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Dronina J, Samukaite-Bubniene U, Ramanavicius A. Advances and insights in the diagnosis of viral infections. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:348. [PMID: 34717656 PMCID: PMC8556785 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are the most common among diseases that globally require around 60 percent of medical care. However, in the heat of the pandemic, there was a lack of medical equipment and inpatient facilities to provide all patients with viral infections. The detection of viral infections is possible in three general ways such as (i) direct virus detection, which is performed immediately 1-3 days after the infection, (ii) determination of antibodies against some virus proteins mainly observed during/after virus incubation period, (iii) detection of virus-induced disease when specific tissue changes in the organism. This review surveys some global pandemics from 1889 to 2020, virus types, which induced these pandemics, and symptoms of some viral diseases. Non-analytical methods such as radiology and microscopy also are overviewed. This review overlooks molecular analysis methods such as nucleic acid amplification, antibody-antigen complex determination, CRISPR-Cas system-based viral genome determination methods. Methods widely used in the certificated diagnostic laboratory for SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, B, C, HIV, and other viruses during a viral pandemic are outlined. A comprehensive overview of molecular analytical methods has shown that the assay's sensitivity, accuracy, and suitability for virus detection depends on the choice of the number of regions in the viral open reading frame (ORF) genome sequence and the validity of the selected analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julija Dronina
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Urte Samukaite-Bubniene
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Micro-spot with integrated pillars (MSIP) for detection of dengue virus NS1. Biomed Microdevices 2013; 15:959-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-013-9787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Teles FSRR. Biosensors and rapid diagnostic tests on the frontier between analytical and clinical chemistry for biomolecular diagnosis of dengue disease: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 687:28-42. [PMID: 21241843 PMCID: PMC7094386 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed enormous technological improvements towards the development of simple, cost-effective and accurate rapid diagnostic tests for detection and identification of infectious pathogens. Among them is dengue virus, the etiologic agent of the mosquito-borne dengue disease, one of the most important emerging infectious pathologies of nowadays. Dengue fever may cause potentially deadly hemorrhagic symptoms and is endemic in the tropical and sub-tropical world, being also a serious threat to temperate countries in the developed world. Effective diagnostics for dengue should be able to discriminate among the four antigenically related dengue serotypes and fulfill the requirements for successful decentralized (point-of-care) testing in the harsh environmental conditions found in most tropical regions. The accurate identification of circulating serotypes is crucial for the successful implementation of vector control programs based on reliable epidemiological predictions. This paper briefly summarizes the limitations of the main conventional techniques for biomolecular diagnosis of dengue disease and critically reviews some of the most relevant biosensors and rapid diagnostic tests developed, implemented and reported so far for point-of-care testing of dengue infections. The invaluable contributions of microfluidics and nanotechnology encompass the whole paper, while evaluation concerns of rapid diagnostic tests and foreseen technological improvements in this field are also overviewed for the diagnosis of dengue and other infectious and tropical diseases as well.
