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Tovar R, de Ceglia M, Rodríguez-Pozo M, Vargas A, Gavito A, Suárez J, Boronat A, de la Torre R, de Fonseca FR, Baixeras E, Decara J. Hydroxytyrosol Linoleoyl Ether Ameliorates Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease Symptoms in Obese Zucker Rats. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1571-1583. [PMID: 38751648 PMCID: PMC11092116 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
A main hepatic consequence of obesity is metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), currently treated by improving eating habits and administrating fibrates yet often yielding suboptimal outcomes. Searching for a new therapeutic approach, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of hydroxytyrosol linoleoyl ether (HTLE), a dual Ppar-α agonist/Cb1 antagonist with inherent antioxidant properties, as an antisteatotic agent. Using lean and obese Zucker rats, they were administrated daily doses of HTLE (3 mg/kg) over a 15-day period, evaluating its safety profile, pharmacokinetics, impact on body weight, hepatic fat content, expression of key enzymes involved in lipogenesis/fatty acid oxidation, and antioxidant capacity. HTLE decreased the body weight and food intake in both rat genotypes. Biochemical analysis demonstrated a favorable safety profile for HTLE along with decreased concentrations of urea, total cholesterol, and aspartate aminotransferase AST transaminases in plasma. Notably, HTLE exhibited potent antisteatotic effects in obese rats, evidenced by a decrease in liver fat content and downregulation of lipogenesis-related enzymes, alongside increased expression of proteins controlling lipid oxidation. Moreover, HTLE successfully counteracted the redox imbalance associated with MAFLD in obese rats, attenuating lipid peroxidation and replenishing both glutathione levels and the overall antioxidant. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of triple-action strategies in managing MAFLD effectively. Based on our results in the Zucker rat model, HTLE emerges as a promising candidate with triple functionality as an anorexigenic, antisteatotic, and antioxidant agent, offering potential relief from MAFLD symptoms associated with obesity while exhibiting minimal side effects. In conclusion, our study positions HTLE as a highly promising compound for therapeutic intervention in MAFLD treatment, warranting further exploration in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Tovar
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga,
Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Marialuisa de Ceglia
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Pozo
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Antonio Vargas
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Ana Gavito
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
- Departamento
de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga,
Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Anna Boronat
- Grupo
de Farmacología Integrada y Neurociencia de Sistemas, Programa
de investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Hospital del Mar (IMIM), C/del Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Grupo
de Farmacología Integrada y Neurociencia de Sistemas, Programa
de investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Hospital del Mar (IMIM), C/del Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Elena Baixeras
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario
de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
- Departamento
de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga,
Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29010, Spain
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Wilson G, Yang L, Su X, Ding S, Li L, Yang Y, Wang X, Wang W, Sa Y, Zhang Y, Chen J, Ma X. Exploring the therapeutic potential of natural compounds modulating the endocannabinoid system in various diseases and disorders: review. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1410-1444. [PMID: 37906390 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors, endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids), and the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of the endocannabinoids make up the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The components of the ECS are proven to modulate a vast bulk of various physiological and pathological processes due to their abundance throughout the human body. Such discoveries have attracted the researchers' attention and emerged as a potential therapeutical target for the treatment of various diseases. In the present article, we reviewed the discoveries of natural compounds, herbs, herbs formula, and their therapeutic properties in various diseases and disorders by modulating the ECS. We also summarize the molecular mechanisms through which these compounds elicit their properties by interacting with the ECS based on the existing findings. Our study provides the insight into the use of natural compounds that modulate ECS in various diseases and disorders, which in turn may facilitate future studies exploiting natural lead compounds as novel frameworks for designing more effective and safer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gidion Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Shuqin Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Liuyan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Youyue Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Weibiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yuping Sa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jianyu Chen
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Huatuo Road, Minhoushangjie, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Xueqin Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shenli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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Barrera C, Castillo V, Valenzuela R, Valenzuela CA, Garcia-Diaz DF, Llanos M. Effects on Fetal Metabolic Programming and Endocannabinoid System of a Normocaloric Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation of Female Mice with Pregestational Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:3531. [PMID: 37630722 PMCID: PMC10458167 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal programming provides explanatory mechanisms for the currently high prevalence of gestational obesity. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) participates in the regulation of energy balance, and with a high-fat diet (HFD), it is overactivated. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a nutritional intervention during pregnancy and lactation on obese female progenitors, on metabolic alterations of the offspring and on the involvement of ECS. Female mice (C57/BL/6-F0), 45 days old, and their offspring (males) were separated according to type of diet before and during gestation and lactation: CON-F1: control diet; HFD-F1 group: HFD (fat: 60% Kcal); INT-F1 group: HFD until mating and control diet (fat: 10% Kcal) afterward. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (IS) were tested at 2 and 4 months. At 120 days, mice were sacrificed, plasma was extracted for the determination of hormones, and livers for gene expression and the protein level determination of ECS components. INT-F1 group presented a lower IS compared to CON-F1, and normal levels of adiponectin and corticosterone in relation to the HFD-F1 group. The intervention increased hepatic gene expression for fatty-acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase enzymes; however, these differences were not observed at the protein expression level. Our results suggest that this intervention model normalized some hormonal parameters and hepatic mRNA levels of ECS components that were altered in the offspring of progenitors with pre-pregnancy obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Barrera
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (C.B.); (R.V.); (D.F.G.-D.)
| | - Valeska Castillo
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (C.B.); (R.V.); (D.F.G.-D.)
| | - Carina A. Valenzuela
- Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Valparaíso Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile;
| | - Diego F. Garcia-Diaz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (C.B.); (R.V.); (D.F.G.-D.)
