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Qiao Y, Chen H, Guo J, Zhang X, Liang X, Wei L, Wang Q, Bi H, Gao T. A study on the effects of metacinnabar (β-HgS) on weight and appetite recovery in stressed mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 335:118663. [PMID: 39128797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Depression is a prevalent stress disorder, yet the underlying physiological mechanisms linking stress to appetite and weight loss remain elusive. While most antidepressants are associated with excessive weight and appetite gain, sertraline (SER) exhibits a lower risk of these side effects. Metacinnabar (β-HgS), the primary component of Tibetan medicine Zuotai, has been shown to enhance mice's resilience against external stress without causing excessive increases in weight or appetite. However, the precise physiological pathway through which β-HgS restores appetite and weight in stressed mice remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of β-HgS in ameliorating weight loss and appetite suppression induced by pressure stimulation in mice, as well as elucidate its potential mechanisms of action. METHODS The present study employed chronic restraint stress (CRS) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) as experimental models to simulate environmental stress encountered in daily life. Subsequently, a series of experiments were conducted, including behavior tests, HE staining of rectal and hippocampal pathological sections, detection of depression-related biological indicators, analysis of intestinal flora diversity, as well as metabolomics analysis of hippocampal and intestinal contents. RESULT Dysregulation of glycerophospholipid metabolism may represent the principal pathway underlying reduced appetite, body weight, neurotransmitter and appetite hormone levels, heightened inflammatory response, hippocampal and rectal tissue damage, as well as altered composition of intestinal microbiota in stressed mice. Following intervention with SER and β-HgS in stressed mice, the deleterious effects induced by stress can be ameliorated, in which the medium-dose β-HgS exhibited superior performance. CONCLUSION The aforementioned research findings suggest that the stress-induced decrease in appetite and body weight in mice may be associated with dysregulation in glycerophospholipid metabolism connecting the gut-brain axis. β-HgS exhibits potential in ameliorating depressive-like symptoms in mice subjected to stress, while concurrently restoring their body weight and appetite without inducing excessive augmentation. Its therapeutic effect may also be attributed to its ability to modulate glycerophospholipid metabolism status and exert influence on the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Qiao
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, 810008, China; School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) yuquan road, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Hanxi Chen
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Juan Guo
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, 810008, China; School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Xingfang Zhang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, 810008, China; Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Xinxin Liang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, 810008, China; School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) yuquan road, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Lixin Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) yuquan road, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, 810008, China; School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Hongtao Bi
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, 810008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) yuquan road, Beijing, 10049, China.
| | - Tingting Gao
- School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China; Department of Psychiatry, the People's Hospital of Jiangmen, Southern Medical University, Jiangmen, 529000, China.
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Gbadamosi I, Yawson EO, Akesinro J, Adeleke O, Tokunbo O, Bamisi O, Ibrahim-Abdulkareem R, Awoniran P, Gbadamosi R, Lambe E, Atoyebi A, Bayo-Olugbami AA, Abayomi TA, Arogundade TT. Vitamin D attenuates monosodium glutamate-induced behavioural anomalies, metabolic dysregulation, cholinergic impairment, oxidative stress, and astrogliosis in rats. Neurotoxicology 2024; 103:297-309. [PMID: 38964510 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a commonly used flavor enhancer that has raised concerns due to its potential adverse effects on various organs. This study explored the neuroprotective potential of Vitamin D, a beneficial micronutrient, in mitigating MSG-induced neurotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were categorized into five groups: control (2 ml/kg PBS orally for 30 days), MSG (40 mg/kg orally for 30 days), VIT-D (oral cholecalciferol; 500 IU/kg for 30 days), MSG+VIT-D (MSG for 30 days followed by VIT-D for another 30 days), and VIT-D/MSG (concurrent VIT-D and MSG for 30 days). The rats underwent neurobehavioral, histochemical, and biochemical analyses following the treatments. RESULTS MSG treatment caused a decline in both long and short-term memory, along with reduced exploratory and anxiogenic behavior, mitigated by vitamin D treatment. MSG exposure also induced impaired behavior, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, altered cholinergic transmission, and increased chromatolysis and neuroinflammation in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS VIT-D demonstrated a mitigating effect on MSG-induced adverse outcomes, highlighting its potential to attenuate neurodegenerative cascades. This investigation contributes to understanding MSG-associated neurotoxicity and suggests vitamin D as a valuable and potential intervention for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Gbadamosi
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), BRAINCITY - Centre of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Institute of Experimental Biology Marceli Nencki, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Emmanuel Olusola Yawson
- Department of Human Anatomy, Neurobiology Division, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemers University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Justice Akesinro
- Department of Human Anatomy, Neurobiology Division, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemers University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Opeyemi Adeleke
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Olorunfemi Tokunbo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Olawande Bamisi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Rukayat Ibrahim-Abdulkareem
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Division, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Paul Awoniran
- Department of Human Anatomy, Neurobiology Division, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemers University, Ede, Nigeria
| | | | - Ezra Lambe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Aminat Atoyebi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Taiwo Adekemi Abayomi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope Timothy Arogundade
- Department of Human Anatomy, Neurobiology Division, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemers University, Ede, Nigeria.
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Mazza M, Kotzalidis GD, Marano G, De Berardis D, Martinotti G, Romagnoli E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Abbate A, Sani G. Lorcaserin: Worthy of Further Insights? Results from Recent Research. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:278-283. [PMID: 37005521 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230330124137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Lorcaserin is a 3-benzazepine that binds 5-HT2C serotonin receptors in the hypothalamus, where it mediates lack of hunger and/or satiety, and in the ventral tegmental area, the site of origin of the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic projections, which mediate pleasure and reward. The drug has been first developed for the treatment of obesity, where it has shown efficacy, and subsequently trialed to counter substance use (mostly cocaine, cannabis, opioids, and nicotine) and craving, but showed inconsistent effects. Since 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration obtained that the drug was voluntarily withdrawn from the US market on the grounds that its long-term use was found to be associated with a greater incidence of some types of cancer. Provided it can show to be free from cancerogenic effects, ongoing research suggests that lorcaserin may have therapeutic potential for a variety of disorders and conditions beyond obesity. Since 5-HT2C receptors are involved in many diversified physiological functions (mood, feeding, reproductive behavior, neuronal processes related to impulsiveness, and modulating reward-related mechanisms) this drug has the potential to treat different central nervous system conditions, such as depression and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Mazza
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios D Kotzalidis
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marano
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, Clinical Science, University of Hertfordshire, AL 10 9AB Herts, UK
| | - Enrico Romagnoli