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Key Words
- cdc, centers for disease control
- denv1–4, dengue virus serotypes (1–4)
- ssrna, single-stranded ribonucleic acid
- orf, open-reading frame
- ns1, non-structural 1
- dhf, dengue hemorrhagic fever
- dss, dengue shock syndrome
- who, world health organization
- hi, hemagglutination-inhibition
- mac-eia, monoclonal antibody capture-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
- rt-pcr, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- 3′-nr, 3′noncoding region
- rna, ribonucleic acid
- igg, immunoglobulin g
- igm, immunoglobulin m
- dna, deoxyribonucleic acid
- qcm, quartz-crystal microbalance
- mip, molecularly imprinted polymer
- gnp, gold nanoparticle
- sam, self-assembled monolayer
- bsa, bovine serum albumin
- spr, surface plasmon resonance
- nasba, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
- s/n, signal-to-noise ratio
- cmos, complementary metal oxide semiconductor
- fia, flow-injection analysis
- fccs, fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy
- fcs, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
- eis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
- bst, barium strontium titanate
- fet, field-effect transistor
- pna, peptide nucleic-acid
- lod, limit of detection
- cdna, complementary dna
- tdr, special programme for research and training in tropical diseases
- undp, united nations development programme
- pdvi, pediatric dengue vaccine initiative
- stard, standards for reporting of diagnostic accuracy
- fiocruz, fundação oswaldo cruz
- dpp®, dual-path platform
- blm, bilayer lipid membrane
- qd, quantum dot
- cnt, carbon nanotube
- ms, mass spectrometry
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- biosensor
- dengue
- diagnosis
- evaluation
- rapid test
- tropical disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sérgio Rodrigues Ribeiro Teles
- Centre for Malaria and Tropical Diseases, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Pintó RM, Diez JM, Bosch A. Use of the colonic carcinoma cell line CaCo-2 for in vivo amplification and detection of enteric viruses. J Med Virol 1994; 44:310-5. [PMID: 7852976 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890440317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of the continuous cell line CaCo-2 as an in vivo amplification system for the detection of fastidious human enteric viruses is reported. CaCo-2 cells showed an increased sensitivity to laboratory strains of group A rotavirus 3, reovirus 3, astrovirus 1, poliovirus 1, coxsackievirus A 24, enterovirus 70, and adenovirus 5, 40 and 41, when compared to a routine host cell line for each virus. Nucleic acids from wild-type infectious rotavirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus 40 in stool samples of patients with acute gastroenteritis could be amplified after infection of CaCo-2 cells with trypsin-pre-treated virus inocula. Virus diagnosis was carried out subsequently by dot-blot hybridisation with specific cDNA probes. An amplification factor between 10 and 1,000x was obtained by infection of CaCo-2 cells, thus enabling specific detection of low numbers of a wide range of enteric viruses, and the differentiation between infectious and noninfectious particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Pintó
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
CMV is of major concern in immunocompromised and immunosuppressed patients. Since CMV can be transmitted by leucocyte transfusions from healthy seropositive donors (Hirsch, 1984) it has been stated that leucocytes are the natural reservoir of latent CMV (Jiwa et al, 1989). Although tissue culture is the method currently used for the diagnosis of CMV infection, this technique is time consuming, expensive and does not detect latent virus. As 80% of normal Australian blood donors are seropositive for CMV (Ho, 1990) the amount of blood available for high risk patients is greatly reduced. The dramatic gains in sensitivity of viral detection made possible by the PCR technique offers new hope for the detection of otherwise elusive latent genomes as well as more routine application in the detection of viraemia or other active infection. However, for this technique to be adopted by clinical laboratories it must be shown to be easily reproducible and cost-effective. Thus, the PCR may have an important role in the development of CMV-negative blood products, as well as being a powerful test in diagnostic virology. It is expected that it will reduce the morbidity and mortality rate in susceptible patients at risk of CMV when given transfusions of blood from subjects who may carry the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Smith
- QE II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Australia