| | - Miguel Llanos
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
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Dvorácskó S, Dimmito MP, Sebastiani J, La Regina G, Silvestri R, Pieretti S, Stefanucci A, Tömböly C, Mollica A. Rimonabant-Based Compounds Bearing Hydrophobic Amino Acid Derivatives as Cannabinoid Receptor Subtype 1 Ligands. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:479-486. [PMID: 37077391 PMCID: PMC10108392 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, 1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acids related to the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor antagonist rimonabant were amidated with valine or tert-leucine, and the resulting acids were further diversified as methyl esters, amides, and N-methyl amides. In vitro receptor binding and functional assays demonstrated a wide series of activities related to the CB1 receptors (CB1Rs). Compound 34 showed a high CB1R binding affinity (K i = 6.9 nM) and agonist activity (EC50 = 46 nM; E max = 135%). Radioligand binding and [35S]GTPγS binding assays also demonstrated its selectivity and specificity to CB1Rs. Moreover, in vivo experiments revealed that 34 was slightly more effective than the CB1 agonist WIN55,212-2 in the early phase of the formalin test, indicating a short duration of the analgesic effect. Interestingly, in a mouse model of zymosan-induced hindlimb edema, 34 was able to maintain the percentage of paw volume below 75% for 24 h following subcutaneous injection. After intraperitoneal administration, 34 increased the food intake of mice, suggesting potential activity on CB1Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Dvorácskó
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marilisa Pia Dimmito
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Jessica Sebastiani
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Regina
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Azzurra Stefanucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Csaba Tömböly
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Winders TM, Serum EM, Smith DJ, Neville BW, Mia GK, Amat S, Dahlen CR, Swanson KC. Influence of hempseed cake inclusion on growth performance, carcass characteristics, feeding behavior and blood parameters in finishing heifers. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6577173. [PMID: 35511706 PMCID: PMC9169985 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the hemp industry continues to develop in the US, there is interest in feeding byproducts of industrial hemp production to livestock. A completely randomized design experiment using crossbred finishing heifers [initial body weight (BW) ± SE = 494 ± 10 kg] was conducted to determine the effects of feeding hempseed cake in a corn-based finishing diet (10% forage) formulated to meet or exceed ruminally degradable and metabolizable protein requirements on growth performance, carcass characteristics, feeding behavior, and plasma parameters. Dietary treatments were inclusion of 20% [dry matter (DM) basis] of: dried corn distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS, n = 16), or hempseed cake (HEMP, n = 15). Cattle were housed in two pens, had ad-libitum access to feed and water, and individual intakes and feeding behavior were monitored using the Insentec feeding system. Cattle were fed treatment diets for 111 days, and every 14 days BW were measured, and blood samples collected. Blood plasma was analyzed for glucose, urea nitrogen, and individual amino acids and results analyzed using repeated measures analysis in SAS. Final BW, average daily gain, gain:feed, and hot carcass weight decreased (P ≤ 0.05) by 2.3%, 7.7%, 7.7%, and 2.6% respectively in heifers fed the HEMP diet than in heifers fed the DDGS diet. Net energy for maintenance and gain (Mcal/kg of feed, DM basis), estimated based on heifer intake and performance, were greater (P = 0.02) for the DDGS diet than the HEMP diet. All other performance and carcass characteristics were not different (P ≥ 0.20) between treatments. Heifers fed the HEMP diet had greater (P < 0.05) plasma urea nitrogen concentration in samples from each collection day compared to heifers fed the DDGS diet, although there was a treatment by day interaction (P < 0.01) because of variability in the magnitude of treatment differences over time. Plasma glucose concentration was not influenced (P = 0.17) by dietary treatment. Plasma concentrations of total amino acids, non-essential amino acids, and essential amino acids were not different between treatments (P ≥ 0.09), although there were several interactions between treatment and day (P ≤ 0.04) for individual amino acids. These data suggest that hempseed cake has a lower NEm and NEg relative to dried corn distillers grains plus solubles when adequate metabolizable protein is supplied, while still providing adequate nutrition to support acceptable performance of finishing cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Winders
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | | | | | - Bryan W Neville
- Carrington Research Extension Center, Carrington, ND 58421-0219, USA
| | - Golam K Mia
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Samat Amat
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Carl R Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is found in most, if not all, mammalian organs and is involved in a variety of physiological functions, ranging from the control of synaptic plasticity in the brain to the modulation of smooth muscle motility in the gastrointestinal tract. This signaling complex consists of G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, endogenous ligands for those receptors (endocannabinoids) and enzymes/transporters responsible for the formation and deactivation of these ligands. There are two subtypes of cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, and two major endocannabinoids, arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), which are produced upon demand through cleavage of distinct phospholipid precursors. All molecular components of the endocannabinoid system are represented in the adipose organ, where endocannabinoid signals are thought to regulate critical homeostatic processes, including adipogenesis, lipogenesis and thermogenesis. Importantly, obesity was found to be associated with excess endocannabinoid activity in visceral fat depots, and the therapeutic potential of normalizing such activity by blocking CB1 receptors has been the focus of substantial preclinical and clinical research. Results have been mixed thus far, mostly owing to the emergence of psychiatric side effects rooted in the protective functions served by brain endocannabinoids in mood and affect regulation. Further studies about the roles played by the endocannabinoid system in the adipose organ will offer new insights into the pathogenesis of obesity and might help identify new ways to leverage this signaling complex for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA, 92697-1275, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA, 92697-1275, USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA, 92697-1275, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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The Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 (CB 1) as a Molecular Target for Modulating Body Weight in Man. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206178. [PMID: 34684760 PMCID: PMC8538448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor regulates appetite and body weight; however, unwanted central side effects of both agonists (in wasting disorders) or antagonists (in obesity and diabetes) have limited their therapeutic utility. At the peripheral level, CB1 receptor activation impacts the energy balance of mammals in a number of different ways: inhibiting satiety and emesis, increasing food intake, altering adipokine and satiety hormone levels, altering taste sensation, decreasing lipolysis (fat break down), and increasing lipogenesis (fat generation). The CB1 receptor also plays an important role in the gut–brain axis control of appetite and satiety. The combined effect of peripheral CB1 activation is to promote appetite, energy storage, and energy preservation (and the opposite is true for CB1 antagonists). Therefore, the next generation of CB1 receptor medicines (agonists and antagonists, and indirect modulators of the endocannabinoid system) have been peripherally restricted to mitigate these issues, and some of these are already in clinical stage development. These compounds also have demonstrated potential in other conditions such as alcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetic nephropathy (peripherally restricted CB1 antagonists) and pain conditions (peripherally restricted CB1 agonists and FAAH inhibitors). This review will discuss the mechanisms by which peripheral CB1 receptors regulate body weight, and the therapeutic utility of peripherally restricted drugs in the management of body weight and beyond.
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8
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Hashiesh HM, Sharma C, Goyal SN, Jha NK, Ojha S. Pharmacological Properties, Therapeutic Potential and Molecular Mechanisms of JWH133, a CB2 Receptor-Selective Agonist. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:702675. [PMID: 34393784 PMCID: PMC8363263 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.702675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system has attracted attention as a pharmacological target for several pathological conditions. Cannabinoid (CB2)-selective agonists have been the focus of pharmacological studies because modulation of the CB2 receptor (CB2R) can be useful in the treatment of pain, inflammation, arthritis, addiction, and cancer among other possible therapeutic applications while circumventing CNS-related adverse effects. Increasing number of evidences from different independent preclinical studies have suggested new perspectives on the involvement of CB2R signaling in inflammation, infection and immunity, thus play important role in cancer, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic and metabolic diseases. JWH133 is a synthetic agonist with high CB2R selectivity and showed to exert CB2R mediated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. Cumulative evidences suggest that JWH133 protects against hepatic injury, renal injury, cardiotoxicity, fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer as well as against oxidative damage and inflammation, inhibits fibrosis and apoptosis, and acts as an immunosuppressant. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the polypharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of JWH133. This review also presents molecular mechanism and signaling pathways of JWH133 under various pathological conditions except neurological diseases. Based on the available data, this review proposes the possibilities of developing JWH133 as a promising therapeutic agent; however, further safety and toxicity studies in preclinical studies and clinical trials in humans are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebaallah Mamdouh Hashiesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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9
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Castorena CM, Caron A, Michael NJ, Ahmed NI, Arnold AG, Lee J, Lee C, Limboy C, Tinajero AS, Granier M, Wang S, Horton JD, Holland WL, Lee S, Liu C, Fujikawa T, Elmquist JK. CB1Rs in VMH neurons regulate glucose homeostasis but not body weight. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E146-E155. [PMID: 34097543 PMCID: PMC8321828 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00044.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) inverse agonists reduce body weight and improve several parameters of glucose homeostasis. However, these drugs have also been associated with deleterious side effects. CB1R expression is widespread in the brain and in peripheral tissues, but whether specific sites of expression can mediate the beneficial metabolic effects of CB1R drugs, while avoiding the untoward side effects, remains unclear. Evidence suggests inverse agonists may act on key sites within the central nervous system to improve metabolism. The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is a critical node regulating energy balance and glucose homeostasis. To determine the contributions of CB1Rs expressed in VMH neurons in regulating metabolic homeostasis, we generated mice lacking CB1Rs in the VMH. We found that the deletion of CB1Rs in the VMH did not affect body weight in chow- and high-fat diet-fed male and female mice. We also found that deletion of CB1Rs in the VMH did not alter weight loss responses induced by the CB1R inverse agonist SR141716. However, we did find that CB1Rs of the VMH regulate parameters of glucose homeostasis independent of body weight in diet-induced obese male mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1Rs) regulate metabolic homeostasis, and CB1R inverse agonists reduce body weight and improve parameters of glucose metabolism. However, the cell populations expressing CB1Rs that regulate metabolic homeostasis remain unclear. CB1Rs are highly expressed in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), which is a crucial node that regulates metabolism. With CRISPR/Cas9, we generated mice lacking CB1Rs specifically in VMH neurons and found that CB1Rs in VMH neurons are essential for the regulation of glucose metabolism independent of body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Castorena
