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Tammam MA, Pereira F, Aly O, Sebak M, Diab YM, Mahdy A, El-Demerdash A. Investigating the hepatoprotective potentiality of marine-derived steroids as promising inhibitors of liver fibrosis. RSC Adv 2023; 13:27477-27490. [PMID: 37711373 PMCID: PMC10498675 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04843h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that organic extracts derived from soft corals belonging to the genus Sarcophyton have exhibited a wide range of therapeutic characteristics. Based on biochemical and histological techniques, we aimed to assess the hepatoprotective role of the organic extract and its principal steroidal contents derived from the Red Sea soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum on acetaminophen-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Serum liver function parameters (ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin) were quantified using a spectrophotometer, and both alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits while transformed growth factor beta (TGF-β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in liver tissue homogenate were determined using ELISA, and TGF-β and TNF-α gene expression in liver tissue was determined using real-time PCR following extraction and purification. Histopathological alterations in hepatic tissue were also examined under a microscope. In order to prioritize the isolation and characterization of the most promising marine steroids from the organic extract of the Red Sea soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum as hepatoprotective agents, a computational approach was employed. This approach involved molecular docking (MDock) and analysis of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) against glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and Cu-Zn human superoxide dismutase (Cu-ZnSOD) enzymes. Although the major role in the detoxification of foreign chemicals and toxic metabolites of GST and SOD enzymes is known, there is a lack of knowledge about the mode of action of the hepatoprotective process and those of the targets involved. The present study investigated the multiple interactions of a series of marine steroids with the GST and SOD enzymes, in order to reveal insights into the process of hepatoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Tammam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University Fayoum 63514 Egypt
| | - Florbela Pereira
- LAQV REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa 2829516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Omnia Aly
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Mohamed Sebak
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Egypt
| | - Yasser M Diab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University Fayoum 63514 Egypt
| | - Aldoushy Mahdy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Assiut Branch) Assiut 71524 Egypt
| | - Amr El-Demerdash
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, the John Innes Centre Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7UH UK
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2
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Zaid MA, Dalmizrak O, Teralı K, Ozer N. Mechanistic insights into the inhibition of human placental glutathione S-transferase P1-1 by abscisic and gibberellic acids: An integrated experimental and computational study. J Mol Recognit 2023; 36:e3050. [PMID: 37555623 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of the classic phytohormones gibberellic acid (gibberellin A3 , GA3 ) and abscisic acid (dormin, ABA), which antagonistically regulate several developmental processes and stress responses in higher plants, with human placental glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (hpGSTP1-1), an enzyme that plays a role in endo- or xenobiotic detoxification and regulation of cell survival and apoptosis, were investigated. The inhibitory potencies of ABA and GA3 against hpGSTP1, as well as the types of inhibition and the kinetic parameters, were determined by making use of both enzyme kinetic graphs and SPSS nonlinear regression models. The structural basis for the interaction between hpGSTP1-1 and phytohormones was predicted with the aid of molecular docking simulations. The IC50 values of ABA and GA3 were 5.3 and 5.0 mM, respectively. Both phytohormones inhibited hpGSTP1-1 in competitive manner with respect to the cosubstrates GSH and CDNB. When ABA was the inhibitor at [CDNB]f -[GSH]v and at [GSH]f -[CDNB]v , Vm , Km , and Ki values were statistically estimated to be 205 ± 16 μmol/min-mg protein, 1.32 ± 0.18 mM, 1.95 ± 0.25 mM and 175 ± 6 μmol/min-mg protein, 0.85 ± 0.06 mM, 1.85 ± 0.16 mM, respectively. On the other hand, the kinetic parameters Vm , Km , and Ki obtained with GA3 at [CDNB]f -[GSH]v and at [GSH]f -[CDNB]v were found to be 303 ± 14 μmol/min-mg protein, 1.77 ± 0.13 mM, 3.38 ± 0.26 mM and 249 ± 7 μmol/min-mg protein, 1.43 ± 0.07 mM, 2.89 ± 0.19 mM, respectively. Both phytohormones had the potential to engage in hydrogen-bonding and electrostatic interactions with the key residues that line the G- and H-sites of the enzyme's catalytic center. Inhibitory actions of ABA/GA3 on hpGSTP1-1 may guide medicinal chemists through the structure-based design of novel antineoplastic agents. It should be noted, however, that the same interactions may also render fetuses vulnerable to the potentially toxic effects of xenobiotics and noxious endobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ozlem Dalmizrak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kerem Teralı
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nazmi Ozer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Girne American University, Kyrenia, Cyprus
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3
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de Obeso Fernández Del Valle A, Scheckhuber CQ, Chavaro-Pérez DA, Ortega-Barragán E, Maciver SK. mRNA Sequencing Reveals Upregulation of Glutathione S-Transferase Genes during Acanthamoeba Encystation. Microorganisms 2023; 11:992. [PMID: 37110414 PMCID: PMC10142586 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Some members of the genus Acanthamoeba are facultative pathogens typically with a biphasic lifestyle: trophozoites and cysts. Acanthamoeba is capable of infecting the cornea, resulting in Acanthamoeba keratitis. The cyst is one of the key components for the persistence of infection. Gene expression during Acanthamoeba encystation showed an upregulation of glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes and other closely related proteins. mRNA sequencing showed GST, and five genes with similar sequences were upregulated after 24 h of inducing encystation. GST overexpression was verified with qPCR using the HPRT and the cyst-specific protein 21 genes as controls. The GST inhibitor ethacrynic acid was found to decrease cell viability by 70%. These results indicate a role of GST in successful encystation, possibly by maintaining redox balance. GST and associated processes could be targets for potential treatments alongside regular therapies to reduce relapses of Acanthamoeba infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro de Obeso Fernández Del Valle
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Christian Quintus Scheckhuber
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - David Armando Chavaro-Pérez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Erandi Ortega-Barragán
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Sutherland K Maciver
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, Scotland, UK
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Schwartz M, Perrot T, Beurton J, Zannini F, Morel-Rouhier M, Gelhaye E, Neiers F, Schaniel D, Favier F, Jacquot JP, Leroy P, Clarot I, Boudier A, Didierjean C. Structural insights into the interactions of glutathione transferases with a nitric oxide carrier and sodium nitroprusside. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 649:79-86. [PMID: 36758482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases are detoxification enzymes with multifaceted roles, including a role in the metabolism and scavenging of nitric oxide (NO) compounds in cells. Here, we explored the ability of Trametes versicolor glutathione transferases (GSTs) from the Omega class (TvGSTOs) to bind metal-nitrosyl compounds. TvGSTOs have been studied previously for their ligandin role and are interesting models to study protein‒ligand interactions. First, we determined the X-ray structure of the TvGSTO3S isoform bound to the dinitrosyl glutathionyl iron complex (DNGIC), a physiological compound involved in the storage of nitric oxide. Our results suggested a different binding mode compared to the one previously described in human GST Pi 1 (GSTP1). Then, we investigated the manner in which TvGSTO3S binds three nonphysiological metal-nitrosyl compounds with different metal cores (iron, ruthenium and osmium). We assayed sodium nitroprusside, a well-studied vasodilator used in cases of hypertensive crises or heart failure. Our results showed that the tested GST can bind metal-nitrosyls at two distinct binding sites. Thermal shift analysis with six isoforms of TvGSTOs identified TvGSTO6S as the best interactant. Using the Griess method, TvGSTO6S was found to improve the release of nitric oxide from sodium nitroprusside in vitro, whereas the effects of human GST alpha 1 (GSTA1) and GSTP1 were moderate. Our results open new structural perspectives for understanding the interactions of glutathione transferases with metal-nitrosyl compounds associated with the biochemical mechanisms of NO uptake/release in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Schwartz
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRM2, F-54000, Nancy, France; CSGA, INRAE, University of Burgundy, CNRS, Institut Agro, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Thomas Perrot
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Jordan Beurton
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Eric Gelhaye
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Fabrice Neiers
- CSGA, INRAE, University of Burgundy, CNRS, Institut Agro, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Leroy
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Igor Clarot
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Ariane Boudier
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000, Nancy, France
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Russell TM, Richardson DR. The good Samaritan glutathione-S-transferase P1: An evolving relationship in nitric oxide metabolism mediated by the direct interactions between multiple effector molecules. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102568. [PMID: 36563536 PMCID: PMC9800640 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) are phase II detoxification isozymes that conjugate glutathione (GSH) to xenobiotics and also suppress redox stress. It was suggested that GSTs have evolved not to enhance their GSH affinity, but to better interact with and metabolize cytotoxic nitric oxide (NO). The interactions between NO and GSTs involve their ability to bind and store NO as dinitrosyl-dithiol iron complexes (DNICs) within cells. Additionally, the association of GSTP1 with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) results in its inhibition. The function of NO in vasodilation together with studies associating GSTM1 or GSTT1 null genotypes with preeclampsia, additionally suggests an intriguing connection between NO and GSTs. Furthermore, suppression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity occurs upon increased levels of GSTP1 or NO that decreases transcription of JNK target genes such as c-Jun and c-Fos, which inhibit apoptosis. This latter effect is mediated by the direct association of GSTs with MAPK proteins. GSTP1 can also inhibit nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling through its interactions with IKKβ and Iκα, resulting in decreased iNOS expression and the stimulation of apoptosis. It can be suggested that the inhibitory activity of GSTP1 within the JNK and NF-κB pathways may be involved in crosstalk between survival and apoptosis pathways and modulating NO-mediated ROS generation. These studies highlight an innovative role of GSTs in NO metabolism through their interaction with multiple effector proteins, with GSTP1 functioning as a "good Samaritan" within each pathway to promote favorable cellular conditions and NO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M. Russell
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Des R. Richardson
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia,Corresponding author. Centre for Cancer Cell Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia.