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Richardson KJ, Stewart MH, Wolfe RL. Application of Gene Probe Technology to the Water Industry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1991.tb07216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Desselberger U, Collingham K. Molecular techniques in the diagnosis of human infectious diseases. Genitourin Med 1990; 66:313-23. [PMID: 2245977 PMCID: PMC1194549 DOI: 10.1136/sti.66.5.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Nucleic acid probe technology is increasingly being used in basic research in veterinary microbiology and in diagnosis of infectious diseases of veterinary importance. This review presents an overview of nucleic acid probe methodology and its applications in veterinary infectious diseases. The major applications of nucleic acid probes include detection of pathogens in clinical samples, especially those organisms which are fastidious and difficult to cultivate, differentiation of virulent from avirulent organisms and vaccine strains from wild type isolates, typing of microorganisms, mapping genes, screening libraries of cloned DNA for specific genes, detection of latently infected or carrier animals, study of mechanisms of pathogenesis, epidemiological studies and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Paul
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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Kulski JK, Demeter T, Rakoczy P, Sterrett GF, Pixley EC. Human papillomavirus coinfections of the vulva and uterine cervix. J Med Virol 1989; 27:244-51. [PMID: 2542434 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890270311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA filter in situ hybridisation (FISH) was used to determine the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33 in cell scrapes of the cervix and vulva of 128 women who had precancerous lesions and/or HPV infection of the cervix diagnosed by cytology, colposcopy, and histology. HPV-DNA was found in 87 (68%) vulval and 95 (74%) cervical cell scrapes, and in both the vulval and cervical scrapes of 73 (57%) women, but not in either the vulva or the cervix of 19 women (15%). Of the HPV-DNA-positive smears, the prevalence of the HPV types was 61% HPV 16/18, 14% HPV 6/11, 3% HPV 31/33, and 22% HPV 6/11 and 16/18. By contrast, HPV-DNA was not detected in the cervical smears of a control group of 35 women who were assessed to be free of cervical abnormalities by colposcopy and cytology. The epithelial response of the vulva and the cervix to application of 5% acetic acid was assessed by colposcopy and the results correlated with the presence of HPV genotypes. A possible or definite disorder of the cervix and vulva was detected by colposcopy in 95 (74%) and 96 (75%) of the 128 cases, respectively. The colposcopic assessment of the vulva was inconclusive in ten cases (8%), and only eight women (6%) were found to be free of both a vulval and cervical disorder. This study shows subclinical papillomavirus infections of the vulva frequently coexist with HPV infections and precancerous lesions of the cervix.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Kulski
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia
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Brock KV, Potgieter LN. Rapid fluorescence detection of in situ hybridization with biotinylated bovine herpesvirus-1 DNA probes. J Vet Diagn Invest 1989; 1:34-8. [PMID: 2562208 DOI: 10.1177/104063878900100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biotinylated DNA hybridization probes for clinical detection of bovine herpesvirus-1 was investigated. Biotinylated DNA hybridization probes were prepared from bovine herpesvirus-1 DNA purified from infected cell cultures. The viral DNA was nick translated in the presence of biotin-dUTP with DNA polymerase to incorporate biotin into the newly synthesized strand. The probe was tested for specificity in in situ hybridization assays with bovine herpesvirus-1 DNA. Hybridization was detected using avidin-fluorescein single sandwich systems and an avidin-globulin with anti-globulin-fluorescein double sandwich system. Hybridization was detected by specific fluorescence of infected cells. Fluorescence was present only in bovine herpesvirus-1-infected cell culture and not in noninfected cell culture or cell cultures infected with several other viruses. The assay was performed in 6 hr.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Brock
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville 37901
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Abstract
One of the most significant achievements of the biochemist during the past two decades is the use to which immunologically based assays have been put in clinical diagnosis (Hood et al.: Immunology, 1984). The problem faced and surmounted by immunologists in effecting the transition from research tool to routine clinical assay bears a remarkable similarity to that confronting the molecular biologist today; i.e., how can nucleic acid hybridization, a technique of obvious potential (Meinkoth and Wahl: Anal Biochem 138:267-284, 1984; Syvanen: Med Biol 64:313-324, 1986; Matthews and Kricka: Anal Biochem 169:1-25, 1988), be modified in order to fulfill all necessary parameters of a routine diagnostic assay? There are several such requirements, and the importance placed on each depends on the objectives of the assay: the technique must be sensitive, specific, and reproducible. Other advantages would be cost-effectiveness, ease of manipulation, and amenability to automation. Ideally, the signal detection should be based on a non-radioactive system, because of the instability of probes labelled with isotopes like 32p, and the potential hazards involved in their handling and disposal. The sandwich hybridization for the analysis of nucleic acid sequences was first used in 1977 (Dunn and Hassell: Cell 