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Natalie J Michael
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Newaz I Ahmed
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amanda G Arnold
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Charlotte Lee
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Chelsea Limboy
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Arely Salazar Tinajero
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Madison Granier
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Simeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jay D Horton
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - William L Holland
- Department of Biochemistry, Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Syann Lee
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Chen Liu
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Teppei Fujikawa
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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10
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D'Aquila PS. Microstructure analysis of the effects of the cannabinoid agents HU-210 and rimonabant in rats licking for sucrose. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Potvin S, Mahrouche L, Assaf R, Chicoine M, Giguère CÉ, Furtos A, Godbout R. Peripheral Endogenous Cannabinoid Levels Are Increased in Schizophrenia Patients Evaluated in a Psychiatric Emergency Setting. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:628. [PMID: 32695035 PMCID: PMC7338686 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endogenous cannabinoid system mediates the psychoactive effects of cannabis in the brain. It has been argued that this system may play a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. While some studies have consistently shown that the levels of anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid ligand, are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenia patients, inconsistent results have been observed in studies measuring anandamide levels in the periphery. Here, we sought to determine if the assessment of peripheral anandamide levels in patients evaluated in a psychiatric emergency setting would show robust increases. METHODS One hundred seven patients with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder from the psychiatric emergency settings of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal and 36 healthy volunteers were included in the study. A subsample of thirty patients were assessed at two time points: at the emergency and at their discharge from the hospital. Anxious and depressive symptoms, sleep and substance use were assessed using self-report questionnaires. In addition to anandamide, the levels of oleoylethanolamide (OEA), an anorexigenic fatty-acid ethanolamide, were also measured, since the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is increased in schizophrenia. Plasma levels of anandamide and OEA were measured using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Plasma anandamide and OEA levels were significantly increased in schizophrenia patients, relative to controls (Cohen's d=1.0 and 0.5, respectively). Between-group differences remained significant after controlling for metabolic measures. No differences were observed between schizophrenia patients with and without a comorbid substance use disorder at baseline. Importantly, the levels of both endocannabinoids significantly decreased after discharge from the emergency setting. CONCLUSION The current results add to the growing body of evidence of endocannabinoid alterations in schizophrenia. The strong elevation of plasma anandamide levels in schizophrenia patients assessed in the psychiatric emergency setting suggests that anandamide and OEA area potential biomarkers of the psychological turmoil associated with this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Potvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louiza Mahrouche
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roxane Assaf
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marjolaine Chicoine
- Sleep Laboratory and Clinic, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital en santé mentale Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Charles-Édouard Giguère
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandra Furtos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roger Godbout
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Sleep Laboratory and Clinic, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital en santé mentale Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, QC, Canada
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12
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Wouters E, Walraed J, Robertson MJ, Meyrath M, Szpakowska M, Chevigné A, Skiniotis G, Stove C. Assessment of Biased Agonism among Distinct Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist Scaffolds. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 3:285-295. [PMID: 32296768 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is a key drug target for a number of diseases, including metabolic syndromes and neuropathic pain. Most of the typical cannabinoid ligands provoke psychotropic side effects that impair their therapeutic utility. As of today, it is not yet clearly known which structural features of cannabinoid ligands determine a preference toward specific signaling pathways. Distinct bioassays are typically used to elucidate signaling preferences. However, these are often based on different cell lines and use different principles and/or read-outs, which makes straightforward assessment of "ligand bias" difficult. Within this context, this study is the first to investigate ligand bias among synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) in as closely analogous conditions as possible, by applying a new functional complementation-based assay panel to assess the recruitment of Gαi protein or β-arrestin2 to CB1. In a panel of 21 SCRAs, chosen to cover a broad diversity in chemical structures, distinct, although often subtle, preferences toward specific signaling pathways were observed. Relative to CP55940, here considered as a "balanced" reference agonist, most of the selected SCRAs (e.g., 5F-APINACA, CUMYL-PEGACLONE, among others) displayed preferred signaling through the β-arrestin2 pathway, whereas MMB-CHMICA could serve as a potential "balanced" agonist. Interestingly, EG-018 was the only SCRA showing a significant (10-fold) preference toward G protein over β-arrestin2 recruitment. While it is currently unclear what this exactly means in terms of abuse potential and/or toxicity, the approach proposed here may allow construction of a knowledge base that in the end may allow better insight into the structure-"functional" activity relationship of these compounds. This may aid the development of new therapeutics with less unwanted psychoactive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Wouters
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Walraed
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Joseph Robertson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305 California, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305 California, United States
| | - Max Meyrath
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen 1445, Luxembourg
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen 1445, Luxembourg
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen 1445, Luxembourg
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305 California, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305 California, United States
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Wouters E, Walraed J, Banister SD, Stove CP. Insights into biased signaling at cannabinoid receptors: synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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McGavin JJ, Cochkanoff NL, Poole EI, Crosby KM. 2-arachidonylglycerol interacts with nitric oxide in the dorsomedial hypothalamus to increase food intake and body weight in young male rats. Neurosci Lett 2019; 698:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Lin L, Metherel AH, Kitson AP, Alashmali SM, Hopperton KE, Trépanier MO, Jones PJ, Bazinet RP. Dietary fatty acids augment tissue levels of n-acylethanolamines in n-acylphosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) knockout mice. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 62:134-142. [PMID: 30290332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are lipid signaling mediators, which can be synthesized from dietary fatty acids via n-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) and in turn influence physiological outcomes; however, the roles of NAPE-PLD upon dietary fatty acid modulation are not fully understood. Presently, we examine if NAPE-PLD is necessary to increase NAEs in response to dietary fatty acid manipulation. Post-weaning male wild-type (C57Bl/6), NAPE-PLD (-/+) and NAPE-PLD (-/-) mice received isocaloric fat diets containing either beef tallow, corn oil, canola oil or fish oil (10% wt/wt from fat) for 9 weeks. Brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were higher (P<.01) in NAPE-PLD (-/+) (10.01±0.31 μmol/g) and NAPE-PLD (-/-) (10.89±0.61 μmol/g) than wild-type (7.72±0.61 μmol/g) consuming fish oil. In NAPE-PLD (-/-) mice, brain docosahexaenoylethanolamide (DHEA) levels were higher (P<.01) after fish oil feeding suggesting that NAPE-PLD was not necessary for DHEA synthesis. Liver and jejunum arachidonoylethanolamide, 1,2-arachidonoylglycerol and DHEA levels reflected their corresponding fatty acid precursors suggesting that alternate pathways are involved in NAE synthesis. NAPE-PLD (-/-) mice had lower oleoylethanolamide levels in the jejunum and a leaner phenotype compared to wild-type mice. Overall, these results demonstrate that dietary fatty acid can augment tissue NAEs in the absence of NAPE-PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alex P Kitson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shoug M Alashmali
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Peter J Jones
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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16
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Bystrowska B, Frankowska M, Smaga I, Pomierny-Chamioło L, Filip M. Effects of Cocaine Self-Administration and Its Extinction on the Rat Brain Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 Receptors. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:547-558. [PMID: 29754307 PMCID: PMC6154179 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the expression of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) receptor proteins in several brain regions in rats undergoing cocaine self-administration and extinction training. We used a triad-yoked procedure to distinguish between the motivational and pharmacological effects of cocaine. Using immunohistochemistry, we observed a significant decrease in CB1 receptor expression in the prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, and the basolateral and basomedial amygdala following cocaine (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) self-administration. Increased CB1 receptor expression in the ventral tegmental area in rats with previous cocaine exposure was also found. Following cocaine abstinence after 10 days of extinction training, we detected increases in the expression of CB1 receptors in the substantia nigra in both cocaine groups and in the subregions of the amygdala for only the yoked cocaine controls, while any method of cocaine exposure resulted in a decrease in CB2 receptor expression in the prefrontal cortex (p < 0.01), nucleus accumbens (p < 0.01), and medial globus pallidus (p < 0.01). Our findings further support the idea that the eCB system and CB1 receptors are involved in cocaine-reinforced behaviors. Moreover, we detected a cocaine-evoked adaptation in CB2 receptors in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and globus pallidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Bystrowska
- Department of Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Frankowska
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Irena Smaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lucyna Pomierny-Chamioło
- Department of Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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17
