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Bottino C, Picant V, Vivier E, Castriconi R. Natural killer cells and engagers: Powerful weapons against cancer. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39180430 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune effectors whose functions rely on receptors binding cytokines, recognizing self-molecules, or detecting danger signals expressed by virus-infected or tumor cells. The potent cytotoxic potential makes NK cells promising candidates for cancer immunotherapy. To enhance their activity strategies include cytokine administration, blocking of immune checkpoints, and designing of antibody-based NK cell engagers (NKCEs). NKCEs represent a cutting-edge approach to cancer therapy: they strengthen the NK-to-target cell interactions and optimize tumor killing, possibly overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. NK cells belong to the innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and are categorized into different subsets also including cells with a memory-like phenotype: this complexity needs to be explored in the context of cancer immunotherapy, particularly when designing NKCEs. Two strategies to enhance NK cell activity in cancer patients can be adopted: activating patients' own NK cells versus the adoptive transfer of ex vivo activated NK cells. Furthermore, the capability of NKCEs to activate γδ T cells could have a significant synergistic effect in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bottino
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valentin Picant
- Innate Pharma Research Laboratories, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Vivier
- Innate Pharma Research Laboratories, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille Immunopôle, Marseille, France
| | - Roberta Castriconi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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2
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Kroll KW, Hueber B, Balachandran H, Afifi A, Manickam C, Nettere D, Pollara J, Hudson A, Woolley G, Ndhlovu LC, Reeves RK. FcαRI (CD89) is upregulated on subsets of mucosal and circulating NK cells and regulates IgA-class specific signaling and functions. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:692-699. [PMID: 38677592 PMCID: PMC11323182 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the predominant mucosal antibody class with both anti- and pro-inflammatory roles1-3. However, the specific role of the IgA receptor cluster of differentiation (CD)89, expressed by a subset of natural killer (NK) cells, is poorly explored. We found that CD89 protein expression on circulating NK cells is infrequent in humans and rhesus macaques, but transcriptomic analysis showed ubiquitous CD89 expression, suggesting an inducible phenotype. Interestingly, CD89+ NK cells were more frequent in cord blood and mucosae, indicating a putative IgA-mediated NK cell function in the mucosae and infant immune system. CD89+ NK cells signaled through upregulated CD3 zeta chain (CD3ζ), spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), zeta chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70), and signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 1 (SLAMF1), but also showed high expression of inhibitory receptors such as killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G (KLRG1) and reduced activating NKp46 and NKp30. CD89-based activation or antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity with monomeric IgA1 reduced NK cell functions, while antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity with combinations of IgG and IgA2 was enhanced compared to IgG alone. These data suggest that functional CD89+ NK cells survey mucosal sites, but CD89 likely serves as regulatory receptor which can be further modulated depending on IgA and IgG subclass. Although the full functional niche of CD89+ NK cells remains unexplored, these intriguing data suggest the CD89 axis could represent a novel immunotherapeutic target in the mucosae or early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Kroll
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brady Hueber
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Harikrishnan Balachandran
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ameera Afifi
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Danielle Nettere
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew Hudson
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Griffin Woolley
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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3
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Wang J, Zhu N, Su X, Yang R. Gut microbiota: A double-edged sword in immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy against tumors. Cancer Lett 2024; 582:216582. [PMID: 38065401 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Tumor cells can evade immune surveillance by expressing immune checkpoint molecule ligands, resulting in effective immune cell inactivation. Immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) have dramatically improved survival of patients with multiple types of cancers. However, responses to ICB immunotherapy are heterogeneous with lower patient response rates. The advances have established that the gut microbiota can be as a promising target to overcome resistance to ICB immunotherapy. Furthermore, some bacterial species have shown to promote improved responses to ICBs. However, gut microbiota is critical in maintaining gut and systemic immune homeostasis. It not only promotes differentiation and function of immunosuppressive immune cells but also inhibits inflammatory cells via gut microbiota derived products such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan (Trp) and bile acid (BA) metabolites, which play an important role in tumor immunity. Since the gut microbiota can either inhibit or enhance immune against tumor, it should be a double-edged sword in ICBs against tumor. In this review, we discuss the effects of gut microbiota on immune cells and also tumor cells, especially enhances of gut microbiota on ICB immunotherapy. These discussions can hopefully promote the development of ICB immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wang
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ningning Zhu
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaomin Su
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rongcun Yang
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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4
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Li Q, Lan P. Activation of immune signals during organ transplantation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:110. [PMID: 36906586 PMCID: PMC10008588 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of host's innate and adaptive immune systems can lead to acute and chronic graft rejection, which seriously impacts graft survival. Thus, it is particularly significant to clarify the immune signals, which are critical to the initiation and maintenance of rejection generated after transplantation. The initiation of response to graft is dependent on sensing of danger and stranger molecules. The ischemia and reperfusion of grafts lead to cell stress or death, followed by releasing a variety of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of host immune cells to activate intracellular immune signals and induce sterile inflammation. In addition to DAMPs, the graft exposed to 'non-self' antigens (stranger molecules) are recognized by the host immune system, stimulating a more intense immune response and further aggravating the graft damage. The polymorphism of MHC genes between different individuals is the key for host or donor immune cells to identify heterologous 'non-self' components in allogeneic and xenogeneic organ transplantation. The recognition of 'non-self' antigen by immune cells mediates the activation of immune signals between donor and host, resulting in adaptive memory immunity and innate trained immunity to the graft, which poses a challenge to the long-term survival of the graft. This review focuses on innate and adaptive immune cells receptor recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns, alloantigens and xenoantigens, which is described as danger model and stranger model. In this review, we also discuss the innate trained immunity in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Li
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Peixiang Lan
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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5
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Morimoto T, Nakazawa T, Maeoka R, Nakagawa I, Tsujimura T, Matsuda R. Natural Killer Cell-Based Immunotherapy against Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032111. [PMID: 36768432 PMCID: PMC9916747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Despite multimodality treatment involving surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and tumor-treating fields, the median overall survival (OS) after diagnosis is approximately 2 years and the 5-year OS is poor. Considering the poor prognosis, novel treatment strategies are needed, such as immunotherapies, which include chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccine therapy, and oncolytic virus therapy. However, these therapies have not achieved satisfactory outcomes. One reason for this is that these therapies are mainly based on activating T cells and controlling GBM progression. Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy involves the new feature of recognizing GBM via differing mechanisms from that of T cell-based immunotherapy. In this review, we focused on NK cell-based immunotherapy as a novel GBM treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Morimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara City Hospital, Nara 630-8305, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (T.N.); Tel.: +81-744-22-3051 (T.M.); +81-745-84-9335 (T.N.)
| | - Tsutomu Nakazawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
- Grandsoul Research Institute for Immunology, Inc., Uda 633-2221, Japan
- Clinic Grandsoul Nara, Uda 633-2221, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (T.N.); Tel.: +81-744-22-3051 (T.M.); +81-745-84-9335 (T.N.)