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6
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Laskowski RA. PDBsum1: A standalone program for generating PDBsum analyses. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4473. [PMID: 36251626 PMCID: PMC9667822 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PDBsum1 is a standalone set of programs to perform the same structural analyses as provided by the PDBsum web server (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum). The server has pages for every entry in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and can also process user-uploaded PDB files, returning a password-protected set of pages that are retained for around 3 months. The standalone version described here allows for in-house processing and indefinite retention of the results. All data files and images are pre-generated, rather than on-the-fly as in the web version, so can be easily accessed. The program runs on Linux, Windows, and mac operating systems and is freely available for academic use at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/software/PDBsum1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A. Laskowski
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI)Cambridge
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7
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Pooe K, Thulo M, Makumbe H, Akumadu B, Otun O, Aloke C, Achilonu I. Biophysical description of Bromosulfophthalein interaction with the 28-kDa glutathione transferase from Schistosoma japonicum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 252:111524. [PMID: 36195242 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are major detoxification enzymes vital for the survival and reproduction of schistosomes during infection in humans. Schistosoma encode two GST isoenzymes, the 26- and 28-kDa isoforms, that show different substrate specificities and cellular localisations. Bromosulfophthalein (BSP) has been identified and characterised as a potent 26-kDa Schistosoma japonicum GST (Sj26GST) inhibitor with an anthelmintic potential. This study describes the structure, function, and ligandin properties of the 28-kDa Schistosoma japonicum GST (Sj28GST) towards BSP. Enzyme kinetics show that BSP is a potent enzyme inhibitor, with a specific activity decreases from 60.4 µmol/min/mg to 0.0742 µmol/min/mg and an IC50 in the micromolar range of 0.74 µM. Far-UV circular dichroism confirmed that purified Sj28GST follows a typical GST fold, which is predominantly alpha-helical. Fluorescence spectroscopy suggests that BSP binding occurs at a site distinct from the glutathione-binding site (G-site); however, the binding does not alter the local G-site environment. Isothermal titration calorimetry studies show that the binding of BSP to Sj28GST is exergonic (∆G°= -33 kJ/mol) and enthalpically-driven, with a stoichiometry of one BSP per dimer. The stability of Sj28GST (∆G(H2O) = 4.7 kcal/mol) is notably lower than Sj26GST, owing to differences in the enzyme's dimeric interfaces. We conclude that Sj28GST shares similar biophysical characteristics with Sj26GST based on its kinetic properties and susceptibility to low concentrations of BSP. The study supports the potential benefits of re-purposing BSP as a potential drug or prodrug to mitigate the scourge of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kagiso Pooe
- Protein Structure-Function and Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Monare Thulo
- Protein Structure-Function and Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hattie Makumbe
- Protein Structure-Function and Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Blessing Akumadu
- Protein Structure-Function and Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Oluwatobin Otun
- Protein Structure-Function and Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chinyere Aloke
- Protein Structure-Function and Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ikechukwu Achilonu
- Protein Structure-Function and Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Sylvestre-Gonon E, Morette L, Viloria M, Mathiot S, Boutilliat A, Favier F, Rouhier N, Didierjean C, Hecker A. Biochemical and Structural Insights on the Poplar Tau Glutathione Transferase GSTU19 and 20 Paralogs Binding Flavonoids. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:958586. [PMID: 36032685 PMCID: PMC9412104 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.958586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) constitute a widespread superfamily of enzymes notably involved in xenobiotic detoxification and/or in specialized metabolism. Populus trichocarpa genome (V4.1 assembly, Phytozome 13) consists of 74 genes coding for full-length GSTs and ten likely pseudogenes. These GSTs are divided into 11 classes, in which the tau class (GSTU) is the most abundant with 54 isoforms. PtGSTU19 and 20, two paralogs sharing more than 91% sequence identity (95% of sequence similarity), would have diverged from a common ancestor of P. trichocarpa and P. yatungensis species. These enzymes display the distinctive glutathione (GSH)-conjugation and peroxidase activities against model substrates. The resolution of the crystal structures of these proteins revealed significant structural differences despite their high sequence identity. PtGSTU20 has a well-defined deep pocket in the active site whereas the bottom of this pocket is disordered in PtGSTU19. In a screen of potential ligands, we were able to identify an interaction with flavonoids. Some of them, previously identified in poplar (chrysin, galangin, and pinocembrin), inhibited GSH-conjugation activity of both enzymes with a more pronounced effect on PtGSTU20. The crystal structures of PtGSTU20 complexed with these molecules provide evidence for their potential involvement in flavonoid transport in P. trichocarpa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Morette
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRM2, Nancy, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Claude Didierjean
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRM2, Nancy, France
- *Correspondence: Claude Didierjean, ; Arnaud Hecker,
| | - Arnaud Hecker
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
- *Correspondence: Claude Didierjean, ; Arnaud Hecker,
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9
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Morad MY, El-Sayed H, Elhenawy AA, Korany SM, Aloufi AS, Ibrahim AM. Myco-Synthesized Molluscicidal and Larvicidal Selenium Nanoparticles: A New Strategy to Control Biomphalaria alexandrina Snails and Larvae of Schistosoma mansoni with an In Silico Study on Induced Oxidative Stress. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030262. [PMID: 35330264 PMCID: PMC8952376 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a tropical disease with socioeconomic problems. The goal of this study was to determine the influence of myco-synthesized nano-selenium (SeNPs) as a molluscicide on Biomphlaria alexandrina snails, with the goal of reducing disease spread via non-toxic routes. In this study, Penicillium chrysogenum culture filtrate metabolites were used as a reductant for selenium ions to form nano-selenium. The SeNPs were characterized via UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Myco-synthesized SeNPs had a significant molluscicidal effect on B. alexandrina snails after 96 h of exposure at a concentration of 5.96 mg/L. SeNPs also had miracidicidal and cercaricidal properties against S. mansoni. Some alterations were observed in the hemocytes of snails exposed to SeNPs, including the formation of pseudopodia and an increasing number of granules. Furthermore, lipid peroxide, nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione s-transferase (GST) increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased. The comet assay revealed that myco-synthesized SeNPs could cause breaks in the DNA levels. In silico study revealed that SeNPs had promising antioxidant properties. In conclusion, myco-synthesized SeNPs have the potential to be used as molluscicides and larvicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Y. Morad
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt;
| | - Heba El-Sayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed A. Elhenawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Art, Al Baha University, Mukhwah, Al Baha 6531, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shereen M. Korany
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abeer S. Aloufi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Amina M. Ibrahim
- Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza 12411, Egypt;
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10
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Potęga A, Kosno M, Mazerska Z. Novel insights into conjugation of antitumor-active unsymmetrical bisacridine C-2028 with glutathione: Characteristics of non-enzymatic and glutathione S-transferase-mediated reactions. J Pharm Anal 2022; 11:791-798. [PMID: 35028185 PMCID: PMC8740389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsymmetrical bisacridines (UAs) are a novel potent class of antitumor-active therapeutics. A significant route of phase II drug metabolism is conjugation with glutathione (GSH), which can be non-enzymatic and/or catalyzed by GSH-dependent enzymes. The aim of this work was to investigate the GSH-mediated metabolic pathway of a representative UA, C-2028. GSH-supplemented incubations of C-2028 with rat, but not with human, liver cytosol led to the formation of a single GSH-related metabolite. Interestingly, it was also revealed with rat liver microsomes. Its formation was NADPH-independent and was not inhibited by co-incubation with the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole. Therefore, the direct conjugation pathway occurred without the prior CYP450-catalyzed bioactivation of the substrate. In turn, incubations of C-2028 and GSH with human recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST) P1-1 or with heat-/ethacrynic acid-inactivated liver cytosolic enzymes resulted in the presence or lack of GSH conjugated form, respectively. These findings proved the necessary participation of GST in the initial activation of the GSH thiol group to enable a nucleophilic attack on the substrate molecule. Another C-2028-GSH S-conjugate was also formed during non-enzymatic reaction. Both GSH S-conjugates were characterized by combined liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Mechanisms for their formation were proposed. The ability of C-2028 to GST-mediated and/or direct GSH conjugation is suspected to be clinically important. This may affect the patient's drug clearance due to GST activity, loss of GSH, or the interactions with GSH-conjugated drugs. Moreover, GST-mediated depletion of cellular GSH may increase tumor cell exposure to reactive products of UA metabolic transformations. We investigated the GSH-mediated metabolic pathway of antitumor bisacridine C-2028. Non-enzymatic and GST-catalyzed GSH conjugation of C-2028 was observed. The action of human recombinant GSTP1-1 in C-2028 metabolism was proved. GSH conjugation occurred without the prior CYP450-mediated activation of C-2028. GSH conjugation of C-2028 molecule took place on the system containing nitro group.