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Hawkins MN, Horvath TL. Cannabis in fat: high hopes to treat obesity. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3918-3920. [PMID: 29035279 DOI: 10.1172/jci97042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1) is known to have a substantial impact on the regulation of energy metabolism via central and peripheral mechanisms. In this issue of the JCI, Ruiz de Azua and colleagues provide important insights into the regulation of adipocyte physiology by CB1. Mice with adipocyte-specific deletion of the CB1-encoding gene had an overall improved metabolic profile in addition to reduced body weight and total adiposity. These changes were associated with an increase in sympathetic tone of the adipose tissue and expansion of activated macrophages, both of which occurred prior to changes in body weight, lending support to a causal relationship between loss of CB1 in adipocytes and systemic metabolic changes. This work identifies adipocyte CB1s as a potential novel peripheral target for affecting systemic metabolism with diminished CNS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody N Hawkins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine.,Yale University School of Medicine, and
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Yale University School of Medicine, and.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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18
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Wang J, Xu Y, Zhu L, Zou Y, Kong W, Dong B, Huang J, Chen Y, Xue W, Huang Y, Zhang J. Cannabinoid receptor 2 as a novel target for promotion of renal cell carcinoma prognosis and progression. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 144:39-52. [PMID: 28993942 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignancy of urogenital system, and patients with RCC may face a poor prognosis. However, limited curable therapeutic options are currently available. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) in RCC progression. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was to investigate the expression pattern of CB2 in 418 RCC tissues and explore its prognostic function in RCC patients. Furthermore, the role of used CB2 si-RNA knockdown and inhibited by AM630, a CB2 inverse agonist, on cell proliferation, migration, and cell cycle of RCC cell lines in vitro was also investigated. RESULTS We observed that CB2 was up-regulated in RCC tissues, and presented as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival of RCC patients and higher CB2 expression tends to have poor clinical outcomes in survival analyses. Moreover, we also observed that CB2, incorporated with pN stage, pathological grade, and recurrence or distant metastasis after surgery, could obviously enhance their prognostic accuracy in a predictive nomogram analysis. In addition, knockdown or inhibition by AM630 for the expression of CB2 in vitro could significantly decreased cell proliferation and migration, and obviously induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M of RCC cells. CONCLUSIONS CB2 expression is functionally related to cellular proliferation, migration, and cell cycle of RCC cells. Our data suggest that CB2 might be a potential therapeutic target for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunze Xu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangsong Zhu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Kong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwei Huang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghui Chen
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Huang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Rossi F, Bellini G, Luongo L, Manzo I, Tolone S, Tortora C, Bernardo ME, Grandone A, Conforti A, Docimo L, Nobili B, Perrone L, Locatelli F, Maione S, Del Giudice EM. Cannabinoid Receptor 2 as Antiobesity Target: Inflammation, Fat Storage, and Browning Modulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:3469-78. [PMID: 27294325 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity is associated with a low-grade inflammatory state and adipocyte (ADP) hyperplasia/hypertrophy. Obesity inhibits the "browning" of white adipose tissue. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonists reduce food intake and induce antiobesity effect in mice. A common missense CB2 variant, Q63R, causes CB2-reduced function. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of CB2 receptor on the modulation of childhood obesity and of ADP activity and morphology. DESIGN CB2-Q63R variant was analyzed in obese Italian children. The effects of an inflammatory stimulus and those of drugs selectively acting on CB2 were investigated on in vitro ADPs obtained from mesenchymal stem cells of adult healthy donors or from sc adipose biopsies of adult nonobese and obese subjects. SETTING Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery of the Second University of Naples. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 501 obese Italian children (age 11 ± 2.75). Twelve healthy bone marrow donors (age 36.5 ± 15); and 17 subjects, 7 lean (age 42 ± 10) and 10 obese (age 37.8 ± 12) underwent sc adipose tissue biopsies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Effects of CB2 stimulation on adipokine, perilipin, and uncoupling protein-1 expression. RESULTS The less-functional CB2-R63 variant was significantly associated with a high z-score body mass index. CB2 blockade with AM630 reverse agonist increased inflammatory adipokine release and fat storage and reduced browning. CB2 stimulation with JWH-133 agonist reversed all of the obesity-related effects. CONCLUSION CB2 receptor is a novel pharmacological target that should be considered for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rossi
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Bellini
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Iolanda Manzo
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Tolone
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Tortora
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Ester Bernardo
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Grandone
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Conforti
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ludovico Docimo
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Bruno Nobili
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Perrone
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Miraglia Del Giudice
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialist Surgery (F.R., I.M., A.G., B.N., L.P., E.M.d.G.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.B., L.L., I.M., C.T., S.M.), Division of Pharmacology Leonardo Donatelli, The Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; The Endocannabinoid Research Group (L.L., S.M.), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Division of General and Obesity Surgery (S.T., L.D.), The Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Onco-Hematology (M.E.B., A.C., F.L.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caarattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and University of Pavia (F.L.), 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Ceccarini J, Weltens N, Ly HG, Tack J, Van Oudenhove L, Van Laere K. Association between cerebral cannabinoid 1 receptor availability and body mass index in patients with food intake disorders and healthy subjects: a [(18)F]MK-9470 PET study. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e853. [PMID: 27404285 PMCID: PMC5545708 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although of great public health relevance, the mechanisms underlying disordered eating behavior and body weight regulation remain insufficiently understood. Compelling preclinical evidence corroborates a critical role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the central regulation of appetite and food intake. However, in vivo human evidence on ECS functioning in brain circuits involved in food intake regulation as well as its relationship with body weight is lacking, both in health and disease. Here, we measured cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) availability using positron emission tomography (PET) with [(18)F]MK-9470 in 54 patients with food intake disorders (FID) covering a wide body mass index (BMI) range (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, functional dyspepsia with weight loss and obesity; BMI range=12.5-40.6 kg/m(2)) and 26 age-, gender- and average BMI-matched healthy subjects (BMI range=18.5-26.6 kg/m(2)). The association between regional CB1R availability and BMI was assessed within predefined homeostatic and reward-related regions of interest using voxel-based linear regression analyses. CB1R availability was inversely associated with BMI in homeostatic brain regions such as the hypothalamus and brainstem areas in both patients with FID and healthy subjects. However, in FID patients, CB1R availability was also negatively correlated with BMI throughout the mesolimbic reward system (midbrain, striatum, insula, amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex), which constitutes the key circuit implicated in processing appetitive motivation and hedonic value of perceived food rewards. Our results indicate that the cerebral homeostatic CB1R system is inextricably linked to BMI, with additional involvement of reward areas under conditions of disordered body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ceccarini
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - N Weltens
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H G Ly
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Tack
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Van Oudenhove
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Liaison Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center Campus Gasthuisberg, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Van Laere
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Institute for Neurobiology and Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Khani A, Rainer G. Neural and neurochemical basis of reinforcement-guided decision making. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:724-41. [PMID: 27226454 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01113.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Decision making is an adaptive behavior that takes into account several internal and external input variables and leads to the choice of a course of action over other available and often competing alternatives. While it has been studied in diverse fields ranging from mathematics, economics, ecology, and ethology to psychology and neuroscience, recent cross talk among perspectives from different fields has yielded novel descriptions of decision processes. Reinforcement-guided decision making models are based on economic and reinforcement learning theories, and their focus is on the maximization of acquired benefit over a defined period of time. Studies based on reinforcement-guided decision making have implicated a large network of neural circuits across the brain. This network includes a wide range of cortical (e.g., orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex) and subcortical (e.g., nucleus accumbens and subthalamic nucleus) brain areas and uses several neurotransmitter systems (e.g., dopaminergic and serotonergic systems) to communicate and process decision-related information. This review discusses distinct as well as overlapping contributions of these networks and neurotransmitter systems to the processing of decision making. We end the review by touching on neural circuitry and neuromodulatory regulation of exploratory decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Khani
- Visual Cognition Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Rainer
- Visual Cognition Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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22
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Reuter SE, Martin JH. Pharmacokinetics of Cannabis in Cancer Cachexia-Anorexia Syndrome. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 55:807-812. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Modulation of food consumption and sleep-wake cycle in mice by the neutral CB1 antagonist ABD459. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 26:289-303. [PMID: 25356730 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The brain endocannabinoid system is a potential target for the treatment of psychiatric and metabolic conditions. Here, a novel CB1 receptor antagonist (ABD459) was synthesized and assayed for pharmacological efficacy in vitro and for modulation of food consumption, vigilance staging and cortical electroencephalography in the mouse. ABD459 completely displaced the CB1 agonist CP99540 at a Ki of 8.6 nmol/l, and did not affect basal, but antagonized CP55940-induced GTPγS binding with a KB of 7.7 nmol/l. Acute ABD459 (3-20 mg/kg) reliably inhibited food consumption in nonfasted mice, without affecting motor activity. Active food seeking was reduced for 5-6 h postdrug, with no rebound after washout. Epidural recording of electroencephalogram confirmed that ABD459 (3 mg/kg) robustly reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, with no alterations of wakefulness or non-REM sleep. Effects were strongest during 3 h postdrug, followed by a progressive washout period. The CB1 antagonist AM251 (3 mg/kg) and agonist WIN-55,212-2 (WIN-2: 3 mg/kg) also reduced REM, but variously affected other vigilance stages. WIN-2 caused a global suppression of normalized spectral power. AM251 and ABD459 lowered delta power and increased power in the theta band in the hippocampus, but not the prefrontal cortex. The neutral antagonist ABD459 thus showed a specific role of endocannabinoid release in attention and arousal, possibly through modulation of cholinergic activity.
