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Eckstein N, Bates AS, Champion A, Du M, Yin Y, Schlegel P, Lu AKY, Rymer T, Finley-May S, Paterson T, Parekh R, Dorkenwald S, Matsliah A, Yu SC, McKellar C, Sterling A, Eichler K, Costa M, Seung S, Murthy M, Hartenstein V, Jefferis GSXE, Funke J. Neurotransmitter classification from electron microscopy images at synaptic sites in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 2024; 187:2574-2594.e23. [PMID: 38729112 PMCID: PMC11106717 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
High-resolution electron microscopy of nervous systems has enabled the reconstruction of synaptic connectomes. However, we do not know the synaptic sign for each connection (i.e., whether a connection is excitatory or inhibitory), which is implied by the released transmitter. We demonstrate that artificial neural networks can predict transmitter types for presynapses from electron micrographs: a network trained to predict six transmitters (acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, serotonin, dopamine, octopamine) achieves an accuracy of 87% for individual synapses, 94% for neurons, and 91% for known cell types across a D. melanogaster whole brain. We visualize the ultrastructural features used for prediction, discovering subtle but significant differences between transmitter phenotypes. We also analyze transmitter distributions across the brain and find that neurons that develop together largely express only one fast-acting transmitter (acetylcholine, glutamate, or GABA). We hope that our publicly available predictions act as an accelerant for neuroscientific hypothesis generation for the fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Eckstein
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA; Institute of Neuroinformatics UZH/ETHZ, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Shakeel Bates
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, The University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK; Department of Neurobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Champion
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle Du
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Yijie Yin
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philipp Schlegel
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sven Dorkenwald
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Arie Matsliah
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Szi-Chieh Yu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Claire McKellar
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Amy Sterling
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Katharina Eichler
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marta Costa
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sebastian Seung
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mala Murthy
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Volker Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregory S X E Jefferis
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jan Funke
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA.
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2
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Volonté C, Liguori F, Amadio S. A Closer Look at Histamine in Drosophila. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4449. [PMID: 38674034 PMCID: PMC11050612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present work intends to provide a closer look at histamine in Drosophila. This choice is motivated firstly because Drosophila has proven over the years to be a very simple, but powerful, model organism abundantly assisting scientists in explaining not only normal functions, but also derangements that occur in higher organisms, not excluding humans. Secondly, because histamine has been demonstrated to be a pleiotropic master molecule in pharmacology and immunology, with increasingly recognized roles also in the nervous system. Indeed, it interacts with various neurotransmitters and controls functions such as learning, memory, circadian rhythm, satiety, energy balance, nociception, and motor circuits, not excluding several pathological conditions. In view of this, our review is focused on the knowledge that the use of Drosophila has added to the already vast histaminergic field. In particular, we have described histamine's actions on photoreceptors sustaining the visual system and synchronizing circadian rhythms, but also on temperature preference, courtship behavior, and mechanosensory transmission. In addition, we have highlighted the pathophysiological consequences of mutations on genes involved in histamine metabolism and signaling. By promoting critical discussion and further research, our aim is to emphasize and renew the importance of histaminergic research in biomedicine through the exploitation of Drosophila, hopefully extending the scientific debate to the academic, industry, and general public audiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Volonté
- National Research Council, Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science “A. Ruberti”, Via Dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Experimental Neuroscience and Neurological Disease Models, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Liguori
- National Research Council, Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science “A. Ruberti”, Via Dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Experimental Neuroscience and Neurological Disease Models, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Susanna Amadio
- Experimental Neuroscience and Neurological Disease Models, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy;
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3
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Cheong HSJ, Boone KN, Bennett MM, Salman F, Ralston JD, Hatch K, Allen RF, Phelps AM, Cook AP, Phelps JS, Erginkaya M, Lee WCA, Card GM, Daly KC, Dacks AM. Organization of an ascending circuit that conveys flight motor state in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1059-1075.e5. [PMID: 38402616 PMCID: PMC10939832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Natural behaviors are a coordinated symphony of motor acts that drive reafferent (self-induced) sensory activation. Individual sensors cannot disambiguate exafferent (externally induced) from reafferent sources. Nevertheless, animals readily differentiate between these sources of sensory signals to carry out adaptive behaviors through corollary discharge circuits (CDCs), which provide predictive motor signals from motor pathways to sensory processing and other motor pathways. Yet, how CDCs comprehensively integrate into the nervous system remains unexplored. Here, we use connectomics, neuroanatomical, physiological, and behavioral approaches to resolve the network architecture of two pairs of ascending histaminergic neurons (AHNs) in Drosophila, which function as a predictive CDC in other insects. Both AHN pairs receive input primarily from a partially overlapping population of descending neurons, especially from DNg02, which controls wing motor output. Using Ca2+ imaging and behavioral recordings, we show that AHN activation is correlated to flight behavior and precedes wing motion. Optogenetic activation of DNg02 is sufficient to activate AHNs, indicating that AHNs are activated by descending commands in advance of behavior and not as a consequence of sensory input. Downstream, each AHN pair targets predominantly non-overlapping networks, including those that process visual, auditory, and mechanosensory information, as well as networks controlling wing, haltere, and leg sensorimotor control. These results support the conclusion that the AHNs provide a predictive motor signal about wing motor state to mostly non-overlapping sensory and motor networks. Future work will determine how AHN signaling is driven by other descending neurons and interpreted by AHN downstream targets to maintain adaptive sensorimotor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han S J Cheong
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kaitlyn N Boone
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Marryn M Bennett
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Farzaan Salman
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jacob D Ralston
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Kaleb Hatch
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Raven F Allen
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Alec M Phelps
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Andrew P Cook
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jasper S Phelps
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mert Erginkaya
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Wei-Chung A Lee
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gwyneth M Card
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kevin C Daly
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Andrew M Dacks
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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4
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Buck SA, Rubin SA, Kunkhyen T, Treiber CD, Xue X, Fenno LE, Mabry SJ, Sundar VR, Yang Z, Shah D, Ketchesin KD, Becker-Krail DD, Vasylieva I, Smith MC, Weisel FJ, Wang W, Erickson-Oberg MQ, O’Leary EI, Aravind E, Ramakrishnan C, Kim YS, Wu Y, Quick M, Coleman JA, MacDonald WA, Elbakri R, De Miranda BR, Palladino MJ, McCabe BD, Fish KN, Seney ML, Rayport S, Mingote S, Deisseroth K, Hnasko TS, Awatramani R, Watson AM, Waddell S, Cheetham CEJ, Logan RW, Freyberg Z. Sexually dimorphic mechanisms of VGLUT-mediated protection from dopaminergic neurodegeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560584. [PMID: 37873436 PMCID: PMC10592912 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) targets some dopamine (DA) neurons more than others. Sex differences offer insights, with females more protected from DA neurodegeneration. The mammalian vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT2 and Drosophila ortholog dVGLUT have been implicated as modulators of DA neuron resilience. However, the mechanisms by which VGLUT2/dVGLUT protects DA neurons remain unknown. We discovered DA neuron dVGLUT knockdown increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in a sexually dimorphic manner in response to depolarization or paraquat-induced stress, males being especially affected. DA neuron dVGLUT also reduced ATP biosynthetic burden during depolarization. RNA sequencing of VGLUT+ DA neurons in mice and flies identified candidate genes that we functionally screened to further dissect VGLUT-mediated DA neuron resilience across PD models. We discovered transcription factors modulating dVGLUT-dependent DA neuroprotection and identified dj-1β as a regulator of sex-specific DA neuron dVGLUT expression. Overall, VGLUT protects DA neurons from PD-associated degeneration by maintaining mitochondrial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas A. Buck
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sophie A. Rubin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tenzin Kunkhyen
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Christoph D. Treiber
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Xiangning Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Lief E. Fenno
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Samuel J. Mabry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Varun R. Sundar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zilu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Divia Shah
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kyle D. Ketchesin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Darius D. Becker-Krail
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Iaroslavna Vasylieva
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Megan C. Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Florian J. Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - M. Quincy Erickson-Oberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Emma I. O’Leary
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Eshan Aravind
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yoon Seok Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yanying Wu
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Matthias Quick
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Coleman
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | | | - Rania Elbakri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Briana R. De Miranda
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Michael J. Palladino
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Brian D. McCabe
- Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth N. Fish
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marianne L. Seney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Stephen Rayport
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Susana Mingote