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, 22908 Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Gabriele Sani
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Kim H, Park KT, Jo H, Shin Y, Chung G, Ko SG, Jin YH, Kim W. The effect of ginger extract on cisplatin-induced acute anorexia in rats. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1267254. [PMID: 38026983 PMCID: PMC10665510 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1267254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent widely used to treat various cancers. However, several side effects have been reported in treated patients. Among these, acute anorexia is one of the most severe secondary effects. In this study, a single oral administration of 100 or 500 mg/kg ginger extract (GE) significantly alleviated the cisplatin-induced decrease in food intake in rats. However, these body weight and water intake decreases were reversed in the 100 mg/kg group rats. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of action, serotonin (5-HT) and 5-HT2C, 3A, and 4 receptors in the nodose ganglion of the vagus nerve were investigated. The results showed that cisplatin-induced increases in serotonin levels in both the blood and nodose ganglion tissues were significantly decreased by100 and 500 mg/kg of GE administration. On 5-HT receptors, 5-HT3A and 4, but not 2C receptors, were affected by cisplatin, and GE 100 and 500 mg/kg succeeded in downregulating the evoked upregulated gene of these receptors. Protein expression of 5-HT3A and 4 receptors were also reduced in the 100 mg/kg group. Furthermore, the injection of 5-HT3A, and 4 receptors antagonists (palonostron, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.; piboserod, 1 mg/kg, i.p., respectively) in cisplatin treated rats prevented the decrease in food intake. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol were identified and quantified as the major components of GE, comprising 4.12% and 2.15% of the GE, respectively. Although [6]-gingerol or [6]-shogaol alone failed to alleviate the evoked anorexia, when treated together, the effect was significant on the cisplatin-induced decrease in food intake. These results show that GE can be considered a treatment option to alleviate cisplatin-induced anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonah Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Tae Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejoon Jo
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuchan Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geehoon Chung
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Jin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Bu XX, Zhu LH, Wang ZM, Lu C, Chen H, Yu D. Association of obesity with headache among US children and adolescents: Evidence from NHANES 1999-2004. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1072419. [PMID: 36686472 PMCID: PMC9849580 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1072419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Children and adolescents increasingly commonly suffer from obesity and headache. It has been confirmed that there is an association between obesity and headache in adults; however, evidence of such an association in paediatric populations is still controversial. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between obesity and headache among children and adolescents in the US. Methods The cross-sectional data of 3948 participants were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. Weighted logistic regression models were applied to investigate the association between obesity and headache. Subgroup analysis stratified by sex and age was performed to explore the potential difference in the association of paediatric obesity with headache. The performance of paediatric obesity on headache was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results The present study involved 3948 participants, of whom 713 (18.1%) had headache. Compared to those without headache, participants with headache tended to be girls and adolescents, have less calcium intake, and have higher levels of body mass index (BMI), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum ferritin and triglycerides (TGs) (all P < 0.05). After fully adjusting for potential confounders, the ORs with 95% CIs for headache were 1.03 (0.58-1.54) and 1.25 (0.68-2.30) for overweight and obese participants in comparison with normal-weight controls, respectively, implying no association of paediatric obesity with headache independent of other potential confounding factors. In addition, although higher odds of headache were noted in girls and adolescents (aged 10-17 years), no statistically significant difference was found across any subgroups. The area under the ROC (AUC) of paediatric obesity on headache was 0.634. Conclusions In summary, our study indicated that obesity is not associated with headache among US children and adolescents. Further prospective studies with larger sample size are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Bu
- Department of Paediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang-Hua Zhu
- Department of Paediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ze-Mu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Paediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Paediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Di Yu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Ye Q, Zhang X. Serotonin activates paraventricular thalamic neurons through direct depolarization and indirect disinhibition from zona incerta. J Physiol 2021; 599:4883-4900. [PMID: 34510418 DOI: 10.1113/jp282088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraventricular thalamus (PVT) is a midline thalamic area that receives dense GABA projections from zona incerta (ZI) for the regulation of feeding behaviours. Activation of central serotonin (5-HT) signalling is known to inhibit food intake. Although previous studies have reported both 5-HT fibres and receptors in the PVT, it remains unknown how 5-HT regulates PVT neurons and whether PVT 5-HT signalling is involved in the control of food intake. Using slice patch-clamp recordings in combination with optogenetics, we found that 5-HT not only directly excited PVT neurons by activating 5-HT7 receptors to modulate hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels but also disinhibited these neurons by acting on presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors to reduce GABA inhibition. Specifically, 5-HT depressed photostimulation-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs) in PVT neurons innervated by channelrhodopsin-2-positive GABA axons from ZI. Using paired-pulse photostimulation, we found 5-HT increased paired-pulse ratios of eIPSCs, suggesting 5-HT decreases ZI-PVT GABA release. Furthermore, we found that exposure to a high-fat-high-sucrose diet for 2 weeks impaired both 5-HT inhibition of ZI-PVT GABA transmission and 5-HT excitation of PVT neurons. Using retrograde tracer in combination with immunocytochemistry and slice electrophysiology, we found that PVT-projecting dorsal raphe neurons expressed 5-HT and were inhibited by food deprivation. Together, our study reveals the mechanism by which 5-HT activates PVT neurons through both direct excitation and indirect disinhibition from the ZI. The downregulation in 5-HT excitation and disinhibition of PVT neurons may contribute to the development of overeating and obesity after chronic high-fat diet. KEY POINTS: Serotonin (5-HT) depolarizes and excites paraventricular thalamus (PVT) neurons. 5-HT7 receptors are responsible for 5-HT excitation of PVT neurons and the coupling of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels to 5-HT receptors in part mediates the excitatory effect of 5-HT. 5-HT depresses the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory but not excitatory postsynaptic currents in PVT neurons. 5-HT1A receptors contribute to the depressive effect of 5-HT on inhibitory transmissions. 5-HT inhibits GABA release from zona incerta (ZI) GABA terminals in PVT. Chronic high-fat diet not only impairs 5-HT inhibition of the ZI-PVT GABA transmission but also downregulates 5-HT excitation of PVT neurons. PVT-projecting dorsal raphe neurons express 5-HT and are inhibited by food deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Ye
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Mahmoudi F, Haghighat Gollo K. Influences of Serotonin Hydrochloride on Adiponectin, Ghrelin and KiSS1 Genes Expression. Galen Med J 2021; 9:e1767. [PMID: 34466589 PMCID: PMC8343906 DOI: 10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Serotonin and kisspeptin stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) release while ghrelin and adiponectin inhibit them. In the present experimental study, the effects of central injection of serotonin were investigated on LH concentration, KiSS1, adiponectin, and ghrelin genes expression.
Materials and Methods: Fifteen Wistar male rats in three groups received saline or serotonin hydrochloride via the third cerebral ventricle. Blood samples were collected via the tail vein. Serum LH concentration and relative gene expression were evaluated by radioimmunoassay and real-time polymerase chain reaction method, respectively. Results:
Serotonin significantly increased the mean serum LH concentration and KiSS1 gene expression levels compared to the saline group. Serotonin significantly decreased the mean ghrelin and adiponectin genes expression levels compared to the saline group.