| | - Ryosuke Maeoka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsujimura
- Grandsoul Research Institute for Immunology, Inc., Uda 633-2221, Japan
- Clinic Grandsoul Nara, Uda 633-2221, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
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6
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Gul H, Habib G, Khan IM, Rahman SU, Khan NM, Wang H, Khan NU, Liu Y. Genetic resilience in chickens against bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1032983. [PMID: 36439341 PMCID: PMC9691405 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1032983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The genome contributes to the uniqueness of an individual breed, and enables distinctive characteristics to be passed from one generation to the next. The allelic heterogeneity of a certain breed results in a different response to a pathogen with different genomic expression. Disease resistance in chicken is a polygenic trait that involves different genes that confer resistance against pathogens. Such resistance also involves major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules, immunoglobulins, cytokines, interleukins, T and B cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, which are involved in host protection. The MHC is associated with antigen presentation, antibody production, and cytokine stimulation, which highlight its role in disease resistance. The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp-1), interferon (IFN), myxovirus-resistance gene, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (RIP2), and heterophile cells are involved in disease resistance and susceptibility of chicken. Studies related to disease resistance genetics, epigenetics, and quantitative trait loci would enable the identification of resistance markers and the development of disease resistance breeds. Microbial infections are responsible for significant outbreaks and have blighted the poultry industry. Breeding disease-resistant chicken strains may be helpful in tackling pathogens and increasing the current understanding on host genetics in the fight against communicable diseases. Advanced technologies, such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, whole genome sequencing, RNA sequencing, and high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, aid the development of resistant breeds, which would significantly decrease the use of antibiotics and vaccination in poultry. In this review, we aimed to reveal the recent genetic basis of infection and genomic modification that increase resistance against different pathogens in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haji Gul
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Gul Habib
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Ibrar Muhammad Khan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Sajid Ur Rahman
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nazir Muhammad Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Najeeb Ullah Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Yong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
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7
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Pesini C, Hidalgo S, Arias MA, Santiago L, Calvo C, Ocariz-Díez M, Isla D, Lanuza PM, Agustín MJ, Galvez EM, Ramírez-Labrada A, Pardo J. PD-1 is expressed in cytotoxic granules of NK cells and rapidly mobilized to the cell membrane following recognition of tumor cells. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2096359. [PMID: 35813574 PMCID: PMC9262365 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2096359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the T cell-related inhibitory checkpoint PD-1 to the regulation of NK cell activity is still not clear with contradictory results concerning its expression and role in the modulation of NK cell cytotoxicity. We provide novel key findings on the mechanism involved in the regulation of PD-1 expression on NK cell membrane and its functional consequences for the elimination of cancer cells. In contrast to freshly isolated NK cells from cancer patients, those from healthy donors did not express PD-1 on the cell membrane. However, when healthy NK cells were incubated with tumor target cells, membrane PD-1 expression increased, concurrent with the CD107a surface mobilization. This finding suggested that PD-1 was translocated to the cell membrane during NK cell degranulation after contact with target cells. Indeed, cytosolic PD-1 was expressed in freshly-isolated-NK cells and partly co-localized with CD107a and GzmB, confirming that membrane PD-1 corresponded to a pool of preformed PD-1. Moreover, NK cells that had mobilized PD-1 to the cell membrane presented a significantly reduced anti-tumor activity on PD-L1-expressing-tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, which was partly reversed by using anti-PD-1 blocking antibodies. Our results indicate that NK cells from healthy individuals express cytotoxic granule-associated PD-1, which is rapidly mobilized to the cell membrane after interaction with tumor target cells. This novel finding helps to understand how PD-1 expression is regulated on NK cell membrane and the functional consequences of this expression during the elimination of tumor cells, which will help to design more efficient NK cell-based cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Pesini
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sandra Hidalgo
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Radiology, Pediatrics and Public Health, ARAID Foundation/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maykel A. Arias
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Radiology, Pediatrics and Public Health, ARAID Foundation/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Radiology, Pediatrics and Public Health, ARAID Foundation/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota Calvo
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Medical Oncopediatry Department, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maitane Ocariz-Díez
- Medical Oncology Department, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Hospital Clinico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Dolores Isla
- Medical Oncology Department, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Hospital Clinico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar M. Lanuza
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M José Agustín
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva M Galvez
- CSIC, Instituto de Carboquimica (ICB), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ariel Ramírez-Labrada
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Unidad de Nanotoxicología e Inmunotoxicología (UNATI), Biomedical Research Center of Aragón (CIBA), Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Radiology, Pediatrics and Public Health, ARAID Foundation/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Chu J, Gao F, Yan M, Zhao S, Yan Z, Shi B, Liu Y. Natural killer cells: a promising immunotherapy for cancer. J Transl Med 2022; 20:240. [PMID: 35606854 PMCID: PMC9125849 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a promising alternative platform for cellular immunotherapy, natural killer cells (NK) have recently gained attention as an important type of innate immune regulatory cell. NK cells can rapidly kill multiple adjacent cancer cells through non-MHC-restrictive effects. Although tumors may develop multiple resistance mechanisms to endogenous NK cell attack, in vitro activation, expansion, and genetic modification of NK cells can greatly enhance their anti-tumor activity and give them the ability to overcome drug resistance. Some of these approaches have been translated into clinical applications, and clinical trials of NK cell infusion in patients with hematological malignancies and solid tumors have thus far yielded many encouraging clinical results. CAR-T cells have exhibited great success in treating hematological malignancies, but their drawbacks include high manufacturing costs and potentially fatal toxicity, such as cytokine release syndrome. To overcome these issues, CAR-NK cells were generated through genetic engineering and demonstrated significant clinical responses and lower adverse effects compared with CAR-T cell therapy. In this review, we summarize recent advances in NK cell immunotherapy, focusing on NK cell biology and function, the types of NK cell therapy, and clinical trials and future perspectives on NK cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Fengcai Gao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Meimei Yan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Bian Shi
- Department of Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
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9
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Duan S, Liu S. Targeting NK Cells for HIV-1 Treatment and Reservoir Clearance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842746. [PMID: 35371060 PMCID: PMC8967654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) can inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and reduce viral loads in the peripheral blood to undetectable levels. However, the presence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs prevents complete HIV-1 eradication. Several drugs and strategies targeting T cells are now in clinical trials, but their effectiveness in reducing viral reservoirs has been mixed. Interestingly, innate immune natural killer (NK) cells, which are promising targets for cancer therapy, also play an important role in HIV-1 infection. NK cells are a unique innate cell population with features of adaptive immunity that can regulate adaptive and innate immune cell populations; therefore, they can be exploited for HIV-1 immunotherapy and reservoir eradication. In this review, we highlight immunotherapy strategies for HIV infection that utilize the beneficial properties of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Gimeno L, González-Lozano I, Soto-Ramírez MF, Martínez-Sánchez MV, López-Cubillana P, Fuster JL, Martínez-García J, Martínez-Escribano J, Campillo JA, Pons-Fuster E, Ferri B, López-Abad A, Muro M, Minguela A. CD8+ T lymphocytes are sensitive to NKG2A/HLA-E licensing interaction: role in the survival of cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1986943. [PMID: 34676148 PMCID: PMC8525952 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1986943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
NK and CD8+ T cells are the main cytolytic effectors involved in innate and adaptive tumor immune surveillance, respectively. Although their educational pathways differ, similarities in their development and function suggest that CD8+ T lymphocytes could be sensitive to NK cell licensing signals, which might influence their antitumor response. To demonstrate this hypothesis, we retrospectively evaluated the impact that NK cell licensing interactions have on the expression of CD226 on CD8+ T lymphocytes and on the survival of patients with different hematopoietic and solid cancers (n = 1,023). Prospectively, we analyzed by multiparametric flow cytometry the anti-CD3/CD28-induced proliferation and immune-receptor expression of purified CD8+ T lymphocytes from healthy donors (n = 17) with different combinations of NK cell licensing ligands. Results show that methionine/threonine (M/T) dimorphism at position -21 of the HLA-B leader peptide, but not other HLA class-I dimorphisms involved in the education of NK cells (HLA-C1/C2 or HLA-Bw4), is associated with greater survival and expression of CD226 in cancer patients, which was proportional to the number of methionines present in their genotype. CD8+ T lymphocytes from healthy donors with -21 M showed higher proliferation rates and lower expression of TIGIT after in vitro stimulation. Therefore, CD8+ T lymphocytes, like NK cells, appear to be sensitive to the -21 M/T dimorphism of HLA-B leader peptide, which results in the modulation of CD226 in vivo and the proliferation and expression of TIGIT after in vitro stimulation, all of which could be related to their immune-surveillance capacity and the survival of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Gimeno
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
- Human Anatomy Department, University of Murcia (Um), Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel González-Lozano
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - María F. Soto-Ramírez
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - María V. Martínez-Sánchez
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro López-Cubillana
- Urology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - José L. Fuster
- Pediatric Oncohematology Department, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Martínez-García
- Oncology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - Jorge Martínez-Escribano
- Dermatology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - José A. Campillo
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Pons-Fuster
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - Belén Ferri
- Pathology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alicia López-Abad
- Urology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Muro
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen De La Arrrixaca (Hcuva), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Imib), Murcia, Spain
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11
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Schaafsma E, Fugle CM, Wang X, Cheng C. Pan-cancer association of HLA gene expression with cancer prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:422-432. [PMID: 33981015 PMCID: PMC8329209 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is to bind peptide fragments derived from genomic mutations or pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by cognate T cells to initiate an immune response. METHODS In this study, we provide a comprehensive investigation of HLA gene expression in a pan-cancer manner involving 33 cancer types. We utilised gene expression data from several databases and immune checkpoint blockade-treated patient cohorts. RESULTS We show that MHC expression varies strongly among cancer types and is associated with several genomic and immunological features. While immune cell infiltration was generally higher in tumours with higher HLA gene expression, CD4+ T cells showed significantly different correlations among cancer types, separating them into two clusters. Furthermore, we show that increased HLA gene expression is associated with prolonged survival in the majority of cancer types. Lastly, HLA gene expression is associated with patient response to immune checkpoint blockade, which is especially prominent for HLA class II expression in tumour biopsies taken during treatment. CONCLUSION We show that HLA gene expression is an important feature of tumour biology that has significant impact on patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Schaafsma
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Chloe M Fugle
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- The Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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12