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Neuroscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas S. Hnasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | | | - Alan M. Watson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Scott Waddell
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Ryan W. Logan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Zachary Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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5
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Ayajuddin M, Chaurasia R, Das A, Modi P, Phom L, Koza Z, Yenisetti SC. Fluorescence microscopy-based sensitive method to quantify dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1158858. [PMID: 37434762 PMCID: PMC10332464 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1158858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Death of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the human brain is the characteristic pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). On exposure to neurotoxicants, Drosophila too exhibits mobility defects and diminished levels of brain dopamine. In the fly model of sporadic PD, our laboratory has demonstrated that there is no loss of DAergic neuronal number, however, a significant reduction in fluorescence intensity (FI) of secondary antibodies that target the primary antibody-anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Here, we present a sensitive, economical, and repeatable assay to characterize neurodegeneration based on the quantification of FI of the secondary antibody. As the intensity of fluorescence correlates with the amount of TH synthesis, its reduction under PD conditions denotes the depletion in the TH synthesis, suggesting DAergic neuronal dysfunction. Reduction in TH protein synthesis is further confirmed through Bio-Rad Stain-Free Western Blotting. Quantification of brain DA and its metabolites (DOPAC and HVA) using HPLC-ECD further demonstrated the depleted DA level and altered DA metabolism as evident from enhanced DA turnover rate. Together all these PD marker studies suggest that FI quantification is a refined and sensitive method to understand the early stages of DAergic neurodegeneration. FI quantification is performed using ZEN 2012 SP2, a licensed software from Carl Zeiss, Germany. This method will be of good use to biologists, as it with few modifications, can also be implemented to characterize the extent of degeneration of different cell types. Unlike the expensive and cumbersome confocal microscopy, the present method using fluorescence microscopy will be a feasible option for fund-constrained neurobiology laboratories in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ayajuddin
- Drosophila Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Nagaland University (Central), Lumami, Nagaland, India
| | - Rahul Chaurasia
- Drosophila Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Nagaland University (Central), Lumami, Nagaland, India
| | - Abhik Das
- Drosophila Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Nagaland University (Central), Lumami, Nagaland, India
| | - Priyanka Modi
- Drosophila Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Nagaland University (Central), Lumami, Nagaland, India
| | - Limamanen Phom
- Drosophila Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Nagaland University (Central), Lumami, Nagaland, India
- Sao Chang Government College, Tuensang, Nagaland, India
| | - Zevelou Koza
- Drosophila Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Nagaland University (Central), Lumami, Nagaland, India
- Patkai Christian College (Autonomous), Dimapur, Nagaland, India
| | - Sarat Chandra Yenisetti
- Drosophila Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Nagaland University (Central), Lumami, Nagaland, India
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6
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Cheong HSJ, Boone KN, Bennett MM, Salman F, Ralston JD, Hatch K, Allen RF, Phelps AM, Cook AP, Phelps JS, Erginkaya M, Lee WCA, Card GM, Daly KC, Dacks AM. Organization of an Ascending Circuit that Conveys Flight Motor State. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.07.544074. [PMID: 37333334 PMCID: PMC10274802 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.544074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural behaviors are a coordinated symphony of motor acts which drive self-induced or reafferent sensory activation. Single sensors only signal presence and magnitude of a sensory cue; they cannot disambiguate exafferent (externally-induced) from reafferent sources. Nevertheless, animals readily differentiate between these sources of sensory signals to make appropriate decisions and initiate adaptive behavioral outcomes. This is mediated by predictive motor signaling mechanisms, which emanate from motor control pathways to sensory processing pathways, but how predictive motor signaling circuits function at the cellular and synaptic level is poorly understood. We use a variety of techniques, including connectomics from both male and female electron microscopy volumes, transcriptomics, neuroanatomical, physiological and behavioral approaches to resolve the network architecture of two pairs of ascending histaminergic neurons (AHNs), which putatively provide predictive motor signals to several sensory and motor neuropil. Both AHN pairs receive input primarily from an overlapping population of descending neurons, many of which drive wing motor output. The two AHN pairs target almost exclusively non-overlapping downstream neural networks including those that process visual, auditory and mechanosensory information as well as networks coordinating wing, haltere, and leg motor output. These results support the conclusion that the AHN pairs multi-task, integrating a large amount of common input, then tile their output in the brain, providing predictive motor signals to non-overlapping sensory networks affecting motor control both directly and indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han S. J. Cheong
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn N. Boone
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Marryn M. Bennett
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Farzaan Salman
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Ralston
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Kaleb Hatch
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Raven F. Allen
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Alec M. Phelps
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Cook
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Jasper S. Phelps
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Mert Erginkaya
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Wei-Chung A. Lee
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Gwyneth M. Card
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, United States of America
- Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America
| | - Kevin C. Daly
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Dacks
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
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7
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Kandimalla P, Omoto JJ, Hong EJ, Hartenstein V. Lineages to circuits: the developmental and evolutionary architecture of information channels into the central complex. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2023:10.1007/s00359-023-01616-y. [PMID: 36932234 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The representation and integration of internal and external cues is crucial for any organism to execute appropriate behaviors. In insects, a highly conserved region of the brain, the central complex (CX), functions in the representation of spatial information and behavioral states, as well as the transformation of this information into desired navigational commands. How does this relatively invariant structure enable the incorporation of information from the diversity of anatomical, behavioral, and ecological niches occupied by insects? Here, we examine the input channels to the CX in the context of their development and evolution. Insect brains develop from ~ 100 neuroblasts per hemisphere that divide systematically to form "lineages" of sister neurons, that project to their target neuropils along anatomically characteristic tracts. Overlaying this developmental tract information onto the recently generated Drosophila "hemibrain" connectome and integrating this information with the anatomical and physiological recording of neurons in other species, we observe neuropil and lineage-specific innervation, connectivity, and activity profiles in CX input channels. We posit that the proliferative potential of neuroblasts and the lineage-based architecture of information channels enable the modification of neural networks across existing, novel, and deprecated modalities in a species-specific manner, thus forming the substrate for the evolution and diversification of insect navigational circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyush Kandimalla
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. .,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jaison Jiro Omoto
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Hong
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Volker Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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8
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Use of invertebrates to model chemically induced parkinsonism-symptoms. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:435-445. [PMID: 36645005 PMCID: PMC9987996 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of neurological diseases is currently growing due to the combination of several factor, including poor lifestyle and environmental imbalance which enhance the contribution of genetic factors. Parkinson's disease (PD), a chronic and progressive neurological condition, is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative human diseases. Development of models may help to understand its pathophysiology. This review focuses on studies using invertebrate models to investigate certain chemicals that generate parkinsonian-like symptoms models. Additionally, we report some preliminary results of our own research on a crustacean (the crab Ucides cordatus) and a solitary ascidian (Styela plicata), used after induction of parkinsonism with 6-hydroxydopamine and the pesticide rotenone, respectively. We also discuss the advantages, limits, and drawbacks of using invertebrate models to study PD. We suggest prospects and directions for future investigations of PD, based on invertebrate models.
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9
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Wang L, Wang H, Yi S, Zhang S, Ho MS. A
LRRK2
/
dLRRK
‐mediated lysosomal pathway that contributes to glial cell death and
DA
neuron survival. Traffic 2022; 23:506-520. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai China
| | - Honglei Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai China
| | - Shuanglong Yi
- School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai China
| | - Shiping Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai China
| | - Margaret S. Ho
- School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai China
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10
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Nutrient Sensing via Gut in Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052694. [PMID: 35269834 PMCID: PMC8910450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient-sensing mechanisms in animals' sense available nutrients to generate a physiological regulatory response involving absorption, digestion, and regulation of food intake and to maintain glucose and energy homeostasis. During nutrient sensing via the gastrointestinal tract, nutrients interact with receptors on the enteroendocrine cells in the gut, which in return respond by secreting various hormones. Sensing of nutrients by the gut plays a critical role in transmitting food-related signals to the brain and other tissues informing the composition of ingested food to digestive processes. These signals modulate feeding behaviors, food intake, metabolism, insulin secretion, and energy balance. The increasing significance of fly genetics with the availability of a vast toolbox for studying physiological function, expression of chemosensory receptors, and monitoring the gene expression in specific cells of the intestine makes the fly gut the most useful tissue for studying the nutrient-sensing mechanisms. In this review, we emphasize on the role of Drosophila gut in nutrient-sensing to maintain metabolic homeostasis and gut-brain cross talk using endocrine and neuronal signaling pathways stimulated by internal state or the consumption of various dietary nutrients. Overall, this review will be useful in understanding the post-ingestive nutrient-sensing mechanisms having a physiological and pathological impact on health and diseases.