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Schwartz M, Neiers F, Charles JP, Heydel JM, Muñoz-González C, Feron G, Canon F. Oral enzymatic detoxification system: Insights obtained from proteome analysis to understand its potential impact on aroma metabolization. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5516-5547. [PMID: 34653315 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The oral cavity is an entry path into the body, enabling the intake of nutrients but also leading to the ingestion of harmful substances. Thus, saliva and oral tissues contain enzyme systems that enable the early neutralization of xenobiotics as soon as they enter the body. Based on recently published oral proteomic data from several research groups, this review identifies and compiles the primary detoxification enzymes (also known as xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes) present in saliva and the oral epithelium. The functions and the metabolic activity of these enzymes are presented. Then, the activity of these enzymes in saliva, which is an extracellular fluid, is discussed with regard to the salivary parameters. The next part of the review presents research evidencing oral metabolization of aroma compounds and the putative involved enzymes. The last part discusses the potential role of these enzymatic reactions on the perception of aroma compounds in light of recent pieces of evidence of in vivo oral metabolization of aroma compounds affecting their release in mouth and their perception. Thus, this review highlights different enzymes appearing as relevant to explain aroma metabolism in the oral cavity. It also points out that further works are needed to unravel the effect of the oral enzymatic detoxification system on the perception of food flavor in the context of the consumption of complex food matrices, while considering the impact of food oral processing. Thus, it constitutes a basis to explore these biochemical mechanisms and their impact on flavor perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Schwartz
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Fabrice Neiers
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Charles
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Marie Heydel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Carolina Muñoz-González
- Instituto de investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), (CSIC-UAM), C/ Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gilles Feron
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Francis Canon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
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Ritika A, Ritika G, Nikita J, Bableen K, Arunima M, Minakshi B, Anu S, Nitin A, Dinesh K. In silico prediction, characterization and molecular docking studies on Glutathione-S-transferase as a molecular sieve for toxic agrochemicals explored in survey of North Indian farmers. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07875. [PMID: 34504970 PMCID: PMC8417331 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
All across the globe, India is considered as an agricultural nation because its agro products drive the economy. An increase in population growth and a hike in food demands lead to the use of hazardous chemicals in farm fields. An in-depth field survey in Northern India was conducted to understand the types of agrochemicals that were used, farmers' knowledge about their safe handling, and their practices on its usage. Ninety-two responders (primarily farmers) from 37 districts of 12 states were interviewed to collect the information. The library containing 58 compounds as toxic spray constituents were developed and further screened in-silico for ADMET, drug-likeness, toxicity prediction, and molecular docking against their target actions in the human system. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) was selected as target protein showing the best-docked score with Bordeaux, Indoxacarb, Cyphenothrin, Deltamethrin, and Beta-cyfluthrin. The study revealed various adverse effects on human health and advocated provisions of alternative solutions such as using GST as a binding agents to hold the toxic chemicals out of living system and eventually saves valuable lives of the farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggarwal Ritika
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Gera Ritika
- Department of Biotechnology, Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research, Devsthali Ambala, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 133101, India
| | - Jain Nikita
- Department of Chemistry, JAV College, CCS University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250611, India
| | - Kaur Bableen
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia University, Okhla, Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Murali Arunima
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Thomas College, Ruabandha Bhilai, Hemachand Yadav University, Chattisgarh, 490009, India
| | - Baruah Minakshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781030, India
| | - Supriya Anu
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendragarh, Haryana, 123031, India
| | - Atre Nitin
- Bioinformatics and Data Management, ICMR - National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Khedkar Dinesh
- Dept of Botany, Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati, Sant Gadgebaba Amravati University, Amravati, India
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Platis M, Vlachakis D, Foudah AI, Muharram MM, Alqarni MH, Papageorgiou AC, Labrou NE. The Interaction of Schistosoma Japonicum Glutathione Transferase with Cibacron Blue 3GA and its Fragments. Med Chem 2021; 17:332-343. [PMID: 32242785 DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666200403074742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 26kDa glutathione transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) from Schistosoma japonicum (SjGST) is recognized as the major detoxification enzyme of S. japonicum, a pathogenic helminth causing schistosomiasis. OBJECTIVE In the present study, the interaction of the chlorotriazine dye Cibacron blue 3GA (CB3GA) and its structural analogues with SjGST was investigated. The work aimed to shed light on the non-substrate ligand-binding properties of the enzyme. METHODS Kinetic inhibition analysis, affinity labelling experiments and molecular modelling studies were employed. RESULTS The results showed that CB3GA is a potent inhibitor (IC50 0.057 ± 0.003 μM) towards SjGST. The enzyme was specifically and irreversibly inactivated by the dichlorotriazine-analogue of CB3GA (IC50 0.190 ± 0.024 μM), following a biphasic pseudo-first-order saturation kinetics with approximately 1 mol of inhibitor per mol of the dimeric enzyme being incorporated. All other monochlorotriazine analogues behave as reversible inhibitors with lower inhibition potency (IC50 5.2-82.3 μM). Kinetic inhibition studies, together with molecular modelling and molecular dynamics simulations, established that the CB3GA binding site overlaps both the G- and H-sites. Both hydrophobic/ polar interactions, as well as steric effects, have decisive roles in determining the inhibitory strength of CB3GA and its analogues. CONCLUSION The results of the present study might be useful in future drug design and development efforts towards SjGST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Platis
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855-Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855-Athens, Greece
| | - Ahmed I Foudah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942 Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy M Muharram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H Alqarni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nikolaos E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855-Athens, Greece
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Schwartz M, Menetrier F, Heydel JM, Chavanne E, Faure P, Labrousse M, Lirussi F, Canon F, Mannervik B, Briand L, Neiers F. Interactions Between Odorants and Glutathione Transferases in the Human Olfactory Cleft. Chem Senses 2021; 45:645-654. [PMID: 32822468 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and other proteins, including odorant-binding proteins located in the nasal epithelium and mucus, participate in a series of processes modulating the concentration of odorants in the environment of olfactory receptors (ORs) and finely impact odor perception. These enzymes and transporters are thought to participate in odorant degradation or transport. Odorant biotransformation results in 1) changes in the odorant quantity up to their clearance and the termination of signaling and 2) the formation of new odorant stimuli (metabolites). Enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 and glutathione transferases (GSTs), have been proposed to participate in odorant clearance in insects and mammals as odorant metabolizing enzymes. This study aims to explore the function of GSTs in human olfaction. Using immunohistochemical methods, GSTs were found to be localized in human tissues surrounding the olfactory epithelium. Then, the activity of 2 members of the GST family toward odorants was measured using heterologously expressed enzymes. The interactions/reactions with odorants were further characterized using a combination of enzymatic techniques. Furthermore, the structure of the complex between human GSTA1 and the glutathione conjugate of an odorant was determined by X-ray crystallography. Our results strongly suggest the role of human GSTs in the modulation of odorant availability to ORs in the peripheral olfactory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Schwartz
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, CNRS, INRA, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | - Franck Menetrier
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, CNRS, INRA, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Marie Heydel
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, CNRS, INRA, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | - Evelyne Chavanne
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, CNRS, INRA, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Faure
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, CNRS, INRA, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | - Marc Labrousse
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie, UFR Médecine de Reims, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Frédéric Lirussi
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, INSERM U1231, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Francis Canon
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, CNRS, INRA, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Loïc Briand
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, CNRS, INRA, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | - Fabrice Neiers
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, CNRS, INRA, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Dijon, France
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15
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Premetis G, Marugas P, Fanos G, Vlachakis D, Chronopoulou EG, Perperopoulou F, Dubey KK, Shukla P, Foudah AI, Muharram MM, Aldawsari MF, Papageorgiou AC, Labrou NE. The Interaction of the Microtubule Targeting Anticancer Drug Colchicine with Human Glutathione Transferases. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:5205-5212. [PMID: 32713331 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200724154711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are a family of Phase II detoxification enzymes that have been shown to be involved in the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR) mechanism toward chemotherapeutic agents. GST inhibitors have, therefore, emerged as promising chemosensitizers to manage and reverse MDR. Colchicine (COL) is a classical antimitotic, tubulin-binding agent (TBA) which is being explored as anticancer drug. METHODS In the present work, the interaction of COL and its derivative 2,3-didemethylcolchicine (2,3-DDCOL) with human glutathione transferases (hGSTA1-1, hGSTP1-1, hGSTM1-1) was investigated by inhibition analysis, molecular modelling and molecular dynamics simulations. RESULTS The results showed that both compounds bind reversibly to human GSTs and behave as potent inhibitors. hGSTA1-1 was the most sensitive enzyme to inhibition by COL with IC50 22 μΜ. Molecular modelling predicted that COL overlaps with both the hydrophobic (H-site) and glutathione binding site (G-site) and polar interactions appear to be the driving force for its positioning and recognition at the binding site. The interaction of COL with other members of GST family (hGSTA2-2, hGSTM3-3, hGSTM3-2) was also investigated with similar results. CONCLUSION The results of the present study might be useful in future drug design and development efforts towards human GSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Premetis
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855-Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Marugas
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855-Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Fanos
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855-Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855-Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia G Chronopoulou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855-Athens, Greece
| | - Fereniki Perperopoulou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855-Athens, Greece
| | - Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Bioprocess Engineering Lab, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim Foudah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy Mohamed Muharram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nikolaos E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855-Athens, Greece
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Alqarni MH, Foudah AI, Muharram MM, Labrou NE. The Interaction of Human Glutathione Transferase GSTA1-1 with Reactive Dyes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082399. [PMID: 33924269 PMCID: PMC8074892 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glutathione transferase A1-1 (hGSTA1-1) contributes to developing resistance to anticancer drugs and, therefore, is promising in terms of drug-design targets for coping with this phenomenon. In the present study, the interaction of anthraquinone and diazo dichlorotriazine dyes (DCTD) with hGSTA1-1 was investigated. The anthraquinone dye Procion blue MX-R (PBMX-R) appeared to interact with higher affinity and was selected for further study. The enzyme was specifically and irreversibly inactivated by PBMX-R, following a biphasic pseudo-first-order saturation kinetics, with approximately 1 mol of inhibitor per mol of the dimeric enzyme being incorporated. Molecular modeling and protein chemistry data suggested that the modified residue is the Cys112, which is located at the entrance of the solvent channel at the subunits interface. The results suggest that negative cooperativity exists upon PBMX-R binding, indicating a structural communication between the two subunits. Kinetic inhibition analysis showed that the dye is a competitive inhibitor towards glutathione (GSH) and mixed-type inhibitor towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The present study results suggest that PBMX-R is a useful probe suitable for assessing by kinetic means the drugability of the enzyme in future drug-design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hamed Alqarni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (M.H.A.); (N.E.L.)
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim Foudah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Magdy Mohamed Muharram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Nikolaos E. Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (M.H.A.); (N.E.L.)
