1
|
Tietze L, Christ M, Yu J, Stock P, Nickel S, Schulze A, Bartels M, Tautenhahn HM, Christ B. Approaching Thrombospondin-1 as a Potential Target for Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Support Liver Regeneration after Partial Hepatectomy in Mouse and Humans. Cells 2024; 13:529. [PMID: 38534373 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Extended liver resection carries the risk of post-surgery liver failure involving thrombospondin-1-mediated aggravation of hepatic epithelial plasticity and function. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), by interfering with thrombospondin-1 (THBS1), counteract hepatic dysfunction, though the mechanisms involved remain unknown. Herein, two-thirds partial hepatectomy in mice increased hepatic THBS1, downstream transforming growth factor-β3, and perturbation of liver tissue homeostasis. All these events were ameliorated by hepatic transfusion of human bone marrow-derived MSCs. Treatment attenuated platelet and macrophage recruitment to the liver, both major sources of THBS1. By mitigating THBS1, MSCs muted surgery-induced tissue deterioration and dysfunction, and thus supported post-hepatectomy regeneration. After liver surgery, patients displayed increased tissue THBS1, which is associated with functional impairment and may indicate a higher risk of post-surgery complications. Since liver dysfunction involving THBS1 improves with MSC treatment in various animal models, it seems feasible to also modulate THBS1 in humans to impede post-surgery acute liver failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lysann Tietze
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Madlen Christ
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jiyeon Yu
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Thoraxchirurgie, Helios Park-Klinikum Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peggy Stock
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Nickel
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annelie Schulze
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Bartels
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Thoraxchirurgie, Helios Park-Klinikum Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Tautenhahn
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Division of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Research Programme "Else Kröner-Forschungskolleg AntiAge", Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Bruno Christ
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Division of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Duff C, Alexander IE, Baruteau J. Gene therapy for urea cycle defects: An update from historical perspectives to future prospects. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:50-62. [PMID: 37026568 PMCID: PMC10953416 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Urea cycle defects (UCDs) are severe inherited metabolic diseases with high unmet needs which present a permanent risk of hyperammonaemic decompensation and subsequent acute death or neurological sequelae, when treated with conventional dietetic and medical therapies. Liver transplantation is currently the only curative option, but has the potential to be supplanted by highly effective gene therapy interventions without the attendant need for life-long immunosuppression or limitations imposed by donor liver supply. Over the last three decades, pioneering genetic technologies have been explored to circumvent the consequences of UCDs, improve quality of life and long-term outcomes: adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors, gene editing, genome integration and non-viral technology with messenger RNA. In this review, we present a summarised view of this historical path, which includes some seminal milestones of the gene therapy's epic. We provide an update about the state of the art of gene therapy technologies for UCDs and the current advantages and pitfalls driving future directions for research and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Duff
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ian E. Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals NetworkWestmeadNew South WalesAustralia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent HealthThe University of SydneyWestmeadNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Julien Baruteau
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- National Institute of Health Research Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research CentreLondonUK
- Metabolic Medicine DepartmentGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Jusko WJ. Exploring the Pharmacokinetic Mysteries of the Liver: Application of Series Compartment Models of Hepatic Elimination. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:618-628. [PMID: 36732075 PMCID: PMC10158499 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the basic hepatic clearance models, the dispersion model (DM) is the most physiologically sound compared with the well-stirred model and the parallel tube model. However, its application in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has been limited due to computational complexities. The series compartment models (SCM) of hepatic elimination that treats the liver as a cascade of well-stirred compartments connected by hepatic blood flow exhibits some mathematical similarities to the DM but is easier to operate. This work assesses the quantitative correlation between the SCM and DM and demonstrates the operation of the SCM in PBPK with the published single-dose blood and liver concentration-time data of six flow-limited compounds. The predicted liver concentrations and the estimated intrinsic clearance (CLint ) and PBPK-operative tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp ) values were shown to depend on the number of liver sub-compartments (n) and hepatic enzyme zonation in the SCM. The CLint and Kp decreased with increasing n, with more remarkable differences for drugs with higher hepatic extraction ratios. Given the same total CLint , the SCM yields a higher Kp when the liver perivenous region exhibits a lower CLint as compared with a high CLint at this region. Overall, the SCM nicely approximates the DM in characterizing hepatic elimination and offers an alternative flexible approach as well as providing some insights regarding sequential drug concentrations in the liver. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The SCM nicely approximates the DM when applied in PBPK for characterizing hepatic elimination. The number of liver sub-compartments and hepatic enzyme zonation are influencing factors for the SCM resulting in model-dependent predictions of total/internal liver concentrations and estimates of CLint and the PBPK-operative Kp . Such model-dependency may have an impact when the SCM is used for in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and may also be relevant for PK/PD/toxicological effects when it is the driving force for such responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xin J, Yang T, Wu X, Wu Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Jiang M, Gao W. Spatial transcriptomics analysis of zone-dependent hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury murine model. Commun Biol 2023; 6:194. [PMID: 36804628 PMCID: PMC9938905 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04564-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common complication in liver transplantation. The connection between I/R-induced injury response and liver heterogeneity has yet to be fully understood. In this study, we converge histopathological examination with spatial transcriptomics to dissect I/R injury patterns and their associated molecular changes, which reveal that the pericentral zones are most sensitive to I/R injury in terms of histology, transcriptomic changes, and cell type dynamics. Bioinformatic analysis of I/R injury-related pathways predicts that celastrol can protect against liver I/R injury by inducing ischemic pre-conditioning, which is experimentally validated. Mechanistically, celastrol likely implements its protective effect against I/R injury by activating HIF1α signaling and represents a potential strategy for resolving liver I/R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yingting Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Mengxi Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nault R, Saha S, Bhattacharya S, Sinha S, Maiti T, Zacharewski T. Single-cell transcriptomics shows dose-dependent disruption of hepatic zonation by TCDD in mice. Toxicol Sci 2023; 191:135-148. [PMID: 36222588 PMCID: PMC9887712 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) dose-dependently induces the development of hepatic fat accumulation and inflammation with fibrosis in mice initially in the portal region. Conversely, differential gene and protein expression is first detected in the central region. To further investigate cell-specific and spatially resolved dose-dependent changes in gene expression elicited by TCDD, single-nuclei RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics were used for livers of male mice gavaged with TCDD every 4 days for 28 days. The proportion of 11 cell (sub)types across 131 613 nuclei dose-dependently changed with 68% of all portal and central hepatocyte nuclei in control mice being overtaken by macrophages following TCDD treatment. We identified 368 (portal fibroblasts) to 1339 (macrophages) differentially expressed genes. Spatial analyses revealed initial loss of portal identity that eventually spanned the entire liver lobule with increasing dose. Induction of R-spondin 3 (Rspo3) and pericentral Apc, suggested dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade in zonally resolved steatosis. Collectively, the integrated results suggest disruption of zonation contributes to the pattern of TCDD-elicited NAFLD pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rance Nault
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Satabdi Saha
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Samiran Sinha
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Tapabrata Maiti
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Tim Zacharewski
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fetal programming in sheep: Effects on pre- and postnatal organs and glands development in lambs. Res Vet Sci 2022; 151:100-109. [PMID: 35878535 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present systematic review and meta-analysis aim to summarize the effects of maternal undernutrition or overnutrition during pregnancy on the absolute weight and relative weight of the organs (liver, kidneys, heart, spleen, and lung) and glands (adrenal, pancreas, and thyroid) measured during gestation, birth and the postnatal period in lambs. After completing the search, selection, and data extraction steps, the measure of effect was generated by the individual comparison of each variable response compared with the average of the control and treated group (undernutrition or overnutrition) using the DerSimonian and Laird method for random effects. The liver was the organ most affected by maternal undernutrition, as the absolute weight of the liver was reduced during pregnancy, birth, and the postnatal period. The extent of this effect is related to the duration of the intervention. Reductions in the absolute fetal weight of the lungs and spleen have also been observed. No change in organs weight were observed when the results were expressed as relative weight. For overnutrition, the fetal weight of the liver was reduced to both absolute and relative values. In contrast, the relative weight of the kidneys has been increased. For the glands analyzed, no changes in weight were observed in either scenario (absolute or relative weight). Thus, the organs are more likely to suffer weight changes, especially during pregnancy, as a result of maternal nutrition. However, this change in organ weight seems to be closely related to the reduction in body weight of the progeny as a whole.