Conclusion: The serotonergic pathway may have stimulatory effects on hypothalamic kisspeptin synthesis, partly via inhibiting hypothalamic ghrelin and adiponectin neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Mahmoudi
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
- Correspondence to: Fariba Mahmoudi, Faculty of Physiology, Ph. D. Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Telephone Number: 09144190422 Email Address:
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α-Methyl-l-tryptophan as a weight-loss agent in multiple models of obesity in mice. Biochem J 2021; 478:1347-1358. [PMID: 33720280 PMCID: PMC8038855 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
α-Methyl-L-tryptophan (α-MLT) is currently in use as a tracer in its 11C-labeled form to monitor the health of serotonergic neurons in humans. In the present study, we found this compound to function as an effective weight-loss agent at pharmacological doses in multiple models of obesity in mice. The drug was able to reduce the body weight when given orally in drinking water (1 mg/ml) in three different models of obesity: normal mice on high-fat diet, Slc6a14-null mice on high-fat diet, and ob/ob mice on normal diet. Only the l-enantiomer (α-MLT) was active while the d-enantiomer (α-MDT) had negligible activity. The weight-loss effect was freely reversible, with the weight gain resuming soon after the withdrawal of the drug. All three models of obesity were associated with hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis; α-MLT reversed these features. There was a decrease in food intake in the treatment group. Mice on a high-fat diet showed decreased cholesterol and protein in the serum when treated with α-MLT; there was however no evidence of liver and kidney dysfunction. Plasma amino acid profile indicated a significant decrease in the levels of specific amino acids, including tryptophan; but the levels of arginine were increased. We conclude that α-MLT is an effective, reversible, and orally active drug for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Vanwong N, Puangpetch A, Unaharassamee W, Jiratjintana N, Na Nakorn C, Hongkaew Y, Sukasem C. Effect of 5-HT2C receptor gene polymorphism (HTR2C-759C/T) on metabolic adverse effects in Thai psychiatric patients treated with risperidone. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2021; 30:806-813. [PMID: 33683783 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) is related to metabolic disturbances, which put psychiatric patients at risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Evidence is emerging of genetic risk factors. The HTR2C gene is an essential candidate in pharmacogenetic studies of antipsychotic-induced metabolic effects. Nevertheless, there were inconsistent results among studies. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between -759C/T, functional polymorphism of the HTR2C gene and metabolic adverse effects in Thai psychiatric patients treated with risperidone monotherapy. METHOD In this cross-sectional study, 108 psychiatric patients treated with risperidone monotherapy for ≥3 months were recruited. Anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests were obtained upon enrollment and history of treatment was reviewed from medical records. Weight gain was defined as an increase ≥7% of baseline weight. Metabolic syndrome was evaluated according to the 2005 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Asia criteria. The -759C/T, polymorphism was genotyped. The associations between -759C/T polymorphism and metabolic side effects were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression was used for determining potential confounders. RESULTS Neither weight gain nor metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with -759C/T allelic and genotype variants of HTR2C. However, T allele of -759C/T polymorphism significantly associated with the hypertension. This association was not affected by possible confounding factors such as gender, risperidone dose, duration of treatment and family history of hypertension. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that psychiatric patients with T allele of -759C/T polymorphism may be at higher risk for hypertension. Further study with prospective design with larger patient groups are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natchaya Vanwong
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apichaya Puangpetch
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC), Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Napa Jiratjintana
- Department of Psychiatry, Somdet Chaopraya Institute of Psychiatry, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chalitpon Na Nakorn
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.,Programme in Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yaowaluck Hongkaew
- Advance Research and Development Laboratory, Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chonlaphat Sukasem
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC), Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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Costa ACO, Araújo NCDM, De Santana Muniz G, de Souza SL, Nascimento ED. Timed restricted feeding in adult rats using standard chow or Western diet causes different response to food behavior. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2021.1882143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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De la Fuente-Reynoso AL, Barrios De Tomasi E, Juárez J. Differential effects of citalopram on the intake of high fat or high carbohydrates diets in female and male rats. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:1477-1487. [PMID: 33427121 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1870198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), usually prescribed as antidepressants, decreases total energy intake; however, at present the differential effect on the intake of distinct macronutrients and on female vs. male organisms is not clear. On this basis, female and male adult Wistar rats were exposed to two types of diets: (1) a standard balanced diet (BD); or (2) two types of diets simultaneously, (a) one high in carbohydrates (HC); the other (b) high in fat (HF). Both study groups were given a dose of 10 mg/kg/day i.p. of citalopram or a vehicle for 21 days. Food and water consumption and body weight were recorded daily at baseline (BL), during treatment (TX), and post-treatment (PTx1-PTx2). The male rats exposed to BD reduced total energy consumption during treatment with citalopram, but body weight gain decreased both females and males compared to BL. During exposure to the two types of diets, citalopram treatment reduced fat consumption with respect to BL and PTx1 only in the male group. This group also decreased its total energy consumption during TX compared to PTx1. Finally, the females gained less body weight in TX than PTx1, while weight gain in the males during TX decreased with respect to BL and PTx1. Results show a differential effect of citalopram on females vs. males that was dependent on the type of macronutrient administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo L De la Fuente-Reynoso
- Laboratorio de Farmacología y Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Eliana Barrios De Tomasi
- Laboratorio de Farmacología y Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Jorge Juárez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología y Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
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12
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Yao T, He J, Cui Z, Wang R, Bao K, Huang Y, Wang R, Liu T. Central 5-HTR2C in the Control of Metabolic Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:694204. [PMID: 34367066 PMCID: PMC8334728 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.694204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor (5-HTR2C) is a class G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) enriched in the hypothalamus and the brain stem, where it has been shown to regulate energy homeostasis, including feeding and glucose metabolism. Accordingly, 5-HTR2C has been the target of several anti-obesity drugs, though the associated side effects greatly curbed their clinical applications. Dissecting the specific neural circuits of 5-HTR2C-expressing neurons and the detailed molecular pathways of 5-HTR2C signaling in metabolic regulation will help to develop better therapeutic strategies towards metabolic disorders. In this review, we introduced the regulatory role of 5-HTR2C in feeding behavior and glucose metabolism, with particular focus on the molecular pathways, neural network, and its interaction with other metabolic hormones, such as leptin, ghrelin, insulin, and estrogens. Moreover, the latest progress in the clinical research on 5-HTR2C agonists was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Ting Yao, ; Ru Wang, ; Tiemin Liu,
| | - Jiehui He
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhicheng Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruwen Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaixuan Bao
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiru Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ting Yao, ; Ru Wang, ; Tiemin Liu,
| | - Tiemin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ting Yao, ; Ru Wang, ; Tiemin Liu,
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13
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Yuen H, Hung A, Yang AWH, Lenon GB. Mechanisms of Action of Cassiae Semen for Weight Management: A Computational Molecular Docking Study of Serotonin Receptor 5-HT2C. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041326. [PMID: 32079105 PMCID: PMC7072867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity is a growing global health concern. Current management of obesity includes lifestyle intervention, bariatric surgery and medication. The serotonin receptor, 5-HT2C, is known to mediate satiety, appetite and consumption behaviour. Lorcaserin, an appetite control drug, has demonstrated efficacy in appetite control by targeting 5-HT2C but causes undesirable side effects. This study aimed to explore the potential usage of Cassiae semen (CS), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine used to treat obesity. A computational molecular docking study was performed to determine the binding mechanism of CS compounds to the 5-HT2C receptors in both active, agonist-bound and inactive, antagonist-bound conformations. By comparing binding poses and predicted relative binding affinities towards the active or inactive forms of the receptor, we hypothesise that two of the CS compounds studied may be potent agonists which may mimic the appetite suppression effects of lorcaserin: obtusifoliol and cassiaside B2. Furthermore, two ligands, beta-sitosterol and juglanin, were predicted to bind favourably to 5-HT2C outside of the known agonist binding pocket in the active receptor, suggesting that such ligands may serve as positive allosteric modulators of 5-HT2C receptor function. Overall, this study proposed several CS compounds which may be responsible for exerting anti-obesity effects via appetite suppression by 5-HT2C receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Yuen
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (H.Y.); (A.W.H.Y.)
| | - Andrew Hung
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia;
| | - Angela Wei Hong Yang
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (H.Y.); (A.W.H.Y.)