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11
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Tomita J, Ban G, Kato YS, Kume K. Protocerebral Bridge Neurons That Regulate Sleep in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:647117. [PMID: 34720844 PMCID: PMC8554056 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.647117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central complex is one of the major brain regions that control sleep in Drosophila. However, the circuitry details of sleep regulation have not been elucidated yet. Here, we show a novel sleep-regulating neuronal circuit in the protocerebral bridge (PB) of the central complex. Activation of the PB interneurons labeled by the R59E08-Gal4 and the PB columnar neurons with R52B10-Gal4 promoted sleep and wakefulness, respectively. A targeted GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (t-GRASP) analysis demonstrated synaptic contact between these two groups of sleep-regulating PB neurons. Furthermore, we found that activation of a pair of dopaminergic (DA) neurons projecting to the PB (T1 DA neurons) decreased sleep. The wake-promoting T1 DA neurons and the sleep-promoting PB interneurons formed close associations. Dopamine 2-like receptor (Dop2R) knockdown in the sleep-promoting PB interneurons increased sleep. These results indicated that the neuronal circuit in the PB, regulated by dopamine signaling, mediates sleep-wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tomita
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gosuke Ban
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki S Kato
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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12
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Hulse BK, Haberkern H, Franconville R, Turner-Evans DB, Takemura SY, Wolff T, Noorman M, Dreher M, Dan C, Parekh R, Hermundstad AM, Rubin GM, Jayaraman V. A connectome of the Drosophila central complex reveals network motifs suitable for flexible navigation and context-dependent action selection. eLife 2021; 10:66039. [PMID: 34696823 PMCID: PMC9477501 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible behaviors over long timescales are thought to engage recurrent neural networks in deep brain regions, which are experimentally challenging to study. In insects, recurrent circuit dynamics in a brain region called the central complex (CX) enable directed locomotion, sleep, and context- and experience-dependent spatial navigation. We describe the first complete electron-microscopy-based connectome of the Drosophila CX, including all its neurons and circuits at synaptic resolution. We identified new CX neuron types, novel sensory and motor pathways, and network motifs that likely enable the CX to extract the fly's head-direction, maintain it with attractor dynamics, and combine it with other sensorimotor information to perform vector-based navigational computations. We also identified numerous pathways that may facilitate the selection of CX-driven behavioral patterns by context and internal state. The CX connectome provides a comprehensive blueprint necessary for a detailed understanding of network dynamics underlying sleep, flexible navigation, and state-dependent action selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad K Hulse
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Hannah Haberkern
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Romain Franconville
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | | | | | - Tanya Wolff
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Marcella Noorman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Marisa Dreher
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Chuntao Dan
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Ruchi Parekh
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | | | - Gerald M Rubin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Vivek Jayaraman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
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13
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Liao S, Amcoff M, Nässel DR. Impact of high-fat diet on lifespan, metabolism, fecundity and behavioral senescence in Drosophila. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 133:103495. [PMID: 33171202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Excess consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) is likely to result in obesity and increases the predisposition to associated health disorders. Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as an important model to study the effects of HFD on metabolism, gut function, behavior, and ageing. In this study, we investigated the effects of HFD on physiology and behavior of female flies at different time-points over several weeks. We found that HFD decreases lifespan, and also with age leads to accelerated decline of climbing ability in both virgins and mated flies. In virgins HFD also increased sleep fragmentation with age. Furthermore, long-term exposure to HFD results in elevated adipokinetic hormone (AKH) transcript levels and an enlarged crop with increased lipid stores. We detected no long-term effects of HFD on body mass, or levels of triacylglycerides (TAG), glycogen or glucose, although fecundity was diminished. However, one week of HFD resulted in decreased body mass and elevated TAG levels in mated flies. Finally, we investigated the role of AKH in regulating effects of HFD during aging. Both with normal diet (ND) and HFD, Akh mutant flies displayed increased longevity compared to control flies. However, both mutants and controls showed shortened lifespan on HFD compared to ND. In flies exposed to ND, fecundity is decreased in Akh mutants compared to controls after one week, but increased after three weeks. However, HFD leads to a similar decrease in fecundity in both genotypes after both exposure times. Thus, long-term exposure to HFD increases AKH signaling, impairs lifespan and fecundity and augments age-related behavioral senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifang Liao
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mirjam Amcoff
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Key B, Zalucki O, Brown DJ. Neural Design Principles for Subjective Experience: Implications for Insects. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:658037. [PMID: 34025371 PMCID: PMC8131515 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.658037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
How subjective experience is realized in nervous systems remains one of the great challenges in the natural sciences. An answer to this question should resolve debate about which animals are capable of subjective experience. We contend that subjective experience of sensory stimuli is dependent on the brain's awareness of its internal neural processing of these stimuli. This premise is supported by empirical evidence demonstrating that disruption to either processing streams or awareness states perturb subjective experience. Given that the brain must predict the nature of sensory stimuli, we reason that conscious awareness is itself dependent on predictions generated by hierarchically organized forward models of the organism's internal sensory processing. The operation of these forward models requires a specialized neural architecture and hence any nervous system lacking this architecture is unable to subjectively experience sensory stimuli. This approach removes difficulties associated with extrapolations from behavioral and brain homologies typically employed in addressing whether an animal can feel. Using nociception as a model sensation, we show here that the Drosophila brain lacks the required internal neural connectivity to implement the computations required of hierarchical forward models. Consequently, we conclude that Drosophila, and those insects with similar neuroanatomy, do not subjectively experience noxious stimuli and therefore cannot feel pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Key
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Oressia Zalucki
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Deborah J. Brown
- School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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15
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Timm J, Scherner M, Matschke J, Kern M, Homberg U. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining in the central complex of dicondylian insects. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3131-3154. [PMID: 33825188 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine acts as a neurohormone and neurotransmitter in the insect nervous system and controls a variety of physiological processes. Dopaminergic neurons also innervate the central complex (CX), a multisensory center of the insect brain involved in sky compass navigation, goal-directed locomotion and sleep control. To infer a possible influence of evolutionary history and lifestyle on the neurochemical architecture of the CX, we have studied the distribution of neurons immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis. Analysis of representatives from 12 insect orders ranging from firebrats to flies revealed high conservation of immunolabeled neurons. One type of TH-immunoreactive neuron was found in all species studied. The neurons have somata in the pars intercerebralis, arborizations in the lateral accessory lobes, and axonal ramifications in the central body and noduli. In all pterygote species, a second type of tangential neuron of the upper division of the central body was TH-immunoreactive. The neurons have cell bodies near the calyces and arborizations in the superior protocerebrum. Both types of neuron showed species-specific variations in cell number and in the innervated areas outside and inside the CX. Additional neurons were found in only two taxa: one type of columnar neuron showed TH immunostaining in the water strider Gerris lacustris, but not in other Heteroptera, and a tritocerebral neuron innervating the protocerebral bridge was immunolabeled in Diptera. The data show largely taxon-specific variations of a common ground pattern of putatively dopaminergic neurons that may be commonly involved in state-dependent modulation of CX function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Timm
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mara Scherner
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jannik Matschke
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kern
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Homberg
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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16
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Scaplen KM, Talay M, Fisher JD, Cohn R, Sorkaç A, Aso Y, Barnea G, Kaun KR. Transsynaptic mapping of Drosophila mushroom body output neurons. eLife 2021; 10:e63379. [PMID: 33570489 PMCID: PMC7877909 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mushroom body (MB) is a well-characterized associative memory structure within the Drosophila brain. Analyzing MB connectivity using multiple approaches is critical for understanding the functional implications of this structure. Using the genetic anterograde transsynaptic tracing tool, trans-Tango, we identified divergent projections across the brain and convergent downstream targets of the MB output neurons (MBONs). Our analysis revealed at least three separate targets that receive convergent input from MBONs: other MBONs, the fan-shaped body (FSB), and the lateral accessory lobe (LAL). We describe, both anatomically and functionally, a multilayer circuit in which inhibitory and excitatory MBONs converge on the same genetic subset of FSB and LAL neurons. This circuit architecture enables the brain to update and integrate information with previous experience before executing appropriate behavioral responses. Our use of trans-Tango provides a genetically accessible anatomical framework for investigating the functional relevance of components within these complex and interconnected circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Scaplen
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
- Department of Psychology, Bryant UniversitySmithfieldUnited States
- Center for Health and Behavioral Sciences, Bryant UniversitySmithfieldUnited States
| | - Mustafa Talay
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - John D Fisher
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Raphael Cohn
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Altar Sorkaç
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Yoshi Aso
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Gilad Barnea
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Karla R Kaun
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
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17
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Strausfeld N, Sayre ME. Shore crabs reveal novel evolutionary attributes of the mushroom body. eLife 2021; 10:65167. [PMID: 33559601 PMCID: PMC7872517 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural organization of mushroom bodies is largely consistent across insects, whereas the ancestral ground pattern diverges broadly across crustacean lineages resulting in successive loss of columns and the acquisition of domed centers retaining ancestral Hebbian-like networks and aminergic connections. We demonstrate here a major departure from this evolutionary trend in Brachyura, the most recent malacostracan lineage. In the shore crab Hemigrapsus nudus, instead of occupying the rostral surface of the lateral protocerebrum, mushroom body calyces are buried deep within it with their columns extending outwards to an expansive system of gyri on the brain’s surface. The organization amongst mushroom body neurons reaches extreme elaboration throughout its constituent neuropils. The calyces, columns, and especially the gyri show DC0 immunoreactivity, an indicator of extensive circuits involved in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel E Sayre
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Ke M, Chong CM, Zhu Q, Zhang K, Cai CZ, Lu JH, Qin D, Su H. Comprehensive Perspectives on Experimental Models for Parkinson's Disease. Aging Dis 2021; 12:223-246. [PMID: 33532138 PMCID: PMC7801282 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) ranks second among the most common neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by progressive and selective loss of dopaminergic neurons. Various cross-species preclinical models, including cellular models and animal models, have been established through the decades to study the etiology and mechanism of the disease from cell lines to nonhuman primates. These models are aimed at developing effective therapeutic strategies for the disease. None of the current models can replicate all major pathological and clinical phenotypes of PD. Selection of the model for PD largely relies on our interest of study. In this review, we systemically summarized experimental PD models, including cellular and animal models used in preclinical studies, to understand the pathogenesis of PD. This review is intended to provide current knowledge about the application of these different PD models, with focus on their strengths and limitations with respect to their contributions to the assessment of the molecular pathobiology of PD and identification of the therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjing Ke
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Cheong-Meng Chong
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Cui-Zan Cai
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Dajiang Qin
- 2Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,3South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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19
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Dopamine modulation of sensory processing and adaptive behavior in flies. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:207-225. [PMID: 33515291 PMCID: PMC7873103 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral flexibility for appropriate action selection is an advantage when animals are faced with decisions that will determine their survival or death. In order to arrive at the right decision, animals evaluate information from their external environment, internal state, and past experiences. How these different signals are integrated and modulated in the brain, and how context- and state-dependent behavioral decisions are controlled are poorly understood questions. Studying the molecules that help convey and integrate such information in neural circuits is an important way to approach these questions. Many years of work in different model organisms have shown that dopamine is a critical neuromodulator for (reward based) associative learning. However, recent findings in vertebrates and invertebrates have demonstrated the complexity and heterogeneity of dopaminergic neuron populations and their functional implications in many adaptive behaviors important for survival. For example, dopaminergic neurons can integrate external sensory information, internal and behavioral states, and learned experience in the decision making circuitry. Several recent advances in methodologies and the availability of a synaptic level connectome of the whole-brain circuitry of Drosophila melanogaster make the fly an attractive system to study the roles of dopamine in decision making and state-dependent behavior. In particular, a learning and memory center—the mushroom body—is richly innervated by dopaminergic neurons that enable it to integrate multi-modal information according to state and context, and to modulate decision-making and behavior.