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17
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Ismail A, Lewis E, Sjödin B, Mannervik B. Characterization of Dog Glutathione Transferase P1-1, an Enzyme Relevant to Veterinary Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084079. [PMID: 33920860 PMCID: PMC8071248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) form a family of detoxication enzymes instrumental in the inactivation and elimination of electrophilic mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds. The Pi class GST P1-1 is present in most tissues and is commonly overexpressed in neoplastic cells. GST P1-1 in the dog, Canis lupus familiaris, has merits as a marker for tumors and as a target for enzyme-activated prodrugs. We produced the canine enzyme CluGST P1-1 by heterologous bacterial expression and verified its cross-reactivity with antihuman-GST P1-1 antibodies. The catalytic activity with alternative substrates of biological significance was determined, and the most active substrate found was benzyl isothiocyanate. Among established GST inhibitors, Cibacron Blue showed positive cooperativity with an IC50 value of 43 nM. Dog GST P1-1 catalyzes activation of the prodrug Telcyta, but the activity is significantly lower than that of the human homolog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.I.); (B.S.)
| | - Elizabeth Lewis
- College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Birgitta Sjödin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.I.); (B.S.)
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.I.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Pooe K, Worth R, Iwuchukwu EA, Dirr HW, Achilonu I. An empirical and theoretical description of Schistosoma japonicum glutathione transferase inhibition by bromosulfophthalein and indanyloxyacetic acid 94. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Drug metabolizing enzymes catalyze the biotransformation of many of drugs and chemicals. The drug metabolizing enzymes are distributed among several evolutionary families and catalyze a range of detoxication reactions, including oxidation/reduction, conjugative, and hydrolytic reactions that serve to detoxify potentially toxic compounds. This detoxication function requires that drug metabolizing enzymes exhibit substrate promiscuity. In addition to their catalytic functions, many drug metabolizing enzymes possess functions unrelated to or in addition to catalysis. Such proteins are termed 'moonlighting proteins' and are defined as proteins with multiple biochemical or biophysical functions that reside in a single protein. This review discusses the diverse moonlighting functions of drug metabolizing enzymes and the roles they play in physiological functions relating to reproduction, vision, cell signaling, cancer, and transport. Further research will likely reveal new examples of moonlighting functions of drug metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Board
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - M W Anders
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Comparative analyses and structural insights of new class glutathione transferases in Cryptosporidium species. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20370. [PMID: 33230237 PMCID: PMC7683740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium, is estimated to rank as a leading cause in the global burden of neglected zoonotic parasitic diseases. This diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age. Based on the C. parvum transcriptome data, glutathione transferase (GST) has been suggested as a drug target against this pathogen. GSTs are diverse multifunctional proteins involved in cellular defense and detoxification in organisms and help pathogens to alleviate chemical and environmental stress. In this study, we performed genome-wide data mining, identification, classification and in silico structural analysis of GSTs in fifteen Cryptosporidium species. The study revealed the presence three GSTs in each of the Cryptosporidium species analyzed in the study. Based on the percentage identity and comprehensive comparative phylogenetic analysis, we assigned Cryptosporidium species GSTs to three new GST classes, named Vega (ϑ), Gamma (γ) and Psi (ψ). The study also revealed an atypical thioredoxin-like fold in the C. parvum GST1 of the Vega class, whereas C. parvum GST2 of the Gamma class and C. melagridis GST3 of the Psi class has a typical thioredoxin-like fold in the N-terminal region. This study reports the first comparative analysis of GSTs in Cryptosporidium species.
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García-Gutiérrez P, Zubillaga RA, Téllez-Plancarte A, Flores-López R, Camarillo-Cadena M, Landa A. Discovery of a new non-substrate inhibitor of the 26.5 kDa glutathione transferase from Taenia solium by virtual screening. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 100:107707. [PMID: 32854022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The inappropriate use of anthelmintics, such as praziquantel and albendazole, has generated resistance and the need to develop new drugs. Glutathione transferases, GSTs, are bisubstrate dimeric enzymes that constitute the main detoxification mechanism against electrophiles, drugs and oxidative damage in Taenia solium. Therefore, GSTs are important targets for the development of new anthelmintics. In this work, we reported a successful virtual screen aimed at the identification of novel inhibitors of a 26.5 kDa GST from T. solium (TsGST26). We found that a compound, i7, able to inhibit selectively TsGST26 concerning human GSTs, showing a non-competitive inhibition mechanism towards substrate glutathione with a Ki (GSH) of 55.7 μM and mixed inhibition towards the electrophilic substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene with a Ki (CDNB) of 8.64 μM. These results are in agreement with those of docking simulations, which showed i7 binds a site adjacent to the electrophilic site and furthest from the glutathione site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponciano García-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, C.P 09340, Mexico.
| | - Rafael A Zubillaga
- Departamento de Química. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, C.P 09340, Mexico
| | - Alexandro Téllez-Plancarte
- Departamento de Química. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, C.P 09340, Mexico
| | - Roberto Flores-López
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, C.P 04510, Mexico
| | - Menandro Camarillo-Cadena
- Departamento de Química. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, C.P 09340, Mexico
| | - Abraham Landa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, C.P 04510, Mexico.
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Abstract
The mercapturic acid pathway is a major route for the biotransformation of xenobiotic and endobiotic electrophilic compounds and their metabolites. Mercapturic acids (N-acetyl-l-cysteine S-conjugates) are formed by the sequential action of the glutathione transferases, γ-glutamyltransferases, dipeptidases, and cysteine S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase to yield glutathione S-conjugates, l-cysteinylglycine S-conjugates, l-cysteine S-conjugates, and mercapturic acids; these metabolites constitute a "mercapturomic" profile. Aminoacylases catalyze the hydrolysis of mercapturic acids to form cysteine S-conjugates. Several renal transport systems facilitate the urinary elimination of mercapturic acids; urinary mercapturic acids may serve as biomarkers for exposure to chemicals. Although mercapturic acid formation and elimination is a detoxication reaction, l-cysteine S-conjugates may undergo bioactivation by cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase. Moreover, some l-cysteine S-conjugates, particularly l-cysteinyl-leukotrienes, exert significant pathophysiological effects. Finally, some enzymes of the mercapturic acid pathway are described as the so-called "moonlighting proteins," catalytic proteins that exert multiple biochemical or biophysical functions apart from catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Hanna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M W Anders
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Behrens KA, Jania LA, Snouwaert JN, Nguyen M, Moy SS, Tikunov AP, Macdonald JM, Koller BH. Beyond detoxification: Pleiotropic functions of multiple glutathione S-transferase isoforms protect mice against a toxic electrophile. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225449. [PMID: 31747445 PMCID: PMC6867637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental and endogenous electrophiles cause tissue damage through their high reactivity with endogenous nucleophiles such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. Protection against damage is mediated by glutathione (GSH) conjugation, which can occur spontaneously or be facilitated by the glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes. To determine the role of GST enzymes in protection against electrophiles as well as the role of specific GST families in mediating this protection, we exposed mutant mouse lines lacking the GSTP, GSTM, and/or GSTT enzyme families to the model electrophile acrylamide, a ubiquitous dietary contaminant known to cause adverse effects in humans. An analysis of urinary metabolites after acute acrylamide exposure identified the GSTM family as the primary mediator of GSH conjugation to acrylamide. However, surprisingly, mice lacking only this enzyme family did not show increased toxicity after an acute acrylamide exposure. Therefore, GSH conjugation is not the sole mechanism by which GSTs protect against the toxicity of this substrate. Given the prevalence of null GST polymorphisms in the human population (approximately 50% for GSTM1 and 20–50% for GSTT1), a substantial portion of the population may also have impaired acrylamide metabolism. However, our study also defines a role for GSTP and/or GSTT in protection against acrylamide mediated toxicity. Thus, while the canonical detoxification function of GSTs may be impaired in GSTM null individuals, disease risk secondary to acrylamide exposure may be mitigated through non-canonical pathways involving members of the GSTP and/or GSTT families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A. Behrens
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leigh A. Jania
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John N. Snouwaert
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - MyTrang Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sheryl S. Moy
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrey P. Tikunov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Macdonald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Beverly H. Koller
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Mihaljević I, Bašica B, Maraković N, Kovačević R, Smital T. Interaction of organotin compounds with three major glutathione S-transferases in zebrafish. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 62:104713. [PMID: 31706034 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play an important role in cellular detoxification as enzymatic mediators of glutathione (GSH) conjugation with a wide range of deleterious compounds, enabling their easier extrusion out of the organism. GSTs are shown to interact with organotin compounds (OTCs), known environmental pollutants, either as substrates, serving as electrophilic targets to the nucleophilic attack of GSH, or as noncompetitive inhibitors by binding to GST active sites and disrupting their enzymatic functions. There is a wide range of deleterious biological effects caused by OTCs in low concentration range. Their environmental concentrations, further potentiated by bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms, correspond with inhibitory constants reported for Gsts in zebrafish, which implies their environmental significance. Therefore, our main goal in this study was to analyze interactions of three major zebrafish Gsts - Gstp1, Gstr1, and Gstt1a - with a series of ten environmentally relevant organotin compounds. Using previously developed Gst inhibition assay with recombinant Gst proteins and fluorescent monochlorobimane as a model substrate, we determined Gst inhibitory constants for all tested OCTs. Furthermore, in order to elucidate nature of Gst interactions with OTCs, we determined type of interactions between tested Gsts and the strongest OTC inhibitors. Our results showed that OTCs can interact with zebrafish Gsts as competitive, noncompetitive, or mixed-type inhibitors. Determined types of interactions were additionally confirmed in silico by molecular docking studies of tested OTCs with newly developed Gst models. In silico models were further used to reveal structures of tested Gsts in more detail and identify crucial amino acid residues which interact with OTCs within Gst active sites. Our results revealed more extensive involvement of Gstr1 and Gstp1 in detoxification of numerous tested OTCs, with low inhibitory constants in nanomolar to low micromolar range and different types of inhibition, whereas Gstt1a noncompetitively interacted with only two tested OTCs with significantly higher inhibitory constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mihaljević
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branka Bašica
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Radmila Kovačević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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25
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A structure-based mechanism of cisplatin resistance mediated by glutathione transferase P1-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13943-13951. [PMID: 31221747 PMCID: PMC6628828 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903297116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The resurgence of platinum-based chemotherapy in the last few years has renewed interest in the field, including clinical studies of cisplatin in combination with resistance modulators. Indeed, cisplatin is one of the most successful anticancer agents, effective against a wide range of solid tumors. However, its use is restricted by side effects and/or by intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. We propose here a new mechanism of cisplatin resistance mediated by glutathione transferase (GST) P1-1, as a cisplatin-binding protein. Our results show that cisplatin can be inactivated by this protein with the aid of 2 solvent-accessible and reactive cysteines. These findings may constitute the basis for the design and synthesis of new GST inhibitors able to circumvent cisplatin resistance. Cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP)] is one of the most successful anticancer agents effective against a wide range of solid tumors. However, its use is restricted by side effects and/or by intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. Here, we probed the role of glutathione transferase (GST) P1-1, an antiapoptotic protein often overexpressed in drug-resistant tumors, as a cis-DDP–binding protein. Our results show that cis-DDP is not a substrate for the glutathione (GSH) transferase activity of GST P1-1. Instead, GST P1-1 sequesters and inactivates cisplatin with the aid of 2 solvent-accessible cysteines, resulting in protein subunits cross-linking, while maintaining its GSH-conjugation activity. Furthermore, it is well known that GST P1-1 binding to the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibits JNK phosphorylation, which is required for downstream apoptosis signaling. Thus, in turn, GST P1-1 overexpression and Pt-induced subunit cross-linking could modulate JNK apoptotic signaling, further confirming the role of GST P1-1 as an antiapoptotic protein.