12:23-36, 1977), but its potential as a diagnostic assay was not realized until 1983, when it was applied to the detection of adenovirus DNA in nasopharyngeal aspirates from children with acute respiratory infection (Ranki et al: Gene 21:77-85, 1983). It has since been modified and used not only for the detection of microbial infection (Virtanen et al.: Lancet i:381-383, 1983; Ranki et al.: Cur Top Microbiol Immunol 104:307-318, 1983; Lehtomaki et al.: J Clin Microbiol 24:108-111, 1986; Virtanen et al.: J Clin Microbiol 20:1083-1088, 1984; Palva and Ranki: Clin Lab Med 5:475-490, 1985; Polsky-Cynkin et al.: Clin Chem 31:1438-1443, 1985; Parkkinen et al.: J Med Virol 20:279-288, 1986; Palva: FEMS Microbiol Lett 28:85-91, 1985; Palva et al: FEMS Microbiol Lett 23:83-89, 1984; Zolg et al.: Mol Biochem Parasitol 22:145-151, 1987; Palva: J Clin Microbiol 18:92-100, 1983), but also for the analysis of nucleotide sequence variations (Langdale and Malcolm: Gene 36:201-210, 1985). We will discuss the development of the sandwich technique and the advantages it conveys over the more conventional nucleic acid hybridization formats, together with new developments which will ensure that it earns a place alongside immunoassay in the diagnostic laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Nicholls
- Department of Biochemistry, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London, England
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Seyda M, Scheele T, Neumann R, Krueger GR. Comparative evaluation of non-radioactive in situ hybridization techniques for pathologic diagnosis of viral infection. Pathol Res Pract 1988; 184:18-26. [PMID: 2852800 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(88)80186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have compared the efficiency of biotinylated DNA probes and various visualization techniques with 35S-labeled DNA probes in routine paraffin sections from the pathology service; both autopsy and biopsy tissue were investigated. Probes included DNA genomic fragments from cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods of detection by Pathogene II kit (ENZO) and Blue Gene kit (BRL) with visualization by AEC, NBT/BCIP, Immunogold (Janssen) and autoradiography were used. The study shows most satisfactory results by applying the Blue Gene-NBT/BCIP combination followed by the Immunogold technique. Data obtained by these techniques compare well to those of using radioactive DNA probes and autoradiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seyda
- Pathology Institute, University of Cologne, FRG
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Chatterjee NK, Kaehler M, Deibel R. Detection of enteroviruses using subgenomic probes of Coxsackie virus B4 by hybridization. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1988; 11:129-36. [PMID: 2854510 DOI: 10.1016/0732-8893(88)90014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to develop group- and type-specific probes for the detection of enteroviruses. Coxsackie virus B4 RNA was cloned, and a series of subgenomic clones were generated. Six of these clones, containing sequences from the 3' end or the 5' end of the genome, were tested for their ability to detect these viruses in a small number of infected cells employing nucleic acid hybridization technique and total cytoplasmic RNA from a panel of 11 serotypes of enteroviruses. The RNA from cells infected with Coxsackie B viruses gave characteristic and positive hybridization signals. Coxsackie B-specific probes and a control Echo 9 probe detected Coxsackie A9 and Echo 3 weakly. As little as 0.5 microgram of the RNA--which contained 10-20 ng of poly(A)-containing, virus-specific, hybridizable RNA--was sufficient to successfully conduct the assay, suggesting high sensitivity of these probes. Probes that are 3' end-specific appear to be group specific, while those that are 5' end-specific appear to be type specific among the serotypes tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Chatterjee
- Laboratories for Virology, Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, Albany, NY 12201
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Verbeek A, Tijssen P. Biotinylated and radioactive cDNA probes in the detection by hybridization of bovine enteric coronavirus. Mol Cell Probes 1988; 2:209-23. [PMID: 3221884 PMCID: PMC7135618 DOI: 10.1016/0890-8508(88)90005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
cDNA, synthesized on bovine coronavirus (BCV) genomic RNA templates, could be used to detect very small quantities (i.e. 1 pg) of viral RNA by hybridization with either radioisotopic-labelled or biotinylated recombinant plasmids. Virus was optimally attached to nitrocellulose membranes when spotted in 1 x SSC, whereas 20 x SSC was superior for viral RNA. Denaturation and RNA fixation of both RNA, still encapsidated in virus particles and isolated genomic RNA, was achieved by baking of the blots in vacuum. Virus detection in the supernatant of infected HRT-18 cells was feasible, but improved significantly after proteinase K treatment. No homology was observed between virus cDNA with either plasmid DNA or nucleic acid isolated from non-infected HRT-18 cells. Hybridization with radioisotopic-labelled probes in higher formamide concentrations (up to 60%) increased the detection signals, possibly by reducing reassociation of the probe. Significant detection amplification (30-50 times) was achieved in the case of biotinylated probes by stimulation of hyperpolymer formation on already hybridized target sequences, by additional hybridization with biotinylated pUC-19. A detection amplification was also obtained when hybridization was done with two probes (pBC-52 and pBC-247), containing non-overlapping viral sequences. Although the detectability was surpassed by biotinylated probes, sensitivity was superior in radioisotopic virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Verbeek
