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Paladino O, Moranda A, Falugi C. Spatiotemporal role of muscarinic signaling in early chick development: exposure to cholinomimetic agents by a mathematical model. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:1453-1469. [PMID: 36098822 PMCID: PMC10425487 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Awareness is growing that, besides several neurotoxic effects, cholinomimetic drugs able to interfere the cholinergic neurotransmitter system may exert a teratogen effect in developing embryos of vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Cholinomimetic substances exert their toxic activity on organisms as they inhibit the functionality of the cholinergic system by completely or partially replacing the ACh molecule both at the level of the AChE active site and at the level of acetylcholine receptors. In this work, we focused the attention on the effects of muscarinic antagonist (atropine) and agonist (carbachol) drugs during the early development and ontogenesis of chick embryos. An unsteady-state mathematical model of the drug release and fate was developed, to synchronize exposure to a gradient of drug concentrations with the different developmental events. Since concentration measures in time and space cannot be taken without damaging the embryo itself, the diffusion model was the only way to establish at each time-step the exact concentration of drug at the different points of the embryo body (considered two-dimensional up to the 50 h stage). This concentration depends on the distance and position of the embryo with respect to the releasing source. The exposure to carbachol generally enhanced dimensions and stages of the embryos, while atropine mainly caused delay in development and small size of the embryos. Both the drugs were able to cause developmental anomalies, depending on the moment of development, in a time- and dose-dependent way, regardless the expression of genes driving each event. 1. Early chick embryos were exposed to muscarinic drugs in a spatial-temporal context. 2. Effects were stage-(time) dependent, according to distance and position of the source. 3. Atropine inhibited growth, mainly interfering with the cephalic process formation and heart differentiation; carbachol increased growth reducing differentiation. 4. Interferences may be exerted by alteration of calcium responses to naturally occurring morphogen-driven mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Paladino
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Arianna Moranda
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Carla Falugi
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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2
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Pio-Lopez L, Kuchling F, Tung A, Pezzulo G, Levin M. Active inference, morphogenesis, and computational psychiatry. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:988977. [PMID: 36507307 PMCID: PMC9731232 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.988977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Active inference is a leading theory in neuroscience that provides a simple and neuro-biologically plausible account of how action and perception are coupled in producing (Bayes) optimal behavior; and has been recently used to explain a variety of psychopathological conditions. In parallel, morphogenesis has been described as the behavior of a (non-neural) cellular collective intelligence solving problems in anatomical morphospace. In this article, we establish a link between the domains of cell biology and neuroscience, by analyzing disorders of morphogenesis as disorders of (active) inference. The aim of this article is three-fold. We want to: (i) reveal a connection between disorders of morphogenesis and disorders of active inference as apparent in psychopathological conditions; (ii) show how disorders of morphogenesis can be simulated using active inference; (iii) suggest that active inference can shed light on developmental defects or aberrant morphogenetic processes, seen as disorders of information processing, and perhaps suggesting novel intervention and repair strategies. We present four simulations illustrating application of these ideas to cellular behavior during morphogenesis. Three of the simulations show that the same forms of aberrant active inference (e.g., deficits of sensory attenuation and low sensory precision) that have been used to explain psychopathological conditions (e.g., schizophrenia and autism) also produce familiar disorders of development and morphogenesis when implemented at the level of the collective behavior of a group of cells. The fourth simulation involves two cells with too high precision, in which we show that the reduction of concentration signaling and sensitivity to the signals of other cells treats the development defect. Finally, we present the results of an experimental test of one of the model's predictions in early Xenopus laevis embryos: thioridazine (a dopamine antagonist that may reduce sensory precision in biological systems) induced developmental (anatomical) defects as predicted. The use of conceptual and empirical tools from neuroscience to understand the morphogenetic behavior of pre-neural agents offers the possibility of new approaches in regenerative medicine and evolutionary developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Pio-Lopez
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Franz Kuchling
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Angela Tung
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Giovanni Pezzulo
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Michael Levin
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3
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Shmukler YB, Nikishin DA. Non-Neuronal Transmitter Systems in Bacteria, Non-Nervous Eukaryotes, and Invertebrate Embryos. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020271. [PMID: 35204771 PMCID: PMC8961645 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1921, Otto Loewi published his report that ushered in the era of chemical transmission of biological signals. January 2021 marked the 90th anniversary of the birth of Professor Gennady A. Buznikov, who was the first to study the functions of transmitters in embryogenesis. A year earlier it was 60 years since his first publication in this field. These data are a venerable occasion for a review of current knowledge on the mechanisms related to classical transmitters such as 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, catecholamines, etc., in animals lacking neural elements and prenervous invertebrate embryos.
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4
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Moroz LL. Multiple Origins of Neurons From Secretory Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:669087. [PMID: 34307354 PMCID: PMC8293673 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.669087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L. Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States
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5
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Levin M. The Computational Boundary of a "Self": Developmental Bioelectricity Drives Multicellularity and Scale-Free Cognition. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2688. [PMID: 31920779 PMCID: PMC6923654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
All epistemic agents physically consist of parts that must somehow comprise an integrated cognitive self. Biological individuals consist of subunits (organs, cells, and molecular networks) that are themselves complex and competent in their own native contexts. How do coherent biological Individuals result from the activity of smaller sub-agents? To understand the evolution and function of metazoan creatures' bodies and minds, it is essential to conceptually explore the origin of multicellularity and the scaling of the basal cognition of individual cells into a coherent larger organism. In this article, I synthesize ideas in cognitive science, evolutionary biology, and developmental physiology toward a hypothesis about the origin of Individuality: "Scale-Free Cognition." I propose a fundamental definition of an Individual based on the ability to pursue goals at an appropriate level of scale and organization and suggest a formalism for defining and comparing the cognitive capacities of highly diverse types of agents. Any Self is demarcated by a computational surface - the spatio-temporal boundary of events that it can measure, model, and try to affect. This surface sets a functional boundary - a cognitive "light cone" which defines the scale and limits of its cognition. I hypothesize that higher level goal-directed activity and agency, resulting in larger cognitive boundaries, evolve from the primal homeostatic drive of living things to reduce stress - the difference between current conditions and life-optimal conditions. The mechanisms of developmental bioelectricity - the ability of all cells to form electrical networks that process information - suggest a plausible set of gradual evolutionary steps that naturally lead from physiological homeostasis in single cells to memory, prediction, and ultimately complex cognitive agents, via scale-up of the basic drive of infotaxis. Recent data on the molecular mechanisms of pre-neural bioelectricity suggest a model of how increasingly sophisticated cognitive functions emerge smoothly from cell-cell communication used to guide embryogenesis and regeneration. This set of hypotheses provides a novel perspective on numerous phenomena, such as cancer, and makes several unique, testable predictions for interdisciplinary research that have implications not only for evolutionary developmental biology but also for biomedicine and perhaps artificial intelligence and exobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Bérard A, Levin M, Sadler T, Healy D. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Use During Pregnancy and Major Malformations: The Importance of Serotonin for Embryonic Development and the Effect of Serotonin Inhibition on the Occurrence of Malformations. Bioelectricity 2019; 1:18-29. [PMID: 34471805 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2018.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioelectric signaling is transduced by neurotransmitter pathways in many cell types. One of the key mediators of bioelectric control mechanisms is serotonin, and its transporter SERT, which is targeted by a broad class of blocker drugs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs]). Studies showing an increased risk of multiple malformations associated with gestational use of SSRI have been accumulating but debate remains on whether SSRI as a class has the potential to generate these malformations. This review highlights the importance of serotonin for embryonic development; the effect of serotonin inhibition during early pregnancy on the occurrence of multiple diverse malformations that have been shown to occur in human pregnancies; that the risks outweigh the benefits of SSRI use during gestation in populations of mild to moderately depressed pregnant women, which encompass the majority of pregnant depressed women; and that the malformations seen in human pregnancies constitute a pattern of malformations consistent with the known mechanisms of action of SSRIs. We present at least three mechanisms by which SSRI can affect development. These studies highlight the relevance of basic bioelectric and neurotransmitter mechanism for biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anick Bérard
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal; Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Department of Biology, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas Sadler