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26
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Rajaiah Prabhu P, Moorthy SD, Madhumathi J, Pradhan SN, Perbandt M, Betzel C, Kaliraj P. Wucherria bancrofti glutathione S-Transferase: Insights into the 2.3 Å resolution X-ray structure and function, a therapeutic target for human lymphatic filariasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:979-984. [PMID: 30297111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The notoriety of parasitic nematode survival is directly related to chronic pathogenicity, which is evident in human lymphatic filariasis. It is a disease of poverty which causes severe disability affecting more than 120 million people worldwide. These nematodes down-regulate host immune system through a myriad of strategies that includes secretion of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes like glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs). Earlier studies have shown Wuchereria bancrofti GST to be a potential therapeutic target. Parasite GSTs catalyse the conjugation of glutathione to xenobiotic and other endogenous electrophiles and are essential for their long-term survival in lymph tissues. Hence, the crystal structure of WbGST along with its cofactor GSH at 2.3 Å resolution was determined. Structural comparisons against host GST reveal distinct differences in the substrate binding sites. The parasite xenobiotic binding site is more substrate/solvent accessible. The structure also suggests the presence of putative non-catalytic binding sites that may permit sequestration of endogenous and exogenous ligands. The structure of WbGST also provides a case for the role of the π-cation interaction in stabilizing catalytic Tyr compared to stabilization interactions described for other GSTs. Hence, the obtained information regarding crucial differences in the active sites will support future design of parasite specific inhibitors. Further, the study also evaluates the inhibition of WbGST and its variants by antifilarial diethylcarbamazine through kinetic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Markus Perbandt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Betzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany.
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27
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Markus V, Teralı K, Dalmizrak O, Ozer N. Assessment of the inhibitory activity of the pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin against human placental glutathione transferase P1-1: A combined kinetic and docking study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 61:18-23. [PMID: 29807309 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Deltamethrin (DEL), which is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, has been used successfully all over the world to treat mosquito nets for the control of malaria. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs; EC 2.5.1.18) catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione (GSH) to a variety of xenobiotics and are normally recognized as detoxification enzymes. Here, we used a colorimetric assay based on the human placental GSTP1-1 (hpGSTP1-1)-catalyzed reaction between GSH and the model substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as well as molecular docking to investigate the mechanistic and structural aspects of hpGSTP1-1 inhibition by DEL. We show that DEL is a potent, noncompetitive inhibitor of hpGSTP1-1 with an IC50 value of 6.1 μM and Ki values of 5.61 ± 0.32 μM and 7.96 ± 0.97 μM at fixed [CDNB]-varied [GSH] and fixed [GSH]-varied [CDNB], respectively. DEL appears to be accommodated well in an eccentric cavity located at the interface of the hpGSTP1-1 homodimer, presumably causing conformational changes to the enzyme's substrate-binding sites such that the enzyme is no longer able to transform GSH and CDNB effectively. Correspondingly, considerable maternal exposure to and subsequent accumulation of DEL may interfere with the proper development of the vulnerable fetus, possibly increasing the risk of developing congenital defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Markus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, TRNC, 99138, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Kerem Teralı
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, TRNC, 99138, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Dalmizrak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, TRNC, 99138, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Nazmi Ozer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, TRNC, 99138, Mersin 10, Turkey.
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28
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Alqarni MH, Muharram MM, Labrou NE. Ligand-induced glutathione transferase degradation as a therapeutic modality: Investigation of a new metal-mediated affinity cleavage strategy for human GSTP1-1. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:84-90. [PMID: 29727648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GST, EC. 2.5.1.18) are overexpressed in cancer cell and have been shown to be involved in cancer cell growth, differentiation and the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR) mechanism. Therefore, GST inhibitors are emerging as promising chemosensitizers to manage and reverse MDR. The present work aims to the synthesis, characterization and assessment of a new active-site chimeric inhibitor towards the MDR-involved human GSTP1-1 isoenzyme (hGSTP1-1). The inhibitor [BDA-Fe(III)] was designed to possess two functional groups: the anthraquinone moiety, as recognition element by hGSTP1-1 and a metal chelated complex [iminodiacetic acid-Fe(III)] as a reactive moiety, able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), through Fenton reaction. Upon binding of the BDA-Fe(III) to hGSTP1-1 in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated, which promoted the specific cleavage of hGSTP1-1 in a time and concentration-dependent manner. Electrophoretic analysis showed that each enzyme subunit is cleaved at a single site. Amino acid sequencing as well as molecular modelling studies established that the cleaved peptide bond is located between the amino acids Tyr103 and Ile104. This ligand-induced hGSTP1-1 degradation and inactivation strategy is discussed as a new approach towards chemosensitization of MDR cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hamed Alqarni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942 Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy Mohamed Muharram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942 Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nikolaos E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855 Athens, Greece.
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29
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Perperopoulou F, Pouliou F, Labrou NE. Recent advances in protein engineering and biotechnological applications of glutathione transferases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:511-528. [PMID: 28936894 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1375890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) are a widespread family of enzymes that play a central role in the detoxification, metabolism, and transport or sequestration of endogenous or xenobiotic compounds. During the last two decades, delineation of the important structural and catalytic features of GSTs has laid the groundwork for engineering GSTs, involving both rational and random approaches, aiming to create new variants with new or altered properties. These approaches have expanded the usefulness of native GSTs, not only for understanding the fundamentals of molecular detoxification mechanisms, but also for the development medical, analytical, environmental, and agricultural applications. This review article attempts to summarize successful examples and current developments on GST engineering, highlighting in parallel the recent knowledge gained on their phylogenetic relationships, structural/catalytic features, and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereniki Perperopoulou
- a Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Enzyme Technology , School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Fotini Pouliou
- a Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Enzyme Technology , School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Nikolaos E Labrou
- a Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Enzyme Technology , School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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30
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Abunnaja MS, Kurogi K, Mohammed YI, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Hassoun EA, Liu MC. Identification and characterization of the zebrafish glutathione S-transferase Pi-1. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017. [PMID: 28621814 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish has in recent years emerged as a popular vertebrate model for use in pharmacological and toxicological studies. While there have been sporadic studies on the zebrafish glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), the zebrafish GST gene superfamily still awaits to be fully elucidated. We report here the identification of 15 zebrafish cytosolic GST genes in NCBI GenBank database and the expression, purification, and enzymatic characterization of the zebrafish cytosolic GST Pi-1 (GSTP1). The cDNA encoding the zebrafish GSTP1 was cloned from a 3-month-old female zebrafish, expressed in Eschelichia coli host cells, and purified. Purified GSTP1 displayed glutathione-conjugating activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as a representative substrate. The enzymatic characteristics of the zebrafish GSTP1, including pH-dependency, effects of metal cations, and kinetic parameters, were studied. Moreover, the expression of zebrafish GSTP1 at different developmental stages during embryogenesis, throughout larval development, onto maturity was examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam S Abunnaja
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yasir I Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ezdihar A Hassoun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
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31
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Ahmad L, Rylott EL, Bruce NC, Edwards R, Grogan G. Structural evidence for Arabidopsis glutathione transferase AtGSTF2 functioning as a transporter of small organic ligands. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 7:122-132. [PMID: 28174680 PMCID: PMC5292665 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are involved in many processes in plant biochemistry, with their best characterised role being the detoxification of xenobiotics through their conjugation with glutathione. GSTs have also been implicated in noncatalytic roles, including the binding and transport of small heterocyclic ligands such as indole hormones, phytoalexins and flavonoids. Although evidence for ligand binding and transport has been obtained using gene deletions and ligand binding studies on purified GSTs, there has been no structural evidence for the binding of relevant ligands in noncatalytic sites. Here we provide evidence of noncatalytic ligand‐binding sites in the phi class GST from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, AtGSTF2, revealed by X‐ray crystallography. Complexes of the AtGSTF2 dimer were obtained with indole‐3‐aldehyde, camalexin, the flavonoid quercetrin and its non‐rhamnosylated analogue quercetin, at resolutions of 2.00, 2.77, 2.25 and 2.38 Å respectively. Two symmetry‐equivalent‐binding sites (L1) were identified at the periphery of the dimer, and one more (L2) at the dimer interface. In the complexes, indole‐3‐aldehyde and quercetrin were found at both L1 and L2 sites, but camalexin was found only at the L1 sites and quercetin only at the L2 site. Ligand binding at each site appeared to be largely determined through hydrophobic interactions. The crystallographic studies support previous conclusions made on ligand binding in noncatalytic sites by AtGSTF2 based on isothermal calorimetry experiments (Dixon et al. (2011) Biochem J 438, 63–70) and suggest a mode of ligand binding in GSTs commensurate with a possible role in ligand transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laziana Ahmad
- York Structural Biology Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of York UK; Department of Biology Centre for Novel Agricultural Products University of York UK
| | - Elizabeth L Rylott
- Department of Biology Centre for Novel Agricultural Products University of York UK
| | - Neil C Bruce
- Department of Biology Centre for Novel Agricultural Products University of York UK
| | - Robert Edwards
- School of Agriculture, Food & Rural Development Newcastle University UK
| | - Gideon Grogan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of York UK
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32