Collapse
|
7
|
Budelmann D, Laue H, Weiss N, Dahmen U, D’Alessandro LA, Biermayer I, Klingmüller U, Ghallab A, Hassan R, Begher-Tibbe B, Hengstler JG, Schwen LO. Automated Detection of Portal Fields and Central Veins in Whole-Slide Images of Liver Tissue. J Pathol Inform 2022; 13:100001. [PMID: 35242441 PMCID: PMC8860737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpi.2022.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many physiological processes and pathological phenomena in the liver tissue are spatially heterogeneous. At a local scale, biomarkers can be quantified along the axis of the blood flow, from portal fields (PFs) to central veins (CVs), i.e., in zonated form. This requires detecting PFs and CVs. However, manually annotating these structures in multiple whole-slide images is a tedious task. We describe and evaluate a fully automated method, based on a convolutional neural network, for simultaneously detecting PFs and CVs in a single stained section. Trained on scans of hematoxylin and eosin-stained liver tissue, the detector performed well with an F1 score of 0.81 compared to annotation by a human expert. It does, however, not generalize well to previously unseen scans of steatotic liver tissue with an F1 score of 0.59. Automated PF and CV detection eliminates the bottleneck of manual annotation for subsequent automated analyses, as illustrated by two proof-of-concept applications: We computed lobulus sizes based on the detected PF and CV positions, where results agreed with published lobulus sizes. Moreover, we demonstrate the feasibility of zonated quantification of biomarkers detected in different stainings based on lobuli and zones obtained from the detected PF and CV positions. A negative control (hematoxylin and eosin) showed the expected homogeneity, a positive control (glutamine synthetase) was quantified to be strictly pericentral, and a plausible zonation for a heterogeneous F4/80 staining was obtained. Automated detection of PFs and CVs is one building block for automatically quantifying physiologically relevant heterogeneity of liver tissue biomarkers. Perspectively, a more robust and automated assessment of zonation from whole-slide images will be valuable for parameterizing spatially resolved models of liver metabolism and to provide diagnostic information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lorenza A. D’Alessandro
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ina Biermayer
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Reham Hassan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Brigitte Begher-Tibbe
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hildebrandt F, Andersson A, Saarenpää S, Larsson L, Van Hul N, Kanatani S, Masek J, Ellis E, Barragan A, Mollbrink A, Andersson ER, Lundeberg J, Ankarklev J. Spatial Transcriptomics to define transcriptional patterns of zonation and structural components in the mouse liver. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7046. [PMID: 34857782 PMCID: PMC8640072 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of heterogeneity through single cell transcriptional profiling has greatly advanced our understanding of the spatial liver transcriptome in recent years. However, global transcriptional differences across lobular units remain elusive in physical space. Here, we apply Spatial Transcriptomics to perform transcriptomic analysis across sectioned liver tissue. We confirm that the heterogeneity in this complex tissue is predominantly determined by lobular zonation. By introducing novel computational approaches, we enable transcriptional gradient measurements between tissue structures, including several lobules in a variety of orientations. Further, our data suggests the presence of previously transcriptionally uncharacterized structures within liver tissue, contributing to the overall spatial heterogeneity of the organ. This study demonstrates how comprehensive spatial transcriptomic technologies can be used to delineate extensive spatial gene expression patterns in the liver, indicating its future impact for studies of liver function, development and regeneration as well as its potential in pre-clinical and clinical pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hildebrandt
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alma Andersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sami Saarenpää
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Larsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Noémi Van Hul
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, SE-171 77, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sachie Kanatani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Masek
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, SE-171 77, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, 141-86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Mollbrink
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Emma R Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, SE-171 77, Solna, Sweden
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Johan Ankarklev
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Microbial Single Cell Genomics facility, SciLifeLab, Biomedical Center (BMC) Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kling S, Lang B, Hammer HS, Naboulsi W, Sprenger H, Frenzel F, Pötz O, Schwarz M, Braeuning A, Templin MF. Characterization of hepatic zonation in mice by mass-spectrometric and antibody-based proteomics approaches. Biol Chem 2021; 403:331-343. [PMID: 34599868 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Periportal and perivenous hepatocytes show zonal heterogeneity in metabolism and signaling. Here, hepatic zonation in mouse liver was analyzed by non-targeted mass spectrometry (MS) and by the antibody-based DigiWest technique, yielding a comprehensive overview of protein expression in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes. Targeted immunoaffinity-based proteomics were used to substantiate findings related to drug metabolism. 165 (MS) and 82 (DigiWest) zonated proteins were identified based on the selected criteria for statistical significance, including 7 (MS) and 43 (DigiWest) proteins not identified as zonated before. New zonated proteins especially comprised kinases and phosphatases related to growth factor-dependent signaling, with mainly periportal localization. Moreover, the mainly perivenous zonation of a large panel of cytochrome P450 enzymes was characterized. DigiWest data were shown to complement the MS results, substantially improving possibilities to bioinformatically identify zonated biological processes. Data mining revealed key regulators and pathways preferentially active in either periportal or perivenous hepatocytes, with β-catenin signaling and nuclear xeno-sensing receptors as the most prominent perivenous regulators, and several kinase- and G-protein-dependent signaling cascades active mainly in periportal hepatocytes. In summary, the present data substantially broaden our knowledge of hepatic zonation in mouse liver at the protein level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kling
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, D-72770Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Lang
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, D-72770Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Helen S Hammer
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, D-72770Reutlingen, Germany.,Signatope, Markwiesenstr. 55, D-72770Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Wael Naboulsi
- Signatope, Markwiesenstr. 55, D-72770Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Heike Sprenger
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589Berlin, Germany
| | - Falko Frenzel
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Pötz
- Signatope, Markwiesenstr. 55, D-72770Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, D-72074Tübingen, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus F Templin
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, D-72770Reutlingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Paluschinski M, Jin CJ, Qvartskhava N, Görg B, Wammers M, Lang J, Lang K, Poschmann G, Stühler K, Häussinger D. Characterization of the scavenger cell proteome in mouse and rat liver. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1073-1085. [PMID: 34333885 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The structural-functional organization of ammonia and glutamine metabolism in the liver acinus involves highly specialized hepatocyte subpopulations like glutamine synthetase (GS) expressing perivenous hepatocytes (scavenger cells). However, this cell population has not yet been characterized extensively regarding expression of other genes and potential subpopulations. This was investigated in the present study by proteome profiling of periportal GS-negative and perivenous GS-expressing hepatocytes from mouse and rat. Apart from established markers of GS+ hepatocytes such as glutamate/aspartate transporter II (GLT1) or ammonium transporter Rh type B (RhBG), we identified novel scavenger cell-specific proteins like basal transcription factor 3 (BTF3) and heat-shock protein 25 (HSP25). Interestingly, BTF3 and HSP25 were heterogeneously distributed among GS+ hepatocytes in mouse liver slices. Feeding experiments showed that RhBG expression was increased in livers from mice fed with high protein diet compared to standard chow. While spatial distributions of GS and carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) were unaffected, periportal areas constituted by glutaminase 2 (GLS2)-positive hepatocytes were enlarged or reduced in response to high or low protein diet, respectively. The data suggest that the population of perivenous GS+ scavenger cells is heterogeneous and not uniform as previously suggested which may reflect a functional heterogeneity, possibly relevant for liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha Paluschinski