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20
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Cheng J, Wang H, Bartlett M, Stevenson D, Pan Y, Ho MS, Ren Y. Antioxidant Blend of Curcumin and Broccoli Seed Extract Exhibits Protective Effect on Neurodegeneration and Promotes Drosophila Lifespan. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211015033. [PMID: 33951964 PMCID: PMC8114746 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211015033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants and related compounds are anti-inflammatory and exhibit great potential in promoting human health. They are also often considered to be important elements in the process of neurodegeneration. Here we describe a antioxidant blend of Curcumin and Broccoli Seed Extract (BSE). Flies treated with the blend exhibit extended lifespan. RNA-seq analysis of samples from adult fly brains reveals a wide array of new genes with differential expression upon treatment with the blend. Interestingly, abolishing expression of some of the identified genes in dopaminergic (DA) neurons does not affect DA neuron number. Taken together, our findings reveal an antioxidant blend that promotes fly longevity and exhibits protective effect over neurodegeneration, demonstrating the importance of antioxidants in health and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Honglei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Mark Bartlett
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Douglas Stevenson
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yufeng Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | | | - Yiping Ren
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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21
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Ismail NIB, Kato Y, Matsuura T, Gómez-Canela C, Barata C, Watanabe H. Reduction of histamine and enhanced spinning behavior of Daphnia magna caused by scarlet mutant. Genesis 2020; 59:e23403. [PMID: 33348442 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ABC transporter, Scarlet, and its binding partner, White are involved in pigment synthesis in the insect eye and mutations in these genes are used as genetic markers. Recent studies have suggested that these transporters also have additional functions in the neuronal system. In our previous study, we generated scarlet mutant in the small crustacean, Daphnia magna and showed that the mutant lacked the eye pigment in the mutant. Here, we show that the scarlet mutant exhibits spinning behavior. This phenotype is partly associated with the presence of light. Metabolomic analysis of a juvenile mutant revealed that the scarlet mutant has approximately one-tenth of the histamine content of the wild type. Application of histamine to the scarlet mutant rescued the spinning behavior in juveniles, suggesting that the spinning behavior of the mutant is caused by the reduction of histamine. However, the altered behavior was not rescued in the adult mutant by the addition of histamine, suggesting that Scarlet plays an irreversible role in the development of histaminergic neurons. These results suggest that Scarlet plays an important role in histaminergic signaling, which might be related to control the spinning behavior, in addition to its role in eye pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhiko Kato
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cristian Gómez-Canela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied (Chromatography Section), School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hajime Watanabe
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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22
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Chvilicek MM, Titos I, Rothenfluh A. The Neurotransmitters Involved in Drosophila Alcohol-Induced Behaviors. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:607700. [PMID: 33384590 PMCID: PMC7770116 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.607700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is a widely used and abused substance with numerous negative consequences for human health and safety. Historically, alcohol's widespread, non-specific neurobiological effects have made it a challenge to study in humans. Therefore, model organisms are a critical tool for unraveling the mechanisms of alcohol action and subsequent effects on behavior. Drosophila melanogaster is genetically tractable and displays a vast behavioral repertoire, making it a particularly good candidate for examining the neurobiology of alcohol responses. In addition to being experimentally amenable, Drosophila have high face and mechanistic validity: their alcohol-related behaviors are remarkably consistent with humans and other mammalian species, and they share numerous conserved neurotransmitters and signaling pathways. Flies have a long history in alcohol research, which has been enhanced in recent years by the development of tools that allow for manipulating individual Drosophila neurotransmitters. Through advancements such as the GAL4/UAS system and CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, investigation of specific neurotransmitters in small subsets of neurons has become ever more achievable. In this review, we describe recent progress in understanding the contribution of seven neurotransmitters to fly behavior, focusing on their roles in alcohol response: dopamine, octopamine, tyramine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine. We chose these small-molecule neurotransmitters due to their conservation in mammals and their importance for behavior. While neurotransmitters like dopamine and octopamine have received significant research emphasis regarding their contributions to behavior, others, like glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine, remain relatively unexplored. Here, we summarize recent genetic and behavioral findings concerning these seven neurotransmitters and their roles in the behavioral response to alcohol, highlighting the fitness of the fly as a model for human alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M. Chvilicek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Iris Titos
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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23
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Duhart JM, Baccini V, Zhang Y, Machado DR, Koh K. Modulation of sleep-courtship balance by nutritional status in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:60853. [PMID: 33084567 PMCID: PMC7609064 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is essential but incompatible with other behaviors, and thus sleep drive competes with other motivations. We previously showed Drosophila males balance sleep and courtship via octopaminergic neurons that act upstream of courtship-regulating P1 neurons (Machado et al., 2017). Here, we show nutrition modulates the sleep-courtship balance and identify sleep-regulatory neurons downstream of P1 neurons. Yeast-deprived males exhibited attenuated female-induced nighttime sleep loss yet normal daytime courtship, which suggests male flies consider nutritional status in deciding whether the potential benefit of pursuing female partners outweighs the cost of losing sleep. Trans-synaptic tracing and calcium imaging identified dopaminergic neurons projecting to the protocerebral bridge (DA-PB) as postsynaptic partners of P1 neurons. Activation of DA-PB neurons led to reduced sleep in normally fed but not yeast-deprived males. Additional PB-projecting neurons regulated male sleep, suggesting several groups of PB-projecting neurons act downstream of P1 neurons to mediate nutritional modulation of the sleep-courtship balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Duhart
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Victoria Baccini
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Daniel R Machado
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Kyunghee Koh
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
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24
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Rahul, Naz F, Jyoti S, Siddique YH. Effect of kaempferol on the transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13793. [PMID: 32796885 PMCID: PMC7429503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to study the effect of kaempferol, on the transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Kaempferol was added in the diet at final concentration of 10, 20, 30 and 40 µM and the effect was studied on various cognitive and oxidative stress markers. The results of the study showed that kaempferol, delayed the loss of climbing ability as well as the activity of PD flies in a dose dependent manner compared to unexposed PD flies. A dose-dependent reduction in oxidative stress markers was also observed. Histopathological examination of fly brains using anti-tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining has revealed a significant dose-dependent increase in the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in PD flies exposed to kaempferol. Molecular docking results revealed that kaempferol binds to human alpha synuclein at specific sites that might results in the inhibition of alpha synuclein aggregation and prevents the formation of Lewy bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Falaq Naz
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Smita Jyoti
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Yasir Hasan Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India.