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Parker LJ, Bocedi A, Ascher DB, Aitken JB, Harris HH, Lo Bello M, Ricci G, Morton CJ, Parker MW. Glutathione transferase P1-1 as an arsenic drug-sequestering enzyme. Protein Sci 2016; 26:317-326. [PMID: 27863446 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic-based compounds are paradoxically both poisons and drugs. Glutathione transferase (GSTP1-1) is a major factor in resistance to such drugs. Here we describe using crystallography, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, and kinetic studies how GSTP1-1 recognizes the drug phenylarsine oxide (PAO). In conditions of cellular stress where glutathione (GSH) levels are low, PAO crosslinks C47 to C101 of the opposing monomer, a distance of 19.9 Å, and causes a dramatic widening of the dimer interface by approximately 10 Å. The GSH conjugate of PAO, which forms rapidly in cancerous cells, is a potent inhibitor (Ki = 90 nM) and binds as a di-GSH complex in the active site forming part of a continuous network of interactions from one active site to the other. In summary, GSTP1-1 can detoxify arsenic-based drugs by sequestration at the active site and at the dimer interface, in situations where there is a plentiful supply of GSH, and at the reactive cysteines in conditions of low GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorien J Parker
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Alessio Bocedi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - David B Ascher
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Jade B Aitken
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Hugh H Harris
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Mario Lo Bello
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ricci
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Craig J Morton
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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33
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Biochemical Characterization of the Detoxifying Enzyme Glutathione Transferase P1-1 from the Camel Camelus Dromedarius. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 74:459-472. [PMID: 27639582 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-016-0761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) is a primary line of defense against toxicities of electrophile compounds and oxidative stress and therefore is involved in stress-response and cell detoxification. In the present study, we investigated the catalytic and structural properties of the glutathione transferase (GST) isoenzyme P1-1 from Camelus dromedarius (CdGSTP1-1). Recombinant CdGSTP1-1 was produced in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. Kinetic analysis revealed that CdGSTP1-1 displays broad substrate specificity and shows high activity towards halogenated aryl-compounds, isothiocyanates and hydroperoxides. Computation analysis and structural comparison of the catalytic and ligand binding sites of CdGSTP1-1 with other pi class GSTs allowed the identification of major structural variations that affect the active site pocket and the catalytic mechanism., Affinity labeling and kinetic inhibition studies identified key regions that form the ligandin-binding site (L-site) and gave further insights into the mechanism of non-substrate ligand recognition. The results of the present study provide new information into camelid detoxifying mechanism and new knowledge into the diversity and complex enzymatic functions of GST superfamily.
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34
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Sánchez-Gómez FJ, Díez-Dacal B, García-Martín E, Agúndez JAG, Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D. Detoxifying Enzymes at the Cross-Roads of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Drug Hypersensitivity: Role of Glutathione Transferase P1-1 and Aldose Reductase. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:237. [PMID: 27540362 PMCID: PMC4973429 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phase I and II enzymes are involved in the metabolism of endogenous reactive compounds as well as xenobiotics, including toxicants and drugs. Genotyping studies have established several drug metabolizing enzymes as markers for risk of drug hypersensitivity. However, other candidates are emerging that are involved in drug metabolism but also in the generation of danger or costimulatory signals. Enzymes such as aldo-keto reductases (AKR) and glutathione transferases (GST) metabolize prostaglandins and reactive aldehydes with proinflammatory activity, as well as drugs and/or their reactive metabolites. In addition, their metabolic activity can have important consequences for the cellular redox status, and impacts the inflammatory response as well as the balance of inflammatory mediators, which can modulate epigenetic factors and cooperate or interfere with drug-adduct formation. These enzymes are, in turn, targets for covalent modification and regulation by oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators, and drugs. Therefore, they constitute a platform for a complex set of interactions involving drug metabolism, protein haptenation, modulation of the inflammatory response, and/or generation of danger signals with implications in drug hypersensitivity reactions. Moreover, increasing evidence supports their involvement in allergic processes. Here, we will focus on GSTP1-1 and aldose reductase (AKR1B1) and provide a perspective for their involvement in drug hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Sánchez-Gómez
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Díez-Dacal
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José A G Agúndez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), and Grupo de Hepatología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ) Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
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Al-Qattan MN, Mordi MN, Mansor SM. Assembly of ligands interaction models for glutathione-S-transferases from Plasmodium falciparum, human and mouse using enzyme kinetics and molecular docking. Comput Biol Chem 2016; 64:237-249. [PMID: 27475235 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione-s-transferases (GSTs) are enzymes that principally catalyze the conjugation of electrophilic compounds to the endogenous nucleophilic glutathione substrate, besides, they have other non-catalytic functions. The Plasmodium falciparum genome encodes a single isoform of GST (PfGST) which is involved in buffering the toxic heme, thus considered a potential anti-malarial target. In mammals several classes of GSTs are available, each of various isoforms. The human (human GST Pi-1 or hGSTP1) and mouse (murine GST Mu-1 or mGSTM1) GST isoforms control cellular apoptosis by interaction with signaling proteins, thus considered as potential anti-cancer targets. In the course of GSTs inhibitors development, the models of ligands interactions with GSTs are used to guide rational molecular modification. In the absence of X-ray crystallographic data, enzyme kinetics and molecular docking experiments can aid in addressing ligands binding modes to the enzymes. METHODS Kinetic studies were used to investigate the interactions between the three GSTs and each of glutathione, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, cibacron blue, ethacrynic acid, S-hexyl glutathione, hemin and protoporphyrin IX. Since hemin displacement is intended for PfGST inhibitors, the interactions between hemin and other ligands at PfGST binding sites were studied kinetically. Computationally determined binding modes and energies were interlinked with the kinetic results to resolve enzymes-ligands interaction models at atomic level. RESULTS The results showed that hemin and cibacron blue have different binding modes in the three GSTs. Hemin has two binding sites (A and B) with two binding modes at site-A depending on presence of GSH. None of the ligands were able to compete hemin binding to PfGST except ethacrynic acid. Besides bind differently in GSTs, the isolated anthraquinone moiety of cibacron blue is not maintaining sufficient interactions with GSTs to be used as a lead. Similarly, the ethacrynic acid uses water bridges to mediate interactions with GSTs and at least the conjugated form of EA is the true hemin inhibitor, thus EA may not be a suitable lead. CONCLUSIONS Glutathione analogues with bulky substitution at thiol of cysteine moiety or at γ-amino group of γ-glutamine moiety may be the most suitable to provide GST inhibitors with hemin competition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Nizam Mordi
- Centre For Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Gelugor 11700 Penang, Malaysia
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Vignesvaran K, Alias Z. PARTICIPATION OF Y89 AND Y97 IN THE CONJUGATING ACTIVITY OF Drosophila melanogaster GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE D3 (DmGSTD3). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 92:210-221. [PMID: 27075600 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster glutathione S-transferase D3 (DmGSTD3) has a shorter amino acid sequence as compared to other GSTs known in the fruit flies. This is due to the 15 amino acid N-terminal truncation in which normally active amino acid residue is located. The work has made use of homology modeling to visualize the arrangement of amino acid side chains in the glutathione (GSH) substrate cavity. The identified amino acids were then replaced with amino acids without functional groups in the side chains and the mutants were analyzed kinetically. Homology modeling revealed that the side chains of Y89 and Y97 were shown facing toward the substrate cavity proposing their possible role in catalyzing the conjugation. Y97A and Y89A GSH gave large changes in Km (twofold increase), Vmax (fivefold reduction), and Kcat /Km values for GSH suggesting their significant role in the conjugation reaction. The replacement at either positions has not affected the affinity of the enzyme toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as no significant change in values of Kmax was observed. The replacement, however, had significantly reduced the catalytic efficiency of both mutants with (Kcat /Km )(GSH) and (Kcat /Km )(CDNB) of eight- and twofold reduction. The recombinant DmGSTD3 has shown no activity toward 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, 2,4-hexadienal, 2,4-heptadienal, p-nitrobenzyl chloride, ethacrynic acid, and sulfobromophthalein. Therefore, it was evident that DmGSTD3 has made use of distal amino acids Y97 and Y89 for GSH conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kithalakshmi Vignesvaran
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zazali Alias
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Cuzzolin A, Sturlese M, Deganutti G, Salmaso V, Sabbadin D, Ciancetta A, Moro S. Deciphering the Complexity of Ligand–Protein Recognition Pathways Using Supervised Molecular Dynamics (SuMD) Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2016; 56:687-705. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cuzzolin
- Molecular
Modeling Section
(MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Molecular
Modeling Section
(MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- Molecular
Modeling Section
(MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Salmaso
- Molecular
Modeling Section
(MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Sabbadin
- Molecular
Modeling Section
(MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Molecular
Modeling Section
(MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular
Modeling Section
(MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, Padova, Italy
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Directed evolution of Tau class glutathione transferases reveals a site that regulates catalytic efficiency and masks co-operativity. Biochem J 2015; 473:559-70. [PMID: 26637269 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A library of Tau class GSTs (glutathione transferases) was constructed by DNA shuffling using the DNA encoding the Glycine max GSTs GmGSTU2-2, GmGSTU4-4 and GmGSTU10-10. The parental GSTs are >88% identical at the sequence level; however, their specificity varies towards different substrates. The DNA library contained chimaeric structures of alternated segments of the parental sequences and point mutations. Chimaeric GST sequences were expressed in Escherichia coli and their enzymatic activities towards CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) and the herbicide fluorodifen (4-nitrophenyl α,α,α-trifluoro-2-nitro-p-tolyl ether) were determined. A chimaeric clone (Sh14) with enhanced CDNB- and fluorodifen-detoxifying activities, and unusual co-operative kinetics towards CDNB and fluorodifen, but not towards GSH, was identified. The structure of Sh14 was determined at 1.75 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) resolution in complex with S-(p-nitrobenzyl)-glutathione. Analysis of the Sh14 structure showed that a W114C point mutation is responsible for the altered kinetic properties. This was confirmed by the kinetic properties of the Sh14 C114W mutant. It is suggested that the replacement of the bulky tryptophan residue by a smaller amino acid (cysteine) results in conformational changes of the active-site cavity, leading to enhanced catalytic activity of Sh14. Moreover, the structural changes allow the strengthening of the two salt bridges between Glu(66) and Lys(104) at the dimer interface that triggers an allosteric effect and the communication between the hydrophobic sites.