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Mikhailova V, Khokhlova E, Grebenkina P, Salloum Z, Nikolaenkov I, Markova K, Davidova A, Selkov S, Sokolov D. NK-92 cells change their phenotype and function when cocultured with IL-15, IL-18 and trophoblast cells. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152125. [PMID: 34365089 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
NK cell development is affected by their cellular microenvironment and cytokines, including IL-15 and IL-18. NK cells can differentiate in secondary lymphoid organs, liver and within the uterus in close contact with trophoblast cells. The aim was to evaluate changes in the NK cell phenotype and function in the presence of IL-15, IL-18 and JEG-3, a trophoblast cell line. When cocultured with JEG-3 cells, IL-15 caused an increase in the number of NKG2D+ NK-92 cells and the intensity of CD127 expression. IL-18 stimulates an increase in the amount of NKp44+ NK-92 cells and in the intensity of NKp44 expression by pNK in the presence of trophoblast cells. NK-92 cell cytotoxic activity against JEG-3 cells increased only in presence of IL-18. Data on changes in the cytotoxic activity of NK-92 cells against JEG-3 cells in the presence of IL-15 and IL-18 indicate the modulation of NK cell function both by the cytokine microenvironment and directly by target cells. IL-15 and IL-18 were present in conditioned media (CM) from 1st and 3rd trimester placentas. In the presence of 1st trimester CM and JEG-3 cells, NK-92 cells showed an increase in the intensity of NKG2D expression. In the presence of 3rd trimester CM and JEG-3 cells, a decrease in the expression of NKG2D by NK-92 cells was observed. Thus, culturing of NK-92 cells with JEG-3 trophoblast cells stimulated a pronounced change in the NK cell phenotype, bringing it closer to the decidual NK cell-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mikhailova
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
| | - Evgeniia Khokhlova
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
| | - Polina Grebenkina
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
| | - Zeina Salloum
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
| | - Igor Nikolaenkov
- Department of Obstetrics, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
| | - Kseniya Markova
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
| | - Alina Davidova
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
| | - Sergey Selkov
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Sokolov
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Russia
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13
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Cantoni C, Serra M, Parisi E, Azzarone B, Sementa AR, Nasto LA, Moretta L, Candiano G, Bottino C, Ghiggeri GM, Spaggiari GM. Stromal-like Wilms tumor cells induce human Natural Killer cell degranulation and display immunomodulatory properties towards NK cells. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1879530. [PMID: 33758675 PMCID: PMC7946041 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1879530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The similarity of stromal-like Wilms tumor (str-WT) cells with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), suggests their relevant role in the interplay with immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. We investigated the interaction between str-WT cells and NK cells. We observed that str-WT cells expressed some major ligands for activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors. Moreover, they expressed inhibitory checkpoint molecules involved in the negative regulation of anti-tumor immune response. The analysis of the interaction between str-WT cells and NK lymphocytes revealed that activated NK cells could efficiently degranulate upon interaction with str-WT cells. On the other hand, str-WT cells could exert potent inhibitory effects on cytokine-induced activation of NK cell proliferation and phenotype, which were mediated by the production of IDO and PGE2 inhibitory factors. Our data provide insight into the molecular interactions between str-WT cells and NK lymphocytes that may result in different outcomes possibly occurring in the WT microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cantoni
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Serra
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Erica Parisi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Bruno Azzarone
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Aurelio Nasto
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Candiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cristina Bottino
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Ghiggeri
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.,Division of Nephrology, Dialysis & Transplantation, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Grazia Maria Spaggiari
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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14
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Honjo Y, Takano K, Ichinohe T. Characterization of novel zebrafish MHC class I U lineage genes and their haplotype. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103952. [PMID: 33279476 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are essential for distinguishing between individuals in all jawed vertebrates. Although MHC class I (mhc1) genes in zebrafish comprise distinct haplotypes, not all members of the mhc1 gene family have been fully characterized. In this study, we report the identification of two novel U lineage genes isolated from the WIK strain of zebrafish. These new mhc1 genes, named una and uoa, are located in tandem on chromosome 19 with >70% homology to previously isolated U genes. Sequencing of their neighboring genes revealed that una and uoa form a unique haplotype different from the previously known U lineage haplotypes. Additionally, we determined the expression profiles of U, Z, and L genes in three different tissues. These findings collectively suggest that mhc1 U lineage genes and their haplotypes in zebrafish are more divergent than previously considered, and their expression patterns vary significantly among different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Honjo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Takano
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Division of Hematology, National Defence Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ichinohe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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15
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Asenjo J, Muntasell A, López-Botet M, Moraru M, Vilches C. Complete genomic characterization of a new KLRC2 allele, NKG2C*03. HLA 2021; 98:259-261. [PMID: 33608973 PMCID: PMC8451841 DOI: 10.1111/tan.14231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The novel NKG2C*03 allele encodes a hybrid of the NKG2C*01 and NKG2C*02 primary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Asenjo
- Immunogenetics & Histocompatibility Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aura Muntasell
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Botet
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuela Moraru
- Immunogenetics & Histocompatibility Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vilches
- Immunogenetics & Histocompatibility Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Cantoni C, Granata S, Bruschi M, Spaggiari GM, Candiano G, Zaza G. Recent Advances in the Role of Natural Killer Cells in Acute Kidney Injury. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1484. [PMID: 32903887 PMCID: PMC7438947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence is revealing a central role for natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic cells belonging to the broad family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), in acute and chronic forms of renal disease. NK cell effector functions include both the recognition and elimination of virus-infected and tumor cells and the capability of sensing pathogens through Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement. Notably, they also display immune regulatory properties, exerted thanks to their ability to secrete cytokines/chemokines and to establish interactions with different innate and adaptive immune cells. Therefore, because of their multiple functions, NK cells may have a major pathogenic role in acute kidney injury (AKI), and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving NK cell activation in AKI and their downstream interactions with intrinsic renal cells and infiltrating immune cells could help to identify new potential biomarkers and to select clinically valuable novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the current literature regarding the potential involvement of NK cells in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cantoni
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Granata
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruschi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Grazia Maria Spaggiari
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Candiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
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17
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Abstract
Immunotherapy with checkpoint blockade induces rapid and durable immune control of cancer in some patients and has driven a monumental shift in cancer treatment. Neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells are at the forefront of current immunotherapy strategies, and the majority of drug discovery and clinical trials revolve around further harnessing these immune effectors. Yet the immune system contains a diverse range of antitumour effector cells, and these must function in a coordinated and synergistic manner to overcome the immune-evasion mechanisms used by tumours and achieve complete control with tumour eradication. A key antitumour effector is the natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic innate lymphocytes present at high frequency in the circulatory system and identified by their exquisite ability to spontaneously detect and lyse transformed or stressed cells. Emerging data show a role for intratumoural NK cells in driving immunotherapy response and, accordingly, there have been renewed efforts to further elucidate and target the pathways controlling NK cell antitumour function. In this Review, we discuss recent clinical evidence that NK cells are a key immune constituent in the protective antitumour immune response and highlight the major stages of the cancer-NK cell immunity cycle. We also perform a new analysis of publicly available transcriptomic data to provide an overview of the prognostic value of NK cell gene expression in 25 tumour types. Furthermore, we discuss how the role of NK cells evolves with tumour progression, presenting new opportunities to target NK cell function to enhance cancer immunotherapy response rates across a more diverse range of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Huntington
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- oNKo-Innate Pty Ltd, Moonee Ponds, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Joseph Cursons
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- oNKo-Innate Pty Ltd, Moonee Ponds, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jai Rautela
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- oNKo-Innate Pty Ltd, Moonee Ponds, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Debebe BJ, Boelen L, Lee JC, Thio CL, Astemborski J, Kirk G, Khakoo SI, Donfield SM, Goedert JJ, Asquith B. Identifying the immune interactions underlying HLA class I disease associations. eLife 2020; 9:54558. [PMID: 32238263 PMCID: PMC7253178 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in the risk and severity of many autoimmune diseases, malignancies and infections is strongly associated with polymorphisms at the HLA class I loci. These genetic associations provide a powerful opportunity for understanding the etiology of human disease. HLA class I associations are often interpreted in the light of 'protective' or 'detrimental' CD8+ T cell responses which are restricted by the host HLA class I allotype. However, given the diverse receptors which are bound by HLA class I molecules, alternative interpretations are possible. As well as binding T cell receptors on CD8+ T cells, HLA class I molecules are important ligands for inhibitory and activating killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) which are found on natural killer cells and some T cells; for the CD94:NKG2 family of receptors also expressed mainly by NK cells and for leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs) on myeloid cells. The aim of this study is to develop an immunogenetic approach for identifying and quantifying the relative contribution of different receptor-ligand interactions to a given HLA class I disease association and then to use this approach to investigate the immune interactions underlying HLA class I disease associations in three viral infections: Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1, Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 and Hepatitis C Virus as well as in the inflammatory condition Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisrat J Debebe
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lies Boelen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James C Lee
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | -
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe L Thio
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | | | - Gregory Kirk
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Salim I Khakoo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - James J Goedert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - Becca Asquith
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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NK Cells as Potential Targets for Immunotherapy in Endometriosis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091468. [PMID: 31540116 PMCID: PMC6780982 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease defined by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, most frequently on the pelvic viscera and ovaries, which is associated with pelvic pains and infertility. It is an inflammatory disorder with some features of autoimmunity. It is accepted that ectopic endometriotic tissue originates from endometrial cells exfoliated during menstruation and disseminating into the peritoneum by retrograde menstrual blood flow. It is assumed that the survival of endometriotic cells in the peritoneal cavity may be partially due to their abrogated elimination by natural killer (NK) cells. The decrease of NK cell cytotoxic activity in endometriosis is associated with an increased expression of some inhibitory NK cell receptors. It may be also related to the expression of human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G), a ligand for inhibitory leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 1 (LILRB1) receptors. The downregulated cytotoxic activity of NK cells may be due to inhibitory cytokines present in the peritoneal milieu of patients with endometriosis. The role of NK cell receptors and their ligands in endometriosis is also confirmed by genetic association studies. Thus, endometriosis may be a subject of immunotherapy by blocking NK cell negative control checkpoints including inhibitory NK cell receptors. Immunotherapies with genetically modified NK cells also cannot be excluded.