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - David Healy
- Department of Psychiatry, Hergest Unit, Bangor, United Kingdom
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7
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Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) underlies memory, perception, decision-making, and behavior in numerous organisms. However, neural networks have no monopoly on the signaling functions that implement these remarkable algorithms. It is often forgotten that neurons optimized cellular signaling modes that existed long before the CNS appeared during evolution, and were used by somatic cellular networks to orchestrate physiology, embryonic development, and behavior. Many of the key dynamics that enable information processing can, in fact, be implemented by different biological hardware. This is widely exploited by organisms throughout the tree of life. Here, we review data on memory, learning, and other aspects of cognition in a range of models, including single celled organisms, plants, and tissues in animal bodies. We discuss current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms at work in these systems, and suggest several hypotheses for future investigation. The study of cognitive processes implemented in aneural contexts is a fascinating, highly interdisciplinary topic that has many implications for evolution, cell biology, regenerative medicine, computer science, and synthetic bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Baluška
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, IZMB, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department, Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University Medford, MA, USA
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8
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Sullivan KG, Levin M. Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen. J Anat 2016; 229:483-502. [PMID: 27060969 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss- and gain-of-function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular-genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in-depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly G Sullivan
- Biology Department, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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9
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Telocytes in their context with other intercellular communication agents. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 55:9-13. [PMID: 27013113 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has borne witness to an explosion in our understanding of the fundamental complexities of intercellular communication. Previously, the field was solely defined by the simple exchange of endocrine, autocrine and epicrine agents. Then it was discovered that cells possess an elaborate system of extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, which carry a vast array of small and large molecules (including many epigenetic agents such as a variety RNAs and DNA), as well as large organelles that modulate almost every aspect of cellular function. In addition, it was thought that electrical communication between cells was limited mainly to neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the nervous system. Also within the past decade, it was found that - in addition to neurons - most cells (both mammalian and non-mammalian) communicate via elaborate bioelectric systems which modulate many fundamental cellular processes including growth, differentiation, morphogenesis and repair. In the nervous system, volume transmission via the extracellular matrix has been added to the list. Lastly, it was discovered that what had previously been regarded as simple connective cells in most tissues proved to be miniature communication devices now known as telocytes. These unusually long, tenuous and sinuous cells utilize elaborate electrical, chemical and epigenetic mechanisms, including the exchange of exosomes, to integrate many activities within and between nearly all types of cells in tissues and organs. Their interrelationship with neural stem cells and neurogenesis in the context of neurodegenerative disease is just beginning to be explored. This review presents an account of precisely how each of these varied mechanisms are relevant and critical to the understanding of what telocytes are and how they function.
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10
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Moroz LL, Kohn AB. Independent origins of neurons and synapses: insights from ctenophores. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150041. [PMID: 26598724 PMCID: PMC4685580 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is more than one way to develop neuronal complexity, and animals frequently use different molecular toolkits to achieve similar functional outcomes. Genomics and metabolomics data from basal metazoans suggest that neural signalling evolved independently in ctenophores and cnidarians/bilaterians. This polygenesis hypothesis explains the lack of pan-neuronal and pan-synaptic genes across metazoans, including remarkable examples of lineage-specific evolution of neurogenic and signalling molecules as well as synaptic components. Sponges and placozoans are two lineages without neural and muscular systems. The possibility of secondary loss of neurons and synapses in the Porifera/Placozoa clades is a highly unlikely and less parsimonious scenario. We conclude that acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine, dopamine, octopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were recruited as transmitters in the neural systems in cnidarian and bilaterian lineages. By contrast, ctenophores independently evolved numerous secretory peptides, indicating extensive adaptations within the clade and suggesting that early neural systems might be peptidergic. Comparative analysis of glutamate signalling also shows numerous lineage-specific innovations, implying the extensive use of this ubiquitous metabolite and intercellular messenger over the course of convergent and parallel evolution of mechanisms of intercellular communication. Therefore: (i) we view a neuron as a functional character but not a genetic character, and (ii) any given neural system cannot be considered as a single character because it is composed of different cell lineages with distinct genealogies, origins and evolutionary histories. Thus, when reconstructing the evolution of nervous systems, we ought to start with the identification of particular cell lineages by establishing distant neural homologies or examples of convergent evolution. In a corollary of the hypothesis of the independent origins of neurons, our analyses suggest that both electrical and chemical synapses evolved more than once.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, 9505 Ocean Shore Boulevard, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA Department of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Andrea B Kohn
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, 9505 Ocean Shore Boulevard, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
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11
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Hammelman J, Lobo D, Levin M. Artificial Neural Networks as Models of Robustness in Development and Regeneration: Stability of Memory During Morphological Remodeling. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODELLING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28495-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Pezzulo G, Levin M. Re-membering the body: applications of computational neuroscience to the top-down control of regeneration of limbs and other complex organs. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:1487-517. [PMID: 26571046 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00221d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of regenerative medicine and bioengineering is the regeneration of complex organs, such as limbs, and the capability to create artificial constructs (so-called biobots) with defined morphologies and robust self-repair capabilities. Developmental biology presents remarkable examples of systems that self-assemble and regenerate complex structures toward their correct shape despite significant perturbations. A fundamental challenge is to translate progress in molecular genetics into control of large-scale organismal anatomy, and the field is still searching for an appropriate theoretical paradigm for facilitating control of pattern homeostasis. However, computational neuroscience provides many examples in which cell networks - brains - store memories (e.g., of geometric configurations, rules, and patterns) and coordinate their activity towards proximal and distant goals. In this Perspective, we propose that programming large-scale morphogenesis requires exploiting the information processing by which cellular structures work toward specific shapes. In non-neural cells, as in the brain, bioelectric signaling implements information processing, decision-making, and memory in regulating pattern and its remodeling. Thus, approaches used in computational neuroscience to understand goal-seeking neural systems offer a toolbox of techniques to model and control regenerative pattern formation. Here, we review recent data on developmental bioelectricity as a regulator of patterning, and propose that target morphology could be encoded within tissues as a kind of memory, using the same molecular mechanisms and algorithms so successfully exploited by the brain. We highlight the next steps of an unconventional research program, which may allow top-down control of growth and form for numerous applications in regenerative medicine and synthetic bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pezzulo
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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13
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Rosa CD, Cieri F, Antonucci I, Stuppia L, Gatta V. Music in DNA: From Williams Syndrome to Musical Genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ojgen.2015.51002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Mustard J, Levin M. Bioelectrical Mechanisms for Programming Growth and Form: Taming Physiological Networks for Soft Body Robotics. Soft Robot 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/soro.2014.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mustard
- Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Biology and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
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15
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Alteration of bioelectrically-controlled processes in the embryo: a teratogenic mechanism for anticonvulsants. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 47:111-4. [PMID: 24815983 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal use of anticonvulsants during the first trimester of pregnancy has been associated with an elevated risk of major congenital malformations in the offspring. Whether the increased risk is caused by the specific pharmacological mechanisms of certain anticonvulsants, the underlying epilepsy, or common genetic or environmental risk factors shared by epilepsy and malformations has been controversial. We hypothesize that anticonvulsant therapies during pregnancy that attain more successful inhibition of neurotransmission might lead to both better seizure control in the mother and stronger alteration of bioelectrically-controlled processes in the embryo that result in structural malformations. We propose that development of pharmaceuticals that do not alter cell resting transmembrane voltage levels could result in safer drugs.