| | - George Binh Lenon
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (H.Y.); (A.W.H.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-400-821-631
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14
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Ammori BJ, Skarulis MC, Soran H, Syed AA, Eledrisi M, Malik RA. Medical and surgical management of obesity and diabetes: what's new? Diabet Med 2020; 37:203-210. [PMID: 31850536 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a narrative review of the medical and surgical management of people with obesity and diabetes. Results of this review showed that a 5-10% loss in body weight can be achieved with a change in lifestyle, diet and behaviour and with approved pharmacological therapies in people with obesity and diabetes. New targeted therapies are now available for patients with previously untreatable genetic causes of obesity. Compared to medical treatment, metabolic and bariatric surgery is associated with significantly higher rates of remission from type 2 diabetes and lower rates of incident macrovascular and microvascular complications and mortality. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and the American Diabetes Association endorse metabolic and bariatric surgery in obese adults with type 2 diabetes and there may also be a role for this in obese individuals with type 1 diabetes. The paediatric committee of the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery have recommended metabolic and bariatric surgery in obese adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Earlier and more aggressive treatment with metabolic and bariatric surgery in obese or overweight people with diabetes can improve morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Ammori
- Department of Surgery, King Hussein Cancer Centre, Amman, Jordan
| | - M C Skarulis
- National Obesity Treatment Centre, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - H Soran
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - A A Syed
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - M Eledrisi
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - R A Malik
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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15
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Sfera A, Osorio C, Diaz EL, Maguire G, Cummings M. The Other Obesity Epidemic-Of Drugs and Bugs. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:488. [PMID: 32849279 PMCID: PMC7411001 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic psychiatric patients with schizophrenia and related disorders are frequently treatment-resistant and may require higher doses of psychotropic drugs to remain stable. Prolonged exposure to these agents increases the risk of weight gain and cardiometabolic disorders, leading to poorer outcomes and higher medical cost. It is well-established that obesity has reached epidemic proportions throughout the world, however it is less known that its rates are two to three times higher in mentally ill patients compared to the general population. Psychotropic drugs have emerged as a major cause of weight gain, pointing to an urgent need for novel interventions to attenuate this unintended consequence. Recently, the gut microbial community has been linked to psychotropic drugs-induced obesity as these agents were found to possess antimicrobial properties and trigger intestinal dysbiosis, depleting Bacteroidetes phylum. Since germ-free animals exposed to psychotropics have not demonstrated weight gain, altered commensal flora composition is believed to be necessary and sufficient to induce dysmetabolism. Conversely, not only do psychotropics disrupt the composition of gut microbiota but the later alter the metabolism of the former. Here we review the role of gut bacterial community in psychotropic drugs metabolism and dysbiosis. We discuss potential biomarkers reflecting the status of Bacteroidetes phylum and take a closer look at nutritional interventions, fecal microbiota transplantation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation, strategies that may lower obesity rates in chronic psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Adonis Sfera
| | - Carolina Osorio
- Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Eddie Lee Diaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Gerald Maguire
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
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16
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Grimm JW. Incubation of food craving in rats: A review. J Exp Anal Behav 2019; 113:37-47. [PMID: 31709556 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of food craving is an abstinence-dependent increase in responding for reward-paired cues. Incubation of craving was first reported for rats responding for cocaine-paired cues, and later generalized to several drugs of abuse and for food. Incubation of drug and food craving has been reported in clinical studies as well. Incubation of food craving by rats has been reported for standard chow as well as for high fat and sucrose reinforcers. Parametric and other evaluations of the incubation of food craving reveal manipulations that reduce incubation, including environmental enrichment and pharmacological manipulation of dopamine, glutamate, and endogenous opiates. Several brain regions are likely involved in the effect, including mesolimbic terminals and the central nucleus of the amygdala. Further study of the incubation of food craving could facilitate development of treatments for cravings that precede relapse characteristic of drug and food addictions.
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17
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van Galen KA, Ter Horst KW, Booij J, la Fleur SE, Serlie MJ. The role of central dopamine and serotonin in human obesity: lessons learned from molecular neuroimaging studies. Metabolism 2018; 85:325-339. [PMID: 28970033 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, and many studies have aimed to determine why obese individuals continue to (over)consume food under conditions of caloric excess. The two major "neurotransmitter hypotheses" of obesity state that increased food intake is partially driven by decreased dopamine-mediated reward and decreased serotonin-mediated homeostatic feedback in response to food intake. Using molecular neuroimaging studies to visualize and quantify aspects of the central dopamine and serotonin systems in vivo, recent PET and SPECT studies have also implicated alterations in these systems in human obesity. The interpretation of these data, however, is more complex than it may appear. Here, we discuss important characteristics and limitations of current radiotracer methods and use this framework to comprehensively review the available human data on central dopamine and serotonin in obesity. On the basis of the available evidence, we conclude that obesity is associated with decreased central dopaminergic and serotonergic signaling and that future research, especially in long-term follow-up and interventional settings, is needed to advance our understanding of the neuronal pathophysiology of obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy A van Galen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kasper W Ter Horst
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mireille J Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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18
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Bliss ES, Whiteside E. The Gut-Brain Axis, the Human Gut Microbiota and Their Integration in the Development of Obesity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:900. [PMID: 30050464 PMCID: PMC6052131 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic, placing socioeconomic strain on public healthcare systems, especially within the so-called Western countries, such as Australia, United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, where energy intake exceeds expenditure. Current non-invasive treatments lack efficacy in combating obesity, suggesting that obesity is a multi-faceted and more complex disease than previously thought. This has led to an increase in research exploring energy homeostasis and the discovery of a complex bidirectional communication axis referred to as the gut-brain axis. The gut-brain axis is comprised of various neurohumoral components that allow the gut and brain to communicate with each other. Communication occurs within the axis via local, paracrine and/or endocrine mechanisms involving a variety of gut-derived peptides produced from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY3-36 (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and oxyntomodulin. Neural networks, such as the enteric nervous system (ENS) and vagus nerve also convey information within the gut-brain axis. Emerging evidence suggests the human gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem residing in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), may influence weight-gain through several inter-dependent pathways including energy harvesting, short-chain fatty-acids (SCFA) signalling, behaviour modifications, controlling satiety and modulating inflammatory responses within the host. Hence, the gut-brain axis, the microbiota and the link between these elements and the role each plays in either promoting or regulating energy and thereby contributing to obesity will be explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S. Bliss
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
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19
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Clark T, Hapiak V, Oakes M, Mills H, Komuniecki R. Monoamines differentially modulate neuropeptide release from distinct sites within a single neuron pair. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196954. [PMID: 29723289 PMCID: PMC5933757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamines and neuropeptides often modulate the same behavior, but monoaminergic-peptidergic crosstalk remains poorly understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the adrenergic-like ligands, tyramine (TA) and octopamine (OA) require distinct subsets of neuropeptides in the two ASI sensory neurons to inhibit nociception. TA selectively increases the release of ASI neuropeptides encoded by nlp-14 or nlp-18 from either synaptic/perisynaptic regions of ASI axons or the ASI soma, respectively, and OA selectively increases the release of ASI neuropeptides encoded by nlp-9 asymmetrically, from only the synaptic/perisynaptic region of the right ASI axon. The predicted amino acid preprosequences of genes encoding either TA- or OA-dependent neuropeptides differed markedly. However, these distinct preprosequences were not sufficient to confer monoamine-specificity and additional N-terminal peptide-encoding sequence was required. Collectively, our results demonstrate that TA and OA specifically and differentially modulate the release of distinct subsets of neuropeptides from different subcellular sites within the ASIs, highlighting the complexity of monoaminergic/peptidergic modulation, even in animals with a relatively simple nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Vera Hapiak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Oakes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Holly Mills
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Richard Komuniecki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Dastjerdi AG, Akhgari M, Kamali A, Mousavi Z. Principal component analysis of synthetic adulterants in herbal supplements advertised as weight loss drugs. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2018. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Asymmetric syntheses of (R)-4-halo-6,6a,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-5H-pyrazino[1,2-a][1,n]naphthyridines, important 5-HT2C agonist precursors. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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22
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Principal component analysis of synthetic adulterants in herbal supplements advertised as weight loss drugs. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2018; 31:236-241. [PMID: 29705461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Identification of natural products as novel ligands for the human 5-HT 2C receptor. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2018; 4:50-61. [PMID: 29577069 PMCID: PMC5860131 DOI: 10.1007/s41048-018-0047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest human protein family with over 800 members, which are implicated in many important medical conditions. Serotonin receptors belong to the aminergic GPCR subfamily and play important roles in physiological and psychological activities. Structural biology studies have revealed the structures of many GPCRs in atomic details and provide the basis for the identification and investigation of the potential ligands, which interact with and modulate the receptors. Here, an integrative approach combining a focused target-specific natural compound library, a thermal-shift-based screening method, affinity mass spectrometry, molecular docking, and in vitro as well as in vivo functional assay, was applied to identify (–)-crebanine and several other aporphine alkaloids as initial hits for a human serotonin receptor subtype, the 5-HT2C receptor. Further studies illuminated key features of their binding affinity, downstream signaling and tissue reaction, providing a molecular explanation for the interaction between (–)-crebanine and human 5-HT2C receptor.