- Centre de Recherche en Médecine Comparée, Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval-des-Rapides, QC, Canada
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Dangler CA, Dunn SJ, Squire KR, Stott JL, Osburn BI. Rapid identification of bluetongue virus by nucleic acid hybridization in solution. J Virol Methods 1988; 20:353-65. [PMID: 2846603 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(88)90138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A liquid phase hybridization format has been adapted for the identification of bluetongue virus (BTV) with respect to serogroup and serotype. In this paper we present experiments which demonstrate the identification of bluetongue virus with respect to both serogroup and serotype. BTV serogroup-specific and BTV serotype 17-specific single-stranded RNA probes labeled with 35S-CTP were used to identify BTV viral nucleic acids in infected cell culture lysates. Cell lysates were prepared for testing by rapid solubilization in a guanidine isothiocyanate/EDTA/dithiothreitol medium. Hybridizations were done in 12.5 microliter reaction volumes for 2 h or overnight using nanogram quantities of probe. An RNAse solution was added subsequent to hybridization and incubated for 30 min. TCA-precipitable counts were collected and quantitated by scintillation counting. Specific hybridization signals were obtained in as little as 3 h in assays consisting of uninfected controls, cells infected with different BTV serotypes, and cells infected with a strain of epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer (EHDV-1). By using asymmetric single-stranded RNA probes we were able to distinguish viral mRNA and viral double-stranded RNA components. We propose this technique as an ancillary or replacement procedure for the confirmation and classification of viral isolates using an appropriate battery of nucleic acid probes. Potential applications and methods of enhancing the technique are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Dangler
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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Abstract
The lymphocytes from 59 newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients and 38 normal control subjects were examined for the presence of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) genome by molecular hybridizations with human CMV specific probe. The CMV specific viral genome was found in 13 (22%) of 59 diabetic patients, but in 1 (2.6%) of 38 control subjects. Of the patients, 39% had islet cell antibody (ICA) and 41% had cytotoxic beta cell surface antibody (CBSA) in their serum; of the controls the corresponding rates were 2.6% and 2.6%. 62% and 69% of CMV genome-positive patients had ICA and CBSA, respectively, compared with 33% and 33% of CMV genome-negative patients. The single CMV genome-positive control subject did not have either ICA or CBSA whereas only 1 of the 37 CMV genome-negative control subjects had ICA. The strong correlation between CMV genome and islet cell autoantibodies detected in diabetic patients suggests that persistent CMV infections may be relevant to pathogenesis in some cases of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Pak
- Division of Virology, Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Center, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Krell PJ, Salas T, Johnson RP. Mapping of porcine parvovirus DNA and development of a diagnostic DNA probe. Vet Microbiol 1988; 17:29-43. [PMID: 2845634 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(88)90077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dimeric and monomeric replicative forms of DNA of porcine parvovirus (PPV) strain NADL-2 were isolated and examined by restriction enzyme analysis and reciprocal Southern blot hybridization during development of a DNA probe for PPV. Genomic single stranded PPV DNA was 5.0 kb long, and results substantiated the rolling-hairpin model of parvovirus DNA replication with the primer sequence located in the 3' terminal hairpin loop. An additional finding was the generation of a 4.7 kb species of viral DNA which was considered to be a 0.3 kb deletion variant of genomic PPV DNA. A 3.0 kb DNA fragment obtained by Pst I/Hind III digestion of monomer replicative form DNA was cloned into a plasmid vector, pUC 19. The cloned fragment, recovered from transformed Escherichia coli strain TB1 and labelled with [32P] dCTP, was evaluated by dot hybridization as a probe for PPV in infected cell cultures. The probe was specific for PPV infected cells, and was 100 times more sensitive than the standard hemagglutination test.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Krell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Ont., Canada