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16
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Levin M. Reprogramming cells and tissue patterning via bioelectrical pathways: molecular mechanisms and biomedical opportunities. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 5:657-76. [PMID: 23897652 PMCID: PMC3841289 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transformative impact in regenerative medicine requires more than the reprogramming of individual cells: advances in repair strategies for birth defects or injuries, tumor normalization, and the construction of bioengineered organs and tissues all require the ability to control large-scale anatomical shape. Much recent work has focused on the transcriptional and biochemical regulation of cell behavior and morphogenesis. However, exciting new data reveal that bioelectrical properties of cells and their microenvironment exert a profound influence on cell differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Ion channels and pumps expressed in all cells, not just excitable nerve and muscle, establish resting potentials that vary across tissues and change with significant developmental events. Most importantly, the spatiotemporal gradients of these endogenous transmembrane voltage potentials (Vmem ) serve as instructive patterning cues for large-scale anatomy, providing organ identity, positional information, and prepattern template cues for morphogenesis. New genetic and pharmacological techniques for molecular modulation of bioelectric gradients in vivo have revealed the ability to initiate complex organogenesis, change tissue identity, and trigger regeneration of whole vertebrate appendages. A large segment of the spatial information processing that orchestrates individual cells' programs toward the anatomical needs of the host organism is electrical; this blurs the line between memory and decision-making in neural networks and morphogenesis in nonneural tissues. Advances in cracking this bioelectric code will enable the rational reprogramming of shape in whole tissues and organs, revolutionizing regenerative medicine, developmental biology, and synthetic bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Tufts University, Department of Biology and Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155
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17
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Shmukler YB, Lauder JM. Gennady A. Buznikov, PhD (1931-2012): father of neurotransmitters as developmental signals. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:359-60. [PMID: 24081109 DOI: 10.1159/000354226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri B Shmukler
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Group of Embryophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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18
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Mayorova TD, Kosevich IA, Melekhova OP. On some features of embryonic development and metamorphosis of Aurelia aurita (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa). Russ J Dev Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360412050050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Falugi C, Aluigi MG. Early appearance and possible functions of non-neuromuscular cholinesterase activities. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:54. [PMID: 22529777 PMCID: PMC3330712 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological function of the cholinesterase (ChE) enzymes has been studied since the beginning of the twentieth century. Acetylcholinesterase plays a key role in the modulation of neuromuscular impulse transmission in vertebrates, while in invertebrates pseudo cholinesterases are preeminently represented. During the last 40 years, awareness of the role of ChEs role in regulating non-neuromuscular cell-to-cell interactions has been increasing such as the ones occurring during gamete interaction and embryonic development. Moreover, ChE activities are responsible for other relevant biological events, including regulation of the balance between cell proliferation and cell death, as well as the modulation of cell adhesion and cell migration. Understanding the mechanisms of the regulation of these events can help us foresee the possible impact of neurotoxic substances on the environmental and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Falugi
- Dipartimento per lo studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, Laboratory of Experimental Embryology, Università di Genova Genova, Italy
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20
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Kaeser GE, Rabe BA, Saha MS. Cloning and characterization of GABAA α subunits and GABAB subunits in Xenopus laevis during development. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:862-73. [PMID: 21384470 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult nervous system, acts via two classes of receptors, the ionotropic GABA(A) and metabotropic GABA(B) receptors. During the development of the nervous system, GABA acts in a depolarizing, excitatory manner and plays an important role in various neural developmental processes including cell proliferation, migration, synapse formation, and activity-dependent differentiation. Here we describe the spatial and temporal expression patterns of the GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors during early development of Xenopus laevis. Using in situ hybridization and qRT-PCR, GABA(A) α2 was detected as a maternal mRNA. All other α-subunits were first detected by tailbud through hatching stages. Expression of the various subunits was seen in the brain, spinal cord, cranial ganglia, olfactory epithelium, pineal, and pituitary gland. Each receptor subunit showed a distinctive, unique expression pattern, suggesting these receptors have specific functions and are regulated in a precise spatial and temporal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn E Kaeser
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Integrated Science Center, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
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21
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Falugi C, Lammerding-Koppel M, Aluigi MG. Sea urchin development: an alternative model for mechanistic understanding of neurodevelopment and neurotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 84:188-203. [PMID: 18773460 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Echinoderm early developmental stages might supply a good tool for toxicity testing in different fields, ranging from environment to food contamination, and in full respect of the 3Rs objectives (reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal experiments) that will eventually lead to the replacement of high vertebrate animal testing in toxicology. Sea urchin is one of the few organismic models considered by the European Agency for Alternative models. Actually, sea urchin embryonic development has been studied for over a century, and the complex nets of intercellular communications leading to the different events are well known, as well the possibility for environmental molecules and their residuals to interfere with such communications, causing developmental anomalies. In particular, the main goal of toxicologists since several years has been to establish a correlation between the cell-to-cell communications occurring during different developmental events and the signals occurring during neurogenesis, with the aim to pursue a mechanistic understanding of these processes and their deviations caused by stressors from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Falugi
- Department of Biology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
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22
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5-HT-receptive structures are localized in the interblastomere cleft ofParacеntrotus lividusearly embryos. ZYGOTE 2008; 16:79-86. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199407004509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummaryLocal application of the agonists of serotonin receptors of third type 5-HTQ, SR57277A and quipazine into the interblastomere cleft of the sea urchinParacentrotus lividusembryo during first cleavage division, evokes specific membrane currents, whereas application of these drugs out of contact area show currents of lower amplitude and longer latent period. At the same time 5-HT3-receptor agonist quipazine imitates interblastomere signal in half embryos, but corresponding antagonists prevent it. Present data develop the hypothesis of protosynapse, demonstrating that the distribution of membrane serotonin receptors is limited to the period of cleavage division and localized in the interblastomere contact area. A possible role of spatial–temporal restriction of receptors at the interblastomere contact area is discussed in relation to the subsequent embryo development.