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25
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Petridi S, Middleton CA, Ugbode C, Fellgett A, Covill L, Elliott CJH. In Vivo Visual Screen for Dopaminergic Rab ↔ LRRK2-G2019S Interactions in Drosophila Discriminates Rab10 from Rab3. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:1903-1914. [PMID: 32321836 PMCID: PMC7263684 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
LRRK2 mutations cause Parkinson's, but the molecular link from increased kinase activity to pathological neurodegeneration remains undetermined. Previous in vitro assays indicate that LRRK2 substrates include at least 8 Rab GTPases. We have now examined this hypothesis in vivo in a functional, electroretinogram screen, expressing each Rab with/without LRRK2-G2019S in selected Drosophila dopaminergic neurons. Our screen discriminated Rab10 from Rab3. The strongest Rab/LRRK2-G2019S interaction is with Rab10; the weakest with Rab3. Rab10 is expressed in a different set of dopaminergic neurons from Rab3. Thus, anatomical and physiological patterns of Rab10 are related. We conclude that Rab10 is a valid substrate of LRRK2 in dopaminergic neurons in vivo We propose that variations in Rab expression contribute to differences in the rate of neurodegeneration recorded in different dopaminergic nuclei in Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Petridi
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YO1 5DD, UK
| | - C Adam Middleton
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YO1 5DD, UK
| | - Chris Ugbode
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YO1 5DD, UK
| | - Alison Fellgett
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YO1 5DD, UK
| | - Laura Covill
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YO1 5DD, UK
| | - Christopher J H Elliott
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YO1 5DD, UK
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26
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Auletta A, Rue MCP, Harley CM, Mesce KA. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunolabeling reveals the distribution of catecholaminergic neurons in the central nervous systems of the spiders Hogna lenta (Araneae: Lycosidae) and Phidippus regius (Araneae: Salticidae). J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:211-230. [PMID: 31343075 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
With over 48,000 species currently described, spiders (Arthropoda: Chelicerata: Araneae) comprise one of the most diverse groups of animals on our planet, and exhibit an equally wide array of fascinating behaviors. Studies of central nervous systems (CNSs) in spiders, however, are relatively sparse, and no reports have yet characterized catecholaminergic (dopamine [DA]- or norepinephrine-synthesizing) neurons in any spider species. Because these neuromodulators are especially important for sensory and motor processing across animal taxa, we embarked on a study to identify catecholaminergic neurons in the CNS of the wolf spider Hogna lenta (Lycosidae) and the jumping spider Phidippus regius (Salticidae). These neurons were most effectively labeled with an antiserum raised against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. We found extensive catecholamine-rich neuronal fibers in the first- and second-order optic neuropils of the supraesophageal mass (brain), as well as in the arcuate body, a region of the brain thought to receive visual input and which may be involved in higher order sensorimotor integration. This structure likely shares evolutionary origins with the DA-enriched central complex of the Mandibulata. In the subesophageal mass, we detected an extensive filigree of TH-immunoreactive (TH-ir) arborizations in the appendage neuromeres, as well as three prominent plurisegmental fiber tracts. A vast abundance of TH-ir somata were located in the opisthosomal neuromeres, the largest of which appeared to project to the brain and decorate the appendage neuromeres. Our study underscores the important roles that the catecholamines likely play in modulating spider vision, higher order sensorimotor processing, and motor patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Auletta
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Mara C P Rue
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Cynthia M Harley
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Karen A Mesce
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.,Department of Neuroscience and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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27
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A Feedforward Circuit Regulates Action Selection of Pre-mating Courtship Behavior in Female Drosophila. Curr Biol 2020; 30:396-407.e4. [PMID: 31902724 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the early phase of courtship, female fruit flies exhibit an acute rejection response to avoid unfavorable mating. This pre-mating rejection response is evolutionarily paralleled across species, but the molecular and neuronal basis of that behavior is unclear. Here, we show that a putative incoherent feedforward circuit comprising ellipsoid body neurons, cholinergic R4d, and its repressor GABAergic R2/R4m neurons regulates the pre-mating rejection response in the virgin female Drosophila melanogaster. Both R4d and R2/R4m are positively regulated, via specific dopamine receptors, by a subset of neurons in the dopaminergic PPM3 cluster. Genetic deprivation of GABAergic signal via GABAA receptor RNA interference in this circuit induces a massive rejection response, whereas activation of GABAergic R2/R4m or suppression of cholinergic R4d increases receptivity. Moreover, glutamatergic signaling via N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors induces NO-mediated retrograde regulation potentially from R4d to R2/R4m, likely providing flexible control of the behavioral switching from rejection to acceptance. Our study elucidates the molecular and neural mechanisms regulating the behavioral selection process of the pre-mating female.
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28
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Neuromodulation of insect motion vision. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 206:125-137. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Hakim-Mishnaevski K, Flint-Brodsly N, Shklyar B, Levy-Adam F, Kurant E. Glial Phagocytic Receptors Promote Neuronal Loss in Adult Drosophila Brain. Cell Rep 2019; 29:1438-1448.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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30
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Xie T, Ho MCW, Liu Q, Horiuchi W, Lin CC, Task D, Luan H, White BH, Potter CJ, Wu MN. A Genetic Toolkit for Dissecting Dopamine Circuit Function in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2019; 23:652-665. [PMID: 29642019 PMCID: PMC5962273 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuromodulator dopamine (DA) plays a key role in motor control, motivated behaviors, and higher-order cognitive processes. Dissecting how these DA neural networks tune the activity of local neural circuits to regulate behavior requires tools for manipulating small groups of DA neurons. To address this need, we assembled a genetic toolkit that allows for an exquisite level of control over the DA neural network in Drosophila. To further refine targeting of specific DA neurons, we also created reagents that allow for the conversion of any existing GAL4 line into Split GAL4 or GAL80 lines. We demonstrated how this toolkit can be used with recently developed computational methods to rapidly generate additional reagents for manipulating small subsets or individual DA neurons. Finally, we used the toolkit to reveal a dynamic interaction between a small subset of DA neurons and rearing conditions in a social space behavioral assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Margaret C W Ho
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Qili Liu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Wakako Horiuchi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Chun-Chieh Lin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Darya Task
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Haojiang Luan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin H White
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher J Potter
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mark N Wu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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31
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Groothuis J, van den Heuvel K, Smid HM. Species- and size-related differences in dopamine-like immunoreactive clusters in the brain of Nasonia vitripennis and N. giraulti. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:261-273. [PMID: 31440818 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An extreme reduction in body size has been shown to negatively impact the memory retention level of the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis. In addition, N. vitripennis and Nasonia giraulti, closely related parasitic wasps, differ markedly in the number of conditioning trials required to form long-term memory. These differences in memory dynamics may be associated with differences in the dopaminergic neurons in the Nasonia brains. Here, we used dopamine immunoreactivity to identify and count the number of cell bodies in dopaminergic clusters of normal- and small-sized N. vitripennis and normal-sized N. giraulti. We counted in total a maximum of approximately 160 dopaminergic neurons per brain. These neurons were present in 9 identifiable clusters (D1a, D1b, D2, D3, D4a, D4b, D5, D6 and D7). Our analysis revealed that N. giraulti had fewer cells in the D2 and D4a clusters but more in D4b, compared with normal-sized N. vitripennis. In addition, we found fewer cells in the D5 and D7 cluster of small-sized N. vitripennis compared to normal-sized N. vitripennis. A comparison of our findings with the literature on dopaminergic clusters in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the honey bee Apis mellifera indicates that clusters D2, D3 and D5 may play a role in memory formation in Nasonia wasps. The results from both the species comparison and the size comparison are therefore of high interest and importance for our understanding of the complex intricacies that underlie the memory dynamics of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitte Groothuis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Krista van den Heuvel
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M Smid
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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32
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Sayre ME, Strausfeld NJ. Mushroom bodies in crustaceans: Insect-like organization in the caridid shrimp Lebbeus groenlandicus. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2371-2387. [PMID: 30861118 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Paired centers in the forebrain of insects, called the mushroom bodies, have become the most investigated brain region of any invertebrate due to novel genetic strategies that relate unique morphological attributes of these centers to their functional roles in learning and memory. Mushroom bodies possessing all the morphological attributes of those in dicondylic insects have been identified in mantis shrimps, basal hoplocarid crustaceans that are sister to Eumalacostraca, the most species-rich group of Crustacea. However, unless other examples of mushroom bodies can be identified in Eumalacostraca, the possibility is that mushroom body-like centers may have undergone convergent evolution in Hoplocarida and are unique to this crustacean lineage. Here, we provide evidence that speaks against convergent evolution, describing in detail the paired mushroom bodies in the lateral protocerebrum of a decapod crustacean, Lebbeus groenlandicus, a species belonging to the infraorder Caridea, an ancient lineage of Eumalacostraca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel E Sayre
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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33
