennakoon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Kanishka Senarath
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Dinesh Kankanamge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Kasun Ratnayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dhanushan Wijayaratna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Koshala Olupothage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Sithurandi Ubeysinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | | | - Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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38
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Zhu D, Gu X, Lin Z, Yu D, Wang J. High expression of PSMC2 promotes gallbladder cancer through regulation of GNG4 and predicts poor prognosis. Oncogenesis 2021; 10:43. [PMID: 34016944 PMCID: PMC8138011 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-021-00330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a common malignant tumor of the biliary tract, which accounts for 80-95% of biliary tumors worldwide, and is the leading cause of biliary malignant tumor-related death. This study identified PSMC2 as a potential regulator in the development of GBC. We showed that PSMC2 expression in GBC tissues is significantly higher than that in normal tissues, while high PSMC2 expression was correlated with more advanced tumor grade and poorer prognosis. The knockdown of PSMC2 in GBC cells induced significant inhibition of cell proliferation, colony formation and cell motility, while the promotion of cell apoptosis. The construction and observation of the mice xenograft model also confirmed the inhibitory effects of PSMC2 knockdown on GBC development. Moreover, our mechanistic study recognized GNG4 as a potential downstream target of PSMC2, knockdown of which could aggravate the tumor suppression induced by PSMC2 knockdown in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, for the first time, PSMC2 was revealed as a tumor promotor in the development of GBC, which could regulate cell phenotypes of GBC cells through the interaction with GNG4, and maybe a promising therapeutic target in GBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Gu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengyu Lin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Key Markers and Epigenetic Modifications of Dental-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:5521715. [PMID: 34046069 PMCID: PMC8128613 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5521715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a novel research hotspot in tissue regeneration, dental-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are famous for their accessibility, multipotent differentiation ability, and high proliferation. However, cellular heterogeneity is a major obstacle to the clinical application of dental-derived MSCs. Here, we reviewed the heterogeneity of dental-derived MSCs firstly and then discussed the key markers and epigenetic modifications related to the proliferation, differentiation, immunomodulation, and aging of dental-derived MSCs. These messages help to control the composition and function of dental-derived MSCs and thus accelerate the translation of cell therapy into clinical practice.
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Yokoi S, Mitsutake A. Molecular Dynamics Simulations for the Determination of the Characteristic Structural Differences between Inactive and Active States of Wild Type and Mutants of the Orexin2 Receptor. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4286-4298. [PMID: 33885321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The orexin2 receptor (OX2R), which is classified as a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is the target of our study. We performed over 20 several-microsecond-scale molecular dynamics simulations of the wild type and mutants of OX2R to extract the characteristics of the structural changes taking place in the active state. We introduced mutations that exhibited the stable inactive state and the constitutively active state in class A GPCRs. In these simulations, significant characteristic structural changes were observed in the V3096.40Y mutant, which corresponded to a constitutively active mutant. These conformational changes include the outward movement of the transmembrane helix 6 (TM6) and the inward movement of TM7, which are common structural changes in the activation of GPCRs. In addition, we extracted a suitable index for the quantitative evaluation of the active and inactive states of GPCRs, namely, the inter-atomic distance of Cα atoms between x(3.46) and Y(7.53). The structures of the inactive and active states solved by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy can be classified using the inter-atomic distance. Furthermore, we clarified that the inward movement of TM7 requires the swapping of M3056.36 on TM6 and L3677.56 on TM7. Finally, we discussed the structural advantages of TM7 inward movement for GPCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yokoi
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ayori Mitsutake
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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41
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Chen Z, Zhang Y, Wu X, Zhang J, Xu W, Shen C, Zheng B. Gαi1 Promoted Proliferation, Migration and Invasion via Activating the Akt-mTOR/Erk-MAPK Signaling Pathway in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:2941-2952. [PMID: 33976552 PMCID: PMC8106533 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s298102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for about 2-3% of all adult malignancies. G protein alpha inhibitory subunit 1 (Gαi1) plays a key role in mediating PI3K-Akt signaling upon activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). However, little is known about its expression, regulation and biological function in RCC. Methods Gαi1 expression in RCC tissues and cells was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The effect of Gαi1 silence on cell proliferation and apoptosis of 786-O and ACHN cells was detected by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Wound-healing assay and Transwell assays were used to detect the cell invasion in RCC cells. The expression of CDK4, cyclin D1, MMP-2, MMP-9, Bax, Bcl-2, p/t-Akt, p/t-S6 and p/t-Erk was detected by Western blot and qRT-PCR. Furthermore, a nude mouse subcutaneous xenograft model was used to further evaluate the potential effects of Gail in vivo. Results In the present study, our data showed that Gαi1 expression was dramatically increased in RCC tissues compared with normal renal tissues. In addition, knocking down the expression of Gαi1 subsequently inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion of RCC cells in vivo and vitro. Furthermore, the expression of CDK4, cyclin D1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 was significantly reduced upon Gαi1 inhibition. Gαi1 positively regulates the activation of the mTOR and Erk pathways. Conclusion In conclusion, this study reveals Gαi1 promoted proliferation via activating the Akt-mTOR and Erk-MAPK signaling pathways in RCC, and Gαi1 may be a therapeutic and prognostic target for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China.,Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China.,Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China.,Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Shen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China.,Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zheng