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cheng Jun Jin
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Natalia Qvartskhava
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Boris Görg
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marianne Wammers
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Judith Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Karl Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Proteome Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Proteome Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory (MPL), Biomedical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
van der Mey D, Gerisch M, Jungmann NA, Kaiser A, Yoshikawa K, Schulz S, Radtke M, Lentini S. Drug-drug interaction of atazanavir on UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation of molidustat in human. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 128:511-524. [PMID: 33232579 PMCID: PMC7983974 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molidustat is an oral inhibitor of hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) prolyl‐hydroxylase enhancing the erythropoietin (EPO) response to HIF; it is in clinical development for the treatment of anaemia related to chronic kidney disease. The predominant role of glucuronidation for molidustat clearance (formation of N‐glucuronide metabolite M1) and subsequent renal excretion was confirmed in a human mass balance study, with about 85% of the drug being excreted as M1 in urine. The inhibitory effects of 176 drugs and xenobiotics from various compound classes on the UGT‐mediated glucuronidation of molidustat in human liver microsomes (HLMs) were investigated. Based on preclinical findings, glucuronidation of molidustat was predominantly mediated by the 5'‐diphospho‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoform UGT1A1. Therefore, atazanavir, which is a potent inhibitor of UGT1A1, was chosen for the evaluation of pharmacokinetics and EPO release following a single oral dose of 25 mg molidustat. Molidustat exposure increased about twofold upon coadministration with atazanavir when considering area under plasma concentration‐time curve from zero to infinity (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax). Baseline‐corrected increase of EPO was 14% and 34% for Cmax and AUC (calculated over 24 hours), respectively. Coadministration of molidustat and atazanavir was well tolerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorina van der Mey
- Clinical Pharmacology Cardiovascular/Haematology, Translational Sciences, Research & Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Gerisch
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Translational Sciences, Research & Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Natalia A Jungmann
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Translational Sciences, Research & Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Andreas Kaiser
- Statistics and Data Insights, Data Sciences & Analytics, Research & Development, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenichi Yoshikawa
- Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Sciences, Research & Development, Bayer Yakuhin Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Simone Schulz
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Translational Sciences, Research & Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Martin Radtke
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Translational Sciences, Research & Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Silvia Lentini
- Clinical Pharmacology Cardiovascular/Haematology, Translational Sciences, Research & Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wild SL, Elghajiji A, Grimaldos Rodriguez C, Weston SD, Burke ZD, Tosh D. The Canonical Wnt Pathway as a Key Regulator in Liver Development, Differentiation and Homeostatic Renewal. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101163. [PMID: 33008122 PMCID: PMC7599793 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt (Wnt/β-catenin) signalling pathway is highly conserved and plays a critical role in regulating cellular processes both during development and in adult tissue homeostasis. The Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway is vital for correct body patterning and is involved in fate specification of the gut tube, the primitive precursor of liver. In adults, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is increasingly recognised as an important regulator of metabolic zonation, homeostatic renewal and regeneration in response to injury throughout the liver. Herein, we review recent developments relating to the key role of the pathway in the patterning and fate specification of the liver, in the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into hepatocytes and in governing proliferation and zonation in the adult liver. We pay particular attention to recent contributions to the controversy surrounding homeostatic renewal and proliferation in response to injury. Furthermore, we discuss how crosstalk between the Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog (Hh) and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathways works to maintain liver homeostasis. Advancing our understanding of this pathway will benefit our ability to model disease, screen drugs and generate tissue and organ replacements for regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ho H, Zhang E. Virtual Lobule Models Are the Key for Multiscale Biomechanical and Pharmacological Modeling for the Liver. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1061. [PMID: 32982791 PMCID: PMC7492636 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Ho
- Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - En Zhang
- Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chongqing City, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pek NMQ, Liu KJ, Nichane M, Ang LT. Controversies Surrounding the Origin of Hepatocytes in Adult Livers and the in Vitro Generation or Propagation of Hepatocytes. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:273-290. [PMID: 32992051 PMCID: PMC7695885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells in the liver (known as hepatocytes) are high-performance engines of myriad metabolic functions and versatile responders to liver injury. As hepatocytes metabolize amino acids, alcohol, drugs, and other substrates, they produce and are exposed to a milieu of toxins and harmful byproducts that can damage themselves. In the healthy liver, hepatocytes generally divide slowly. However, after liver injury, hepatocytes can ramp up proliferation to regenerate the liver. Yet, on extensive injury, regeneration falters, and liver failure ensues. It is therefore critical to understand the mechanisms underlying liver regeneration and, in particular, which liver cells are mobilized during liver maintenance and repair. Controversies continue to surround the very existence of hepatic stem cells and, if they exist, their spatial location, multipotency, degree of contribution to regeneration, ploidy, and susceptibility to tumorigenesis. This review discusses these controversies. Finally, we highlight how insights into hepatocyte regeneration and biology in vivo can inform in vitro studies to propagate primary hepatocytes with liver regeneration-associated signals and to generate hepatocytes de novo from pluripotent stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lay Teng Ang
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Lay Teng Ang, PhD, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lv W, Guo L, Zheng F, Wang Q, Wang W, Cui L, Ouyang Y, Liu X, Li E, Shi X, Xu G. Alternate reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for broad coverage in metabolomics analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
16
|
Hewawasam SP. Hypoxia and oxidative stress: The role of the anaerobic gut, the hepatic arterial buffer response and other defence mechanisms of the liver. World J Meta-Anal 2020; 8:78-88. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v8.i2.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is considered a vital organ and is the hub for multiple chemical functions, such as intermediary metabolism and the detoxification of ingested toxins, which are essential for the preservation of life, hence, the origin or the word “liver”. The liver has enormous, highly diversified catalytic potential. This enormous catalytic potential generates massive oxidative stress, which is important for the functions of the liver but is detrimental to the viability of the liver. The liver receives approximately 80% of its blood supply from the portal vein, which brings less saturated blood from the gastrointestinal tract. Hepatocytes operate in a relatively hypoxic microenvironment due to this portal inflow. The development of this hypoxic microenvironment of the liver is an important evolutionary adaptation for its detoxification function that is not recognized in the literature as a defence mechanism against the oxidative stress generated during the detoxification process. This review describes liver function in relation to its oxidative catalytic potential and the oxidative stress generated by it as well as the evolutionary defence mechanisms present in the liver against this oxidative stress to provide new insights into liver function.