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24
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Ly HG, Ceccarini J, Weltens N, Bormans G, Van Laere K, Tack J, Van Oudenhove L. Increased cerebral cannabinoid-1 receptor availability is a stable feature of functional dyspepsia: a [F]MK-9470 PET study. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2015; 84:149-58. [PMID: 25833408 DOI: 10.1159/000375454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) defined by chronic epigastric symptoms in the absence of organic abnormalities likely to explain them. Comorbidity with mood and anxiety disorders as well as with other FGIDs and functional somatic syndrome (FSS) is high. FD is characterized by abnormal regional cerebral activity in cognitive/affective pain modulatory circuits, but it is unknown which neurotransmitter systems are involved. The authors aimed to assess and compare in vivo cerebral cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor availability between FD patients and age-, gender- and BMI-matched healthy controls (HC). METHODS Twelve FD patients and 12 matched HC were investigated using positron emission tomography (PET) with the CB1 receptor radioligand [(18)F]MK-9470. Nine of the patients received a second PET scan after a naturalistic follow-up period of 36 ± 9.6 months (range: 25.2-50.4 months). RESULTS FD patients had significantly higher CB1 receptor availability in the cerebral regions involved in (visceral) nociception (brainstem, insula, anterior cingulate cortex) as well as in the homeostatic and hedonic regulation of food intake [hypothalamus, (ventral) striatum] (p < 0.05 corrected for multiple testing, region of interest analysis), which persisted after a follow-up period of 36 ± 9.6 months. CONCLUSIONS Although these findings need replication in larger samples, they suggest that the abnormal brain activity in several of these regions, previously demonstrated in FD, may be due to a sustained endocannabinoid system dysfunction, identifying it as a potential novel target for treatment and warranting further studies to elucidate whether it is also a feature of other FGIDs or FSSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Giao Ly
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Khani A, Kermani M, Hesam S, Haghparast A, Argandoña EG, Rainer G. Activation of cannabinoid system in anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex modulates cost-benefit decision making. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2097-112. [PMID: 25529106 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the evidence for altered decision making in cannabis abusers, the role of the cannabinoid system in decision-making circuits has not been studied. Here, we examined the effects of cannabinoid modulation during cost-benefit decision making in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), key brain areas involved in decision making. We trained different groups of rats in a delay-based and an effort-based form of cost-benefit T-maze decision-making task. During test days, the rats received local injections of either vehicle or ACEA, a cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R) agonist in the ACC or OFC. We measured spontaneous locomotor activity following the same treatments and characterized CB1Rs localization on different neuronal populations within these regions using immunohistochemistry. We showed that CB1R activation in the ACC impaired decision making such that rats were less willing to invest physical effort to gain high reward. Similarly, CB1R activation in the OFC induced impulsive pattern of choice such that rats preferred small immediate rewards to large delayed rewards. Control tasks ensured that the effects were specific for differential cost-benefit tasks. Furthermore, we characterized widespread colocalizations of CB1Rs on GABAergic axonal ends but few colocalizations on glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic neuronal ends. These results provide first direct evidence that the cannabinoid system plays a critical role in regulating cost-benefit decision making in the ACC and OFC and implicate cannabinoid modulation of synaptic ends of predominantly interneurons and to a lesser degree other neuronal populations in these two frontal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Khani
- Visual Cognition Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 5, CH 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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26
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Murphy R, Stewart AW, Braithwaite I, Beasley R, Hancox RJ, Mitchell EA. Association between paracetamol use in infancy or childhood with body mass index. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1030-8. [PMID: 25864407 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Paracetamol has the potential to also promote weight gain by indirect activation of cannabinoid receptors. The association between paracetamol use in the first 12 months of life or recent high use and BMI in children and adolescents was investigated. METHODS Paracetamol use in the first 12 months of life (reported by parents/guardians of 6- and 7-year-olds) or in the past 12 months (reported by parents/guardians of 6- and 7-year-olds or self-reported by adolescents aged 13-14) was examined in relation to BMI in a large multicentre cross-sectional study (2000-2003). Linear regression results were adjusted for whether height and weight were reported or measured, age, sex, country gross national income, study centre, maternal smoking, and recent wheeze. RESULTS Data were available from 76,216 children (18 countries) and 188,469 adolescents (35 countries). BMI was +0.07 kg/m2 higher in children with early life paracetamol exposure, from affluent countries only. Frequent recent paracetamol use was associated with higher BMI (+0.17 kg/m2, P < 0.0001) among adolescents from affluent countries only, but not in children (P = 0.41). CONCLUSIONS Paracetamol may be causally related to increased BMI; alternatively, the association may be explained by lifestyle or other factors that correlate with paracetamol use in affluent countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinki Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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27
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Mondello P, Mian M, Aloisi C, Famà F, Mondello S, Pitini V. Cancer Cachexia Syndrome: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and New Therapeutic Options. Nutr Cancer 2014; 67:12-26. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.976318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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28
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Overactive cannabinoid 1 receptor in podocytes drives type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E5420-8. [PMID: 25422468 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419901111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of end-stage kidney disease, and overactivity of the endocannabinoid/cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) system contributes to diabetes and its complications. Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats develop type 2 diabetic nephropathy with albuminuria, reduced glomerular filtration, activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), oxidative/nitrative stress, podocyte loss, and increased CB1R expression in glomeruli. Peripheral CB1R blockade initiated in the prediabetic stage prevented these changes or reversed them when animals with fully developed diabetic nephropathy were treated. Treatment of diabetic ZDF rats with losartan, an angiotensin II receptor-1 (Agtr1) antagonist, attenuated the development of nephropathy and down-regulated renal cortical CB1R expression, without affecting the marked hyperglycemia. In cultured human podocytes, CB1R and desmin gene expression were increased and podocin and nephrin content were decreased by either the CB1R agonist arachydonoyl-2'-chloroethylamide, angiotensin II, or high glucose, and the effects of all three were antagonized by CB1R blockade or siRNA-mediated knockdown of CNR1 (the cannabinoid type 1 receptor gene). We conclude that increased CB1R signaling in podocytes contributes to the development of diabetic nephropathy and represents a common pathway through which both hyperglycemia and increased RAS activity exert their deleterious effects, highlighting the therapeutic potential of peripheral CB1R blockade.