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Doktór B, Damulewicz M, Pyza E. Overexpression of Mitochondrial Ligases Reverses Rotenone-Induced Effects in a Drosophila Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:94. [PMID: 30837828 PMCID: PMC6382686 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mul1 and Park are two major mitochondrial ligases responsible for mitophagy. Damaged mitochondria that cannot be removed are a source of an increased level of free radicals, which in turn can destructively affect other cell organelles as well as entire cells. One of the toxins that damages mitochondria is rotenone, a neurotoxin that after exposure displays symptoms typical of Parkinson’s disease. In the present study, we showed that overexpressing genes encoding mitochondrial ligases protects neurons during treatment with rotenone. Drosophila strains with overexpressed mul1 or park show a significantly reduced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, as well as normal motor activity during exposure to rotenone. In the nervous system, rotenone affected synaptic proteins, including Synapsin, Synaptotagmin and Disk Large1, as well as the structure of synaptic vesicles, while high levels of Mul1 or Park suppressed degenerative events at synapses. We concluded that increased levels of mitochondrial ligases are neuroprotective and could be considered in developing new therapies for Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Doktór
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Milena Damulewicz
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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34
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Hamanaka Y, Mizunami M. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the mushroom body of the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 376:97-111. [PMID: 30578444 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2969-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mushroom body of the insect brain participates in processing and integrating multimodal sensory information and in various forms of learning. In the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, dopamine plays a crucial role in aversive memory formation. However, the morphologies of dopamine neurons projecting to the mushroom body and their potential target neurons, the Kenyon cells, have not been characterized. Golgi impregnations revealed two classes of Kenyon cells (types I and II) and five different types of extrinsic fibers in the mushroom body. Type I cells, which are further divided into two subtypes (types I core and I surface), extend their dendrites into the anterior calyx, whereas type II cells extend many bushy dendritic branches into the posterior calyx. Axons of the two classes bifurcate between the pedunculus and lobes to form the vertical, medial and γ lobes. Immunocytochemistry to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis, revealed the following four distinct classes of neurons: (1) TH-SLP projecting to the distal vertical lobe; (2) TH-IP1 extending to the medial and γ lobes; (3) TH-IP2 projecting to the basal vertical lobe; and (4) a multiglomerular projection neuron invading the anterior calyx and the lateral horn (TH-MPN). We previously proposed a model in the field cricket in which the efficiency of synapses from Kenyon cells transmitting a relevant sensory stimulus to output neurons commanding an appropriate behavioral reaction can be modified by dopaminergic neurons mediating aversive signals and here, we provide putative neural substrates for the cricket's aversive learning. These will be instrumental in understanding the principle of aversive memory formation in this model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hamanaka
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Makoto Mizunami
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
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35
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Konstantinides N, Kapuralin K, Fadil C, Barboza L, Satija R, Desplan C. Phenotypic Convergence: Distinct Transcription Factors Regulate Common Terminal Features. Cell 2018; 174:622-635.e13. [PMID: 29909983 PMCID: PMC6082168 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors regulate the molecular, morphological, and physiological characteristics of neurons and generate their impressive cell-type diversity. To gain insight into the general principles that govern how transcription factors regulate cell-type diversity, we used large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize the extensive cellular diversity in the Drosophila optic lobes. We sequenced 55,000 single cells and assigned them to 52 clusters. We validated and annotated many clusters using RNA sequencing of FACS-sorted single-cell types and cluster-specific genes. To identify transcription factors responsible for inducing specific terminal differentiation features, we generated a "random forest" model, and we showed that the transcription factors Apterous and Traffic-jam are required in many but not all cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons, respectively. In fact, the same terminal characters often can be regulated by different transcription factors in different cell types, arguing for extensive phenotypic convergence. Our data provide a deep understanding of the developmental and functional specification of a complex brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarina Kapuralin
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chaimaa Fadil
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Luendreo Barboza
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Rahul Satija
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Claude Desplan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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36
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Tran HH, Dang SNA, Nguyen TT, Huynh AM, Dao LM, Kamei K, Yamaguchi M, Dang TTP. Drosophila Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase Knockdown Model of Parkinson's Disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4468. [PMID: 29535397 PMCID: PMC5849740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22804-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Many factors have been shown to contribute to its pathogenesis including genetic and environmental factors. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) is also known to be involved in the pathogenesis of PD. We herein modeled the study of UCHL1 in Drosophila melanogaster and investigated its functions in PD. The specific knockdown of the Drosophila ortholog of UCHL1 (dUCH) in dopaminergic neurons (DA neurons) led to the underdevelopment and/or degeneration of these neurons, specifically in DL1 DA neuron cluster in the larval brain lobe and PPM2, PPM3, PPL2ab, and VUM DA neuron clusters in the adult brain. These defects were followed by a shortage of dopamine in the brain, which subsequently resulted in locomotor dysfunction. The degeneration of DA neurons in dUCH knockdown adult brain, which occurred progressively and severely during the course of aging, mimics the epidemiology of PD. DA neuron and locomotor defects were rescued when dUCH knockdown flies were treated with vitamin C, a well-known antioxidant. These results suggest that dUCH knockdown fly is a promising model for studying the pathogenesis and epidemiology of PD as well as the screening of potential antioxidants for PD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep H Tran
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
| | - Suong N A Dang
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Thanh T Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
| | - Anh M Huynh
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
| | - Linh M Dao
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
| | - Kaeko Kamei
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Thao T P Dang
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam.
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Himmelberg MM, West RJH, Elliott CJH, Wade AR. Abnormal visual gain control and excitotoxicity in early-onset Parkinson's disease Drosophila models. J Neurophysiol 2018; 119:957-970. [PMID: 29142100 PMCID: PMC5899316 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00681.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The excitotoxic theory of Parkinson's disease (PD) hypothesizes that a pathophysiological degeneration of dopaminergic neurons stems from neural hyperactivity at early stages of disease, leading to mitochondrial stress and cell death. Recent research has harnessed the visual system of Drosophila PD models to probe this hypothesis. Here, we investigate whether abnormal visual sensitivity and excitotoxicity occur in early-onset PD (EOPD) Drosophila models DJ-1αΔ72, DJ-1βΔ 93, and PINK15. We used an electroretinogram to record steady-state visually evoked potentials driven by temporal contrast stimuli. At 1 day of age, all EOPD mutants had a twofold increase in response amplitudes compared with w̄ controls. Furthermore, we found that excitotoxicity occurs in older EOPD models after increased neural activity is triggered by visual stimulation. In an additional analysis, we used a linear discriminant analysis to test whether there were subtle variations in neural gain control that could be used to classify Drosophila into their correct age and genotype. The discriminant analysis was highly accurate, classifying Drosophila into their correct genotypic class at all age groups at 50-70% accuracy (20% chance baseline). Differences in cellular processes link to subtle alterations in neural network operation in young flies, all of which lead to the same pathogenic outcome. Our data are the first to quantify abnormal gain control and excitotoxicity in EOPD Drosophila mutants. We conclude that EOPD mutations may be linked to more sensitive neuronal signaling in prodromal animals that may cause the expression of PD symptomologies later in life. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Steady-state visually evoked potential response amplitudes to multivariate temporal contrast stimuli were recorded in early-onset PD Drosophila models. Our data indicate that abnormal gain control and a subsequent visual loss occur in these PD mutants, supporting a broader excitotoxicity hypothesis in genetic PD. Furthermore, linear discriminant analysis could accurately classify Drosophila into their correct genotype at different ages throughout their lifespan. Our results suggest increased neural signaling in prodromal PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc M Himmelberg
- Department of Psychology, The University of York , York , United Kingdom
| | - Ryan J H West
- Department of Biology, The University of York , York , United Kingdom
| | | | - Alex R Wade
- Department of Psychology, The University of York , York , United Kingdom
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38
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. It is known that there are many factors, either genetic or environmental factors, involved in PD, but the mechanism of PD is still not fully understood. Several animal models have been established to study the mechanisms of PD. Among these models, Drosophila melanogaster has been utilized as a valuable model to get insight into important features of PD. Drosophila melanogaster possesses a well-developed dopaminergic (DA) neuron system which is known to play an important role in PD pathogenesis. The well understanding of DA neurons from early larval through adult stage makes Drosophila as a powerful model for investigating the progressive neurodegeneration in PD. Besides, the short life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster serves an advantage in studying epidemiological features of PD. Most of PD symptoms can be mimicked in Drosophila model such as progressive impairment in locomotion, DA neuron degeneration, and some other non-motor symptoms. The Drosophila models of PD, therefore, show a great potential in application for PD genetic and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuu My Dung
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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39
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Abstract