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24
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Onakpoya IJ, Collins DRJ, Bobrovitz NJH, Aronson JK, Heneghan CJ. Benefits and Harms in Pivotal Trials of Oral Centrally Acting Antiobesity Medicines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:513-521. [PMID: 29399971 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the benefits and harms of oral centrally acting antiobesity medicinal products in pivotal trials. METHODS The European Medicines Agency and Federal Drug Administration websites, PubMed, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched to identify pivotal trials used to gain marketing authorizations. Pivotal phase III trials on which marketing authorizations were based were included. The data were analyzed by using Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan), and quality assessments for each outcome were performed by using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). RESULTS Five products (16 trials with 24,555 participants) were included. Significantly more participants who took the antiobesity products achieved ≥ 5% reduction in body weight (risk ratio [RR] 2.39; 95% CI: 2.09-2.74; GRADE = low). However, the products significantly increased the risk of adverse events (RR 1.12; 95% CI: 1.07-1.17; GRADE = very low) and the risk of discontinuation because of adverse events (RR 1.52; 95% CI: 1.33-1.74; GRADE = low). There were no significant differences for most outcomes between currently approved and withdrawn products. CONCLUSIONS Although oral centrally acting antiobesity products generate modest weight losses, they also increase the risks of adverse events and discontinuations because of adverse events. The premarketing benefit-to-harm profiles of currently available products and products that were later withdrawn because of harms are similar. Targeted study designs, better outcomes reporting, and improved postmarketing monitoring of harms are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igho J Onakpoya
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dylan R J Collins
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Niklas J H Bobrovitz
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey K Aronson
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carl J Heneghan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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25
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Alternative mRNA Splicing in the Pathogenesis of Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020632. [PMID: 29473878 PMCID: PMC5855854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative mRNA splicing is an important mechanism in expansion of proteome diversity by production of multiple protein isoforms. However, emerging evidence indicates that only a limited number of annotated protein isoforms by alternative splicing are detected, and the coding sequence of alternative splice variants usually is only slightly different from that of the canonical sequence. Nevertheless, mis-splicing is associated with a large array of human diseases. Previous reviews mainly focused on hereditary and somatic mutations in cis-acting RNA sequence elements and trans-acting splicing factors. The importance of environmental perturbations contributed to mis-splicing is not assessed. As significant changes in exon skipping and splicing factors expression levels are observed with diet-induced obesity, this review focuses on several well-known alternatively spliced metabolic factors and discusses recent advances in the regulation of the expressions of splice variants under the pathophysiological conditions of obesity. The potential of targeting the alternative mRNA mis-splicing for obesity-associated diseases therapies will also be discussed.
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26
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Serotonin enhances the impact of health information on food choice. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 17:542-553. [PMID: 28116581 PMCID: PMC5403870 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin has been implicated in promoting self-control, regulation of hunger and physiological homeostasis, and regulation of caloric intake. However, it remains unclear whether the effects of serotonin on caloric intake reflect purely homeostatic mechanisms, or whether serotonin also modulates cognitive processes involved in dietary decision making. We investigated the effects of an acute dose of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram on choices between food items that differed along taste and health attributes, compared with placebo and the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine. Twenty-seven participants attended three sessions and received single doses of atomoxetine, citalopram, and placebo in a double-blind randomised cross-over design. Relative to placebo, citalopram increased choices of more healthy foods over less healthy foods. Citalopram also increased the emphasis on health considerations in decisions. Atomoxetine did not affect decision making relative to placebo. The results support the hypothesis that serotonin may influence food choice by enhancing a focus on long-term goals. The findings are relevant for understanding decisions about food consumption and also for treating health conditions such as eating disorders and obesity.
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Maccioni P, Fara F, Gessa GL, Carai MAM, Chin YW, Lee JH, Kwon HC, Colombo G. Reducing Effect of Saikosaponin A, an Active Ingredient of Bupleurum falcatum, on Intake of Highly Palatable Food in a Rat Model of Overeating. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:369. [PMID: 30150945 PMCID: PMC6099156 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent lines of experimental evidence have indicated that saikosaponin A (SSA)-a bioactive ingredient of the medicinal plant, Bupleurum falcatum L.-potently and effectively reduced operant self-administration of chocolate and reinstatement of chocolate-seeking behavior in rats. The present study was designed to assess whether the protective properties of SSA on addictive-like, food-related behaviors generalize to a rat model of overeating of palatable food. To this end, rats were habituated to feed on a standard rat chow for 3 h/day; every 4 days, the 3-h chow-feeding session was followed by a 1-h availability of highly palatable, calorie-rich Danish butter cookies or Oreo chocolate cookies. Even though fed, rats consumed large amounts of cookies; intake of calories from cookies (consumed in 1 h) was even larger than that of calories from chow (consumed in 3 h). SSA (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 10 min before cookie presentation. Treatment with SSA resulted in a dose-related decrease in intake of both butter and chocolate cookies. Administration of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, rimonabant (0, 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg, i.p.; tested as reference compound), produced a similar reduction in intake of butter cookies. These results (a) contribute to the set-up and validation of a rat model of overeating, characterized by the intake of large amounts of unnecessary calories and (b) provide an additional piece of evidence to the anorectic profile of SSA in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Maccioni
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Federica Fara
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gessa
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Italy
| | | | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Lee
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung-si, South Korea
| | - Hak Cheol Kwon
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung-si, South Korea
| | - Giancarlo Colombo
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Italy
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Abstract
Obesity is becoming an increasing problem worldwide. In addition to causing many physical health consequences, there is increasing evidence demonstrating that obesity is toxic to the brain and, as such, can be considered a disease of the central nervous system. Peripheral level regulators of appetite, such as leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and cholecystokinin, feed into the appetite center of the brain, which is controlled by the hypothalamus, to maintain homeostasis and energy balance. However, food consumption is not solely mediated by energy balance, but is also regulated by the mesolimbic reward system, where motivation, reward, and reinforcement factors influence obesity. The purpose of this review is to highlight the neurobiology of eating behavior and obesity and to describe various neurobiological treatment mechanisms to treat obesity.