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Jiang X, Estes MK, Metcalf TG. Detection of hepatitis A virus by hybridization with single-stranded RNA probes. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:2487-95. [PMID: 2447830 PMCID: PMC204134 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.10.2487-2495.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An improved method of dot-blot hybridization to detect hepatitis A virus (HAV) was developed with single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) probes. Radioactive and nonradioactive ssRNA probes were generated by in vitro transcription of HAV templates inserted into the plasmid pGEM-1. 32P-labeled ssRNA probes were at least eightfold more sensitive than the 32P-labeled double-stranded cDNA counterparts, whereas biotin-labeled ssRNA probes showed a sensitivity comparable with that of the 32P-labeled double-stranded cDNA counterparts. Hybridization of HAV with the ssRNA probes at high stringency revealed specific reactions with a high signal-to-noise ratio. The differential hybridization reactions seen with probes of positive and negative sense (compared with HAV genomic RNA) were used to detect HAV in clinical and field samples. A positive/negative ratio was introduced as an indicator that permitted a semiquantitative expression of a positive HAV reaction. Good agreement of this indicator was observed with normal stool samples and with HAV-seeded samples. By using this system, HAV was detected in estuarine and freshwater samples collected from a sewage-polluted bayou in Houston and a saltwater tributary of Galveston Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Jiang
- Department of Virology and Epidemiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Belák S, Rockborn G, Wierup M, Belák K, Berg M, Linné T. Aujeszky's disease in pigs diagnosed by a simple method of nucleic acid hybridization. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1987; 34:519-29. [PMID: 2829469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1987.tb00428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Norval M, Bingham RW. Advances in the use of nucleic acid probes in diagnosis of viral diseases of man. Brief review. Arch Virol 1987; 97:151-65. [PMID: 3322234 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A variety of methods are now available for the preparation and labelling of viral nucleic acids for use as probes in diagnostic virology. Some of these are assessed including the use of synthetic oligonucleotides in place of molecularly cloned nucleic acids, and alternatives to labelling with radioactive isotopes such as biotin, enzymes and fluorochromes. Dot blot, sandwich, indirect sandwich and in situ hybridization are covered, and examples given of the current use of nucleic acid probes in detection of human viral infections. The potential and limitations of nucleic acid hybridization are discussed in the light of these new methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Norval
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Edinburgh Medical School
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27
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Mifflin TE, Bowden J, Lovell MA, Bruns DE, Hayden FG, Gröschel DH, Savory J. Comparison of radioactive (32P and 35S) and biotinylated probes for detection of cytomegalovirus DNA. Clin Biochem 1987; 20:231-5. [PMID: 2826048 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(87)80003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA was detected in a dot-blot assay by hybridization to a DNA probe labeled with radioisotopes (32P or 35S) or biotin. Limits of detection were established for both the radioisotopically labeled DNA probes as well as the biotin-labeled probe. Hybridization of the radioisotopically labeled probes was detected by autoradiography and liquid scintillation while the biotin-labeled probe was detected after coupling to one of three enzymes (e.g., horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or acid phosphatase). In addition, several different substrates were evaluated with the nonisotopic detection enzymes. Detection limits (and times for detection) were 1 pg (4 h) for 32P, approximately 1 pg (96 h) for 35S, 5 pg (1-3 h) for the phosphatases, and 25-50 pg for peroxidase. Thus, 32P-labeled probes appear to provide the best sensitivity whereas the avidin-linked phosphatases provide the best sensitivity among the nonisotopic detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Mifflin
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville 22908
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28
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Abstract
Recombinant DNA procedures have now been applied to the problem of the identification of molecular defects in man that account for heritable diseases, somatic mutations associated with neoplasia, and acquired infectious disease. Thus recombinant DNA technology has rapidly expanded our ability to diagnose disease. Substantial advances in the simplification of procedures for diagnostic purposes have been made, and the informed physician has gained in diagnostic accuracy as a consequence of these developments. The wide application of recombinant DNA diagnostics will depend on simplicity, speed of results, and cost containment.