Collapse
|
17
|
Pang KS, Han YR, Noh K, Lee PI, Rowland M. Hepatic clearance concepts and misconceptions: Why the well-stirred model is still used even though it is not physiologic reality? Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113596. [PMID: 31398312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the most important drug metabolizing organ, endowed with a plethora of metabolizing enzymes and transporters to facilitate drug entry and removal via metabolism and/or biliary excretion. For this reason, much focus surrounds the development of clearance concepts, which are based on normalizing the rate of removal to the input or arterial concentration. By so doing, some authors have recently claimed that it implies one specific model of hepatic elimination, namely, the widely used well-stirred or venous equilibration model (WSM). This commentary challenges this claim and aims to provide a comprehensive discussion of not only the WSM but other currently applied hepatic clearance models - the parallel tube model (PTM), the dispersion model (DM), the zonal liver model (ZLM), and the heterogeneous capillary transit time model of Goresky and co-workers (GM). The WSM, PTM, and DM differ in the patterns of internal blood flow, assuming bulk, plug, and dispersive flows, respectively, which render different degrees of mixing within the liver that are characterized by the magnitudes of the dispersion number (DN), resulting in different implications concerning the (unbound) substrate concentration in liver (CuH). Early models assumed perfusion rate-limited distribution, which have since been modified to include membrane-limited transport. The recent developments associated with the misconceptions and the sensitivity of the models are hereby addressed. Since the WSM has been and will likely remain widely used, the pros and cons of this model relative to physiological reality are further discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sandy Pang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Yi Rang Han
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keumhan Noh
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ping I Lee
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malcolm Rowland
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ang LT, Tan AKY, Autio MI, Goh SH, Choo SH, Lee KL, Tan J, Pan B, Lee JJH, Lum JJ, Lim CYY, Yeo IKX, Wong CJY, Liu M, Oh JLL, Chia CPL, Loh CH, Chen A, Chen Q, Weissman IL, Loh KM, Lim B. A Roadmap for Human Liver Differentiation from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 22:2190-2205. [PMID: 29466743 PMCID: PMC5854481 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
How are closely related lineages, including liver, pancreas, and intestines, diversified from a common endodermal origin? Here, we apply principles learned from developmental biology to rapidly reconstitute liver progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Mapping the formation of multiple endodermal lineages revealed how alternate endodermal fates (e.g., pancreas and intestines) are restricted during liver commitment. Human liver fate was encoded by combinations of inductive and repressive extracellular signals at different doses. However, these signaling combinations were temporally re-interpreted: cellular competence to respond to retinoid, WNT, TGF-β, and other signals sharply changed within 24 hr. Consequently, temporally dynamic manipulation of extracellular signals was imperative to suppress the production of unwanted cell fates across six consecutive developmental junctures. This efficiently generated 94.1% ± 7.35% TBX3+HNF4A+ human liver bud progenitors and 81.5% ± 3.2% FAH+ hepatocyte-like cells by days 6 and 18 of hPSC differentiation, respectively; the latter improved short-term survival in the Fah-/-Rag2-/-Il2rg-/- mouse model of liver failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lay Teng Ang
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
| | - Antson Kiat Yee Tan
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Matias I Autio
- Human Genetics Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Su Hua Goh
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Siew Hua Choo
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Kian Leong Lee
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jianmin Tan
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Bangfen Pan
- Human Genetics Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Jane Jia Hui Lee
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jen Jen Lum
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529757, Singapore
| | - Christina Ying Yan Lim
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Isabelle Kai Xin Yeo
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529757, Singapore
| | - Chloe Jin Yee Wong
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529757, Singapore
| | - Min Liu
- Humanized Mouse Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Jueween Ling Li Oh
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529757, Singapore
| | - Cheryl Pei Lynn Chia
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529757, Singapore
| | - Chet Hong Loh
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Angela Chen
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Humanized Mouse Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Microbiology, Yong Yoo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bing Lim
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Means SA, Ho H. A spatial-temporal model for zonal hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 34:71-77. [PMID: 30377056 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.09.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism zonation in liver lobules is well known yet its incorporation into the mathematical models of acetaminophen (APAP) metabolism is still primitive - only the oxidation pathway via reaction with the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) has been considered, yet the zonal heterogeneity exhibits in all three pathways including sulphation, glucuronidation and oxidation. In this paper we present a novel computational method where an intracellular APAP metabolism model is integrated into a Finite Element Model (FEM) of sinusoids, and the zonal heterogeneity in three metabolism pathways are all incorporated. We demonstrate that the degradation of APAP, detoxification via glutathione (GSH) and the formation of hepatotoxicity, are all affected profoundly by the zonal difference. Specifically, glucuronidation plays a major role in the degradation of APAP. Generation of GSH, its conjugation with the toxic NAPQI and the spatial distribution of CYP450 combined together determine the toxicity of APAP. We suggest that the current platform be used for further hepatotoxicity study of APAP by incorporating other heterogeneity factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A Means
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Harvey Ho
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Maier MT, Vilhelmsson A, Louie SM, Vagena E, Nomura DK, Koliwad SK, Xu AW. Regulation of Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Distribution by Agouti-Related Protein in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2408-2420. [PMID: 29750244 PMCID: PMC6692877 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of energy metabolism requires neurons in the central nervous system to respond dynamically to signals that reflect the body's energy reserve, and one such signal is leptin. Agouti-related protein (AgRP) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that is markedly upregulated in leptin deficiency, a condition that is associated with severe obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis. Because deleting AgRP in mice does not alter energy balance, we sought to determine whether AgRP plays an indispensable role in regulating energy and hepatic lipid metabolism in the sensitized background of leptin deficiency. We generated male mice that are deficient for both leptin and AgRP [double-knockout (DKO)]. DKO mice and ob/ob littermates had similar body weights, food intake, energy expenditure, and plasma insulin levels, although DKO mice surprisingly developed heightened hyperglycemia with advancing age. Overall hepatic lipid content was reduced in young prediabetic DKO mice, but not in the older diabetic counterparts. Intriguingly, however, both young and older DKO mice had an altered zonal distribution of hepatic lipids with reduced periportal lipid deposition. Moreover, leptin stimulated, whereas AgRP inhibited, hepatic sympathetic activity. Ablating sympathetic nerves to the liver, which primarily innervate the portal regions, produced periportal lipid accumulation in wild-type mice. Collectively, our results highlight AgRP as a regulator of hepatic sympathetic activity and metabolic zonation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Maier
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Anna Vilhelmsson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sharon M Louie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Eirini Vagena
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Suneil K Koliwad
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Allison W Xu