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Calmes B, Morel-Rouhier M, Bataillé-Simoneau N, Gelhaye E, Guillemette T, Simoneau P. Characterization of glutathione transferases involved in the pathogenicity of Alternaria brassicicola. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:123. [PMID: 26081847 PMCID: PMC4470081 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione transferases (GSTs) represent an extended family of multifunctional proteins involved in detoxification processes and tolerance to oxidative stress. We thus anticipated that some GSTs could play an essential role in the protection of fungal necrotrophs against plant-derived toxic metabolites and reactive oxygen species that accumulate at the host-pathogen interface during infection. RESULTS Mining the genome of the necrotrophic Brassica pathogen Alternaria brassicicola for glutathione transferase revealed 23 sequences, 17 of which could be clustered into the main classes previously defined for fungal GSTs and six were 'orphans'. Five isothiocyanate-inducible GSTs from five different classes were more thoroughly investigated. Analysis of their catalytic properties revealed that two GSTs, belonging to the GSTFuA and GTT1 classes, exhibited GSH transferase activity with isothiocyanates (ITC) and peroxidase activity with cumene hydroperoxide, respectively. Mutant deficient for these two GSTs were however neither more susceptible to ITC nor less aggressive than the wild-type parental strain. By contrast mutants deficient for two other GSTs, belonging to the Ure2pB and GSTO classes, were distinguished by their hyper-susceptibility to ITC and low aggressiveness against Brassica oleracea. In particular AbGSTO1 could participate in cell tolerance to ITC due to its glutathione-dependent thioltransferase activity. The fifth ITC-inducible GST belonged to the MAPEG class and although it was not possible to produce the soluble active form of this protein in a bacterial expression system, the corresponding deficient mutant failed to develop normal symptoms on host plant tissues. CONCLUSIONS Among the five ITC-inducible GSTs analyzed in this study, three were found essential for full aggressiveness of A. brassicicola on host plant. This, to our knowledge is the first evidence that GSTs might be essential virulence factors for fungal necrotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Calmes
- Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 2 Bd Lavoisier, Angers cedex, F-49045, France.
- INRA, UMR 1345 IRHS, 42 rue Georges Morel, Beaucouzé Cedex, F-49071, France.
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHS, 2 rue le Nôtre, Angers cedex, F-49045, France.
| | - Mélanie Morel-Rouhier
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Vandoeuvre-lès, F-54500, Nancy, France.
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, F-54280, Champenoux, France.
| | - Nelly Bataillé-Simoneau
- Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 2 Bd Lavoisier, Angers cedex, F-49045, France.
- INRA, UMR 1345 IRHS, 42 rue Georges Morel, Beaucouzé Cedex, F-49071, France.
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHS, 2 rue le Nôtre, Angers cedex, F-49045, France.
| | - Eric Gelhaye
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Vandoeuvre-lès, F-54500, Nancy, France.
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, F-54280, Champenoux, France.
| | - Thomas Guillemette
- Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 2 Bd Lavoisier, Angers cedex, F-49045, France.
- INRA, UMR 1345 IRHS, 42 rue Georges Morel, Beaucouzé Cedex, F-49071, France.
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHS, 2 rue le Nôtre, Angers cedex, F-49045, France.
| | - Philippe Simoneau
- Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 2 Bd Lavoisier, Angers cedex, F-49045, France.
- INRA, UMR 1345 IRHS, 42 rue Georges Morel, Beaucouzé Cedex, F-49071, France.
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHS, 2 rue le Nôtre, Angers cedex, F-49045, France.
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Perbandt M, Eberle R, Fischer-Riepe L, Cang H, Liebau E, Betzel C. High resolution structures of Plasmodium falciparum GST complexes provide novel insights into the dimer-tetramer transition and a novel ligand-binding site. J Struct Biol 2015; 191:365-75. [PMID: 26072058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Protection from oxidative stress and efficient redox regulation are essential for malarial parasites which have to grow and multiply rapidly in pro-oxidant rich environments. Therefore, redox active proteins currently belong to the most attractive antimalarial drug targets. The glutathione S-transferase from Plasmodium falciparum (PfGST) is a redox active protein displaying a peculiar dimer-tetramer transition that causes full enzyme-inactivation. This distinct structural feature is absent in mammalian GST isoenzyme counterparts. A flexible loop between residues 113-119 has been reported to be necessary for this tetramerization process. However, here we present structural data of a modified PfGST lacking loop 113-119 at 1.9 Å resolution. Our results clearly show that this loop is not essential for the formation of stable tetramers. Moreover we present for the first time the structures of both, the inactive and tetrameric state at 1.7 Å and the active dimeric state in complex with reduced glutathione at 2.4 Å resolution. Surprisingly, the structure of the inactive tetrameric state reveals a novel non-substrate binding-site occupied by a 2-(N-morpholino) ethane sulfonic acid (MES) molecule in each monomer. Although it is known that the PfGST has the ability to bind lipophilic anionic ligands, the location of the PfGST ligand-binding site remained unclear up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Perbandt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, c/o DESY, Notkestr. 85, Build. 22a, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), D-20246 Hamburg, Germany; The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Raphael Eberle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, c/o DESY, Notkestr. 85, Build. 22a, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Fischer-Riepe
- Department of Molecular Physiology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Huaixing Cang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Eva Liebau
- Department of Molecular Physiology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Betzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, c/o DESY, Notkestr. 85, Build. 22a, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany; The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
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Fabrini R, Bocedi A, Camerini S, Fusetti M, Ottaviani F, Passali FM, Topazio D, Iavarone F, Francia I, Castagnola M, Ricci G. Inactivation of human salivary glutathione transferase P1-1 by hypothiocyanite: a post-translational control system in search of a role. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112797. [PMID: 25393952 PMCID: PMC4231102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are a superfamily of detoxifying enzymes over-expressed in tumor tissues and tentatively proposed as biomarkers for localizing and monitoring injury of specific tissues. Only scarce and contradictory reports exist about the presence and the level of these enzymes in human saliva. This study shows that GSTP1-1 is the most abundant salivary GST isoenzyme, mainly coming from salivary glands. Surprisingly, its activity is completely obscured by the presence of a strong oxidizing agent in saliva that causes a fast and complete, but reversible, inactivation. Although salivary α-defensins are also able to inhibit the enzyme causing a peculiar half-site inactivation, a number of approaches (mass spectrometry, site directed mutagenesis, chromatographic and spectrophotometric data) indicated that hypothiocyanite is the main salivary inhibitor of GSTP1-1. Cys47 and Cys101, the most reactive sulfhydryls of GSTP1-1, are mainly involved in a redox interaction which leads to the formation of an intra-chain disulfide bridge. A reactivation procedure has been optimized and used to quantify GSTP1-1 in saliva of 30 healthy subjects with results of 42±4 mU/mg-protein. The present study represents a first indication that salivary GSTP1-1 may have a different and hitherto unknown function. In addition it fulfills the basis for future investigations finalized to check the salivary GSTP1-1 as a diagnostic biomarker for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Fabrini
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Bocedi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Camerini
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fusetti
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ottaviani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco M. Passali
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Topazio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University and/or Institute for Molecular Recognition, National Research Council, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Francia
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University and/or Institute for Molecular Recognition, National Research Council, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ricci
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Penketh PG, Patridge E, Shyam K, Baumann RP, Zhu R, Ishiguro K, Sartorelli AC. Influence of glutathione and glutathione S-transferases on DNA interstrand cross-link formation by 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine, the active anticancer moiety generated by laromustine. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1440-9. [PMID: 25012050 PMCID: PMC4137992 DOI: 10.1021/tx500197t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Prodrugs
of 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine
(90CE) are promising anticancer agents. The 90CE moiety is a readily
latentiated, short-lived (t1/2 ∼
30 s) chloroethylating agent that can generate high yields of oxophilic
electrophiles responsible for the chloroethylation of the O-6 position
of guanine in DNA. These guanine O-6 alkylations are believed to be
responsible for the therapeutic effects of 90CE and its prodrugs.