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Ivachtchenko AV, Okun I, Aladinskiy V, Ivanenkov Y, Koryakova A, Karapetyan R, Mitkin O, Salimov R, Ivashchenko A. AVN-492, A Novel Highly Selective 5-HT6R Antagonist: Preclinical Evaluation. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 58:1043-1063. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-161262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilya Okun
- ChemDiv Inc (Retired), SanDiego, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir Aladinskiy
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology(State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, RussianFederation
| | - Yan Ivanenkov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology(State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, RussianFederation
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Angela Koryakova
- Chemical Diversity Research Institute, Khimki, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Ruben Karapetyan
- Chemical Diversity Research Institute, Khimki, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg Mitkin
- Chemical Diversity Research Institute, Khimki, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | | | - Andrey Ivashchenko
- Chemical Diversity Research Institute, Khimki, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
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30
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Shettar V, Patel S, Kidambi S. Epidemiology of Obesity and Pharmacologic Treatment Options. Nutr Clin Pract 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533617713189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarang Patel
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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31
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Liu Y, Canal CE, Cordova-Sintjago TC, Zhu W, Booth RG. Mutagenesis Analysis Reveals Distinct Amino Acids of the Human Serotonin 5-HT 2C Receptor Underlying the Pharmacology of Distinct Ligands. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:28-39. [PMID: 27580242 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While exploring the structure-activity relationship of 4-phenyl-2-dimethylaminotetralins (PATs) at serotonin 5-HT2C receptors, we discovered that relatively minor modification of PAT chemistry impacts function at 5-HT2C receptors. In HEK293 cells expressing human 5-HT2C-INI receptors, for example, (-)-trans-3'-Br-PAT and (-)-trans-3'-Cl-PAT are agonists regarding Gαq-inositol phosphate signaling, whereas (-)-trans-3'-CF3-PAT is an inverse agonist. To investigate the ligand-receptor interactions that govern this change in function, we performed site-directed mutagenesis of 14 amino acids of the 5-HT2C receptor based on molecular modeling and reported G protein-coupled receptor crystal structures, followed by molecular pharmacology studies. We found that S3.36, T3.37, and F5.47 in the orthosteric binding pocket are critical for affinity (Ki) of all PATs tested, we also found that F6.44, M6.47, C7.45, and S7.46 are primarily involved in regulating EC/IC50 functional potencies of PATs. We discovered that when residue S5.43, N6.55, or both are mutated to alanine, (-)-trans-3'-CF3-PAT switches from inverse agonist to agonist function, and when N6.55 is mutated to leucine, (-)-trans-3'-Br-PAT switches from agonist to inverse agonist function. Notably, most point-mutations that affected PAT pharmacology did not significantly alter affinity (KD) of the antagonist radioligand [3H]mesulergine, but every mutation tested negatively impacted serotonin binding. Also, amino acid mutations differentially affected the pharmacology of other commercially available 5-HT2C ligands tested. Collectively, the data show that functional outcomes shared by different ligands are mediated by different amino acids and that some 5-HT2C receptor residues important for pharmacology of one ligand are not necessarily important for another ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Clinton E. Canal
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tania C. Cordova-Sintjago
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Wanying Zhu
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Raymond G. Booth
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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32
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Fu C, Jiang Y, Guo J, Su Z. Natural Products with Anti-obesity Effects and Different Mechanisms of Action. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9571-9585. [PMID: 27931098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, a primary influence on health condition, causes numerous comorbidities and complications and, therefore, pharmacotherapy is considered a strategy for its treatment. However, the adverse effects of most chemical drugs targeting weight loss complicate their approval by regulatory authorities. Recently, interest has increased in the development of ingredients from natural sources with fewer adverse effects for preventing and ameliorating obesity. This review provides an overview of current anti-obesity drugs and natural products with anti-obesity properties as well as their mechanisms of action, which include interfering with nutrient absorption, decreasing adipogenesis, increasing energy expenditure (thermogenesis), appetite suppression, modifying intestinal microbiota composition, and increasing fecal fat excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhan Fu
- Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Novais PFS, Weber TK, Lemke N, Verlengia R, Crisp AH, Rasera-Junior I, de Oliveira MRM. Gene polymorphisms as a predictor of body weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery among obese women. Obes Res Clin Pract 2016; 10:724-727. [PMID: 27554131 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association between twelve gene polymorphisms and body weight loss, 12 months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Three hundred and fifty-one obese women participated in this study. The statistical software WEKA was used to identify which gene polymorphisms were potential predictors of postoperative percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL). Our results indicate that the only gene polymorphism that predicted %EWL was rs3813929, which is related to the serotonin receptor gene (5-HT2C). Therefore, the 5-HT2C gene polymorphism rs3813929 (more specifically, the TT genotype) predicted greater %EWL 12 months after RYGB surgery among female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thabata Koester Weber
- Post-graduate Program in Food and Nutrition, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Ney Lemke
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rozangela Verlengia
- Post-graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Alex Harley Crisp
- Post-graduate Program in Food and Nutrition, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Maria Rita Marques de Oliveira
- Post-graduate Program in Food and Nutrition, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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34
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Martin-Gronert MS, Stocker CJ, Wargent ET, Cripps RL, Garfield AS, Jovanovic Z, D'Agostino G, Yeo GSH, Cawthorne MA, Arch JRS, Heisler LK, Ozanne SE. 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors as hypothalamic targets of developmental programming in male rats. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:401-12. [PMID: 26769798 PMCID: PMC4852506 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.023903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although obesity is a global epidemic, the physiological mechanisms involved are not well understood. Recent advances reveal that susceptibility to obesity can be programmed by maternal and neonatal nutrition. Specifically, a maternal low-protein diet during pregnancy causes decreased intrauterine growth, rapid postnatal catch-up growth and an increased risk for diet-induced obesity. Given that the synthesis of the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is nutritionally regulated and 5-HT is a trophic factor, we hypothesised that maternal diet influences fetal 5-HT exposure, which then influences development of the central appetite network and the subsequent efficacy of 5-HT to control energy balance in later life. Consistent with our hypothesis, pregnant rats fed a low-protein diet exhibited elevated serum levels of 5-HT, which was also evident in the placenta and fetal brains at embryonic day 16.5. This increase was associated with reduced levels of 5-HT2CR, the primary 5-HT receptor influencing appetite, in the fetal, neonatal and adult hypothalamus. As expected, a reduction of 5-HT2CR was associated with impaired sensitivity to 5-HT-mediated appetite suppression in adulthood. 5-HT primarily achieves effects on appetite by 5-HT2CR stimulation of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) peptides within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). We show that 5-HT2ARs are also anatomically positioned to influence the activity of ARC POMC neurons and that mRNA encoding 5-HT2AR is increased in the hypothalamus ofin uterogrowth-restricted offspring that underwent rapid postnatal catch-up growth. Furthermore, these animals at 3 months of age are more sensitive to appetite suppression induced by 5-HT2AR agonists. These findings not only reveal a 5-HT-mediated mechanism underlying the programming of susceptibility to obesity, but also provide a promising means to correct it, by treatment with a 5-HT2AR agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata S Martin-Gronert
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Claire J Stocker
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Edward T Wargent
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Roselle L Cripps
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Zorica Jovanovic
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Giles S H Yeo
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Michael A Cawthorne
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Jonathan R S Arch
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Lora K Heisler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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35
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Köhler S, Cierpinsky K, Kronenberg G, Adli M. The serotonergic system in the neurobiology of depression: Relevance for novel antidepressants. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:13-22. [PMID: 26464458 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115609072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The monoamine hypothesis of depression posits that an imbalance in monoaminergic neurotransmission is causally related to the clinical features of depression. Antidepressants influencing serotonin mainly aim at raising serotonin concentrations, thereby increasing serotonergic transmission at the level of the synapse, for example by inhibiting the serotonin transporter. However, the serotonin system is multifaceted. Different serotonin receptor subtypes turn the serotonergic system into a complex neurochemical arrangement that influences diverse neurotransmitters in various brain regions. Classical antidepressants as well as other psychopharmacological agents have various crucial effects on serotonin receptors. We aim at providing a clinically useful characterization of serotonin receptor subtypes in the treatment of depression. Clarifying the mode of action and the interplay of serotonin receptors with pharmacological agents should help antidepressant mechanisms and typical side effects to be better understood. Against this background, we feature the novel antidepressants vortioxetine, vilazodone and milnacipran/levomilnacipran with regard to their serotonin receptor targets such as the 5-HT1A, 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 which may account for their specific effects on certain symptoms of depression (e.g. cognition and anxiety) as well as a characteristic side-effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Köhler
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Cierpinsky
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Golo Kronenberg
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mazda Adli
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany Fliedner Clinic Berlin and Center for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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36
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Genotype-Dependent Difference in 5-HT2C Receptor-Induced Hypolocomotion: Comparison with 5-HT2A Receptor Functional Activity. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:846589. [PMID: 26380122 PMCID: PMC4563107 DOI: 10.1155/2015/846589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study behavioral effects of the 5-HT2C serotonin receptor were investigated in different mouse strains. The 5-HT2C receptor agonist MK-212 applied intraperitoneally induced significant dose-dependent reduction of distance traveled in the open field test in CBA/Lac mice. This effect was receptor-specific because it was inhibited by the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist RS102221. To study the role of genotype in 5-HT2C receptor-induced hypolocomotion, locomotor activity of seven inbred mouse strains was measured after MK-212 acute treatment. We found that the 5-HT2C receptor stimulation by MK-212 decreased distance traveled in the open field test in CBA/Lac, C57Bl/6, C3H/He, and ICR mice, whereas it failed to affect locomotor activity in DBA/2J, Asn, and Balb/c mice. We also compared the interstrain differences in functional response to 5-HT2C and 5-HT2A receptors activation measured by the quantification of receptor-mediated head-twitches. These experiments revealed significant positive correlation between 5-HT2C and 5-HT2A receptors functional responses for all investigated mouse strains. Moreover, we found that 5-HT2A receptor activation with DOI did not change locomotor activity in CBA/Lac mice. Taken together, our data indicate the implication of 5-HT2C receptors in regulation of locomotor activity and suggest the shared mechanism for functional responses mediated by 5-HT2C and 5-HT2A receptors.