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Correspondence: Allison W. Xu, PhD, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Box 0534 , S-1222, California 94143, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Berndt N, Horger MS, Bulik S, Holzhütter HG. A multiscale modelling approach to assess the impact of metabolic zonation and microperfusion on the hepatic carbohydrate metabolism. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006005. [PMID: 29447152 PMCID: PMC5841820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the liver to convert the metabolic input received from the incoming portal and arterial blood into the metabolic output of the outgoing venous blood has three major determinants: The intra-hepatic blood flow, the transport of metabolites between blood vessels (sinusoids) and hepatocytes and the metabolic capacity of hepatocytes. These determinants are not constant across the organ: Even in the normal organ, but much more pronounced in the fibrotic and cirrhotic liver, regional variability of the capillary blood pressure, tissue architecture and the expression level of metabolic enzymes (zonation) have been reported. Understanding how this variability may affect the regional metabolic capacity of the liver is important for the interpretation of functional liver tests and planning of pharmacological and surgical interventions. Here we present a mathematical model of the sinusoidal tissue unit (STU) that is composed of a single sinusoid surrounded by the space of Disse and a monolayer of hepatocytes. The total metabolic output of the liver (arterio-venous glucose difference) is obtained by integration across the metabolic output of a representative number of STUs. Application of the model to the hepatic glucose metabolism provided the following insights: (i) At portal glucose concentrations between 6–8 mM, an intra-sinusoidal glucose cycle may occur which is constituted by glucose producing periportal hepatocytes and glucose consuming pericentral hepatocytes, (ii) Regional variability of hepatic blood flow is higher than the corresponding regional variability of the metabolic output, (iii) a spatially resolved metabolic functiogram of the liver is constructed. Variations of tissue parameters are equally important as variations of enzyme activities for the control of the arterio-venous glucose difference. Glucose homeostasis is one of the central liver functions. The liver extracts glucose from the blood when plasma glucose levels are high and produces glucose when plasma glucose levels are low. To fulfill this function the liver is organized in smallest functional units, the sinusoidal tissue units (STUs). These STUs consist of a single sinusoid surrounded by linear arranged hepatocytes. Liver zonation describes the spatial separation of metabolic pathways along the STUs. As blood flows through the sinusoid the plasma nutrient and hormone composition changes and in conjunction with the heterogeneous endowment of metabolic enzymes this leads to big differences in the metabolic performance of hepatocytes depending on their position within the sinusoid. This makes liver zonation and blood flow two central determinants for the functional output of the liver. In this work we present a tissue model of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism that combines liver zonation and microperfusion within the STU. We show that structural properties, enzymatic properties and regional bloodflow are equally important for the understanding of liver functionality. With our work we provide a true multi-scale model bridging the scale from the cellular to the tissue level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Berndt
- Computational Biochemistry Group, Institute of Biochemistry, Charite—University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin
- * E-mail:
| | - Marius Stefan Horger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tubingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sascha Bulik
- Computational Biochemistry Group, Institute of Biochemistry, Charite—University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Junior Research Group Supply-Chain-Models, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8–10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Computational Biochemistry Group, Institute of Biochemistry, Charite—University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kreutz C, MacNelly S, Follo M, Wäldin A, Binninger-Lacour P, Timmer J, Bartolomé-Rodríguez MM. Hepatocyte Ploidy Is a Diversity Factor for Liver Homeostasis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:862. [PMID: 29163206 PMCID: PMC5671579 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy, the existence of cells containing more than one pair of chromosomes, is a well-known feature of mammalian hepatocytes. Polyploid hepatocytes are found either as cells with a single polyploid nucleus or as multinucleated cells with diploid or even polyploid nuclei. In this study, we evaluate the degree of polyploidy in the murine liver by accounting both DNA content and number of nuclei per cell. We demonstrate that mouse hepatocytes with diploid nuclei have distinct metabolic characteristics compared to cells with polyploid nuclei. In addition to strong differential gene expression, comprising metabolic as well as signaling compounds, we found a strongly decreased insulin binding of nuclear polyploid cells. Our observations were associated with nuclear ploidy but not with total ploidy within a cell. We therefore suggest ploidy of the nuclei as an new diversity factor of hepatocytes and hypothesize that hepatocytes with polyploid nuclei may have distinct biological functions than mono-nuclear ones. This diversity is independent from the well-known heterogeneity related to the cells' position along the porto-central liver-axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Kreutz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology (ZBSA), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modelling, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine MacNelly
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Clinic for Internal Medicine I/Lighthouse Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Wäldin
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Petra Binninger-Lacour
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modelling, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - María M. Bartolomé-Rodríguez
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tan AKY, Loh KM, Ang LT. Evaluating the regenerative potential and functionality of human liver cells in mice. Differentiation 2017; 98:25-34. [PMID: 29078082 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases afflict millions of patients worldwide. Currently, the only long-term treatment for liver failure is the transplantation of a new liver. However, intravenously transplanting a suspension of human hepatocytes might be a less-invasive approach to partially reconstitute lost liver functions in human patients as evinced by promising outcomes in clinical trials. The purpose of this essay is to emphasize outstanding questions that continue to surround hepatocyte transplantation. While adult primary human hepatocytes are the gold standard for transplantation, hepatocytes are heterogeneous. Whether all hepatocytes engraft equally and what specifically defines an "engraftable" hepatocyte capable of long-term liver reconstitution remains unclear. To this end, mouse models of liver injury enable the evaluation of human hepatocytes and their behavior upon transplantation into a complex injured liver environment. While mouse models may not be fully representative of the injured human liver and human hepatocytes tend to engraft mice less efficiently than mouse hepatocytes, valuable lessons have nonetheless been learned from transplanting human hepatocytes into mouse models. With an eye to the future, it will be crucial to eventually detail the optimal biological source (whether in vivo- or in vitro-derived) and presumptive heterogeneity of human hepatocytes and to understand the mechanisms through which they engraft and regenerate liver tissue in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antson Kiat Yee Tan
- Stem Cell&Developmental Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lay Teng Ang
- Stem Cell&Developmental Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Guibert EE, Mediavilla MG, Mamprin ME, Rodríguez JV. Hypothermic Storage of Periportal and Perivenous Rat Hepatocytes. Cell Transplant 2017; 7:345-55. [PMID: 9710303 DOI: 10.1177/096368979800700402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High yields of intact parenchymal cells are produced by the two-step Digitonin-collagenase perfusion of whole liver, and it has gained wide acceptance for biochemical and cellular analyses of zonal hepatocytes. The development reached by this methodology is in contrast to the time-limited use of the isolated cells unless those other methods, such as primary cultures, are employed. An alternative option to have cells ready to be used for several days, is the cold storage in University of Wisconsin solution as a preservation solution. This procedure is easy, not too expensive, and does not require specialized equipment. We study the competence of this system to maintain liver cells: mixed or total cells and cell-enriched fractions. We affirm viability of hepatocytes during hypothermic storage (UW-96h-4°C) by Trypan Blue exclusion, the capacity to retain cytoplasmic enzymes, metabolic competence to maintain total Glutathione content, and immunocytochemistry (gene detection). After 96 h of cold storage, mixed cells and cell-enriched fractions, were submitted to normothermic incubation (120 min, 37°C) and we check Trypan Blue exclusion, cytoplasmic enzyme release, and the capacity of cell populations to synthesize urea. The results show that it is possible to use, after several days of storage, mixed liver cells and cell-enriched fractions in metabolic and gene expression studies. This procedure allows us to reduce the number of experimental animals needed, to save experimental time and costs, and to facilitate further studies in vitro about the basis and consequences of metabolic heterogeneity of the liver cell plate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E E Guibert