Taste allows animals to discriminate the value and potential toxicity of food prior to ingestion. Many tastants elicit an innate attractive or avoidance response that is modifiable with nutritional state and prior experience. A powerful genetic tool kit, well-characterized gustatory system, and standardized behavioral assays make the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, an excellent system for investigating taste processing and memory. Recent studies have used this system to identify the neural basis for acquired taste preference. These studies have revealed a role for dopamine-mediated plasticity of the mushroom bodies that modulate the threshold of response to appetitive tastants. The identification of neural circuitry regulating taste memory provides a system to study the genetic and physiological processes that govern plasticity within a defined memory circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Masek
- a Department of Biology , Binghamton University , Binghamton , NY , USA
| | - Alex C Keene
- b Department of Biological Sciences , Florida Atlantic University , Jupiter , FL , USA
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40
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Molina-Mateo D, Fuenzalida-Uribe N, Hidalgo S, Molina-Fernández C, Abarca J, Zárate RV, Escandón M, Figueroa R, Tevy MF, Campusano JM. Characterization of a presymptomatic stage in a Drosophila Parkinson's disease model: Unveiling dopaminergic compensatory mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2882-2890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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41
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Hidalgo S, Molina-Mateo D, Escobedo P, Zárate RV, Fritz E, Fierro A, Perez EG, Iturriaga-Vasquez P, Reyes-Parada M, Varas R, Fuenzalida-Uribe N, Campusano JM. Characterization of a Novel Drosophila SERT Mutant: Insights on the Contribution of the Serotonin Neural System to Behaviors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2168-2179. [PMID: 28665105 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A better comprehension on how different molecular components of the serotonergic system contribute to the adequate regulation of behaviors in animals is essential in the interpretation on how they are involved in neuropsychiatric and pathological disorders. It is possible to study these components in "simpler" animal models including the fly Drosophila melanogaster, given that most of the components of the serotonergic system are conserved between vertebrates and invertebrates. Here we decided to advance our understanding on how the serotonin plasma membrane transporter (SERT) contributes to serotonergic neurotransmission and behaviors in Drosophila. In doing this, we characterized for the first time a mutant for Drosophila SERT (dSERT) and additionally used a highly selective serotonin-releasing drug, 4-methylthioamphetamine (4-MTA), whose mechanism of action involves the SERT protein. Our results show that dSERT mutant animals exhibit an increased survival rate in stress conditions, increased basal motor behavior, and decreased levels in an anxiety-related parameter, centrophobism. We also show that 4-MTA increases the negative chemotaxis toward a strong aversive odorant, benzaldehyde. Our neurochemical data suggest that this effect is mediated by dSERT and depends on the 4-MTA-increased release of serotonin in the fly brain. Our in silico data support the idea that these effects are explained by specific interactions between 4-MTA and dSERT. In sum, our neurochemical, in silico, and behavioral analyses demonstrate the critical importance of the serotonergic system and particularly dSERT functioning in modulating several behaviors in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Hidalgo
- Laboratorio
Neurogenética de la Conducta, Departamento de Biología
Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda #340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Molina-Mateo
- Laboratorio
Neurogenética de la Conducta, Departamento de Biología
Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda #340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pía Escobedo
- Laboratorio
Neurogenética de la Conducta, Departamento de Biología
Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda #340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafaella V. Zárate
- Laboratorio
Neurogenética de la Conducta, Departamento de Biología
Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda #340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elsa Fritz
- Laboratorio
Neurogenética de la Conducta, Departamento de Biología
Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda #340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angélica Fierro
- Facultad
de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda #340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edwin G. Perez
- Facultad
de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda #340, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Miguel Reyes-Parada
- Escuela
de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad
de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Varas
- Facultad
de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Nicolás Fuenzalida-Uribe
- Laboratorio
Neurogenética de la Conducta, Departamento de Biología
Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda #340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge M. Campusano
- Laboratorio
Neurogenética de la Conducta, Departamento de Biología
Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda #340, Santiago, Chile
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Niens J, Reh F, Çoban B, Cichewicz K, Eckardt J, Liu YT, Hirsh J, Riemensperger TD. Dopamine Modulates Serotonin Innervation in the Drosophila Brain. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:76. [PMID: 29085286 PMCID: PMC5650618 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) results from a progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system leading to a decline in movement control, with resting tremor, rigidity and postural instability. Several aspects of PD can be modeled in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, including α-synuclein-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, or dopamine (DA) loss by genetic elimination of neural DA synthesis. Defective behaviors in this latter model can be ameliorated by feeding the DA precursor L-DOPA, analogous to the treatment paradigm for PD. Secondary complication from L-DOPA treatment in PD patients are associated with ectopic synthesis of DA in serotonin (5-HT)-releasing neurons, leading to DA/5-HT imbalance. Here we examined the neuro-anatomical adaptations resulting from imbalanced DA/5-HT signaling in Drosophila mutants lacking neural DA. We find that, similar to rodent models of PD, lack of DA leads to increased 5-HT levels and arborizations in specific brain regions. Conversely, increased DA levels by L-DOPA feeding leads to reduced connectivity of 5-HT neurons to their target neurons in the mushroom body (MB). The observed alterations of 5-HT neuron plasticity indicate that loss of DA signaling is not solely responsible for the behavioral disorders observed in Drosophila models of PD, but rather a combination of the latter with alterations of 5-HT circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Niens
- Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fabienne Reh
- Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Büşra Çoban
- Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karol Cichewicz
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Julia Eckardt
- Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yi-Ting Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jay Hirsh
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Thomas D Riemensperger
- Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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43
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Wolff GH, Thoen HH, Marshall J, Sayre ME, Strausfeld NJ. An insect-like mushroom body in a crustacean brain. eLife 2017; 6:29889. [PMID: 28949916 PMCID: PMC5614564 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushroom bodies are the iconic learning and memory centers of insects. No previously described crustacean possesses a mushroom body as defined by strict morphological criteria although crustacean centers called hemiellipsoid bodies, which serve functions in sensory integration, have been viewed as evolutionarily convergent with mushroom bodies. Here, using key identifiers to characterize neural arrangements, we demonstrate insect-like mushroom bodies in stomatopod crustaceans (mantis shrimps). More than any other crustacean taxon, mantis shrimps display sophisticated behaviors relating to predation, spatial memory, and visual recognition comparable to those of insects. However, neuroanatomy-based cladistics suggesting close phylogenetic proximity of insects and stomatopod crustaceans conflicts with genomic evidence showing hexapods closely related to simple crustaceans called remipedes. We discuss whether corresponding anatomical phenotypes described here reflect the cerebral morphology of a common ancestor of Pancrustacea or an extraordinary example of convergent evolution. With more than four million species, arthropods are the largest and most diverse group of animals on the planet and include, for example, crustaceans, insects and spiders. They are defined by their segmented bodies, hard outer skeletons and jointed limbs. All arthropods share a common ancestor that lived more than 550 million years ago. Exactly how this ancestral arthropod gave rise to the myriad species that exist today is unclear but we know that at some point the arthropod family tree split into branches, one of which went on to become the crustaceans. The crustacean branch then split again, giving rise to a line of descendants that would become the insects. But although insects evolved from crustaceans, the brains of insects possess structures that those of crustaceans do not. Known as mushroom bodies, these structures help to form and store memories. Their absence in crustaceans has therefore been an enduring mystery. Wolff et al. now add a piece to the puzzle by showing that one group of modern-day crustaceans, the mantis shrimps, does in fact possess mushroom bodies. By visualizing cells and pathways within the brains of mantis shrimps, and also a number of closely related species, Wolff et al. show that only these shrimps possess true mushroom bodies. However, some of the mantis shrimp’s close relatives possess a few attributes of these structures. This suggests that mushroom bodies are evolutionarily ancient structures that arose in a common ancestor of insects and crustaceans, before being lost or radically modified in most of the crustaceans. So why did this happen? Mantis shrimps are top predators with excellent vision that hunt over considerable distances, requiring them to evaluate and memorize complex features of their environment. These cognitive demands, which might not be shared by other crustaceans, may have led to the mantis shrimps retaining their mushroom bodies. Further research into the brains and behavior of the mantis shrimp may provide insights into how mushroom bodies construct memories of a complex sensory world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin Marshall
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marcel E Sayre
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Nicholas James Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
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44
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Stolz K. Functional morphology and neuronal innervation of the prothoracic defence gland in Timema. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Stolz
- AG Integrative Sensory Physiology; Institute for Animal Physiology; Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen; Giessen Germany
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45