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
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Randáková A, Jakubík J. Functionally selective and biased agonists of muscarinic receptors. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105641. [PMID: 33951507 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of cholinergic signalling via muscarinic receptors is associated with various pathologies, like Alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia. Selective muscarinic agonists possess therapeutic potential in the treatment of diabetes, pain or Sjögren's syndrome. The orthosteric binding site of all subtypes of the muscarinic receptor is structurally identical, making the development of affinity-based selective agonists virtually impossible. Some agonists, however, are functionally selective; they activate only a subset of receptors or signalling pathways. Others may stabilise specific conformations of the receptor leading to non-uniform modulation of individual signalling pathways (biased agonists). Functionally selective and biased agonists represent a promising approach for selective activation of individual subtypes of muscarinic receptors. In this work we review chemical structures, receptor binding and agonist-specific conformations of currently known functionally selective and biased muscarinic agonists in the context of their intricate intracellular signalling. Further, we take a perspective on the possible use of biased agonists for tissue and organ-specific activation of muscarinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Randáková
- Institute of Physiology Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Jakubík
- Institute of Physiology Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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43
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Hilger D. The role of structural dynamics in GPCR‐mediated signaling. FEBS J 2021; 288:2461-2489. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hilger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Philipps‐University Marburg Germany
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44
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Orr-Burks N, Murray J, Todd KV, Bakre A, Tripp RA. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor and Ion Channel Genes Used by Influenza Virus for Replication. J Virol 2021; 95:e02410-20. [PMID: 33536179 PMCID: PMC8104092 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02410-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus causes epidemics and sporadic pandemics resulting in morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. Influenza viruses require host genes to replicate. RNA interference (RNAi) screens can identify host genes coopted by influenza virus for replication. Targeting these proinfluenza genes can provide therapeutic strategies to reduce virus replication. Nineteen proinfluenza G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and 13 proinfluenza ion channel genes were identified in human lung (A549) cells by use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). These proinfluenza genes were authenticated by testing influenza virus A/WSN/33-, A/CA/04/09-, and B/Yamagata/16/1988-infected A549 cells, resulting in the validation of 16 proinfluenza GPCR and 5 proinfluenza ion channel genes. These findings showed that several GPCR and ion channel genes are needed for the production of infectious influenza virus. These data provide potential targets for the development of host-directed therapeutic strategies to impede the influenza virus productive cycle so as to limit infection.IMPORTANCE Influenza epidemics result in morbidity and mortality each year. Vaccines are the most effective preventive measure but require annual reformulation, since a mismatch of vaccine strains can result in vaccine failure. Antiviral measures are desirable particularly when vaccines fail. In this study, we used RNAi screening to identify several GPCR and ion channel genes needed for influenza virus replication. Understanding the host genes usurped by influenza virus during viral replication can help identify host genes that can be targeted for drug repurposing or for the development of antiviral drugs. The targeting of host genes is refractory to drug resistance generated by viral mutations, as well as providing a platform for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Orr-Burks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kyle V Todd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Abhijeet Bakre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Polit A, Mystek P, Błasiak E. Every Detail Matters. That Is, How the Interaction between Gα Proteins and Membrane Affects Their Function. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:222. [PMID: 33804791 PMCID: PMC8003949 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In highly organized multicellular organisms such as humans, the functions of an individual cell are dependent on signal transduction through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and subsequently heterotrimeric G proteins. As most of the elements belonging to the signal transduction system are bound to lipid membranes, researchers are showing increasing interest in studying the accompanying protein-lipid interactions, which have been demonstrated to not only provide the environment but also regulate proper and efficient signal transduction. The mode of interaction between the cell membrane and G proteins is well known. Despite this, the recognition mechanisms at the molecular level and how the individual G protein-membrane attachment signals are interrelated in the process of the complex control of membrane targeting of G proteins remain unelucidated. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which mammalian Gα subunits of G proteins interact with lipids and the factors responsible for the specificity of membrane association. We summarize recent data on how these signaling proteins are precisely targeted to a specific site in the membrane region by introducing well-defined modifications as well as through the presence of polybasic regions within these proteins and interactions with other components of the heterocomplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Polit
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (P.M.); (E.B.)