- Biología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kietzmann T. Metabolic zonation of the liver: The oxygen gradient revisited. Redox Biol 2017; 11:622-630. [PMID: 28126520 PMCID: PMC5257182 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has a multitude of functions which are necessary to maintain whole body homeostasis. This requires that various metabolic pathways can run in parallel in the most efficient manner and that futile cycles are kept to a minimum. To a large extent this is achieved due to a functional specialization of the liver parenchyma known as metabolic zonation which is often lost in liver diseases. Although this phenomenon is known for about 40 years, the underlying regulatory pathways are not yet fully elucidated. The physiologically occurring oxygen gradient was considered to be crucial for the appearance of zonation; however, a number of reports during the last decade indicating that β-catenin signaling, and the hedgehog (Hh) pathway contribute to metabolic zonation may have shifted this view. In the current review we connect these new observations with the concept that the oxygen gradient within the liver acinus is a regulator of zonation. This is underlined by a number of facts showing that the β-catenin and the Hh pathway can be modulated by the hypoxia signaling system and the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs). Altogether, we provide a view by which the dynamic interplay between all these pathways can drive liver zonation and thus contribute to its physiological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schwen LO, Homeyer A, Schwier M, Dahmen U, Dirsch O, Schenk A, Kuepfer L, Preusser T, Schenk A. Zonated quantification of steatosis in an entire mouse liver. Comput Biol Med 2016; 73:108-18. [PMID: 27104496 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many physiological processes and pathological conditions in livers are spatially heterogeneous, forming patterns at the lobular length scale or varying across the organ. Steatosis, a common liver disease characterized by lipids accumulating in hepatocytes, exhibits heterogeneity at both these spatial scales. The main goal of the present study was to provide a method for zonated quantification of the steatosis patterns found in an entire mouse liver. As an example application, the results were employed in a pharmacokinetics simulation. For the analysis, an automatic detection of the lipid vacuoles was used in multiple slides of histological serial sections covering an entire mouse liver. Lobuli were determined semi-automatically and zones were defined within the lobuli. Subsequently, the lipid content of each zone was computed. The steatosis patterns were found to be predominantly periportal, with a notable organ-scale heterogeneity. The analysis provides a quantitative description of the extent of steatosis in unprecedented detail. The resulting steatosis patterns were successfully used as a perturbation to the liver as part of an exemplary whole-body pharmacokinetics simulation for the antitussive drug dextromethorphan. The zonated quantification is also applicable to other pathological conditions that can be detected in histological images. Besides being a descriptive research tool, this quantification could perspectively complement diagnosis based on visual assessment of histological images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Ole Schwen
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Universitätsallee 29, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - André Homeyer
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Universitätsallee 29, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Michael Schwier
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Universitätsallee 29, 28359 Bremen, Germany; Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Drackendorfer Str. 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Chemitz, Flemmingstraße 2, 09116 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Arne Schenk
- Computational Systems Biology, Bayer Technology Services, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 1, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstr. 2, 52062 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lars Kuepfer
- Computational Systems Biology, Bayer Technology Services, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 1, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tobias Preusser
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Universitätsallee 29, 28359 Bremen, Germany; Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Schenk
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Universitätsallee 29, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bostick CD, Hickey KM, Wollenberg LA, Flora DR, Tracy TS, Gannett PM. Immobilized Cytochrome P450 for Monitoring of P450-P450 Interactions and Metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:741-9. [PMID: 26961240 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) protein-protein interactions have been shown to alter their catalytic activity. Furthermore, these interactions are isoform specific and can elicit activation, inhibition, or no effect on enzymatic activity. Studies show that these effects are also dependent on the protein partner cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) and the order of protein addition to purified reconstituted enzyme systems. In this study, we use controlled immobilization of P450s to a gold surface to gain a better understanding of P450-P450 interactions between three key drug-metabolizing isoforms (CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6). Molecular modeling was used to assess the favorability of homomeric/heteromeric P450 complex formation. P450 complex formation in vitro was analyzed in real time utilizing surface plasmon resonance. Finally, the effects of P450 complex formation were investigated utilizing our immobilized platform and reconstituted enzyme systems. Molecular modeling shows favorable binding of CYP2C9-CPR, CYP2C9-CYP2D6, CYP2C9-CYP2C9, and CYP2C9-CYP3A4, in rank order.KDvalues obtained via surface plasmon resonance show strong binding, in the nanomolar range, for the above pairs, with CYP2C9-CYP2D6 yielding the lowestKD, followed by CYP2C9-CYP2C9, CYP2C9-CPR, and CYP2C9-CYP3A4. Metabolic incubations show that immobilized CYP2C9 metabolism was activated by homomeric complex formation. CYP2C9 metabolism was not affected by the presence of CYP3A4 with saturating CPR concentrations. CYP2C9 metabolism was activated by CYP2D6 at saturating CPR concentrations in solution but was inhibited when CYP2C9 was immobilized. The order of addition of proteins (CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CPR) influenced the magnitude of inhibition for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. These results indicate isoform-specific P450 interactions and effects on P450-mediated metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris D Bostick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (C.D.B., K.M.H.); Array BioPharma, Boulder, Colorado (L.A.W.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (D.R.F.); College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (T.S.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (P.M.G.)
| | - Katherine M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (C.D.B., K.M.H.); Array BioPharma, Boulder, Colorado (L.A.W.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (D.R.F.); College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (T.S.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (P.M.G.)
| | - Lance A Wollenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (C.D.B., K.M.H.); Array BioPharma, Boulder, Colorado (L.A.W.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (D.R.F.); College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (T.S.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (P.M.G.)
| | - Darcy R Flora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (C.D.B., K.M.H.); Array BioPharma, Boulder, Colorado (L.A.W.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (D.R.F.); College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (T.S.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (P.M.G.)
| | - Timothy S Tracy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (C.D.B., K.M.H.); Array BioPharma, Boulder, Colorado (L.A.W.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (D.R.F.); College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (T.S.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (P.M.G.)