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29
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Bisogno T, Maccarrone M. Endocannabinoid signaling and its regulation by nutrients. Biofactors 2014; 40:373-80. [PMID: 24753395 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diet plays a central role in maintaining health throughout life and a controlled food intake is associated to a reduced risk of certain diseases. A proper diet should include vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats that have to be optimally balanced in order to exert their physiological functions. The endogenous ligands of type-1 and type-2 cannabinoid receptors, N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, are arachidonic acid (AA) derivatives whose levels are regulated by the activity of metabolic enzymes, as well as by AA availability. Since the only sources of AA in mammals are diet and the enzymatic production in the liver from shorter-chain essential fatty acids like linoleic acid, it is realistic to hypothesize that endocannabinoid levels might be modulated by fatty acid composition of food. Therefore, in this review we summarize literature data indicating that endocannabinoid levels, and hence their activity at cannabinoid receptors, might be modulated by food composition. We focused our attention on dietary fatty acid content, and on type and esterified form of fatty acids in the different diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy; Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128, Rome, Italy
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30
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Engeli S, Lehmann AC, Kaminski J, Haas V, Janke J, Zoerner AA, Luft FC, Tsikas D, Jordan J. Influence of dietary fat intake on the endocannabinoid system in lean and obese subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:E70-6. [PMID: 24616451 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endocannabinoid system (ECS) activation promotes obesity-associated metabolic disease. Increased dietary fat intake increases blood endocannabinoids and alters adipose and skeletal muscle ECS gene expression in human. METHODS Two weeks isocaloric low- (LFD) and high-fat diets (HFD) in obese (n = 12) and normal-weight (n = 17) subjects in a randomized cross-over study were compared. Blood endocannabinoids were measured in the fasting condition and after food intake using mass spectrometry. Adipose and skeletal muscle gene expression was determined using real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Baseline fasting plasma endocannabinoids were similar with both diets. Anandamide decreased similarly with high- or low-fat test meals in both groups. Baseline arachidonoylglycerol plasma concentrations were similar between groups and diets, and unresponsive to eating. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, DAGL-α mRNA was upregulated and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) mRNAs were down-regulated in obese subjects, but the diets had no influence. In contrast, the HFD produced pronounced reductions in skeletal muscle CB1-R and MAGL mRNA expression, whereas obesity did not affect muscular gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Weight-neutral changes in dietary fat intake cannot explain excessive endocannabinoid availability in human obesity. Obesity and dietary fat intake affect ECS gene expression in a tissue-specific manner.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Amidohydrolases/genetics
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Arachidonic Acids/blood
- Blood Glucose
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Cross-Over Studies
- Diet, High-Fat
- Dietary Fats/administration & dosage
- Down-Regulation
- Endocannabinoids/blood
- Fasting
- Female
- Humans
- Lipoprotein Lipase/genetics
- Lipoprotein Lipase/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/genetics
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Obesity/metabolism
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides/blood
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Subcutaneous Fat/metabolism
- Thinness/metabolism
- Triglycerides/blood
- Up-Regulation
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Engeli
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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31
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Cable JC, Tan GD, Alexander SPH, O'Sullivan SE. The effects of obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome on the hydrolytic enzymes of the endocannabinoid system in animal and human adipocytes. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:43. [PMID: 24593280 PMCID: PMC3995979 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating endocannabinoid levels are increased in obesity and diabetes. We have shown that fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH, an endocannabinoid hydrolysing enzyme) in subcutaneous adipose tissue positively correlates with BMI in healthy volunteers. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the hydrolytic enzymes of the endocannabinoid system are affected by diabetes or metabolic syndrome in obesity. Methods Using radiolabelled substrates, FAAH and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) activities were assessed in adipocytes from various adipose depots in Zucker rats (n = 22, subcutaneous abdominal, visceral and epididymal) and bariatric patients (n = 28, subcutaneous abdominal and omental). Results FAAH activity was significantly increased in adipocytes of obese (Zucker Fatty) compared to Zucker lean rats (P < 0.05) but was not raised in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats (ZDF). MGL activity was raised in both Zucker Fatty (P < 0.001-0.01) and ZDF rats (P < 0.05) and was positively correlated with body weight and plasma glucose levels (P < 0.01). In bariatric patients (BMI range 37–58 kg.m2), there was a trend for MGL activity to correlate positively with BMI, reaching significance when type 2 diabetic patients were removed. FAAH and MGL activities in obese humans were not correlated with blood pressure, skinfold thicknesses, fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, triglycerides or cholesterol levels. Conclusions FAAH in adipocytes is differentially altered in animal models of obesity and diabetes, while MGL activity is increased by both. However, in obese humans, FAAH or MGL activity in adipocytes is not affected by diabetes, dyslipidaemia or other markers of metabolic dysfunction. This suggests increased circulating levels of endocannabinoids are not a result of altered degradation in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
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Bergamaschi MM, Queiroz RHC, Chagas MHN, Linares IMP, Arrais KC, de Oliveira DCG, Queiroz ME, Nardi AE, Huestis MA, Hallak JEC, Zuardi AW, Moreira FA, Crippa JAS. Rimonabant effects on anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in healthy humans: a preliminary report. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014; 29:94-9. [PMID: 24424711 PMCID: PMC4539121 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the hypothesis that rimonabant, a cannabinoid antagonist/inverse agonist, would increase anxiety in healthy subjects during a simulation of the public speaking test. METHODS Participants were randomly allocated to receive oral placebo or 90 mg rimonabant in a double-blind design. Subjective effects were measured by Visual Analogue Mood Scale. Physiological parameters, namely arterial blood pressure and heart rate, also were monitored. RESULTS Twelve participants received oral placebo and 12 received 90 mg rimonabant. Rimonabant increased self-reported anxiety levels during the anticipatory speech and performance phase compared with placebo. Interestingly, rimonabant did not modulate anxiety prestress and was not associated with sedation, cognitive impairment, discomfort, or blood pressure changes. CONCLUSIONS Cannabinoid-1 antagonism magnifies the responses to an anxiogenic stimulus without interfering with the prestress phase. These data suggest that the endocannabinoid system may work on-demand to counteract the consequences of anxiogenic stimuli in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus M. Bergamaschi
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil,Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Food Sciences Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil,CNPq, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Correspondence to: M. M. Bergamaschi, Ph.D, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento. Av. Bandeirantes, 3900-Hospital das Clínicas-Terceiro Andar, Monte Alegre, 14048–900-Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Tel: +55-16-3602-2703; Fax: +55-16-3635-0713
| | - Regina H. C. Queiroz
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Food Sciences Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil,CNPq, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos H. N. Chagas
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil,CNPq, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ila M. P. Linares
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil,CNPq, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kátia C. Arrais
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil,CNPq, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle C. G. de Oliveira
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil,CNPq, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria E. Queiroz
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio E. Nardi
- CNPq, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jaime E. C. Hallak
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil,CNPq, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio W. Zuardi
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil,CNPq, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabrício A. Moreira
- CNPq, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - José A. S. Crippa
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil,CNPq, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Treatment with CB2 agonist JWH-133 reduces histological features associated with erectile dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic mice. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:263846. [PMID: 24302957 PMCID: PMC3835849 DOI: 10.1155/2013/263846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is one of the most important risk factors for erectile dysfunction, mostly due to the impairment of oxidative stress and endothelial function in the penis. The cannabinoid system might regulate peripheral mechanisms of sexual function; however, its role is still poorly understood. We investigated the effects of CB2 activation on oxidative stress and fibrosis within the corpus cavernosum of hypercholesterolemic mice. Apolipoprotein-E-knockout mice were fed with a western-type diet for 11 weeks and treated with JWH-133 (selective CB2 agonist) or vehicle during the last 3 weeks. CB2 receptor expression, total collagen content, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production within the penis were assessed. In vitro corpus cavernosum strips preparation was performed to evaluate the nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. CB2 protein expression was shown in cavernosal endothelial and smooth muscle cells of wild type and hypercholesterolemic mice. Treatment with JWH-133 reduced ROS production and NADPH-oxidase expression in hypercholesterolemic mice penis. Furthermore, JWH-133 increased endothelial NO synthase expression in the corpus cavernosum and augmented NO bioavailability. The decrease in oxidative stress levels was accompanied with a reduction in corpus cavernosum collagen content. In summary, CB2 activation decreased histological features, which were associated with erectile dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic mice.