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Jones MPA, Cao J, O'Brien R, Murch SJ, Saxena PK. The mode of action of thidiazuron: auxins, indoleamines, and ion channels in the regeneration of Echinacea purpurea L. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:1481-90. [PMID: 17483954 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical mechanisms underlying thidiazuron (TDZ)-induced regeneration in plant cells have not been clearly elucidated. Exposure of leaf explants of Echinacea purpurea to a medium containing TDZ results in undifferentiated cell proliferation and differentiated growth as mixed shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. The current studies were undertaken to determine the potential roles of auxin, indoleamines, and ion signaling in the dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of plant cells. E. purpurea leaf explants were found to contain auxin and the related indoleamine neurotransmitters, melatonin, and serotonin. The levels of these endogenous indoleamines were increased by exposure to TDZ associated with the induction of regeneration. The auxin-transport inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid and auxin action inhibitor, p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid decreased the TDZ-induced regeneration but increased concentrations of endogenous serotonin and melatonin. As well, inhibitors of calcium and sodium transport significantly reduced TDZ-induced morphogenesis while increasing endogenous indoleamine content. These data indicate that TDZ-induced regeneration is the manifestation of a metabolic cascade that includes an initial signaling event, accumulation, and transport of endogenous plant signals such as auxin and melatonin, a system of secondary messengers, and a concurrent stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell P A Jones
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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24
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Adams DS, Levin M. Inverse drug screens: a rapid and inexpensive method for implicating molecular targets. Genesis 2007; 44:530-40. [PMID: 17078061 PMCID: PMC3142945 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Identification of gene products that function in some specific process of interest is a common goal in developmental biology. Although use of drug compounds to probe biological systems has a very long history in teratology and toxicology, systematic hierarchical drug screening has not been capitalized upon by the developmental biology community. This "chemical genetics" approach can greatly benefit the study of embryonic and regenerative systems, and we have formalized a strategy for using known pharmacological compounds to implicate specific molecular candidates in any chosen biological phenomenon. Taking advantage of a hierarchical structure that can be imposed on drug reagents in a number of fields such as ion transport, neurotransmitter function, metabolism, and cytoskeleton, any assay can be carried out as a binary search algorithm. This inverse drug screen methodology is much more efficient than exhaustive testing of large numbers of drugs, and reveals the identity of a manageable number of specific molecular candidates that can then be validated and targeted using more expensive and specific molecular reagents. Here, we describe the process of this loss-of-function screen and illustrate its use in uncovering novel bioelectrical and serotonergic mechanisms in embryonic patterning. This technique is an inexpensive and rapid complement to existing molecular screening strategies. Moreover, it is applicable to maternal proteins, and model species in which traditional genetic screens are not feasible, significantly extending the opportunities to identify key endogenous players in biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Levin
- Correspondence to: Michael Levin, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Forsyth Institute and Developmental Biology Department, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 140 The Fenway, Boston, MA 02115.
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25
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Levin M. Is the early left-right axis like a plant, a kidney, or a neuron? The integration of physiological signals in embryonic asymmetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 78:191-223. [PMID: 17061264 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic morphogenesis occurs along three orthogonal axes. While the patterning of the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes has been increasingly well-characterized, the left-right (LR) axis has only relatively recently begun to be understood at the molecular level. The mechanisms that ensure invariant LR asymmetry of the heart, viscera, and brain involve fundamental aspects of cell biology, biophysics, and evolutionary biology, and are important not only for basic science but also for the biomedicine of a wide range of birth defects and human genetic syndromes. The LR axis links biomolecular chirality to embryonic development and ultimately to behavior and cognition, revealing feedback loops and conserved functional modules occurring as widely as plants and mammals. This review focuses on the unique and fascinating physiological aspects of LR patterning in a number of vertebrate and invertebrate species, discusses several profound mechanistic analogies between biological regulation in diverse systems (specifically proposing a nonciliary parallel between kidney cells and the LR axis based on subcellular regulation of ion transporter targeting), highlights the possible importance of early, highly-conserved intracellular events that are magnified to embryo-wide scales, and lays out the most important open questions about the function, evolutionary origin, and conservation of mechanisms underlying embryonic asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Forsyth Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, The Forsyth Institute, and the Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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26
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Levin M, Buznikov GA, Lauder JM. Of minds and embryos: left-right asymmetry and the serotonergic controls of pre-neural morphogenesis. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:171-85. [PMID: 16679764 DOI: 10.1159/000091915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a clinically important neurotransmitter regulating diverse aspects of cognitive function, sleep, mood, and appetite. Increasingly, it is becoming appreciated that serotonin signaling among non-neuronal cells is a novel patterning mechanism existing throughout diverse phyla. Here, we review the evidence implicating serotonergic signaling in embryonic morphogenesis, including gastrulation, craniofacial and bone patterning, and the generation of left-right asymmetry. We propose two models suggesting movement of neurotransmitter molecules as a novel mechanism for how bioelectrical events may couple to downstream signaling cascades and gene activation networks. The discovery of serotonin-dependent patterning events occurring long before the development of the nervous system opens exciting new avenues for future research in evolutionary, developmental, and clinical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- The Forsyth Institute, and Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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27