| | - Peter M Gannett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (C.D.B., K.M.H.); Array BioPharma, Boulder, Colorado (L.A.W.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (D.R.F.); College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (T.S.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (P.M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nilakantan H, Kuttippurathu L, Parrish A, Hoek JB, Vadigepalli R. In Vivo Zonal Variation and Liver Cell-Type Specific NF-κB Localization after Chronic Adaptation to Ethanol and following Partial Hepatectomy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140236. [PMID: 26452159 PMCID: PMC4599916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB is a major inflammatory response mediator in the liver, playing a key role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury. We investigated zonal as well as liver cell type-specific distribution of NF-κB activation across the liver acinus following adaptation to chronic ethanol intake and 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx). We employed immunofluorescence staining, digital image analysis and statistical distributional analysis to quantify subcellular localization of NF-κB in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We detected significant spatial heterogeneity of NF-κB expression and cellular localization between cytoplasm and nucleus across liver tissue. Our main aims involved investigating the zonal bias in NF-κB localization and determining to what extent chronic ethanol intake affects this zonal bias with in hepatocytes at baseline and post-PHx. Hepatocytes in the periportal area showed higher NF-κB expression than in the pericentral region in the carbohydrate-fed controls, but not in the ethanol group. However, the distribution of NF-κB nuclear localization in hepatocytes was shifted towards higher levels in pericentral region than in periportal area, across all treatment conditions. Chronic ethanol intake shifted the NF-κB distribution towards higher nuclear fraction in hepatocytes as compared to the pair-fed control group. Ethanol also stimulated higher NF-κB expression in a subpopulation of HSCs. In the control group, PHx elicited a shift towards higher NF-κB nuclear fraction in hepatocytes. However, this distribution remained unchanged in the ethanol group post-PHx. HSCs showed a lower NF-κB expression following PHx in both ethanol and control groups. We conclude that adaptation to chronic ethanol intake attenuates the liver zonal variation in NF-κB expression and limits the PHx-induced NF-κB activation in hepatocytes, but does not alter the NF-κB expression changes in HSCs in response to PHx. Our findings provide new insights as to how ethanol treatment may affect cell-type specific processes regulated by NF-κB activation in liver cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshavardhan Nilakantan
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Kuttippurathu
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Austin Parrish
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jan B. Hoek
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Winkler S, Hempel M, Brückner S, Mallek F, Weise A, Liehr T, Tautenhahn HM, Bartels M, Christ B. Mouse white adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells gain pericentral and periportal hepatocyte features after differentiation in vitro, which are preserved in vivo after hepatic transplantation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 215:89-104. [PMID: 26235702 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mesenchymal stem cells may differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, they are considered a novel cell resource for the treatment of various liver diseases. Here, the aim was to demonstrate that mesenchymal stem cells may adopt both perivenous and periportal hepatocyte-specific functions in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from immunodeficient C57BL/6 (B6.129S6-Rag2(tm1Fwa) Prf1(tm1Clrk) ) mice and differentiated into the hepatocytic phenotype by applying a simple protocol. Their physiological and metabolic functions were analysed in vitro and after hepatic transplantation in vivo. RESULTS Mesenchymal stem cells changed their morphology from a fibroblastoid into shapes of osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes and hepatocytes. Typical for mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic marker genes were not expressed. CD90, which is not expressed on mature hepatocytes, decreased significantly after hepatocytic differentiation. Markers indicative for liver development like hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha, or for perivenous hepatocyte specification like cytochrome P450 subtype 3a11, and CD26 were significantly elevated. Periportal hepatocyte-specific markers like carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1, the entry enzyme of the urea cycle, were up-regulated. Consequently, cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and urea synthesis increased significantly to values comparable to cultured primary hepatocytes. Both perivenous and periportal qualities were preserved after hepatic transplantation and integration into the host parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS Adult mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells featuring both periportal and perivenous functions. Hence, they are promising candidates for the treatment of region-specific liver cell damage and may support organ regeneration in acute and chronic liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Winkler
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory; Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - M. Hempel
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory; Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - S. Brückner
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory; Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - F. Mallek
- Jena University Hospital; Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - A. Weise
- Jena University Hospital; Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - T. Liehr
- Jena University Hospital; Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - H.-M. Tautenhahn
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory; Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM); University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - M. Bartels
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - B. Christ
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory; Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM); University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
All-In-One: Advanced preparation of Human Parenchymal and Non-Parenchymal Liver Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138655. [PMID: 26407160 PMCID: PMC4583235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Liver cells are key players in innate immunity. Thus, studying primary isolated liver cells is necessary for determining their role in liver physiology and pathophysiology. In particular, the quantity and quality of isolated cells are crucial to their function. Our aim was to isolate a large quantity of high-quality human parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells from a single liver specimen. Methods Hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and stellate cells were isolated from liver tissues by collagenase perfusion in combination with low-speed centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, and magnetic-activated cell sorting. The purity and functionality of cultured cell populations were controlled by determining their morphology, discriminative cell marker expression, and functional activity. Results Cell preparation yielded the following cell counts per gram of liver tissue: 2.0±0.4×107 hepatocytes, 1.8±0.5×106 Kupffer cells, 4.3±1.9×105 liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and 3.2±0.5×105 stellate cells. Hepatocytes were identified by albumin (95.5±1.7%) and exhibited time-dependent activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Kupffer cells expressed CD68 (94.5±1.2%) and exhibited phagocytic activity, as determined with 1μm latex beads. Endothelial cells were CD146+ (97.8±1.1%) and exhibited efficient uptake of acetylated low-density lipoprotein. Hepatic stellate cells were identified by the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (97.1±1.5%). These cells further exhibited retinol (vitamin A)-mediated autofluorescence. Conclusions Our isolation procedure for primary parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells resulted in cell populations of high purity and quality, with retained physiological functionality in vitro. Thus, this system may provide a valuable tool for determining liver function and disease.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
In insulin-resistant states (obesity, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes), hepatic production of glucose and lipid synthesis are heightened in concert, implying that insulin deficiency and insulin excess coexists in this setting. The fact that insulin may be inadequate or excessive at any one point in differing organs and tissues has many biologic ramifications. In this context the concept of metabolic compartmentalization in the liver is offered herein as one perspective of this paradox. In particular, we focus on the hypothesis that insulin resistance accentuates differences in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes, namely periportal glucose production and perivenous lipid synthesis. Subsequently, excessive production of glucose and accumulation of lipids could be expected in the livers of patients with obesity and insulin resistance. Overall, in this review, we provide our integrative perspective regarding how excessive production of glucose in periportal hepatocytes and accumulation of lipids in perivenous hepatocytes interact in insulin resistant states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto B Bazotte
- a Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics ; State University of Maringá ; Maringá , Paraná , PR Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Schwen LO, Schenk A, Kreutz C, Timmer J, Bartolomé Rodríguez MM, Kuepfer L, Preusser T. Representative Sinusoids for Hepatic Four-Scale Pharmacokinetics Simulations. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26222615 PMCID: PMC4519332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian liver plays a key role for metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics in the body. The corresponding biochemical processes are typically subject to spatial variations at different length scales. Zonal enzyme expression along sinusoids leads to zonated metabolization already in the healthy state. Pathological states of the liver may involve liver cells affected in a zonated manner or heterogeneously across the whole organ. This spatial heterogeneity, however, cannot be described by most computational models which usually consider the liver as a homogeneous, well-stirred organ. The goal of this article is to present a methodology to extend whole-body pharmacokinetics models by a detailed liver model, combining different modeling approaches from the literature. This approach results in an integrated four-scale model, from single cells via sinusoids and the organ to the whole organism, capable of mechanistically representing metabolization inhomogeneity in livers at different spatial scales. Moreover, the model shows circulatory mixing effects due to a delayed recirculation through the surrounding organism. To show that this approach is generally applicable for different physiological processes, we show three applications as proofs of concept, covering a range of species, compounds, and diseased states: clearance of midazolam in steatotic human livers, clearance of caffeine in mouse livers regenerating from necrosis, and a parameter study on the impact of different cell entities on insulin uptake in mouse livers. The examples illustrate how variations only discernible at the local scale influence substance distribution in the plasma at the whole-body level. In particular, our results show that simultaneously considering variations at all relevant spatial scales may be necessary to understand their impact on observations at the organism scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arne Schenk