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37
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Lopez‐Esparza S, Berumen LC, Padilla K, Miledi R, García‐Alcocer G. Expression of hippocampal serotonin receptors 5‐HT
2C
and 5‐HT
5A
in a rat model of diet‐induced obesity supplemented with tryptophan. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 42:80-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarahi Lopez‐Esparza
- Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro UniversitarioQuerétaro76010Mexico
| | - Laura C. Berumen
- Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro UniversitarioQuerétaro76010Mexico
| | - Karla Padilla
- Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro UniversitarioQuerétaro76010Mexico
| | - Ricardo Miledi
- Instituto de NeurobiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCampus JuriquillaQuerétaro76230Mexico
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697‐4550USA
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38
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Bakuradze T, Parra GAM, Riedel A, Somoza V, Lang R, Dieminger N, Hofmann T, Winkler S, Hassmann U, Marko D, Schipp D, Raedle J, Bytof G, Lantz I, Stiebitz H, Richling E. Four-week coffee consumption affects energy intake, satiety regulation, body fat, and protects DNA integrity. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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39
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Buhmann H, le Roux CW, Bueter M. The gut-brain axis in obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 28:559-71. [PMID: 25194175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Currently the only effective treatment for morbid obesity with a proven mortality benefit is surgical intervention. The underlying mechanisms of these surgical techniques are unclear, but alterations in circulating gut hormone levels have been demonstrated to be at least one contributing factor. Gut hormones seem to communicate information from the gastrointestinal tract to the regulatory appetite centres within the central nervous system (CNS) via the so-called 'Gut-Brain-Axis'. Such information may be transferred to the CNS either via vagal or non-vagal afferent nerve signalling or directly via blood circulation. Complex neural networks, distributed throughout the forebrain and brainstem, are in control of feeding and energy homoeostasis. This article aims to review how appetite is potentially regulated by these gastrointestinal hormones. Identification of the underlying mechanisms of appetite and weight control may pave the way to develop better surgical techniques and new therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Buhmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Ireland; Gastrosurgical Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marco Bueter
- Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center of Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Leahy
- Laura G. Leahy is a family psychiatric nurse practitioner at NEI Global, Master Psychopharmacologist APN Solutions, LLC, Sewell, NJ
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41
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31-year-old female shows marked improvement in depression, agitation, and panic attacks after genetic testing was used to inform treatment. Case Rep Psychiatry 2014; 2014:842349. [PMID: 24744941 PMCID: PMC3976904 DOI: 10.1155/2014/842349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This case describes a 31-year-old female Caucasian patient with complaints of ongoing depression, agitation, and severe panic attacks. The patient was untreated until a recent unsuccessful trial of citalopram followed by venlafaxine which produced a partial response. Genetic testing was performed to assist in treatment decisions and revealed the patient to be heterozygous for polymorphisms in 5HT2C, ANK3, and MTHFR and homozygous for a polymorphism in SLC6A4 and the low activity (Met/Met) COMT allele. In response to genetic results and clinical presentation, venlafaxine was maintained and lamotrigine was added leading to remission of agitation and depression.
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42
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Cornall LM, Mathai ML, Hryciw DH, McAinch AJ. The therapeutic potential of GPR43: a novel role in modulating metabolic health. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4759-70. [PMID: 23852543 PMCID: PMC11113592 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GPR43 is a receptor for short-chain fatty acids. Preliminary data suggest a putative role for GPR43 in regulating systemic health via processes including inflammation, carcinogenesis, gastrointestinal function, and adipogenesis. GPR43 is involved in secretion of gastrointestinal peptides, which regulate appetite and gastrointestinal motility. This suggests GPR43 may have a role in weight control. Moreover, GPR43 regulates plasma lipid profile and inflammatory processes, which further indicates that GPR43 could have the ability to modulate the etiology and pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the ability of GPR43 to mediate both systemic and tissue specific functions and how GPR43 may be modulated in the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Cornall
- Biomedical and Lifestyle Diseases Unit, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia,
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43
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Pérez MR, Pellegrini E, Cano-Nicolau J, Gueguen MM, Menouer-Le Guillou D, Merot Y, Vaillant C, Somoza GM, Kah O. Relationships between radial glial progenitors and 5-HT neurons in the paraventricular organ of adult zebrafish - potential effects of serotonin on adult neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:3292-301. [PMID: 23981075 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In non-mammalian vertebrates, serotonin (5-HT)-producing neurons exist in the paraventricular organ (PVO), a diencephalic structure containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons exhibiting 5-HT or dopamine (DA) immunoreactivity. Because the brain of the adult teleost is known for its neurogenic activity supported, for a large part, by radial glial progenitors, this study addresses the origin of newborn 5-HT neurons in the hypothalamus of adult zebrafish. In this species, the PVO exhibits numerous radial glial cells (RGCs) whose somata are located at a certain distance from the ventricle. To study relationships between RGCs and 5-HT CSF-contacting neurons, we performed 5-HT immunohistochemistry in transgenic tg(cyp19a1b-GFP) zebrafish in which RGCs are labelled with GFP under the control of the cyp19a1b promoter. We show that the somata of the 5-HT neurons are located closer to the ventricle than those of RGCs. RGCs extend towards the ventricle cytoplasmic processes that form a continuous barrier along the ventricular surface. In turn, 5-HT neurons contact the CSF via processes that cross this barrier through small pores. Further experiments using proliferating cell nuclear antigen or 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine indicate that RGCs proliferate and give birth to 5-HT neurons migrating centripetally instead of centrifugally as in other brain regions. Furthermore, treatment of adult zebrafish with tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor causes a significant decrease in the number of proliferating cells in the PVO, but not in the mediobasal hypothalamus. These data point to the PVO as an intriguing region in which 5-HT appears to promote genesis of 5-HT neurons that accumulate along the brain ventricles and contact the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rita Pérez
- Neuroendocrine Effects of Endocrine Disruptors, IRSET, Case 1302, INSERM U1085, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes cedex, 35 042, France; Laboratorio de Ictiofisiología y Acuicultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH. CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
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Asarian L, Geary N. Sex differences in the physiology of eating. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R1215-67. [PMID: 23904103 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00446.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function fundamentally affects the physiology of eating. We review sex differences in the physiological and pathophysiological controls of amounts eaten in rats, mice, monkeys, and humans. These controls result from interactions among genetic effects, organizational effects of reproductive hormones (i.e., permanent early developmental effects), and activational effects of these hormones (i.e., effects dependent on hormone levels). Male-female sex differences in the physiology of eating involve both organizational and activational effects of androgens and estrogens. An activational effect of estrogens decreases eating 1) during the periovulatory period of the ovarian cycle in rats, mice, monkeys, and women and 2) tonically between puberty and reproductive senescence or ovariectomy in rats and monkeys, sometimes in mice, and possibly in women. Estrogens acting on estrogen receptor-α (ERα) in the caudal medial nucleus of the solitary tract appear to mediate these effects in rats. Androgens, prolactin, and other reproductive hormones also affect eating in rats. Sex differences in eating are mediated by alterations in orosensory capacity and hedonics, gastric mechanoreception, ghrelin, CCK, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon, insulin, amylin, apolipoprotein A-IV, fatty-acid oxidation, and leptin. The control of eating by central neurochemical signaling via serotonin, MSH, neuropeptide Y, Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), melanin-concentrating hormone, and dopamine is modulated by HPG function. Finally, sex differences in the physiology of eating may contribute to human obesity, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating. The variety and physiological importance of what has been learned so far warrant intensifying basic, translational, and clinical research on sex differences in eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Asarian