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20
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Di Vito C, Mikulak J, Zaghi E, Pesce S, Marcenaro E, Mavilio D. NK cells to cure cancer. Semin Immunol 2019; 41:101272. [PMID: 31085114 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes able to mediate immune-surveillance and clearance of viral infected and tumor-transformed cells. Growing experimental and clinical evidence highlighted a dual role of NK cells either in the control of cancer development/progression or in promoting the onset of immune-suppressant tumor microenvironments. Indeed, several mechanisms of NK cell-mediated tumor escape have been described and these includes cancer-induced aberrant expression of activating and inhibitory receptors (i.e. NK cell immune checkpoints), impairments of NK cell migration to tumor sites and altered NK cell effector-functions. These phenomena highly contribute to tumor progression and metastasis formation. In this review, we discuss the latest insights on those NK cell receptors and related molecules that are currently being implemented in clinics either as possible prognostic factors or therapeutic targets to unleash NK cell anti-tumor effector-functions in vivo. Moreover, we address here the major recent advances in regard to the genetic modification and ex vivo expansion of anti-tumor specific NK cells used in innovative adoptive cellular transfer approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Di Vito
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mikulak
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Zaghi
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Pesce
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Italy.
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Biassoni R, Malnati MS. Human Natural Killer Receptors, Co-Receptors, and Their Ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 121:e47. [PMID: 30040219 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, the study of human natural killer (NK) cells has moved from the first molecular characterizations of very few receptor molecules to the identification of a plethora of receptors displaying surprisingly divergent functions. We have contributed to the description of inhibitory receptors and their signaling pathways, important in fine regulation in many cell types, but unknown until their discovery in the NK cells. Inhibitory function is central to regulating NK-mediated cytolysis, with different molecular structures evolving during speciation to assure its persistence. More recently, it has become possible to characterize the NK triggering receptors mediating natural cytotoxicity, unveiling the existence of a network of cellular interactions between effectors of both natural and adaptive immunity. This unit reviews the contemporary history of molecular studies of receptors and ligands involved in NK cell function, characterizing the ligands of the triggering receptor and the mechanisms for finely regulating their expression in pathogen-infected or tumor cells. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Biassoni
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Genova, Italy
| | - Mauro S Malnati
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Unit of Human Virology, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Milan, Italy
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22
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Wroblewski EE, Parham P, Guethlein LA. Two to Tango: Co-evolution of Hominid Natural Killer Cell Receptors and MHC. Front Immunol 2019; 10:177. [PMID: 30837985 PMCID: PMC6389700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have diverse roles in hominid immunity and reproduction. Modulating these functions are the interactions between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules that are ligands for two NK cell surface receptor types. Diverse killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) bind specific motifs encoded within the polymorphic MHC class I cell surface glycoproteins, while, in more conserved interactions, CD94:NKG2A receptors recognize MHC-E with bound peptides derived from MHC class I leader sequences. The hominid lineage presents a choreographed co-evolution of KIR with their MHC class I ligands. MHC-A, -B, and -C are present in all great apes with species-specific haplotypic variation in gene content. The Bw4 epitope recognized by lineage II KIR is restricted to MHC-B but also present on some gorilla and human MHC-A. Common to great apes, but rare in humans, are MHC-B possessing a C1 epitope recognized by lineage III KIR. MHC-C arose from duplication of MHC-B and is fixed in all great apes except orangutan, where it exists on approximately 50% of haplotypes and all allotypes are C1-bearing. Recent study showed that gorillas possess yet another intermediate MHC organization compared to humans. Like orangutans, but unlike the Pan-Homo species, duplication of MHC-B occurred. However, MHC-C is fixed, and the MHC-C C2 epitope (absent in orangutans) emerges. The evolution of MHC-C drove expansion of its cognate lineage III KIR. Recently, position −21 of the MHC-B leader sequence has been shown to be critical in determining NK cell educational outcome. In humans, methionine (−21M) results in CD94:NKG2A-focused education whereas threonine (−21T) produces KIR-focused education. This is another dynamic position among hominids. Orangutans have exclusively −21M, consistent with their intermediate stage in lineage III KIR-focused evolution. Gorillas have both −21M and −21T, like humans, but they are unequally encoded by their duplicated B genes. Chimpanzees have near-fixed −21T, indicative of KIR-focused NK education. Harmonious with this observation, chimpanzee KIR exhibit strong binding and, compared to humans, smaller differences between binding levels of activating and inhibitory KIR. Consistent between these MHC-NK cell receptor systems over the course of hominid evolution is the evolution of polymorphism favoring the more novel and dynamic KIR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Wroblewski
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Peter Parham
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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23
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Roato I, Vitale M. The Uncovered Role of Immune Cells and NK Cells in the Regulation of Bone Metastasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:145. [PMID: 30930851 PMCID: PMC6423901 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is one of the main metastatic sites of solid tumors like breast, lung, and prostate cancer. Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent the main target to counteract bone metastatization. These cells often localize in bone marrow (BM) at level of pre-metastatic niche: they can remain dormant for years or directly grow and create bone lesion, according to the different stimulations received in BM. The immune system in bone marrow is dampened and represents an appealing site for DTCs/CSCs. NK cells have an important role in controlling tumor progression, but their involvement in bone metastasis formation is an interesting and not fully investigated issue. Indeed, whether NK cells can interfere with CSC formation, kill them at the site of primary tumor, during circulation or in the pre-metastic niche needs to be elucidated. This review focuses on different aspects that regulate DTC/CSC life in bone and how NK cells potentially control bone metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Roato
- Center for Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Ilaria Roato
| | - Massimo Vitale
- UOC Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genoa, Italy
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24
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André P, Denis C, Soulas C, Bourbon-Caillet C, Lopez J, Arnoux T, Bléry M, Bonnafous C, Gauthier L, Morel A, Rossi B, Remark R, Breso V, Bonnet E, Habif G, Guia S, Lalanne AI, Hoffmann C, Lantz O, Fayette J, Boyer-Chammard A, Zerbib R, Dodion P, Ghadially H, Jure-Kunkel M, Morel Y, Herbst R, Narni-Mancinelli E, Cohen RB, Vivier E. Anti-NKG2A mAb Is a Checkpoint Inhibitor that Promotes Anti-tumor Immunity by Unleashing Both T and NK Cells. Cell 2018; 175:1731-1743.e13. [PMID: 30503213 PMCID: PMC6292840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 756] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer treatment. However, only a minority of patients respond to these immunotherapies. Here, we report that blocking the inhibitory NKG2A receptor enhances tumor immunity by promoting both natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cell effector functions in mice and humans. Monalizumab, a humanized anti-NKG2A antibody, enhanced NK cell activity against various tumor cells and rescued CD8+ T cell function in combination with PD-x axis blockade. Monalizumab also stimulated NK cell activity against antibody-coated target cells. Interim results of a phase II trial of monalizumab plus cetuximab in previously treated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck showed a 31% objective response rate. Most common adverse events were fatigue (17%), pyrexia (13%), and headache (10%). NKG2A targeting with monalizumab is thus a novel checkpoint inhibitory mechanism promoting anti-tumor immunity by enhancing the activity of both T and NK cells, which may complement first-generation immunotherapies against cancer. Blocking NKG2A unleashes both T and NK cell effector functions Combined blocking of the NKG2A and the PD-1 axis promotes anti-tumor immunity Blocking NKG2A and triggering CD16 illustrates the efficacy of dual checkpoint therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale André
- Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Caroline Denis
- Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Soulas
- Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | | | - Julie Lopez
- Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Arnoux
- Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Bléry
- Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Ariane Morel
- Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Rossi
- Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Romain Remark
- Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Violette Breso
- Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Elodie Bonnet
- Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Habif
- Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Guia
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Ana Ines Lalanne
- Unité INSERM U932, Immunité et Cancer, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Caroline Hoffmann
- Unité INSERM U932, Immunité et Cancer, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 5, France; Service ORL et Chirurgie cervico-faciale, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Unité INSERM U932, Immunité et Cancer, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | - Robert Zerbib
- Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Dodion
- Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Hormas Ghadially
- MedImmune, Ltd., Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | | | - Yannis Morel
- Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Ronald Herbst
- MedImmune, LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Emilie Narni-Mancinelli
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Roger B Cohen
- Abramson Cancer Center, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard West Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric Vivier
- Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France; Service d'Immunologie, Marseille Immunopole, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France.