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29
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Khan AM, Wright PJ. Detection of flavivirus RNA in infected cells using photobiotin-labelled hybridization probes. J Virol Methods 1987; 15:121-30. [PMID: 3031110 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(87)90055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ten plasmids containing viral cDNA inserts of portions of the dengue virus type 2 (DEN-2) or Kunjin virus (KUN) genomes were biotinylated using photobiotin acetate and used as probes for the detection of flavivirus RNA in infected Vero cells. The viral cDNA inserts ranged in length from 0.19 to 2.7 kilobase pairs, and represented segments of the flavivirus genome coding for structural and nonstructural proteins. In spot hybridization assays (hybridization at 60 degrees C) with RNA extracted from cells infected with one of fourteen different flaviviruses or Semliki Forest virus, all DEN-2 and KUN probes hybridized specifically with RNA from cells infected with DEN-2 or KUN, respectively. At the reduced stringency of lower temperatures, specific hybridization to homologous viral RNA was still a feature of the probes, and only limited cross-hybridization to the RNA of some other flavivirus species was detected.
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30
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Sterrett GF, Alessandri LM, Pixley E, Kulski JK. Assessment of precancerous lesions of the uterine cervix for evidence of human papillomavirus infection: a histological and immunohistochemical study. Pathology 1987; 19:84-90. [PMID: 3035470 DOI: 10.3109/00313028709065144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cervical biopsies obtained by colposcopic direction from 358 women were histologically examined for squamous dysplasia (cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia; CIN) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Of the 358 biopsies, 136 were stained by an immunoperoxidase method using an antiserum against genus-specific (common) antigen of bovine papillomavirus. HPV antigens were detected in 40% of biopsies showing definite histological evidence of HPV effect, and in 7.9% and 2.6% of those with possible or no HPV effect, respectively. HPV effect was commonly seen in association with CIN. The frequency of histological evidence of HPV effect and positive immunoperoxidase staining decreased with increasing grades of CIN. HPV antigen was found in 57% of areas of HPV change with minor atypia, 34% of zones of CIN I and in only 8% of zones of CIN II. No antigenic staining or definite histological evidence of HPV effect was observed within areas of CIN III. Antigen was generally confined to the nuclei of superficial koilocytes, cells with lesser degrees of perinuclear clearing and parakeratotic cells. These results how a strong association between HPV infection and precancerous lesions of the uterine cervix and are consistent with the hypothesis that production of the HPV structural antigen requires a high degree of squamous cell maturation. The immunoperoxidase findings and the histopathological observations support the view that HPV change and dysplasia are part of a morphological continuum in which the cytopathic effect of HPV is expressed mainly in lower grades of dysplasia.
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31
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32
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Linhardt RJ. DNA probes for clinical applications. Patents and literature. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1986; 12:301-10. [PMID: 3530132 DOI: 10.1007/bf02798426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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33
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Davidson I, Maray T, Malkinson M, Becker Y. Detection of Marek's disease virus antigens and DNA in feathers from infected chickens. J Virol Methods 1986; 13:231-44. [PMID: 3016019 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(86)90017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two novel tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and dot-blot hybridization, were developed to detect and quantify the antigens and DNA of Marek's disease virus (MDV) in feather tips from infected chickens. In both methods, buffered extracts of the feathers served as the same test material. The ELISA technique was compared to the conventional agar-gel precipitation (AGP) test, using the same convalescent serum from a MDV-infected bird. Of 86 feather samples tested, 34 were negative by both methods, while 6 out of 52 were ELISA positive but AGP negative. Viral antigen detection by the AGP and ELISA methods was compared with the detection of MDV DNA by the dot-blot DNA hybridization technique. At an ELISA reading (OD 405) of 0.3 and above, only 5 out of 48 DNA extracts failed to hybridize with the MDV-DNA probe. The use of the radioactively labelled MDV-DNA probe for hybridization with DNA extracts from feather tips of MDV-infected chickens was both sensitive and specific, and there was good correlation among the different tests.
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34
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Waters MJ, Gust ID. Rapid viral diagnosis. Pathology 1986; 18:3-4. [PMID: 3725431 DOI: 10.3109/00313028609090820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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