Thus, 90CE demonstrates high selectivity toward tumors with diminished
levels of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase
(MGMT), the resistance protein responsible for O6-alkylguanine repair. The formation of O6-(2-chloroethyl)guanine lesions ultimately leads to the generation
of highly cytotoxic 1-(N3-cytosinyl),-2-(N1-guaninyl)ethane DNA interstrand cross-links
via N1,O6-ethanoguanine
intermediates. The anticancer activity arising from this sequence
of reactions is thus identical to this component of the anticancer
activity of the clinically used chloroethylnitrosoureas. Herein, we
evaluate the ability of glutathione (GSH) and other low molecular
weight thiols, as well as GSH coupled with various glutathione S-transferase enzymes (GSTs) to attenuate the final yields
of cross-links generated by 90CE when added prior to or immediately
following the initial chloroethylation step to determine the major
point(s) of interaction. In contrast to studies utilizing BCNU as
a chloroethylating agent by others, GSH (or GSH/GST) did not appreciably
quench DNA interstrand cross-link precursors. While thiols alone offered
little protection at either alkylation step, the GSH/GST couple was
able to diminish the initial yields of cross-link precursors. 90CE
exhibited a very different GST isoenzyme susceptibility to that reported
for BCNU, this could have important implications in the relative resistance
of tumor cells to these agents. The protection afforded by GSH/GST
was compared to that produced by MGMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Penketh
- Department of Pharmacology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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Galli F, Piroddi M, Bartolini D, Ciffolilli S, Buoncristiani E, Ricci G, Buoncristiani U. Blood thiol status and erythrocyte glutathione-S-transferase in chronic kidney disease patients on treatment with frequent (daily) hemodialysis. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:273-81. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.861901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mathieu Y, Prosper P, Favier F, Harvengt L, Didierjean C, Jacquot JP, Morel-Rouhier M, Gelhaye E. Diversification of fungal specific class a glutathione transferases in saprotrophic fungi. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80298. [PMID: 24278272 PMCID: PMC3835915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) form a superfamily of multifunctional proteins with essential roles in cellular detoxification processes and endogenous metabolism. The distribution of fungal-specific class A GSTs was investigated in saprotrophic fungi revealing a recent diversification within this class. Biochemical characterization of eight GSTFuA isoforms from Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Coprinus cinereus demonstrated functional diversity in saprotrophic fungi. The three-dimensional structures of three P. chrysosporium isoforms feature structural differences explaining the functional diversity of these enzymes. Competition experiments between fluorescent probes, and various molecules, showed that these GSTs function as ligandins with various small aromatic compounds, derived from lignin degradation or not, at a L-site overlapping the glutathione binding pocket. By combining genomic data with structural and biochemical determinations, we propose that this class of GST has evolved in response to environmental constraints induced by wood chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Mathieu
- Université de Lorraine, IAM, UMR 1136, IFR 110 EFABA, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France ; INRA, IAM, UMR 1136, Champenoux, France ; Laboratoire de biotechnologie, Pôle Biotechnologie et Sylviculture Avancée, FCBA, Campus Forêt-Bois de Pierroton, Cestas, France
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Chronopoulou E, Madesis P, Tsaftaris A, Labrou NE. Cloning and characterization of a biotic-stress-inducible glutathione transferase from Phaseolus vulgaris. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:595-609. [PMID: 24104686 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) are ubiquitous proteins in plants that play important roles in stress tolerance and in the detoxification of toxic chemicals and metabolites. In this study, we systematically examined the catalytic diversification of a GST isoenzyme from Phaseolus vulgaris (PvGST) which is induced under biotic stress treatment (Uromyces appendiculatus infection). The full-length cDNA of this GST isoenzyme (termed PvGSTU3-3) with complete open reading frame, was isolated using RACE-RT and showed that the deduced amino acid sequence shares high homology with the tau class plant GSTs. PvGSTU3-3 catalyzes several different reactions and exhibits wide substrate specificity. Of particular importance is the finding that the enzyme shows high antioxidant catalytic function and acts as hydroperoxidase, thioltransferase, and dehydroascorbate reductase. In addition, its K m for GSH is about five to ten times lower compared to other plant GSTs, suggesting that PvGSTU3-3 is able to perform efficient catalysis under conditions where the concentration of reduced glutathione is low (e.g., oxidative stress). Its ability to conjugate GSH with isothiocyanates may provide an additional role for this enzyme to act as a regulator of the released isothiocyanates from glucosinolates as a response of biotic stress. Molecular modeling showed that PvGSTU3-3 shares the same overall fold and structural organization with other plant cytosolic GSTs, with major differences at their hydrophobic binding sites (H-sites) and some differences at the level of C-terminal domain and the linker between the C- and N-terminal domains. PvGSTU3-3, in general, exhibits restricted ability to bind xenobiotics in a nonsubstrate manner, suggesting that the biological role of PvGSTU3-3, is restricted mainly to the catalytic function. Our findings highlight the functional and catalytic diversity of plant GSTs and demonstrate their pivotal role for addressing biotic stresses in Phaseolus vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Chronopoulou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855, Athens, Greece
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Structural insights into omega-class glutathione transferases: a snapshot of enzyme reduction and identification of a non-catalytic ligandin site. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60324. [PMID: 23593192 PMCID: PMC3621891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are dimeric enzymes containing one active-site per monomer. The omega-class GSTs (hGSTO1-1 and hGSTO2-2 in humans) are homodimeric and carry out a range of reactions including the glutathione-dependant reduction of a range of compounds and the reduction of S-(phenacyl)glutathiones to acetophenones. Both types of reaction result in the formation of a mixed-disulfide of the enzyme with glutathione through the catalytic cysteine (C32). Recycling of the enzyme utilizes a second glutathione molecule and results in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) release. The crystal structure of an active-site mutant (C32A) of the hGSTO1-1 isozyme in complex with GSSG provides a snapshot of the enzyme in the process of regeneration. GSSG occupies both the G (GSH-binding) and H (hydrophobic-binding) sites and causes re-arrangement of some H-site residues. In the same structure we demonstrate the existence of a novel “ligandin” binding site deep within in the dimer interface of this enzyme, containing S-(4-nitrophenacyl)glutathione, an isozyme-specific substrate for hGSTO1-1. The ligandin site, conserved in Omega class GSTs from a range of species, is hydrophobic in nature and may represent the binding location for tocopherol esters that are uncompetitive hGSTO1-1 inhibitors.
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Human cytosolic glutathione transferases: structure, function, and drug discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:656-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Board PG, Menon D. Glutathione transferases, regulators of cellular metabolism and physiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012. [PMID: 23201197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytosolic glutathione transferases (GSTs) comprise a super family of proteins that can be categorized into multiple classes with a mixture of highly specific and overlapping functions. SCOPE OF REVIEW The review covers the genetics, structure and function of the human cytosolic GSTs with particular attention to their emerging roles in cellular metabolism. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS All the catalytically active GSTs contribute to the glutathione conjugation or glutathione dependant-biotransformation of xenobiotics and many catalyze glutathione peroxidase or thiol transferase reactions. GSTs also catalyze glutathione dependent isomerization reactions required for the synthesis of several prostaglandins and steroid hormones and the catabolism of tyrosine. An increasing body of work has implicated several GSTs in the regulation of cell signaling pathways mediated by stress-activated kinases like Jun N-terminal kinase. In addition, some members of the cytosolic GST family have been shown to form ion channels in intracellular membranes and to modulate ryanodine receptor Ca(2+) channels in skeletal and cardiac muscle. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE In addition to their well established roles in the conjugation and biotransformation of xenobiotics, GSTs have emerged as significant regulators of pathways determining cell proliferation and survival and as regulators of ryanodine receptors that are essential for muscle function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Board
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Boušová I, Skálová L. Inhibition and induction of glutathione S-transferases by flavonoids: possible pharmacological and toxicological consequences. Drug Metab Rev 2012; 44:267-86. [PMID: 22998389 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.713969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many studies reviewed herein demonstrated the potency of some flavonoids to modulate the activity and/or expression of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Because GSTs play a crucial role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, their inhibition or induction may significantly affect metabolism and biological effects of many drugs, industrials, and environmental contaminants. The effect of flavonoids on GSTs strongly depends on flavonoid structure, concentration, period of administration, as well as on GST isoform and origin. Moreover, the results obtained in vitro are often contrary to the vivo results. Based on these facts, the revelation of important flavonoid-drug or flavonoid-pollutant interaction has been complicated. However, it should be borne in mind that ingestion of certain flavonoids in combination with drugs or pollutants (e.g., acetaminophen, simvastatin, cyclophosphamide, cisplatine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorpyrifos, acrylamide, and isocyanates), which are GST substrates, could have significant pharmacological and toxicological consequences. Although reasonable consumptions of a flavonoids-rich diet (that may lead to GST induction) are mostly beneficial, the uncontrolled intake of high concentrations of certain flavonoids (e.g., quercetin and catechins) in dietary supplements (that may cause GST inhibition) may threaten human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Boušová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic, European Union
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Mathieu Y, Prosper P, Buée M, Dumarçay S, Favier F, Gelhaye E, Gérardin P, Harvengt L, Jacquot JP, Lamant T, Meux E, Mathiot S, Didierjean C, Morel M. Characterization of a Phanerochaete chrysosporium glutathione transferase reveals a novel structural and functional class with ligandin properties. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:39001-11. [PMID: 23007392 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.402776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) form a superfamily of multifunctional proteins with essential roles in cellular detoxification processes. A new fungal specific class of GST has been highlighted by genomic approaches. The biochemical and structural characterization of one isoform of this class in Phanerochaete chrysosporium revealed original properties. The three-dimensional structure showed a new dimerization mode and specific features by comparison with the canonical GST structure. An additional β-hairpin motif in the N-terminal domain prevents the formation of the regular GST dimer and acts as a lid, which closes upon glutathione binding. Moreover, this isoform is the first described GST that contains all secondary structural elements, including helix α4' in the C-terminal domain, of the presumed common ancestor of cytosolic GSTs (i.e. glutaredoxin 2). A sulfate binding site has been identified close to the glutathione binding site and allows the binding of 8-anilino-1-naphtalene sulfonic acid. Competition experiments between 8-anilino-1-naphtalene sulfonic acid, which has fluorescent properties, and various molecules showed that this GST binds glutathionylated and sulfated compounds but also wood extractive molecules, such as vanillin, chloronitrobenzoic acid, hydroxyacetophenone, catechins, and aldehydes, in the glutathione pocket. This enzyme could thus function as a classical GST through the addition of glutathione mainly to phenethyl isothiocyanate, but alternatively and in a competitive way, it could also act as a ligandin of wood extractive compounds. These new structural and functional properties lead us to propose that this GST belongs to a new class that we name GSTFuA, for fungal specific GST class A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Mathieu
- Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbre-Microorganismes, UMR 1136, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 110 EFABA, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54506, France
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