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25
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Uppendahl LD, Dahl CM, Miller JS, Felices M, Geller MA. Natural Killer Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Gynecologic Malignancy: A Review. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1825. [PMID: 29354116 PMCID: PMC5760535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the immune system has proven an effective therapy in treating malignancies. Since the discovery of natural killer (NK) cells, strategies aimed to manipulate and augment their effector function against cancer have been the subject of intense research. Recent progress in the immunobiology of NK cells has led to the development of promising therapeutic approaches. In this review, we will focus on the recent advances in NK cell immunobiology and the clinical application of NK cell immunotherapy in ovarian, cervical, and uterine cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Locke D Uppendahl
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Carly M Dahl
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Martin Felices
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Melissa A Geller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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26
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Wang E, Adams S, Stroncek DF, Marincola FM. Human Leukocyte Antigen and Human Neutrophil Antigen Systems. Hematology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35762-3.00113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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27
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Hassani SN, Rezaeeyan H, Ghodsi A, Saki N. Restoration of natural killer cell cytotoxicity in the suppressive tumor microenvironment: novel approaches to treat AML. J Hematop 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12308-017-0306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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28
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Pasley S, Zylberberg C, Matosevic S. Natural killer-92 cells maintain cytotoxic activity after long-term cryopreservation in novel DMSO-free media. Immunol Lett 2017; 192:35-41. [PMID: 28966059 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical part of the innate immune system, and have emerged as attractive targets for immunotherapies for various malignancies. Alongside the need for expansion of NK cells to reach clinically useful numbers, a critical component in the availability of NK cells for allogeneic therapy is cryopreservation. While a continuously-growing cell line such as NK-92 can avoid issues associated with isolating, activating, expanding, and manufacturing large numbers of peripheral blood-derived NKs, cryopreservation of these cells has not made much progress. NK cells are highly sensitive to freezing and thawing, while the use of DMSO during cryopreservation raises serious safety concerns. In this work, we evaluated a number of cryoprotectants that do not contain DMSO for their capacity to cryopreserve NK-92 cells over long-term while retaining their cytotoxic activity and viability, with the aim of identifying potential replacements to DMSO for safe clinical use of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Pasley
- 6353 W Rogers Circle Ste 2, Akron Biotech, Boca Raton, FL 33487 USA
| | | | - Sandro Matosevic
- 6353 W Rogers Circle Ste 2, Akron Biotech, Boca Raton, FL 33487 USA; 575 Stadium Mall Dr, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
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29
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Malmberg KJ, Carlsten M, Björklund A, Sohlberg E, Bryceson YT, Ljunggren HG. Natural killer cell-mediated immunosurveillance of human cancer. Semin Immunol 2017; 31:20-29. [PMID: 28888619 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of natural killer (NK) cells to immunosurveillance of human cancer remains debatable. Here, we discuss advances in several areas of human NK cell research, many of which support the ability of NK cells to prevent cancer development and avoid relapse following adoptive immunotherapy. We describe the molecular basis for NK cell recognition of human tumor cells and provide evidence for NK cell-mediated killing of human primary tumor cells ex vivo. Subsequently, we highlight studies demonstrating the ability of NK cells to migrate to, and reside in, the human tumor microenvironment where selection of tumor escape variants from NK cells can occur. Indirect evidence for NK cell immunosurveillance against human malignancies is provided by the reduced incidence of cancer in individuals with high levels of NK cell cytotoxicity, and the significant clinical responses observed following infusion of human NK cells into cancer patients. Finally, we describe studies showing enhanced tumor progression, or increased cancer incidence, in patients with inherited and acquired defects in cellular cytotoxicity. All these observations have in common that they, either indirectly or directly, suggest a role for NK cells in mediating immunosurveillance against human cancer. This opens up for exciting possibilities with respect to further exploring NK cells in settings of adoptive immunotherapy in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; The KG Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlsten
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Björklund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ebba Sohlberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL, USA.
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Kalyanaraman N, Thayumanavan L, Jayalakshmi M. KIR : HLA association with clinical manifestations of HBV infection in Madurai, south India. J Genet 2016; 95:13-9. [PMID: 27019428 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-015-0594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral action of natural killer (NK) cells is regulated by a wide repertoire of germ-line encoded membrane receptors which recognize the expression of certain self-molecules on target cells. Among the receptors, killer cell immunoglobulinlike receptor (KIR) which recognizes the expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I has a predominant role in regulating the effector functions of NK cells, particularly in viral infections.We studied a total of 128 hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients (15 acute, 43 asymptomatic, 27 chronic and 43 with other liver diseases) while attending the Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai, India, and 128 ethnic matched control to find the association between the KIR : HLA genes and differential manifestations of HBV. KIR and its ligand HLA polymorphism were identified by DNAPCR methods. The activatory receptor KIR-2DS1 was significantly elevated in various disease categories, namely asymptomatic, chronic and other HBV, except acute HBV infection. Whereas, KIR 2DS3 in acute and chronic patients and KIR 2DS5 and 3DS1 in asymptomatic individuals. Among various KIR-HLA combinations, homozygous 2DS2:C1 and individuals with 3DSI:BW4 (OR = 3.23, CI = 1.55-6.7, Pc = 0.02) are associated with HBV asymptomatism, while most of the two domain inhibitory receptors with their ligands showed significant risk in other liver diseases. Further, KIR3DL1 : HLA Bw4Iso80 (OR = 3.89, 95% CI = 1.58-9.55, Pc = 0.004) is related with higher risk for asymptomatic infection when compared with chronic HBV. Thus, the select KIR : HLA alleles and combinations seem to direct the NK cell activities and immune response in different directions resulting in varied symptoms and manifestations in the subgroups of HBV-infected patients studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Kalyanaraman
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021,
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Classical and non-classical HLA class I aberrations in primary cervical squamous- and adenocarcinomas and paired lymph node metastases. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:78. [PMID: 27895918 PMCID: PMC5109766 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumors avoid destruction by cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells by downregulation of classical human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and overexpression of non-classical HLA. This is the first study to investigate HLA expression in relation to histology (squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) vs. adenocarcinoma (AC)), clinicopathological parameters and survival in a large cervical cancer patient cohort. Methods Classical (HLA-A and HLA-B/C)- and non-classical HLA molecules (HLA-E and HLA-G) were studied on primary tumors and paired lymph node (LN) metastases from cervical cancer patients (n = 136) by immunohistochemistry. The Chi2 test was used for the comparison of clinicopathological characteristics between SCC and AC patients. The Related-Samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare HLA expression between the primary tumor and metastasis in LN. Patient survival rates were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curves and Log Rank test. The Mann-Whitney U Test was used to compare the distribution of HLA class I expression between SCC and AC. Results Decreased expression of HLA-A (SCC P < 0.001), HLA-B/C (SCC P < 0.01; AC P < 0.01) and total classical HLA (SCC P < 0.001; AC P = 0.02) was apparent in metastatic tumor cells compared to the primary tumor. In primary SCC, there was a clear trend towards complete loss of HLA-A (P = 0.05). SCC metastases showed more complete loss of HLA-A, while AC metastases showed more complete loss of HLA-B/C (P = 0.04). In addition, tumor size and parametrium involvement were also related to aberrant HLA class I expression. No significant associations between HLA expression and disease-specific (DSS) or disease-free survival (DFS) were found in this advanced disease cohort. However, in the SCC group, samples showing loss of HLA-A or loss of total classical HLA but positive for HLA-G were linked to poor patient survival (DSS P = 0.001 and P = 0.01; DFS P = 0.003 and P = 0.01, for HLA-A and total classical HLA, respectively). Conclusion These results strengthen the idea of tumor immune escape variants leading to metastasis. Moreover, SCC tumors showing downregulation of HLA-A or total classical HLA in combination with HLA-G expression had poor prognosis. Our findings warrant further analysis of HLA expression as a biomarker for patient selection for CTL- and NK- cell based immunotherapeutic intervention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-016-0184-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR Expression is Significantly Related to an Increased Disease-Free and Disease-Specific Survival in Patients With Cervical Adenocarcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2016; 26:1503-1509. [PMID: 27654088 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II antigens are expressed on antigen-presenting cells, that is, macrophages, dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes. Under the influence of IFN-γ, HLA class II molecules can also be expressed on T lymphocytes, epithelial and endothelial cells. In addition, HLA class II antigens can be expressed in a variety of malignancies; however, the link with prognosis and ultimately patient survival is controversial. METHODS The pattern of HLA-DRA expression in cervical carcinoma was studied using immunohistochemistry. In total, 124 cervical carcinomas were examined, of which 60 (48.4%) were squamous cell carcinomas and 64 (51.6%) were adenocarcinomas. RESULTS In squamous cell carcinoma, HLA-DRA was expressed in 41 (68.3%) of 60 tumors, whereas in adenocarcinoma, HLA-DRA was expressed in 60 (93.8%) of 64 tumors (P < 0.001). In adenocarcinoma, HLA-DRA expression was associated with an increased disease-free survival (211.0 ± 13.0 vs 53.3 ± 30.5 months; P = 0.004) and disease-specific survival (226.45 ± 11.5 vs 75.8 ± 27.6 months; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of HLA-DRA is significantly related to an increased disease-free and disease-specific survival in cervical adenocarcinoma. These data warrant further analysis of the functional role of HLA-DRA in these tumors.