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Rimonabant precipitates anxiety in rats withdrawn from palatable food: role of the central amygdala. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2498-507. [PMID: 23793355 PMCID: PMC3799070 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The anti-obesity medication rimonabant, an antagonist of cannabinoid type-1 (CB(1)) receptor, was withdrawn from the market because of adverse psychiatric side effects, including a negative affective state. We investigated whether rimonabant precipitates a negative emotional state in rats withdrawn from palatable food cycling. The effects of systemic administration of rimonabant on anxiety-like behavior, food intake, body weight, and adrenocortical activation were assessed in female rats during withdrawal from chronic palatable diet cycling. The levels of the endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and the CB(1) receptor mRNA and the protein in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) were also investigated. Finally, the effects of microinfusion of rimonabant in the CeA on anxiety-like behavior, and food intake were assessed. Systemic administration of rimonabant precipitated anxiety-like behavior and anorexia of the regular chow diet in rats withdrawn from palatable diet cycling, independently from the degree of adrenocortical activation. These behavioral observations were accompanied by increased 2-AG, CB(1) receptor mRNA, and protein levels selectively in the CeA. Finally, rimonabant, microinfused directly into the CeA, precipitated anxiety-like behavior and anorexia. Our data show that (i) the 2-AG-CB(1) receptor system within the CeA is recruited during abstinence from palatable diet cycling as a compensatory mechanism to dampen anxiety, and (ii) rimonabant precipitates a negative emotional state by blocking the beneficial heightened 2-AG-CB(1) receptor signaling in this brain area. These findings help elucidate the link between compulsive eating and anxiety, and it will be valuable to develop better pharmacological treatments for eating disorders and obesity.
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Zhou H, Zhang Z, Wei H, Wang F, Guo F, Gao Z, Marsicano G, Wang Q, Xiong L. Activation of STAT3 is involved in neuroprotection by electroacupuncture pretreatment via cannabinoid CB1 receptors in rats. Brain Res 2013; 1529:154-64. [PMID: 23880371 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pretreatment with electroacupuncture (EA) attenuates cerebral ischemic injury through the endocannabinoid system, although the molecular mechanisms mediate this neuroprotection are unknown. It is well-known that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays an essential role in cell survival and proliferation. Therefore, we investigated whether STAT3 is involved in EA pretreatment-induced neuroprotection via cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1R) after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Two hours after EA pretreatment, focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MACO) for 120 min. The expression of pSTAT3(Ser727), which is necessary for STAT3 activation, was examined in the ipsilateral ischemic penumbra. Infarct volumes and neurological scores were evaluated at 72 h after MACO in the presence or absence of the STAT3 inhibitor peptide (PpYLKTK). Neuronal apoptosis and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were also evaluated 24h after reperfusion. Our results showed that EA pretreatment significantly enhanced neuronal expression of pSTAT3(Ser727) in the ischemic penumbra 6h after reperfusion. Moreover, EA pretreatment reduced infarct volume, improved neurological outcome, inhibited neuronal apoptosis and decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio following reperfusion. The beneficial effects of EA were attenuated by PpYLKTK administered 30 min before MACO, and PpYLKTK effectively reversed the increase in pSTAT3(Ser727) expression. Furthermore, CB1R antagonist or CB1R knockdown with siRNA blocked the elevation of pSTAT3(Ser727) expression by EA pretreatment, whereas the two CB1R agonists increased STAT3 activation. In conclusion, EA pretreatment enhances STAT3 activation via CB1R to protect against cerebral ischemia, suggesting that STAT3 activation may be a novel target for stroke intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Forth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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NESS06SM reduces body weight with an improved profile relative to SR141716A. Pharmacol Res 2013; 74:94-108. [PMID: 23756200 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have recently synthesized a new series of 4,5-dihydrobenzo-oxa-cycloheptapyrazole derivatives with the aim to discover novel CB1 antagonist agents characterized by anti-obesity activity comparable to that of SR141716A but with reduced adverse effects such as anxiety and depression. Within the novel class, the CB1 antagonist 8-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-piperidin-1-yl-4,5-dihydrobenzo-1H-6-oxa-cyclohepta(1,2-c)pyrazole-3-carboxamide (NESS06SM) has been selected as lead compound. We found that NESS06SM is a CB1 neutral antagonist, characterized by poor blood-brain barrier permeability. Moreover, NESS06SM chronic treatment determined both anti-obesity effect and cardiovascular risk factor improvement in C57BL/6N Diet Induced Obesity (DIO) mice fed with fat diet (FD mice). In fact, the mRNA gene expression in Central Nervous System (CNS) and peripheral tissues by real time PCR, showed a significant increase of orexigenic peptides and a decrease of anorexigenic peptides elicited by NESS06SM treatment, compared to control mice fed with the same diet. Moreover, in contrast to SR141716A treatment, the chronic administration of NESS06SM did not change mRNA expression of both monoaminergic transporters and neurotrophins highly related with anxiety and mood disorders. Our results suggest that NESS06SM reduces body weight and it can restore the disrupted expression profile of genes linked to the hunger-satiety circuit without altering monoaminergic transmission probably avoiding SR141716A side effects. Therefore the novel CB1 neutral antagonist could represent a useful candidate agent for the treatment of obesity and its metabolic complications.
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Bisogno T, Maccarrone M. Latest advances in the discovery of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:509-22. [PMID: 23488865 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.780021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is the major catabolic enzyme of the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) that, with different degrees of efficiency, also hydrolyzes other endogenous fatty acid ethanolamides. FAAH is increasingly being considered a relevant therapeutic target, especially in models of inflammatory pain. The opportunity to selectively increase the endocannabinoid tone only in those tissues where such an enhancement can be beneficial might result in a therapeutic benefit with more limited side effects, compared to the use of direct agonists of anandamide-binding receptors. Thus the research for selective FAAH inhibitors has become a hot topic in current drug discovery. AREAS COVERED This review highlights the advances in the development of different compounds belonging to different chemical families that have been proposed as FAAH inhibitors. Several classes of inhibitors have been reported so far, and they may be classified into two major classes: reversible and irreversible compounds. These inhibitors are reviewed herein with an emphasis on their potency and selectivity. EXPERT OPINION In recent years, tremendous efforts have been made to develop the FAAH inhibitors, and consequently many novel chemical templates have been discovered. It is still a major challenge to identify the first inhibitor of FAAH suitable for clinical exploitation that satisfies the requirements of potency, selectivity versus proteins related to anandamide activity as well as other potential off-targets, reversibility versus irreversibility, and efficacy toward rat versus human FAAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry/Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
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Kim J, Li Y, Watkins BA. Fat to treat fat: emerging relationship between dietary PUFA, endocannabinoids, and obesity. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 104-105:32-41. [PMID: 23466458 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity incidence continues to escalate as a global nutrition and health problem. Scientists and clinicians are engaged in numerous research approaches that include behavior, education, applied nutrition studies and clinical therapies to prevent, control and reverse obesity. The common goal is to identify areas of basic and clinical research to understand aspects of human biology that contribute to obesity. In these approaches recent discoveries in biology and advancing technologies are tools employed to prevent and reverse obesity. The purpose of this review article is to present the current knowledge of key components of the endocannabinoid system that contribute to eating, influence systemic energy metabolism, and dietary factors that alter the responses of ligand binding and activation of cannabinoid receptors. Herein the objectives are to (1) describe the relationship between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and obesity, (2) explain the role of this signaling system in obesity, and (3) present areas of consequential future research with dietary long chain PUFA. There are several gaps in the knowledge of the role dietary PUFA play in the tone of the endocannabinoid signaling system involving ligands and receptors. Elucidating the PUFA relationship to signaling tone may explain the presumed overstimulation of signaling believed to contribute to over eating, fat accretion and inflammation. Future research in this endeavor must be hypothesis driven utilizing appropriate models for investigations on dietary PUFA, endocannabinoids and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kim