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Zhou FC, Sari Y, Powrozek TA. Fetal Alcohol Exposure Reduces Serotonin Innervation and Compromises Development of the Forebrain Along the Serotonergic Pathway. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 29:141-9. [PMID: 15654302 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000150636.19677.6f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We reported previously that a moderate level of fetal alcohol treatment reduces the birth, maturation, and migration of serotonin (5-HT) neurons at embryonic days 11 to 15 (E11-E15). Because 5-HT is known as a differentiation signal for forebrain development, we investigated whether alcohol affects 5-HT innervation to the developing brain and how the target brain areas grow as they receive 5-HT innervation between E15 and E18. METHODS Pregnant dams were divided into three groups and treated from E7 to E15 or E18 with one of the following conditions: (1) liquid diet that contained 25% ethanol-derived calories (ALC), (2) isocaloric liquid diet pair-fed (PF), or (3) chow fed (Chow). The 5-HT immunostained (5-HT-IM) fibers and size of brain areas were examined as an index of growth along the ascending 5-HT pathway. RESULT We found that 5-HT-IM fibers innervate the brain regions specifically under active differentiation and that there were three sets of correlated dysmorphology in the ALC group as compared with those of the PF and Chow groups. The three sets are as follows: (1) fewer 5-HT-IM fibers in the medial forebrain bundle and along the projecting pathway through the hypothalamus, septal nucleus, frontal and parietal cortices, and subiculum/hippocampus; (2) underdevelopment of the brain regions along 5-HT fiber projections; and (3) underdevelopment of somatosensory thalamocortical projections, which are known to transiently express 5-HT transporters and to be regulated by 5-HT. No such differences were found between the PF and Chow groups. CONCLUSION We found that fewer 5-HT fibers grew in the embryos that were exposed to alcohol. As forebrain regions differentiated along the 5-HT projection, we found two reductions: (1) the growth of brain regions along 5-HT projection and (2) the growth of the thalamocortical sensory projection regulated by 5-HT. The reduced 5-HT innervation is in agreement with our previous observation of fewer 5-HT neurons. The subsequent retardation of forebrain growth and sensory thalamocortical fibers along the pathway of reduced 5-HT projection is consistent with the role of 5-HT as a signal for forebrain differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng C Zhou
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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28
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Fukumoto T, Blakely R, Levin M. Serotonin transporter function is an early step in left-right patterning in chick and frog embryos. Dev Neurosci 2006; 27:349-63. [PMID: 16280633 DOI: 10.1159/000088451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter serotonin has been shown to regulate a number of embryonic patterning events in addition to its crucial role in the nervous system. Here, we examine the role of two serotonin transporters, the plasma membrane serotonin transporter (SERT) and the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), in embryonic left-right asymmetry. Pharmacological or genetic inhibitors of either SERT or VMAT specifically randomized the laterality of the heart and viscera in Xenopus embryos. This effect takes place during cleavage stages, and is upstream of the left-sided gene XNR-1. Targeted microinjection of an SERT-dominant negative construct confirmed the necessity for SERT function in embryonic laterality and revealed that the descendants of the right ventral blastomere are the most dependent upon SERT signaling in left-right patterning. Moreover, the importance of SERT and VMAT in laterality is conserved in chick embryos, being upstream of the early left-sided gene Shh. Endogenous transcripts of SERT and VMAT are expressed from the initiation of the primitive streak in chick and are asymmetrically expressed in Hensen's node. Taken together our data characterize two new right-sided markers in chick gastrulation, identify a novel, early component of the left-right pathway in two vertebrate species, and reveal a new biological role for serotonin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Fukumoto
- Cytokine Biology Department, The Forsyth Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. 02115, USA
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29
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Fukumoto T, Kema IP, Levin M. Serotonin signaling is a very early step in patterning of the left-right axis in chick and frog embryos. Curr Biol 2005; 15:794-803. [PMID: 15886096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2005.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Revised: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consistent left-right (LR) asymmetry is a fascinating problem in developmental and evolutionary biology. Conservation of early LR patterning steps among vertebrates as well as involvement of nonprotein small-molecule messengers are very poorly understood. Serotonin (5-HT) is a key neurotransmitter with crucial roles in physiology and cognition. We tested the hypothesis that LR patterning required prenervous serotonin signaling and characterized the 5-HT pathway in chick and frog embryos. RESULTS A pharmacological screen implicated endogenous signaling through receptors R3 and R4 and the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the establishment of correct sidedness of asymmetric gene expression and of the viscera in Xenopus embryos. HPLC and immunohistochemistry analysis indicates that Xenopus eggs contain a maternal supply of serotonin that is progressively degraded during cleavage stages. Serotonin's dynamic localization in frog embryos requires gap junctional communication and H,K-ATPase function. Microinjection of loss- and gain-of-function constructs into the right ventral blastomere randomizes asymmetry. In chick embryos, R3 and R4 activity is upstream of the asymmetry of Sonic hedgehog expression. MAO is asymmetrically expressed in the node. CONCLUSIONS Serotonin is present in very early chick and frog embryos. 5-HT pathway function is required for normal asymmetry and is upstream of asymmetric gene expression. The microinjection data reveal asymmetry existing in frog embryos by the 4-cell stage and suggest novel intracellular 5-HT mechanisms. These functional and localization data identify a novel role for the neurotransmitter serotonin and implicate prenervous serotonergic signaling as an obligate aspect of very early left-right patterning conserved to two vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Fukumoto
- Cytokine Biology Department, The Forsyth Institute and Department of Oral and Developmental Biology, Harvard Medical School, 140 The Fenway, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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30
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Pintar JE, Maxwell GD, Breakefield XO. Characterization of monoamine oxidase activity during early stages of quail embryogenesis. Int J Dev Neurosci 2003; 1:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/0736-5748(83)90010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/1982] [Accepted: 01/05/1983] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John E. Pintar
- Department of Human GeneticsYale University School of Medicine333 Cedar StreetNew HavenU.S.A
| | - Gerald D. Maxwell
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of Connecticut Health CenterFarmingtonCT06032U.S.A
| | - Xandra O. Breakefield
- Department of Human GeneticsYale University School of Medicine333 Cedar StreetNew HavenU.S.A
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31
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Quick MW. Role of syntaxin 1A on serotonin transporter expression in developing thalamocortical neurons. Int J Dev Neurosci 2002; 20:219-24. [PMID: 12175857 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(02)00021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitter transporters are regulated through a variety of signal transduction mechanisms which may operate in order to maintain appropriate levels of transmitter in the synaptic cleft. GABA and glycine transporters both interact with components of the neurotransmitter release, such as the SNARE protein syntaxin 1A, suggesting that protein-protein interactions are a common method for regulating members of the neurotransmitter transporter family, and thus, linking the release of transmitter to its subsequent re-uptake. In the present report, the interaction of syntaxin 1A with endogenous serotonin transporters (SERT) expressed in developing thalamocortical neurons is examined. Incubation of thalamocortical cultures with botulinum toxin C1, which specifically cleaves syntaxin 1A, decreased SERT function. Serotonin (5HT) saturation analysis showed that the effect of the toxin was to decrease maximum transport capacity with little change to the affinity of the transporter for 5HT. The 5HT uptake data were consistent with biotinylation experiments showing a decrease in the surface expression of SERT following toxin treatment. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that SERT and syntaxin 1A form a protein complex in these neurons. These data show that components of the transmitter release machinery interact with endogenously expressed amine transporters, and suggest a mechanism for the control of transmitter levels in disorders related to aminergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Quick
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021, USA.