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
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Granda ML, Carlin SM, Moseley CK, Neelamegam R, Mandeville JB, Hooker JM. Synthesis and evaluation of methylated arylazepine compounds for PET imaging of 5-HT(2c) receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:261-5. [PMID: 23421677 DOI: 10.1021/cn300223d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin 5-HT(2c) receptor is implicated in a number of diseases including obesity, depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. In order to ascribe the role of 5-HT(2c) in these diseases, a method for measuring 5-HT(2c )density and function in vivo, such as with positron emission tomography (PET), must be developed. Many high-affinity and relatively selective ligands exist for 5-HT(2c) but cannot be accessed with current radiosynthetic methods for use as PET radiotracers. We propose that N-methylation of an arylazepine moiety, a frequent structural feature in 5-HT(2c) ligands, may be a suitable method for producing new radiotracers for 5-HT(2c). The impact of N-methylation has not been previously reported. For the agonists that we selected herein, N-methylation was found to increase affinity up to 8-fold without impairing selectivity. Compound 5, an N-methylated azetidine-derived arylazepine, was found to be brain penetrant and reached a brain/blood ratio of 2.05:1. However, our initial test compound was rapidly metabolized within 20 min of administration and exhibited high nonspecific binding. N-Methylation, with 16 ± 3% isolated radiochemical yield (decay corrected), is robust and may facilitate screening other 5-HT(2c) ligands as radiotracers for PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Granda
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
02129, United States
| | - Stephen M. Carlin
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
02129, United States
| | - Christian K. Moseley
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
02129, United States
| | - Ramesh Neelamegam
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
02129, United States
| | - Joseph B. Mandeville
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
02129, United States
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
02129, United States
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Jensen AA, Plath N, Pedersen MHF, Isberg V, Krall J, Wellendorph P, Stensbøl TB, Gloriam DE, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Frølund B. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization of N- and O-substituted 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-isoxazolo[4,5-d]azepin-3-ol analogues: novel 5-HT(2A)/5-HT(2C) receptor agonists with pro-cognitive properties. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1211-27. [PMID: 23301527 DOI: 10.1021/jm301656h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The isoxazol-3-one tautomer of the bicyclic isoxazole, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-isoxazolo[4,5-d]azepin-3-ol (THAZ), has previously been shown to be a weak GABA(A) and glycine receptor antagonist. In the present study, the potential in this scaffold has been explored through the synthesis and pharmacological characterization of a series of N- and O-substituted THAZ analogues. The analogues N-Bn-THAZ (3d) and O-Bn-THAZ (4d) were found to be potent agonists of the human 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors. Judging from an elaborate pharmacological profiling at numerous other CNS targets, the 3d analogue appears to be selective for the two receptors. Administration of 3d substantially improved the cognitive performance of mice in a place recognition Y-maze model, an effect fully reversible by coadministration of the selective 5-HT(2C) antagonist SB242084. In conclusion, as novel bioavailable cognitive enhancers that most likely mediate their effects through 5-HT(2A) and/or 5-HT(2C) receptors, the isoxazoles 3d and 4d constitute interesting leads for further medicinal chemistry development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders A Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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O'Connor A, Swick AG. Interface between Pharmacotherapy and Genes in Human Obesity. Hum Hered 2013; 75:116-26. [DOI: 10.1159/000349975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Baler RD. Obesity and addiction: neurobiological overlaps. Obes Rev 2013; 14:2-18. [PMID: 23016694 PMCID: PMC4827343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction and obesity appear to share several properties. Both can be defined as disorders in which the saliency of a specific type of reward (food or drug) becomes exaggerated relative to, and at the expense of others rewards. Both drugs and food have powerful reinforcing effects, which are in part mediated by abrupt dopamine increases in the brain reward centres. The abrupt dopamine increases, in vulnerable individuals, can override the brain's homeostatic control mechanisms. These parallels have generated interest in understanding the shared vulnerabilities between addiction and obesity. Predictably, they also engendered a heated debate. Specifically, brain imaging studies are beginning to uncover common features between these two conditions and delineate some of the overlapping brain circuits whose dysfunctions may underlie the observed deficits. The combined results suggest that both obese and drug-addicted individuals suffer from impairments in dopaminergic pathways that regulate neuronal systems associated not only with reward sensitivity and incentive motivation, but also with conditioning, self-control, stress reactivity and interoceptive awareness. In parallel, studies are also delineating differences between them that centre on the key role that peripheral signals involved with homeostatic control exert on food intake. Here, we focus on the shared neurobiological substrates of obesity and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Millan MJ. An epigenetic framework for neurodevelopmental disorders: from pathogenesis to potential therapy. Neuropharmacology 2012; 68:2-82. [PMID: 23246909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are characterized by aberrant and delayed early-life development of the brain, leading to deficits in language, cognition, motor behaviour and other functional domains, often accompanied by somatic symptoms. Environmental factors like perinatal infection, malnutrition and trauma can increase the risk of the heterogeneous, multifactorial and polygenic disorders, autism and schizophrenia. Conversely, discrete genetic anomalies are involved in Down, Rett and Fragile X syndromes, tuberous sclerosis and neurofibromatosis, the less familiar Phelan-McDermid, Sotos, Kleefstra, Coffin-Lowry and "ATRX" syndromes, and the disorders of imprinting, Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes. NDDs have been termed "synaptopathies" in reference to structural and functional disturbance of synaptic plasticity, several involve abnormal Ras-Kinase signalling ("rasopathies"), and many are characterized by disrupted cerebral connectivity and an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory transmission. However, at a different level of integration, NDDs are accompanied by aberrant "epigenetic" regulation of processes critical for normal and orderly development of the brain. Epigenetics refers to potentially-heritable (by mitosis and/or meiosis) mechanisms controlling gene expression without changes in DNA sequence. In certain NDDs, prototypical epigenetic processes of DNA methylation and covalent histone marking are impacted. Conversely, others involve anomalies in chromatin-modelling, mRNA splicing/editing, mRNA translation, ribosome biogenesis and/or the regulatory actions of small nucleolar RNAs and micro-RNAs. Since epigenetic mechanisms are modifiable, this raises the hope of novel therapy, though questions remain concerning efficacy and safety. The above issues are critically surveyed in this review, which advocates a broad-based epigenetic framework for understanding and ultimately treating a diverse assemblage of NDDs ("epigenopathies") lying at the interface of genetic, developmental and environmental processes. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Unit for Research and Discovery in Neuroscience, IDR Servier, 125 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, Paris, France.
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Serotonin: from top to bottom. Biogerontology 2012; 14:21-45. [PMID: 23100172 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-012-9406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter, which is phylogenetically conserved in a wide range of species from nematodes to humans. In mammals, age-related changes in serotonin systems are known risk factors of age-related diseases, such as diabetes, faecal incontinence and cardiovascular diseases. A decline in serotonin function with aging would be consistent with observations of age-related changes in behaviours, such as sleep, sexual behaviour and mood all of which are linked to serotonergic function. Despite this little is known about serotonin in relation to aging. This review aims to give a comprehensive analysis of the distribution, function and interactions of serotonin in the brain; gastrointestinal tract; skeletal; vascular and immune systems. It also aims to demonstrate how the function of serotonin is linked to aging and disease pathology in these systems. The regulation of serotonin via microRNAs is also discussed, as are possible applications of serotonergic drugs in aging research and age-related diseases. Furthermore, this review demonstrates that serotonin is potentially involved in whole organism aging through its links with multiple organs, the immune system and microRNA regulation. Methods to investigate these links are discussed.
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