- Lipid Chemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center on Aging, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4004, USA
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Seely KA, Lapoint J, Moran JH, Fattore L. Spice drugs are more than harmless herbal blends: a review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 39:234-43. [PMID: 22561602 PMCID: PMC3936256 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
"K2" and "Spice" drugs (collectively hereafter referred to as Spice) represent a relatively new class of designer drugs that have recently emerged as popular alternatives to marijuana, otherwise characterized as "legal highs". These drugs are readily available on the Internet and sold in many head shops and convenience stores under the disguise of innocuous products like herbal blends, incense, or air fresheners. Although package labels indicate "not for human consumption", the number of intoxicated people presenting to emergency departments is dramatically increasing. The lack of validated and standardized human testing procedures and an endless supply of potential drugs of abuse are primary reasons why researchers find it difficult to fully characterize clinical consequences associated with Spice. While the exact chemical composition and toxicology of Spice remains to be determined, there is mounting evidence identifying several synthetic cannabinoids as causative agents responsible for psychoactive and adverse physical effects. This review provides updates of the legal status of common synthetic cannabinoids detected in Spice and analytical procedures used to test Spice products and human specimens collected under a variety of clinical circumstances. The pharmacological and toxicological consequences of synthetic cannabinoid abuse are also reviewed to provide a future perspective on potential short- and long-term implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Seely
- Arkansas Department of Health, Public Health Laboratory, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
| | - Jeff Lapoint
- New York City Poison Control Center, 455 First Ave, New York, 10016, United States
| | - Jeffery H. Moran
- Arkansas Department of Health, Public Health Laboratory, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
| | - Liana Fattore
- Neuroscience Institute-Cagliari, CNR National Research Council of Italy
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Santos FA, Frota JT, Arruda BR, de Melo TS, da Silva AADCA, Brito GADC, Chaves MH, Rao VS. Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of α, β-amyrin, a triterpenoid mixture from Protium heptaphyllum in mice. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:98. [PMID: 22867128 PMCID: PMC3484111 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pentacyclic triterpenes in general exert beneficial effects in metabolic disorders. This study investigated the effects of α, β-amyrin, a pentacyclic triterpene mixture from the resin of Protium heptaphyllum on blood sugar level and lipid profile in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, and in mice fed on a high-fat diet (HFD). Findings Mice treated with α, β-amyrin (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) or glibenclamide (10 mg/kg, p.o.) had significantly reduced STZ-induced increases in blood glucose (BG), total cholesterol (TC) and serum triglycerides (TGs). Unlike glibenclamide that showed significant reductions in BG, TC and TGs in normoglycemic mice, α, β-amyrin did not lower normal blood sugar levels but at 100 mg/kg, manifested a hypolipidemic effect. Also, α, β-amyrin effectively reduced the elevated plasma glucose levels during the oral glucose tolerance test. Moreover, the plasma insulin level and histopathological analysis of pancreas revealed the beneficial effect of α, β-amyrin in the preservation of beta cell integrity. In mice treated orally with α, β-amyrin (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) or fenofibrate (200 mg/kg), the HFD-associated rise in serum TC and TGs were significantly less. The hypocholesterolemic effect of α, β-amyrin appeared more prominent at 100 mg/kg with significant decreases in VLDL and LDL cholesterol and an elevation of HDL cholesterol. Besides, the atherogenic index was significantly reduced by α, β-amyrin. Conclusions These findings reflect the potential antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of α, β-amyrin mixture and suggest that it could be a lead compound for drug development effective in diabetes and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Almeida Santos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Aguirre CA, Castillo VA, Llanos MN. Excess of the endocannabinoid anandamide during lactation induces overweight, fat accumulation and insulin resistance in adult mice. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2012; 4:35. [PMID: 22823902 PMCID: PMC3439322 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-4-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental conditions in early life can induce permanent physiological changes, sometimes increasing the risk of chronic diseases during adulthood. Neural and peripheral circuits controlling energy balance may be modulated during such a critical period. Since type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1R) have recently emerged as targets for modulating energy balance, their premature chronic activation during early life may result in long-term metabolic consequences associated to overweight/obesity. Endogenous activation of CB1R mainly occurs after binding to the endocannabinoid Anandamide (AEA). OBJECTIVE To evaluate long-term effects of AEA treatment during lactation on body weight, epididymal fat accumulation and related metabolic parameters during adulthood. DESIGN Male mice pups were orally treated with a solution of AEA (20 μg/g body weight in soy oil) or vehicle during the whole lactation period. After weaning, food intake and body weight were recorded every 10 days. Adult animals were subjected to glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Subsequently, animals were sacrificed and epididymal fat pads were extracted. Circulating levels of plasma insulin, leptin, non-sterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglyceride and cholesterol were also evaluated. RESULTS AEA-treated mice during lactation showed a significant increase in accumulated food intake, body weight and epididymal fat during adulthood when compared to control mice. When evaluating CB1R protein expression in epididymal fat, the AEA-treated group showed a 150 % increase in expression compared to the control mice. This group also displayed significantly higher levels of circulating glucose, insulin, leptin, triglycerides, cholesterol and NEFA. Moreover, a marked state of insulin resistance was an important finding in the AEA-treated group. CONCLUSION This study showed that overweight, accumulation of visceral fat and associated metabolic disturbances, such as a higher lipid profile and insulin resistance, can be programmed by a treatment with the endocannabinoid AEA during lactation in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Nutrición y Regulación Metabólica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Casilla 138-11, El Líbano, 5524 Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeska A Castillo
- Laboratorio de Nutrición y Regulación Metabólica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Casilla 138-11, El Líbano, 5524 Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel N Llanos
- Laboratorio de Nutrición y Regulación Metabólica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Casilla 138-11, El Líbano, 5524 Santiago, Chile
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Mastinu A, Pira M, Pani L, Pinna GA, Lazzari P. NESS038C6, a novel selective CB1 antagonist agent with anti-obesity activity and improved molecular profile. Behav Brain Res 2012; 234:192-204. [PMID: 22771813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims to study the effects induced by a chronic treatment with a novel CB1 antagonist (NESS038C6) in C57BL/6N diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice. Mice treated with NESS038C6 and fed with a fat diet (NESS038C6 FD) were compared with the following three reference experimental groups: DIO mice fed with the same fat diet used for NESS038C6 and treated with vehicle or the reference CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant, "VH FD" and "SR141716 FD", respectively; DIO mice treated with vehicle and switched to a normal diet (VH ND). NESS038C6 chronic treatment (30 mg/kg/day for 31 days) determined a significant reduction in DIO mice weight relative to that of VH FD. The entity of the effect was comparable to that detected in both SR141716 FD and VH ND groups. Moreover, if compared to VH FD, NESS038C6 FD evidenced: (i) improvement of cardiovascular risk factors; (ii) significant decrease in adipose tissue leptin expression; (iii) increase in mRNA expression of hypothalamic orexigenic peptides and a decrease of anorexigenic peptides; (iv) expression increase of metabolic enzymes and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in the liver; (v) normalization of monoaminergic transporters and neurotrophic expression in mesolimbic area. However, in contrast to the case of rimonabant, the novel CB1 antagonist improved the disrupted expression profile of genes linked to the hunger-satiety circuit, without altering monoaminergic transmission. In conclusion, the novel CB1 antagonist compound NESS038C6 may represent a useful candidate agent for the treatment of obesity and its metabolic complications, without or with reduced side effects relative to those instead observed with rimonabant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mastinu
- CNR, Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, UOS Cagliari, Edificio 5, Loc. Piscinamanna, 09010 Pula, Italy.
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Caruso MG, Gazzerro P, Notarnicola M, Cisternino AM, Guerra V, Misciagna G, Laezza C, Bifulco M. Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor Gene Polymorphism and Macronutrient Intake. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2012. [DOI: 10.1159/000343563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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