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32
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Candiani S, Augello A, Oliveri D, Passalacqua M, Pennati R, De Bernardi F, Pestarino M. Immunocytochemical localization of serotonin in embryos, larvae and adults of the lancelet, Branchiostoma floridae. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2001; 33:413-20. [PMID: 11858461 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013775927978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a biogenic amine distributed throughout the metazoans and has an old evolutionary history. It is involved as a developmental signal in the early morphogenesis of both invertebrates and vertebrates, whereas in adults it acts mainly as a neurotransmitter and gastrointestinal hormone. In vertebrates, serotonin regulates the morphogenesis of the central nervous system and the specification of serotonergic as well as dopaminergic neurons. The present study uses, as an experimental model, an invertebrate chordate, the lancelet Branchiostomafloridae, characterized by its remarkable homologies with vertebrates that allows the 'bauplan' of the probable ancestor of vertebrates to be outlined. In particular, the involvement of serotonin as a developmental signal in embryos and larvae, as well as a neurotransmitter and gastrointestinal hormone in adult specimens of Branchiostoma floridae, gives further support to a common origin of cephalocordates and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Candiani
- Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Ambientale ed Applicata, Università di Genova, Italy
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33
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Sari Y, Powrozek T, Zhou FC. Alcohol deters the outgrowth of serotonergic neurons at midgestation. J Biomed Sci 2001; 8:119-25. [PMID: 11173985 DOI: 10.1007/bf02255980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that treatment of pregnant C57BL mice from gestation days 8 to 14 with alcohol with 20% ethanol-derived calories (EDC) reduced the number of serotonin (5-HT) neurons and retarded their migration in the fetal brains. In the present study, we obtained similar results with the use of 25% EDC and extended our previous findings by demonstrating that besides the alteration of the number of 5-HT neurons, prenatal alcohol exposure also affects their projecting fibers in their early development. Pregnant C57BL mice were divided into an alcohol-exposed (ALC) group given 25% EDC (4.49%, v/v), a pair-fed group to the ethanol-fed group (PF) and a chow-fed group (Chow). The PF and Chow groups served as controls. Our results showed that in the ALC group, when compared with the control groups, prenatal alcohol exposure with 25% EDC reduced the number of 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons in both the median and dorsal raphe, and the amount of 5-HT-immunoreactive fibers in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). The diameter of the 5-HT-immunoreactive MFB was also reduced as a result of treatment. No significant differences of the above parameters were found between the PF and Chow groups. The previous and present work confirmed that alcohol reduces the normal formation and growth of 5-HT neurons in the midbrain. Furthermore, the projection of 5-HT fibers, in density as well as in distribution, is reduced in the major trajectory bundle. This may affect the amount of 5-HT fibers available to the forebrain. In light of the importance of the 5-HT system in brain development, alcohol may affect the growth of the forebrain through its effect on 5-HT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sari
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 65 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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34
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Buznikov GA, Lauder JM. Changes in the physiological roles of neurotransmitters during individual development. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 29:11-21. [PMID: 10088145 DOI: 10.1007/bf02461353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The classical neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and biogenic monoamines) are multifunctional substances involved in intra- and intercellular signaling at all stages of ontogenesis in multicellular animals. A cyclical scheme is proposed to describe age-related changes in neurotransmitter functions at different stages of development from oocyte maturation to neuron formation. This may reflect not only the temporospatial organization of neurotransmitter processes, but also the origin of the functions of acetylcholine and biogenic monoamines from the protosynapses of the cleaved embryo to neuronal synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Buznikov
- N. K. Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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35
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Lebrand C, Cases O, Wehrlé R, Blakely RD, Edwards RH, Gaspar P. Transient developmental expression of monoamine transporters in the rodent forebrain. J Comp Neurol 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19981130)401:4<506::aid-cne5>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Lebrand
- INSERM U106, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Olivier Cases
- INSERM U106, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Rosine Wehrlé
- INSERM U106, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Randy D. Blakely
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232–6600
| | - Robert H. Edwards
- Department of Neurology, Physiology Graduate Programs in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143–0435
| | - Patricia Gaspar
- INSERM U106, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
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36
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Hansson SR, Hoffman BJ, Mezey E. Ontogeny of vesicular monoamine transporter mRNAs VMAT1 and VMAT2. I. The developing rat central nervous system. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1998; 110:135-58. [PMID: 9733951 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(98)00104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We used in situ hybridization histochemistry to study the expression of the mRNA of the two vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT1 and VMAT2) during embryonic and postnatal development of the central nervous system (CNS) in the rat. In the adult rat, VMAT2 mRNA is present exclusively in monoaminergic cell groups of the CNS and VMAT1 mRNA was reported to be present in the adrenal medulla and certain intestinal epithelial cells. In contrast to the above, the expression of VMAT1 mRNA has previously never been detected in the central nervous system. This study shows the first evidence that both transporter molecules are expressed in CNS during ontogenesis. We here demonstrate four main expression patterns detected during development: 1. VMAT2 mRNA expression in monoaminergic neurons of the brainstem beginning as early as embryonic day E13. 2. Expression of VMAT2 mRNA in all major sensory relay nuclei of central nervous system. 3. Co-expression of VMAT1 and VMAT2 mRNA in most limbic structures, basal ganglia, as well as in some hypothalamic nuclei. 4. Exclusive expression of VMAT1 mRNA in the neocortical subventricular zone, in the amygdala at early (E15-18) and late (P1-P28) timepoints, the granular cell layer of cerebellum, and in several brainstem motor nuclei. Based on their distribution during development we suggest that monoamines, released in a controlled fashion, might affect wiring of sensory and also motor circuits. VMAT1 mRNA expression may reflect a specific effect of monoamines in glial differentiation and cerebellar granule cell migration and/or differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Hansson
- Unit on Molecular Pharmacology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda MD, USA
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37
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Buznikov G, Marshak T, Malchenko L, Nikitina L, Shmukler Y, Buznikov A, Rakic L, Whitaker M. Serotonin and acetylcholine modulate the sensitivity of early sea urchin embryos to protein kinase C activators. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(98)10045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Kinnunen A, Lintunen M, Karlstedt K, Fukui H, Panula P. In situ detection of H1-receptor mRNA and absence of apoptosis in the transient histamine system of the embryonic rat brain. J Comp Neurol 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980427)394:1<127::aid-cne10>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Takeuchi T, Sitizyo K, Harada E. Postnatal development of EEG patterns, catecholamine contents and myelination, and effect of hyperthyroidism in Suncus brain. Behav Brain Res 1998; 91:193-206. [PMID: 9578452 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal development of the central nervous system (CNS) in house musk shrew in the early stage of maturation was studied. The electroencephalogram (EEG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) in association with catecholamine contents and myelin basic protein (MBP) immunoreactivity were carried out from the 1st to the 20th day of postnatal age. Different EEG patterns which were specific to behavioral states (awake and drowsy) were first recorded on the 5th day, and the total power which was obtained by power spectrum analysis increased after this stage. The latencies of all peaks in VEP markedly shortened between the 5th and the 7th day. Noradrenalin (NA) content of the brain showed a slight increase after the 3rd day, and reached maximum levels on the 7th day, which was delayed a few days compared to dopamine (DA). In hyperthyroidism, the peak latency of VEP was shortened and biosynthesis of NA in cerebral cortex and DA in hippocampus was accelerated. The most obvious change in MBP-immunoreactivity of the telencephalon occurred from the 7th to the 10th day. These morphological changes in the brain advanced at the identical time-course to those in the electrophysiological development and increment of DA and NA contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takeuchi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan.