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Horowitz A, Djaoud Z, Nemat-Gorgani N, Blokhuis J, Hilton HG, Béziat V, Malmberg KJ, Norman PJ, Guethlein LA, Parham P. Class I HLA haplotypes form two schools that educate NK cells in different ways. Sci Immunol 2016; 1. [PMID: 27868107 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aag1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes having vital functions in innate and adaptive immunity, as well as placental reproduction. Controlling education and functional activity of human NK cells are various receptors that recognize HLA class I on the surface of tissue cells. Epitopes of polymorphic HLA-A,-B and -C are recognized by equally diverse killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). In addition, a peptide cleaved from the leader sequence of HLA-A,-B or -C must bind to HLA-E for it to become a ligand for the conserved CD94:NKG2A receptor. Methionine/threonine dimorphism at position -21 of the leader sequence divides HLA-B allotypes into a majority having -21T that do not supply HLA-E binding peptides and a minority having -21M, that do. Genetic analysis of human populations worldwide shows how haplotypes with -21M HLA-B rarely encode the KIR ligands: Bw4+HLA-B and C2+HLA-C KIR. Thus there are two fundamental forms of HLA haplotype: one preferentially supplying CD94:NKG2A ligands, the other preferentially supplying KIR ligands. -21 HLA-B dimorphism divides the human population into three groups: M/M, M/T and T/T. Mass cytometry and assays of immune function, shows how M/M and M/T individuals have CD94:NKG2A+ NK cells which are better educated, phenotypically more diverse and functionally more potent than those in T/T individuals. Fundamental new insights are given to genetic control of NK cell immunity and the evolution that has limited the number of NK cell receptor ligands encoded by an HLA haplotype. These finding suggest new ways to dissect the numerous clinical associations with HLA class I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Horowitz
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zakia Djaoud
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Neda Nemat-Gorgani
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jeroen Blokhuis
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hugo G Hilton
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul J Norman
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter Parham
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Spallanzani RG, Torres NI, Avila DE, Ziblat A, Iraolagoitia XLR, Rossi LE, Domaica CI, Fuertes MB, Rabinovich GA, Zwirner NW. Regulatory Dendritic Cells Restrain NK Cell IFN-γ Production through Mechanisms Involving NKp46, IL-10, and MHC Class I–Specific Inhibitory Receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2141-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Pesce S, Tabellini G, Cantoni C, Patrizi O, Coltrini D, Rampinelli F, Matta J, Vivier E, Moretta A, Parolini S, Marcenaro E. B7-H6-mediated downregulation of NKp30 in NK cells contributes to ovarian carcinoma immune escape. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1001224. [PMID: 26137398 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.1001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the phenotype and function of tumor-associated NK cells from peritoneal fluids of a selected cohort of patients with seropapillary ovarian carcinoma were analyzed. In > 50% of these patients, the expression of the activating receptor NKp30 in tumor-associated NK cells was substantially reduced as compared to autologous peripheral blood (PB) NK cells. The impaired expression of this receptor was associated with the presence of one of its cellular ligands (B7-H6), which was detectable as a surface/cytosolic molecule in tumor cells and as a soluble molecule in the peritoneal fluid. NK cells from patients expressing this NKp30low phenotype displayed an impaired interferon-gamma (IFNγ) production and cytolytic function when tested against target cells expressing surface B7-H6. Our data also suggest that in these patients, the defective expression and function of NKp30 may be induced by the chronic engagement of this receptor by soluble B7-H6 or by tumor cells expressing this ligand. The impairment of NK cell functions described herein could represent a novel mechanism by which the tumor microenvironment may contribute to the escape from immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pesce
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche; Università degli Studi di Genova ; Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Ornella Patrizi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale ; Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Coltrini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale ; Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabio Rampinelli
- Dipartimento di Ostetricia e Ginecologia; Spedali Civili di Brescia ; Brescia, Italy
| | - Jessica Matta
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy; UM2 Aix-Marseille Université; INSERM, CNRS ; Marseille, France ; Service d'Immunologie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille; Hôpital de la Conception ; Marseille, France
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy; UM2 Aix-Marseille Université; INSERM, CNRS ; Marseille, France ; Service d'Immunologie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille; Hôpital de la Conception ; Marseille, France
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche; Università degli Studi di Genova ; Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Parolini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale ; Brescia, Italy ; Service d'Immunologie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille; Hôpital de la Conception ; Marseille, France
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche; Università degli Studi di Genova ; Genova, Italy ; Service d'Immunologie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille; Hôpital de la Conception ; Marseille, France
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Abadie V, Jabri B. Immunopathology of Celiac Disease. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Orbelyan GA, Tang F, Sally B, Solus J, Meresse B, Ciszewski C, Grenier JC, Barreiro LB, Lanier LL, Jabri B. Human NKG2E is expressed and forms an intracytoplasmic complex with CD94 and DAP12. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:610-6. [PMID: 24935923 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The NKG2 family of NK receptors includes activating and inhibitory members. With the exception of the homodimer-forming NKG2D, NKG2 receptors recognize the nonclassical MHC class I molecule HLA-E, and they can be subdivided into two groups: those that associate with and signal through DAP12 to activate cells, and those that contain an ITIM motif to promote inhibition. The function of NKG2 family member NKG2E is unclear in humans, and its surface expression has never been conclusively established, largely because there is no Ab that binds specifically to NKG2E. Seeking to determine a role for this molecule, we chose to investigate its expression and ability to form complexes with intracellular signaling molecules. We found that NKG2E was capable of associating with CD94 and DAP12 but that the complex was retained intracellularly at the endoplasmic reticulum instead of being expressed on cell surfaces, and that this localization was dependent on a sequence of hydrophobic amino acids in the extracellular domain of NKG2E. Because this particular sequence has emerged and been conserved selectively among higher order primates evolutionarily, this observation raises the intriguing possibility that NKG2E may function as an intracellular protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fangming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Benjamin Sally
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Jason Solus
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Bertrand Meresse
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Cezary Ciszewski
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Jean-Christophe Grenier
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; and
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; and
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
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Bellora F, Castriconi R, Dondero A, Carrega P, Mantovani A, Ferlazzo G, Moretta A, Bottino C. Human NK cells and NK receptors. Immunol Lett 2013; 161:168-73. [PMID: 24361820 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In early seventies "natural killer (NK) cells", a third lymphocyte subset was discovered that revealed an unexpected ability to kill syngeneic and allogeneic tumor targets, thus emerging as the most potent non-specific cytotoxic cells in both human and mouse. Decades of research revealed the multifaceted nature of these cells. Now we know that NK cells are highly specific cells able to discriminate between self (which is spared) and non-self (which is attacked). Most of the specific and non HLA-specific surface receptors involved in NK cell recognition and function have been identified and, to date, only few of them still remain orphans. We also know that NK cells contribute to both innate and adaptive immune responses, interact with other immune cell types and release type 1 cytokines and chemokines. Moreover, fundamental data are accumulating on NK cell development and migration under both physiological and pathological conditions. The time is arrived to exploit these cells in the cure of cancer patients. While encouraging results emerged in hematological malignances, the road to treat solid tumors using NK cells is still covered by obstacles that hamper their function and that just begin to be unveiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bellora
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via L.B. Alberti 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberta Castriconi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via L.B. Alberti 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dondero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via L.B. Alberti 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Carrega
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini, L.go G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS and Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Guido Ferlazzo
- Dipartimento di Patologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Messina and A.O.U. Policlinico "G.Martino", Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via L.B. Alberti 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Cristina Bottino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via L.B. Alberti 2, 16132 Genova, Italy; Istituto Giannina Gaslini, L.go G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy.