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Tedjakumala SR, Rouquette J, Boizeau ML, Mesce KA, Hotier L, Massou I, Giurfa M. A Tyrosine-Hydroxylase Characterization of Dopaminergic Neurons in the Honey Bee Brain. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:47. [PMID: 28740466 PMCID: PMC5502285 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) plays a fundamental role in insect behavior as it acts both as a general modulator of behavior and as a value system in associative learning where it mediates the reinforcing properties of unconditioned stimuli (US). Here we aimed at characterizing the dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system of the honey bee, an insect that serves as an established model for the study of learning and memory. We used tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity (ir) to ensure that the neurons detected synthesize DA endogenously. We found three main dopaminergic clusters, C1-C3, which had been previously described; the C1 cluster is located in a small region adjacent to the esophagus (ES) and the antennal lobe (AL); the C2 cluster is situated above the C1 cluster, between the AL and the vertical lobe (VL) of the mushroom body (MB); the C3 cluster is located below the calyces (CA) of the MB. In addition, we found a novel dopaminergic cluster, C4, located above the dorsomedial border of the lobula, which innervates the visual neuropils of the bee brain. Additional smaller processes and clusters were found and are described. The profuse dopaminergic innervation of the entire bee brain and the specific connectivity of DA neurons, with visual, olfactory and gustatory circuits, provide a foundation for a deeper understanding of how these sensory modules are modulated by DA, and the DA-dependent value-based associations that occur during associative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevanus R Tedjakumala
- Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of ToulouseToulouse, France
| | - Jacques Rouquette
- Advanced Technology Institute in Life Sciences (ITAV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III (CNRS-UPS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III (UPS), Université de ToulouseToulouse, France
| | - Marie-Laure Boizeau
- Advanced Technology Institute in Life Sciences (ITAV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III (CNRS-UPS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III (UPS), Université de ToulouseToulouse, France
| | - Karen A Mesce
- Department of Entomology, University of MinnesotaSaint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Lucie Hotier
- Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of ToulouseToulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Massou
- Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of ToulouseToulouse, France
| | - Martin Giurfa
- Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of ToulouseToulouse, France
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Maximized complexity in miniaturized brains: morphology and distribution of octopaminergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in the parasitic wasp, Trichogramma evanescens. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:477-496. [PMID: 28597098 PMCID: PMC5579201 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic wasp, Trichogramma evanescens, is an extremely small insect, with a body length as small as 0.3 mm. To facilitate this miniaturization, their brains may have evolved to contain smaller neural components and/or reduced neural complexity than larger insects. Here, we study whether the size and number of neurons are reduced in the miniaturized brain of T. evanescens, focusing on neurons that express serotonin (5HT), octopamine (OA) and dopamine (DA). We provide the first description of the distribution, projection patterns and number of 5HT-, OA- and DA-like immunoreactive cell bodies in T. evanescens and compare our observations with descriptions of much larger insects. The brains of T. evanescens contain comparable numbers of monoaminergic neurons to those of larger insects. Serotonergic neurons appear to be especially conserved; most of the clusters contain a similar number of neurons to those described in Apis mellifera and Drosophila melanogaster. This maintained complexity may have been facilitated by miniaturization of neuron size. However, many dopaminergic and some octopaminergic neuron clusters in T. evanescens contain fewer neurons than in larger insects. Modification of the complexity of these monoaminergic systems may have been necessary to maintain neuron functionality during brain miniaturization in T. evanescens. Our results reveal some of the evolutionary adaptations that may enable behavioural and cognitive complexity with respect to miniaturized brains.
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47
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Liao S, Broughton S, Nässel DR. Behavioral Senescence and Aging-Related Changes in Motor Neurons and Brain Neuromodulator Levels Are Ameliorated by Lifespan-Extending Reproductive Dormancy in Drosophila. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:111. [PMID: 28503133 PMCID: PMC5408790 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The lifespan of Drosophilamelanogaster can be extended substantially by inducing reproductive dormancy (also known as diapause) by lowered temperature and short days. This increase of longevity is accompanied by lowered metabolism and increased stress tolerance. We ask here whether behavioral senescence is ameliorated during adult dormancy. To study this we kept flies for seven or more weeks in normal rearing conditions or in diapause conditions and compared to 1-week-old flies in different behavioral assays of sleep, negative geotaxis and exploratory walking. We found that the senescence of geotaxis and locomotor behavior seen under normal rearing conditions was negligible in flies kept in dormancy. The normal senescence of rhythmic activity and sleep patterns during the daytime was also reduced by adult dormancy. Investigating the morphology of specific neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), we found that changes normally seen with aging do not take place in dormant flies. To monitor age-associated changes in neuronal circuits regulating activity rhythms, sleep and walking behavior we applied antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serotonin and several neuropeptides to examine changes in expression levels and neuron morphology. In most neuron types the levels of stored neuromodulators decreased during normal aging, but not in diapause treated flies. No signs of neurodegeneration were seen in either condition. Our data suggest that age-related changes in motor neurons could be the cause of part of the behavioral senescence and that this is ameliorated by reproductive diapause. Earlier studies established a link between age-associated decreases in neuromodulator levels and behavioral decline that could be rescued by overexpression of neuromodulator. Thus, it is likely that the retained levels of neuromodulators in dormant flies alleviate behavioral senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifang Liao
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
| | - Susan Broughton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster UniversityLancaster, UK
| | - Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
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48
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Song L, He Y, Ou J, Zhao Y, Li R, Cheng J, Lin CH, Ho MS. Auxilin Underlies Progressive Locomotor Deficits and Dopaminergic Neuron Loss in a Drosophila Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1132-1143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Liu Y, Luo J, Nässel DR. The Drosophila Transcription Factor Dimmed Affects Neuronal Growth and Differentiation in Multiple Ways Depending on Neuron Type and Developmental Stage. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:97. [PMID: 27790090 PMCID: PMC5064288 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of postmitotic neurons occurs during different stages of development, including metamorphosis, and may also be part of neuronal plasticity and regeneration. Recently we showed that growth of post-mitotic neuroendocrine cells expressing the basic helix loop helix (bHLH) transcription factor Dimmed (Dimm) in Drosophila could be regulated by insulin/IGF signaling and the insulin receptor (dInR). Dimm is also known to confer a secretory phenotype to neuroendocrine cells and can be part of a combinatorial code specifying terminal differentiation in peptidergic neurons. To further understand the mechanisms of Dimm function we ectopically expressed Dimm or Dimm together with dInR in a wide range of Dimm positive and Dimm negative peptidergic neurons, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, and gut endocrine cells. We provide further evidence that dInR mediated cell growth occurs in a Dimm dependent manner and that one source of insulin-like peptide (DILP) for dInR mediated cell growth in the CNS is DILP6 from glial cells. Expressing both Dimm and dInR in Dimm negative neurons induced growth of cell bodies, whereas dInR alone did not. We also found that Dimm alone can regulate cell growth depending on specific cell type. This may be explained by the finding that the dInR is a direct target of Dimm. Conditional gene targeting experiments showed that Dimm alone could affect cell growth in certain neuron types during metamorphosis or in the adult stage. Another important finding was that ectopic Dimm inhibits apoptosis of several types of neurons normally destined for programmed cell death (PCD). Taken together our results suggest that Dimm plays multiple transcriptional roles at different developmental stages in a cell type-specific manner. In some cell types ectopic Dimm may act together with resident combinatorial code transcription factors and affect terminal differentiation, as well as act in transcriptional networks that participate in long term maintenance of neurons which might lead to blocked apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Liu
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiangnan Luo
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
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50
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Dopamine- and Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Immunoreactive Neurons in the Brain of the American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160531. [PMID: 27494326 PMCID: PMC4975486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The catecholamine dopamine plays several vital roles in the central nervous system of many species, but its neural mechanisms remain elusive. Detailed neuroanatomical characterization of dopamine neurons is a prerequisite for elucidating dopamine’s actions in the brain. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of dopaminergic neurons in the brain of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, using two antisera: 1) an antiserum against dopamine, and 2) an antiserum against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, an enzyme required for dopamine synthesis), and identified about 250 putatively dopaminergic neurons. The patterns of dopamine- and TH-immunoreactive neurons were strikingly similar, suggesting that both antisera recognize the same sets of “dopaminergic” neurons. The dopamine and TH antibodies intensively or moderately immunolabeled prominent brain neuropils, e.g. the mushroom body (memory center), antennal lobe (first-order olfactory center) and central complex (motor coordination center). All subdivisions of the mushroom body exhibit both dopamine and TH immunoreactivity. Comparison of immunolabeled neurons with those filled by dye injection revealed that a group of immunolabeled neurons with cell bodies near the calyx projects into a distal region of the vertical lobe, which is a plausible site for olfactory memory formation in insects. In the antennal lobe, ordinary glomeruli as well as macroglomeruli exhibit both dopamine and TH immunoreactivity. It is noteworthy that the dopamine antiserum labeled tiny granular structures inside the glomeruli whereas the TH antiserum labeled processes in the marginal regions of the glomeruli, suggesting a different origin. In the central complex, all subdivisions excluding part of the noduli and protocerebral bridge exhibit both dopamine and TH immunoreactivity. These anatomical findings will accelerate our understanding of dopaminergic systems, specifically in neural circuits underlying aversive memory formation and arousal, in insects.
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