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Lebrand C, Cases O, Adelbrecht C, Doye A, Alvarez C, El Mestikawy S, Seif I, Gaspar P. Transient uptake and storage of serotonin in developing thalamic neurons. Neuron 1996; 17:823-35. [PMID: 8938116 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) has been shown to affect the development and patterning of the mouse barrelfield. We show that the dense transient 5-HT innervation of the somatosensory, visual, and auditory cortices originates in the thalamus rather than in the raphe: 5-HT is detected in thalamocortical fibers and most 5-HT cortical labeling disappears after thalamic lesions. Thalamic neurons do not synthesize 5-HT but take up exogenous 5-HT through 5-HT high affinity uptake sites located on thalamocortical axons and terminals. 3H-5-HT injected into the cortex is retrogradely transported to thalamic neurons. In situ hybridization shows a transient expression of the genes encoding the serotonin transporter and the vesicular monoamine transporter in thalamic sensory neurons. In these glutamatergic neurons, internalized 5-HT might thus be stored and used as a "borrowed transmitter" for extraneuronal signaling or could exert an intraneuronal control on thalamic maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lebrand
- INSERM U106, IFR des Neurosciences, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris,France
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41
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Buznikov GA, Shmukler YB, Lauder JM. From oocyte to neuron: do neurotransmitters function in the same way throughout development? Cell Mol Neurobiol 1996; 16:537-59. [PMID: 8956008 DOI: 10.1007/bf02152056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
1. Classical neurotransmitters (such as acetylcholine, biogenic amines, and GABA) are functionally active throughout ontogenesis. 2. Based on accumulated evidence, reviewed herein, we present an hypothetical scheme describing developmental changes in this functional activity, from the stage of maturing oocytes through neuronal differentiation. This scheme reflects not only the spatio-temporal sequence of these changes, but also the genesis of neurotransmitter functions, from "protosynapses" in oocytes and cleaving embryos to the development of functional neuronal synapses. 3. Thus, it appears that neurotransmitters participate in various forms of intra- and intercellular signalling throughout all stages of ontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Buznikov
- N.N. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Aubert I, Cécyre D, Gauthier S, Quirion R. Comparative ontogenic profile of cholinergic markers, including nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol 1996; 369:31-55. [PMID: 8723701 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960520)369:1<31::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The ontogenic profiles of several cholinergic markers were assessed in the rat brain by using quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography. Brain sections from animals at different stages of development were processed with [3H]AH5183 (vesamicol; vesicular acetylcholine transport sites), [3H]N-methylcarbamylcholine (alpha(4)beta(2) nicotinic receptor sites), [3H]hemicholinium-3 (high-affinity choline uptake sites), [3H]3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (total population of muscarinic receptor sites), [3H]4-DAMP (muscarinic M1/M3 receptor sites), [3H]pirenzepine (muscarinic M1 receptor sites), and [3H]AF-DX 116 and [3H]AF-DX 384 (muscarinic M2 receptor sites) as radiolabeled probes. The results revealed that, by the end of the prenatal period (embryonic day 20), the densities of nicotinic receptor and vesicular acetylcholine transport sites already represented a considerable proportion of those observed in adulthood (postnatal day 60) in different laminae of the frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices, in the layers of Ammon's horn fields and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation, as well as in the amygdaloid body, the olfactory tubercle, and the striatum. In contrast, at that stage, the densities of total muscarinic, M1/M3, M1, and possibly M2 receptor and high-affinity choline uptake sites represent only a small proportion of levels seen in the adult. Differences were also observed in the postnatal ontogenic profiles of nicotinic, muscarinic, vesamicol, and high-affinity choline uptake sites. For example, between postnatal weeks 3 and 5, the levels of M1/M3 and M1 sites were at least as high as in the adult, whereas M2 and high-affinity choline uptake site densities appeared to be delayed and to reach adult values only after postnatal week 5. With regard to cholinergic innervation in the developing rat brain, the present findings suggest a temporal establishment of several components of the cholinergic systems. The first components are the vesicular acetylcholine transporter and nicotinic sites; these are followed by M1/M3 and M1 sites and, finally, by M2 and high-affinity choline uptake sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Aubert
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
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43
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Shmukler YB. Possibility of membrane reception of neurotransmitter in sea urchin early embryos. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1993; 106:269-73. [PMID: 7903618 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(93)90282-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. Methiodide derivatives of serotonin blockers--inmecarb and KYur-14 which poorly penetrate the cells specifically affect the pattern of cleavage division in half-embryos of Paracentrotus lividus and Scaphechinus mirabilis. 2. Specific [3H]8-OH-DPAT binding under conditions strictly limiting penetration of the ligand into the cells of Strongylocentrotus intermedius was also shown (Kd approximately 3 x 10(-10) M for a site with the greatest affinity). 3. On the basis of the data obtained it is concluded that neurotransmitter-specific membrane receptors may be present in sea urchin embryos during cleavage divisions. The "protosynapse" hypothesis is proposed which suggests the existence of a specific structure responsible for early blastomere interaction involving transmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Shmukler
- Laboratory of Embryophysiology, N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Acad. Sci., Moscow
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Morgane PJ, Austin-LaFrance R, Bronzino J, Tonkiss J, Díaz-Cintra S, Cintra L, Kemper T, Galler JR. Prenatal malnutrition and development of the brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1993; 17:91-128. [PMID: 8455820 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we have summarized various aspects as to how prenatal protein malnutrition affects development of the brain and have attempted to integrate several broad principles, concepts, and trends in this field in relation to our findings and other studies of malnutrition insults. Nutrition is probably the single greatest environmental influence both on the fetus and neonate, and plays a necessary role in the maturation and functional development of the central nervous system. Prenatal protein malnutrition adversely affects the developing brain in numerous ways, depending largely on its timing in relation to various developmental events in the brain and, to a lesser extent, on the type and severity of the deprivation. Many of the effects of prenatal malnutrition are permanent, though some degree of amelioration may be produced by exposure to stimulating and enriched environments. Malnutrition exerts its effects during development, not only during the so-called brain growth spurt period, but also during early organizational processes such as neurogenesis, cell migration, and differentiation. Malnutrition results in a variety of minimal brain dysfunction-type syndromes and ultimately affects attentional processes and interactions of the organism with the environment, in particular producing functional isolation from the environment, often leading to various types of learning disabilities. In malnutrition insult, we are dealing with a distributed, not focal, brain pathology and various developmental failures. Quantitative assessments show distorted relations between neurons and glia, poor formation of neuronal circuits and alterations of normal regressive events, including cell death and axonal and dendritic pruning, resulting in modified patterns of brain organization. Malnutrition insult results in deviations in normal age-related sequences of brain maturation, particularly affecting coordinated development of various cell types and, ultimately, affecting the formation of neuronal circuits and the commencing of activity of neurotransmitter cell types and, ultimately, affecting the formation of neuronal circuits and the commencing of activity of neurotransmitter systems. It is obvious that such diffuse type "lesions" can be adequately assessed only by interdisciplinary studies across a broad range of approaches, including morphological, biochemical, neurophysiological, and behavioral analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Morgane
- Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury, MA
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Hertz L. Neuronal-astrocytic interactions in brain development, brain function and brain disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1991; 296:143-59. [PMID: 1664174 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8047-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Hertz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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46
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Baker PC, Hoff KM. The effects of acute and extended monoamine oxidase inhibition upon 5-hydroxyindoles in maturing mouse brain. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1991; 22:347-52. [PMID: 1711492 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(91)90462-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Mice of four ages between newborn and adult were exposed to the monoamine oxidase inhibitor amiflamine both acutely and in an extended (5 day) regimen. Brains were then assayed at various times following amiflamine for changes in the levels of serotonin (5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA). 2. Although both metabolites initially changed as might be expected, with 5-HT elevating and 5-HIAA decreasing, the younger brains recovered their 5-HT levels slower than older brains and eventually young brains had levels of 5-HIAA that were in excess of normal. At some times both metabolites were in excess of normal at younger ages. 3. These results are compared to changes seen with the 5-HT uptake inhibitor citalopram and it is concluded that in young brain 5-HIAA levels lack firm regulatory control and are not passive reflections of 5-HT changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Baker
- Department of Biology, Cleveland State University, OH 44115
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47
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García-Arrarás JE, Martínez R. Developmental expression of serotonin-like immunoreactivity in the sympathoadrenal system of the chicken. Cell Tissue Res 1990; 262:363-72. [PMID: 1981693 DOI: 10.1007/bf00309891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The avian sympathoadrenal system has been used as a model to examine the differentiation of cells expressing neuroactive substances derived from the neural crest. Previous studies have dealt with the expression of the "classical" neurotransmitters acetylcholine and catecholamines and of the neuropeptides somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. We have used immunocytochemistry to examine the developmental expression of the monoamine serotonin (5HT) in the chicken sympathoadrenal system. 5HT-like immunoreactivity (5HT-LI) was found to be transiently expressed by cells of the sympathetic ganglia very early in development (E-5 to E-8), disappearing almost entirely at more advanced embryonic stages (E-10 to E-19) and post-hatched chickens where only a population of cells similar to mammalian small intensely fluorescent cells express immunoreactivity to the amine. In contrast, in the adrenal gland of embryos and post-hatched chickens, most chromaffin cells also express 5HT-LI. Double labeling experiments show that in both the adrenal gland and the sympathetic ganglia catecholaminergic properties and somatostatin immunoreactivity are co-expressed with 5-HT-LI. Moreover, the cells that transiently express 5HT-LI in sympathetic ganglia also transiently express somatostatin. The catecholaminergic cells expressing serotonin and somatostatin appear to define a biochemical phenotype common to some chromaffin cells, small intensely fluorescent cells and early sympathoblasts.
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48
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Shuey DL, Yavarone M, Sadler TW, Lauder JM. Serotonin and morphogenesis in the cultured mouse embryo. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 265:205-15. [PMID: 2198774 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-5876-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D L Shuey
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599
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49
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Zvezdina ND, Sadykova KA, Martynova LE, Prokazova NV, Mikhailov AT, Buznikov GA, Bergelson LD. Gangliosides of sea urchin embryos. Their localization and participation in early development. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 186:189-94. [PMID: 2598928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of antibodies to gangliosides of sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius eggs on early embryos of this species was studied. gamma-Globulins were isolated from rabbit anti-ganglioside serum by micropreparative electrophoresis. These gamma-globulins produced anomalies in the development of embryos permeabilized in Triton X-100. The anomalies were not observed when anti-ganglioside gamma-globulins were added to the incubation medium together with gangliosides or when the permeabilized embryos were incubated with gamma-globulins of normal rabbit serum. Pretreatment of S. intermedius embryos with serotonin, tryptamine or some other indole derivatives led to the disappearance of ganglioside determinants from the cell surface and sharply increased immunofluorescence within the cell. Such pretreatment of embryos increased the amount of cell-associated gangliosides more than threefold as compared to untreated embryos. Serotonin was shown to bind specifically to sea urchin gangliosides immobilized on octyl-Sepharose. These observations suggest that cell-surface gangliosides, after binding drugs, are internalized and that serotonin and its antagonists inhibit the transport of newly synthesized gangliosides to the cell-surface membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Zvezdina
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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50
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Mattson MP. Cellular signaling mechanisms common to the development and degeneration of neuroarchitecture. A review. Mech Ageing Dev 1989; 50:103-57. [PMID: 2557497 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(89)90010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present review examines the hypothesis that similar cellular signaling mechanisms are involved in neural development and in age- or disease-associated degeneration. It is hoped that approaching the problem of the regulation of brain structure from this perspective will spur future studies on the links between development, aging and disease. In order for functional neural circuitry to form, the component neurons must interact in highly specific ways. Growth factors and neurotransmitters constitute two major classes of intercellular signals that sculpt neuroarchitecture. These signals influence the neuronal growth cone behaviors which ultimately determine the details of neuritic form. In addition, growth factors and neurotransmitters can influence neuronal survival and synapse formation, and thereby determine both the presence of neurons within circuits and their specific connectivity patterns. Imbalances in growth factor and/or neurotransmitter systems may lead to neurodegeneration in aging and in specific neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Developmental, functional and pathological studies of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters provide a compelling example of how a common intercellular signal can be involved in neuronal development, plasticity and degeneration. Intracellular signaling systems mediate neuroarchitectural responses to neurotransmitters and growth factors by altering the status of the cytoskeletal and vesicular substrates that are the basis of neuronal form. These signal transduction systems include ion channels and second messengers such as calcium, cyclic nucleotides and diacylglycerol. Cytoskeletal and vesicular substrates may be influenced directly by second messenger kinases, or indirectly via actions on the biosynthetic and degradative systems of the cell. Alterations in these various intracellular neuroarchitecture-regulating systems can lead to neurodegeneration. Taken together, the data presented here indicate that similar cellular and molecular mechanisms are involved in nervous system development, function, adaptive plasticity and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Mattson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington 40536-0230
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