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Della Chiesa M, Muccio L, Moretta A. CMV induces rapid NK cell maturation in HSCT recipients. Immunol Lett 2013; 155:11-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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40
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Increased numbers of NK cells, NKT-like cells, and NK inhibitory receptors in peripheral blood of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:721782. [PMID: 24069043 PMCID: PMC3773417 DOI: 10.1155/2013/721782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
T cells and B cells participate in the pathogenesis of COPD. Currently, NK cells and NKT cells have gained increasing attention. In the present study, 19 COPD patients and 12 healthy nonsmokers (HNS) were recruited, and their pulmonary function was assessed. The frequencies of CD3+ T, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, B, NK, and NKT-like cells were determined using flow cytometry. The frequencies of spontaneous and inducible IFN-γ+ or CD107a+ NK and NKT-like cells as well as activating or inhibitory receptors were also detected. The potential association of lymphocyte subsets with disease severity was further analyzed. Significantly decreased numbers of CD3+ and CD4+ T cells, and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, but increased numbers of CD3−CD56+ NK and CD3+CD56+ NKT-like cells were observed in COPD patients compared to HNS. The frequencies of inducible IFN-γ-secreting NK and NKT-like cells were less in COPD patients. The frequencies of CD158a and CD158b on NK cells and CD158b on NKT-like cells were greater. The frequency of CD158b+ NK cells was negatively correlated with FEV1% prediction and FEV1/FVC. Our data indicate that COPD patients have immune dysfunction, and higher frequencies of inhibitory NK cells and NKT-like cells may participate in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Locatelli F, Pende D, Mingari MC, Bertaina A, Falco M, Moretta A, Moretta L. Cellular and molecular basis of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the successful treatment of high-risk leukemias: role of alloreactive NK cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:15. [PMID: 23378843 PMCID: PMC3561663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are involved in innate immune responses and play a major role in tumor surveillance and in defense against viruses. Human NK cells recognize human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules via surface receptors [killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and NKG2A] delivering signals that inhibit NK cell function and kill HLA class I-deficient target cells, a frequent event in tumors or virus-infected cells. NK cell triggering is mediated by activating receptors that recognize ligands expressed primarily on tumors or virus-infected cells. NK cells play also a key role in the cure of high-risk leukemias. Thus, donor-derived “alloreactive” NK cells are fundamental effectors in adult acute myeloid leukemia and in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients undergoing haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Alloreactive NK cells mediate killing of leukemia cells and patient’s dendritic cell, thus preventing respectively leukemic relapses and graft-vs-host responses. Cytofluorimetric analysis of KIRs expressed by NK cells allows to define the size of the alloreactive NK subset and the selection of the best potential donor. Recently, it has been shown that also the expression of activating KIRs, in particular the (C2-specific) KIR2DS1, may contribute to donor NK alloreactivity. It has also been established a correlation between the size of the alloreactive NK cell population and the clinical outcome. Notably, the alloreactive NK cells derived from donor’s hematopoietic stem cells are generated and persist in patients over time. The high survival rates of patients undergoing haploidentical HSCT highlight an important new reality in the setting of allograft performed to cure otherwise fatal leukemias. Novel approaches are in progress to further improve the clinical outcome based on the infusion of donor alloreactive NK cells either as a component of the transplanted cell population or as in vitro expanded NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù Rome, Italy ; Università di Pavia Pavia, Italy
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Perozziello G, La Rocca R, Cojoc G, Liberale C, Malara N, Simone G, Candeloro P, Anichini A, Tirinato L, Gentile F, Coluccio ML, Carbone E, Di Fabrizio E. Microfluidic devices modulate tumor cell line susceptibility to NK cell recognition. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:2886-2894. [PMID: 22761002 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to adoptively reduce the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecule surface expression of cancer cells by exposure to microfluid shear stress and a monoclonal antibody. A microfluidic system is developed and tumor cells are injected at different flow rates. The bottom surface of the microfluidic system is biofunctionalized with antibodies (W6/32) specific for the MHC-I molecules with a simple method based on microfluidic protocols. The antibodies promote binding between the bottom surface and the MHC-I molecules on the tumor cell membrane. The cells are injected at an optimized flow rate, then roll on the bottom surface and are subjected to shear stress. The stress is localized and enhanced on the part of the membrane where MHC-I proteins are expressed, since they stick to the antibodies of the system. The localized stress allows a stripping effect and consequent reduction of the MHC-I expression. It is shown that it is possible to specifically treat and recover eukaryotic cells without damaging the biological samples. MHC-I molecule expression on treated and control cell surfaces is measured on tumor and healthy cells. After the cell rolling treatment a clear reduction of MHC-I levels on the tumor cell membrane is observed, whereas no changes are observed on healthy cells (monocytes). The MHC-I reduction is investigated and the possibility that the developed system could induce a loss of these molecules from the tumor cell surface is addressed. The percentage of living tumor cells (viability) that remain after the treatment is measured. The changes induced by the microfluidic system are analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and confocal microscopy. Cytotoxicity tests show a relevant increased susceptibility of natural killer (NK) cells on microchip-treated tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Perozziello
- BioNEM (Bio and Nano Engineering and Technology for Medicine) Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
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Abadie V, Discepolo V, Jabri B. Intraepithelial lymphocytes in celiac disease immunopathology. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:551-66. [PMID: 22660791 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a T cell-mediated immune disorder induced by dietary gluten that is characterized by the development of an inflammatory anti-gluten CD4 T cell response, anti-gluten antibodies, and autoantibodies against tissue transglutaminase 2 and the activation of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) leading to the destruction of the intestinal epithelium. Intraepithelial lymphocytes represent a heterogeneous population of T cells composed mainly of cytotoxic CD8 T cells residing within the epithelial layer, whose main role is to maintain the integrity of the epithelium by eliminating infected cells and promoting epithelial repair. Dysregulated activation of IELs is a hallmark of CD and is critically involved in epithelial cell destruction and the subsequent development of villous atrophy. In this review, we compare and contrast the phenotype and function of human and mouse small intestinal IELs under physiological conditions. Furthermore, we discuss how conditions of epithelial distress associated with overexpression of IL-15 and non-classical MHC class I molecules induce cytotoxic IELs to become licensed killer cells that upregulate activating NKG2D and CD94/NKG2C natural killer receptors, acquiring lymphokine killer activity. Pathways leading to dysregulated IEL activation could eventually be targeted to prevent villous atrophy and treat patients who respond poorly to gluten-free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Abadie
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
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Balsamo M, Vermi W, Parodi M, Pietra G, Manzini C, Queirolo P, Lonardi S, Augugliaro R, Moretta A, Facchetti F, Moretta L, Mingari MC, Vitale M. Melanoma cells become resistant to NK-cell-mediated killing when exposed to NK-cell numbers compatible with NK-cell infiltration in the tumor. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1833-42. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - William Vermi
- Servizio di Anatomia Patologica; Spedali Civili di Brescia; Brescia; Italy
| | - Monica Parodi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale; Università di Genova; Genova; Italy