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46
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Calebiro D, Koszegi Z, Lanoiselée Y, Miljus T, O'Brien S. G protein-coupled receptor-G protein interactions: a single-molecule perspective. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:857-906. [PMID: 33331229 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate many cellular and physiological processes, responding to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli including hormones, neurotransmitters, odorants, and light. Decades of biochemical and pharmacological studies have provided fundamental insights into the mechanisms of GPCR signaling. Thanks to recent advances in structural biology, we now possess an atomistic understanding of receptor activation and G protein coupling. However, how GPCRs and G proteins interact in living cells to confer signaling efficiency and specificity remains insufficiently understood. The development of advanced optical methods, including single-molecule microscopy, has provided the means to study receptors and G proteins in living cells with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. The results of these studies reveal an unexpected level of complexity, whereby GPCRs undergo transient interactions among themselves as well as with G proteins and structural elements of the plasma membrane to form short-lived signaling nanodomains that likely confer both rapidity and specificity to GPCR signaling. These findings may provide new strategies to pharmaceutically modulate GPCR function, which might eventually pave the way to innovative drugs for common diseases such as diabetes or heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zsombor Koszegi
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yann Lanoiselée
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara Miljus
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shannon O'Brien
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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47
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The Potential of 19F NMR Application in GPCR Biased Drug Discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 42:19-30. [PMID: 33250272 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although structure-based virtual drug discovery is revolutionizing the conventional high-throughput cell-based screening system, its limitation is obvious, together with other critical challenges. In particular, the resolved static snapshots fail to represent a full free-energy landscape due to homogenization in structural determination processing. The loss of conformational heterogeneity and related functional diversity emphasize the necessity of developing an approach that can fill this space. In this regard, NMR holds undeniable potential. However, outstanding questions regarding the NMR application remain. This review summarizes the limitations of current drug discovery and explores the potential of 19F NMR in establishing a conformation-guided drug screening system, advancing the cell- and structure-based discovery strategy for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) biased drug screening.
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48
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Lavington S, Watts A. Lipid nanoparticle technologies for the study of G protein-coupled receptors in lipid environments. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:10.1007/s12551-020-00775-5. [PMID: 33215301 PMCID: PMC7755959 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of integral membrane proteins which conduct a wide range of biological roles and represent significant drug targets. Most biophysical and structural studies of GPCRs have been conducted on detergent-solubilised receptors, and it is clear that detergents can have detrimental effects on GPCR function. Simultaneously, there is increasing appreciation of roles for specific lipids in modulation of GPCR function. Lipid nanoparticles such as nanodiscs and styrene maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs) offer opportunities to study integral membrane proteins in lipid environments, in a form that is soluble and amenable to structural and biophysical experiments. Here, we review the application of lipid nanoparticle technologies to the study of GPCRs, assessing the relative merits and limitations of each system. We highlight how these technologies can provide superior platforms to detergents for structural and biophysical studies of GPCRs and inform on roles for protein-lipid interactions in GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lavington
- Biochemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Anthony Watts
- Biochemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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49
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Deletion in the Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Gene TTC8 Results in a Syndromic Retinal Degeneration in Dogs. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091090. [PMID: 32962042 PMCID: PMC7565673 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In golden retriever dogs, a 1 bp deletion in the canine TTC8 gene has been shown to cause progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), the canine equivalent of retinitis pigmentosa. In humans, TTC8 is also implicated in Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS). To investigate if the affected dogs only exhibit a non-syndromic PRA or develop a syndromic ciliopathy similar to human BBS, we recruited 10 affected dogs to the study. The progression of PRA for two of the dogs was followed for 2 years, and a rigorous clinical characterization allowed a careful comparison with primary and secondary characteristics of human BBS. In addition to PRA, the dogs showed a spectrum of clinical and morphological signs similar to primary and secondary characteristics of human BBS patients, such as obesity, renal anomalies, sperm defects, and anosmia. We used Oxford Nanopore long-read cDNA sequencing to characterize retinal full-length TTC8 transcripts in affected and non-affected dogs, the results of which suggest that three isoforms are transcribed in the retina, and the 1 bp deletion is a loss-of-function mutation, resulting in a canine form of Bardet–Biedl syndrome with heterogeneous clinical signs.
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50
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Gao Y, Erickson JW, Cerione RA, Ramachandran S. Purification of the Rhodopsin-Transducin Complex for Structural Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2009:307-315. [PMID: 31152413 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9532-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest family of transmembrane receptors and are targets for over 30% of all drugs on the market. Structural information of GPCRs and more importantly that of the complex between GPCRs and their signaling partner heterotrimeric G proteins is of great importance. Here we present a method for the large-scale purification of the rhodopsin-transducin complex, the GPCR-G protein signaling complex in visual phototransduction, directly from their native retinal membrane using native proteins purified from bovine retinae. Formation of the complex on native membrane is orchestrated in part by the proper engagement of lipid-modified rhodopsin and transducin (i.e., palmitoylation of the rhodopsin C-terminus, myristoylation and farnesylation of the αT and γ1, respectively). The resulting complex is of high purity and stability and has proved suitable for further biophysical and structural studies. The methods described here should be applicable to other recombinantly expressed receptors from insect cells or mamalian cells by forming stable, functional complexes directly on purified cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jon W Erickson
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sekar Ramachandran
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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