| | - Gabriella Pietra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale; Università di Genova; Genova; Italy
| | - Claudia Manzini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale; Università di Genova; Genova; Italy
| | - Paola Queirolo
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST; Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro; Genova; Italy
| | - Silvia Lonardi
- Servizio di Anatomia Patologica; Spedali Civili di Brescia; Brescia; Italy
| | - Raffaella Augugliaro
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST; Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro; Genova; Italy
| | | | - Fabio Facchetti
- Servizio di Anatomia Patologica; Spedali Civili di Brescia; Brescia; Italy
| | | | | | - Massimo Vitale
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST; Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro; Genova; Italy
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45
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Jaron-Mendelson M, Yossef R, Appel MY, Zilka A, Hadad U, Afergan F, Rosental B, Engel S, Nedvetzki S, Braiman A, Porgador A. Dimerization of NKp46 Receptor Is Essential for NKp46-Mediated Lysis: Characterization of the Dimerization Site by Epitope Mapping. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:6165-74. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Purdy AK, Campbell KS. [Natural killer cells and cancer. Regulation by the killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR)]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2011; 13:731-6. [PMID: 21644387 PMCID: PMC6135950 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2010.07.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
自然杀伤(natural killer, NK)细胞是先天性免疫效应细胞,约占人外周血淋巴细胞总数的10%-15%,主要参与免疫监视,以消除转化细胞和病毒感染细胞。NK细胞最初被界定是由于它们具有自发消除少数主要组织相容性复合物Ⅰ类(major histocompatibility class Ⅰ, MHC-Ⅰ)自身分子表达缺乏细胞的能力,即常说的“丢失自我”识别能力。NK细胞表面表达的MHC-Ⅰ特异性抑制性受体,可使NK细胞对表达MHC-Ⅰ的正常细胞耐受,此为丢失自我识别能力的分子基础。由于缺乏抑制性受体的配体,表面MHC-Ⅰ表达下调的肿瘤细胞和病毒感染细胞易受NK细胞攻击。杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR; CD158)组成MHC-Ⅰ结合受体家族,对调节人NK细胞和部分T细胞的活化阈值起重要作用。KIR多样性使NK细胞具有多种功能,在此我们将综述多个水平上的KIR多样性,并诠释KIR多样性是如何影响各种疾病(包括癌症)的易感性的。我们将进一步阐述通过针对KIR进行癌症治疗的策略:利用KIR/MHC-Ⅰ配体的错配以强化造血干细胞移植的效果,以及通过阻滞KIR以增强对肿瘤细胞的杀伤力。
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Purdy
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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47
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Reed KM, Bauer MM, Monson MS, Benoit B, Chaves LD, O'Hare TH, Delany ME. Defining the turkey MHC: identification of expressed class I- and class IIB-like genes independent of the MHC-B. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:753-71. [PMID: 21710346 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The MHC of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is divided into two genetically unlinked regions; the MHC-B and MHC-Y. Although previous studies found the turkey MHC-B to be highly similar to that of the chicken, little is known of the gene content and extent of the MHC-Y. This study describes two partially overlapping large-insert BAC clones that genetically and physically map to the turkey MHC chromosome (MGA18) but to a region that assorts independently of MHC-B. Within the sequence assembly, 14 genes were predicted including new class I- and class IIB-like loci. Additional unassembled sequences corresponded to multiple copies of the ribosomal RNA repeat unit (18S-5.8S-28S). Thus, this newly identified MHC region appears to represent a physical boundary of the turkey MHC-Y. High-resolution multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization studies confirm rearrangement of MGA18 relative to the orthologous chicken chromosome (GGA16) in regard to chromosome architecture, but not gene order. The difference in centromere position between the species is indicative of multiple chromosome rearrangements or alternate events such as neocentromere formation/centromere inactivation in the evolution of the MHC chromosome. Comparative sequencing of commercial turkeys (six amplicons totaling 7.6 kb) identified 68 single nucleotide variants defining nine MHC-Y haplotypes. Sequences of the new class I- and class IIB-like genes are most similar to MHC-Y genes in the chicken. All three loci are expressed in the spleen. Differential transcription of the MHC-Y class IIB-like loci was evident as one class IIB-like locus was only expressed in some individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent M Reed
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA,
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Moretta L, Locatelli F, Pende D, Sivori S, Falco M, Bottino C, Mingari MC, Moretta A. Human NK receptors: from the molecules to the therapy of high risk leukemias. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1563-7. [PMID: 21554879 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer cells are important players of the innate immunity. In humans, they express HLA-class I-specific inhibitory receptors including the allotypic-specific KIR and various activating receptors. In most instances, in an autologous setting NK cells do not kill self cells. In contrast, in an allogeneic setting as the haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to cure high risk leukemias, donor-derived NK cells may express inhibitory KIR that are not engaged by the HLA-class I alleles (KIR ligands) expressed by recipient cells. Such "alloreactive" NK cells may be responsible for the eradication of leukemia blasts escaping the preparative regimen, residual host dendritic cells and T lymphocytes, thus preventing leukemia relapse, GvHD and graft rejection, respectively. These NK-mediated effects result in a sharp improvement of the estimated 5 years survival.
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Natural killer cells expressing the KIR2DS1-activating receptor efficiently kill T-cell blasts and dendritic cells: implications in haploidentical HSCT. Blood 2011; 117:4284-92. [PMID: 21355085 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-10-316125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In allogeneic HSCT, NK-cell alloreactivity is determined by the presence in the donor of NK cells expressing inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) that recognize HLA class I allotypes present in the donor but lacking in the recipient. Dominant KIR ligands are the C1 and C2 epitopes of HLA-C. All HLA-C allotypes have either the C1 epitope, the ligand for KIR2DL2/L3, or the C2 epitope, the ligand for KIR2DL1/S1. Here, we show that, in alloreactive NK-cell responses, KIR2DS1 expression represents a remarkable advantage as it allows efficient killing of C2/C2 or C1/C2 myelomonocitic dendritic cells (DCs) and T-cell blasts. When DCs or T-cell blasts were derived from C2/C2, Bw4/Bw4 donors, the activating signals delivered by KIR2DS1 could override the inhibition generated by NKG2A or KIR2DL2/L3 expressed on the same NK-cell clone. Furthermore, substantial lysis of C2/C2, Bw4/Bw6 targets was mediated by KIR2DS1(+) NK cells coexpressing KIR3DL1. Importantly, in the case of C1/C2 targets, KIR2DS1(+) NK cells were inhibited by the coexpression of KIR2DL2/L3 but not of NKG2A. Thus, KIR2DS1 expression in HSC donors may substantially increase the size of the alloreactive NK-cell subset leading to an enhanced ability to limit GVHD and improve engrafment.
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Killer Ig–like receptor-mediated control of natural killer cell alloreactivity in haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood 2011; 117:764-71. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-264085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key members of the innate immune system. In a self-environment, they sense and kill target cells lacking major histocompatibility complex class I molecules and release various cytokines on activation. The discovery of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I specific inhibitory receptors (including the allotype-specific killer immunoglobulin-like receptors), and of various activating receptors and their ligands, provided the basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of NK-cell activation and function, mainly resulting from the balance between activating and inhibitory signals. In an allogeneic setting, such as T cell–depleted haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, NK cells may express inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptors that are not engaged by any of the HLA class I alleles present on allogeneic cells. Such “alloreactive” NK cells greatly contribute both to eradication of leukemia blasts escaping the preparative regimen and to clearance of residual host dendritic cells and T lymphocytes (thus preventing graft-versus-host disease and graft rejection, respectively). Improved prevention of graft-versus-host disease might be achieved by redirecting to lymph nodes adoptively transferred, alloreactive NK cells by inducing CCR7-uptake in vitro. Recent studies suggested that, after immune-suppressive therapy, alloreactive NK cells from an HLA-haploidentical donor may prevent leukemia recurrence also in patients who have not received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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