- Computational Systems Biology, Bayer Technology Services, Leverkusen, Germany
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Clemens Kreutz
- Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling (FDM), Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling (FDM), Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Lars Kuepfer
- Computational Systems Biology, Bayer Technology Services, Leverkusen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Preusser
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
- Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Usta OB, McCarty WJ, Bale S, Hegde M, Jindal R, Bhushan A, Golberg I, Yarmush ML. Microengineered cell and tissue systems for drug screening and toxicology applications: Evolution of in-vitro liver technologies. TECHNOLOGY 2015; 3:1-26. [PMID: 26167518 PMCID: PMC4494128 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547815300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The liver performs many key functions, the most prominent of which is serving as the metabolic hub of the body. For this reason, the liver is the focal point of many investigations aimed at understanding an organism's toxicological response to endogenous and exogenous challenges. Because so many drug failures have involved direct liver toxicity or other organ toxicity from liver generated metabolites, the pharmaceutical industry has constantly sought superior, predictive in-vitro models that can more quickly and efficiently identify problematic drug candidates before they incur major development costs, and certainly before they are released to the public. In this broad review, we present a survey and critical comparison of in-vitro liver technologies along a broad spectrum, but focus on the current renewed push to develop "organs-on-a-chip". One prominent set of conclusions from this review is that while a large body of recent work has steered the field towards an ever more comprehensive understanding of what is needed, the field remains in great need of several key advances, including establishment of standard characterization methods, enhanced technologies that mimic the in-vivo cellular environment, and better computational approaches to bridge the gap between the in-vitro and in-vivo results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O B Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - W J McCarty
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - S Bale
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M Hegde
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - R Jindal
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - A Bhushan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - I Golberg
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schleicher J, Tokarski C, Marbach E, Matz-Soja M, Zellmer S, Gebhardt R, Schuster S. Zonation of hepatic fatty acid metabolism - The diversity of its regulation and the benefit of modeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:641-56. [PMID: 25677822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A pronounced heterogeneity between hepatocytes in subcellular structure and enzyme activities was discovered more than 50years ago and initiated the idea of metabolic zonation. In the last decades zonation patterns of liver metabolism were extensively investigated for carbohydrate, nitrogen and lipid metabolism. The present review focuses on zonation patterns of the latter. We review recent findings regarding the zonation of fatty acid uptake and oxidation, ketogenesis, triglyceride synthesis and secretion, de novo lipogenesis, as well as bile acid and cholesterol metabolism. In doing so, we expose knowledge gaps and discuss contradictory experimental results, for example on the zonation pattern of fatty acid oxidation and de novo lipogenesis. Thus, possible rewarding directions of further research are identified. Furthermore, recent findings about the regulation of metabolic zonation are summarized, especially regarding the role of hormones, nerve innervation, morphogens, gender differences and the influence of the circadian clock. In the last part of the review, a short collection of models considering hepatic lipid metabolism is provided. We conclude that modeling, despite its proven benefit for understanding of hepatic carbohydrate and ammonia metabolisms, has so far been largely disregarded in the study of lipid metabolism; therefore some possible fields of modeling interest are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Schleicher
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - C Tokarski
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - E Marbach
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Zellmer
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - R Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Schuster
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rebelo SP, Costa R, Estrada M, Shevchenko V, Brito C, Alves PM. HepaRG microencapsulated spheroids in DMSO-free culture: novel culturing approaches for enhanced xenobiotic and biosynthetic metabolism. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:1347-58. [PMID: 25107451 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The need for models that recapitulate liver physiology is perceived for drug development, study of liver disease and bioartificial liver support. The bipotent cell line HepaRG constitutes an efficient surrogate of liver function, yet its differentiated status relies on high concentrations of DMSO, which may compromise the study of drug metabolism and limit the applicability of this hepatic model. Herein, we present a three-dimensional (3D) strategy for the differentiation of HepaRG based on alginate microencapsulation of cell spheroids and culture in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-free conditions. A ratio of 2.9:1 hepatocyte-like to biliary-like cells was obtained in the 3D culture, with an improvement of 35.9 % in the hepatocyte differentiation when compared with two-dimensional (2D) cultures. The expression of the hepatic identity genes HNF4α and PXR in 3D cultures was comparable to 2D differentiated cultures, while the expression of homeostatic-associated genes albumin and carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 was higher in 3D. Moreover, the spheroids presented a polarized organization, exhibiting an interconnected bile canalicular network and excretory functionality, assessed by specific activity of MRP2. Importantly, despite variability in basal gene expression levels, the activity of the phase I enzymes cytochrome P450 family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 4 and cytochrome P450 family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 2 upon induction was comparable to differentiated 2D cultures and albumin production and ammonia detoxification were enhanced in 3D. The presented model is suitable for toxicological applications, as it allows high throughput analysis of multiple compounds in a DMSO-free setting. Due to the high xenobiotic metabolism and maintenance of biosynthetic functions, the applicability of this model might be broadened to understand liver physiology and for bioartificial liver applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia P Rebelo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yamaura Y, Nakajima M, Tatsumi N, Takagi S, Fukami T, Tsuneyama K, Yokoi T. Changes in the expression of miRNAs at the pericentral and periportal regions of the rat liver in response to hepatocellular injury: comparison with the changes in the expression of plasma miRNAs. Toxicology 2014; 322:89-98. [PMID: 24863736 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in body fluids have received attention as potential biomarkers of organ damage because miRNAs that are highly or specifically expressed in a given organ are likely released into body fluids as a result of damage to that organ. We previously determined that the plasma miRNA profile in rats was dramatically changed due to acetaminophen (APAP)-induced pericentral necrosis and methapyrilene (MP)-induced periportal necrosis in the liver. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the expression of hepatic miRNAs is differentially modulated at different zones due to injury and to examine the relationship of the hepatic miRNA profile with the changes in the plasma miRNA expression profile. Through the laser microdissection of the periportal and periportal regions of the liver and TaqMan microRNA Array analysis, we found that 49 miRNAs are differentially expressed between the pericentral and periportal regions of control rats. In both APAP- and MP-treated rats, the miRNAs that presented decreased expression dominated in both the injured and non-injured areas compared with the miRNAs that exhibited increased expression. The changes in miRNA expression in each region of the liver were compared with those observed in the plasma. Of the 301 plasma miRNAs with expression that was changed as a result of APAP administration, only 21% were changed in the injured area of the liver. Of the 263 plasma miRNAs with expression that was changed due to MP administration, only 24% were changed in the injured area of the liver. Thus, the miRNA expression profiles in the plasma do not merely reflect the release of miRNAs from the damaged cells in the liver. This report provides the first demonstration of zonal miRNA expression in the liver and of the relationship of the miRNA expression profile in a tissue with the plasma miRNA profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yamaura
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Tatsumi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shingo Takagi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Das M, Banerjee B, Choudhury MG, Saha N. Environmental hypertonicity causes induction of gluconeogenesis in the air-breathing singhi catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85535. [PMID: 24376888 PMCID: PMC3869940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The air-breathing singhi catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) is frequently being challenged by different environmental insults such as hyper-ammonia, dehydration and osmotic stresses in their natural habitats throughout the year. The present study investigated the effect of hyperosmotic stress, due to exposure to hypertonic environment (300 mM mannitol) for 14 days, on gluconeogenesis in this catfish. In situ exposure to hypertonic environment led to significant stimulation of gluconeogenic fluxes from the perfused liver after 7 days of exposure, followed by further increase after 14 days in presence of three different potential gluconeogenic substrates (lactate, pyruvate and glutamate). Environmental hypertonicity also caused a significant increase of activities of key gluconeogenic enzymes, namely phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase and glucose 6-phosphatase by about 2-6 fold in liver, and 3-6 fold in kidney tissues. This was accompanied by more abundance of enzyme proteins by about 1.8–3.7 fold and mRNAs by about 2.2–5.2 fold in both the tissues with a maximum increase after 14 days of exposure. Hence, the increase in activities of key gluconeogenic enzymes under hypertonic stress appeared to be as a result of transcriptional regulation of genes. Immunocytochemical analysis further confirmed the tissue specific localized expression of these enzymes in both the tissues with the possibility of expressing more in the same localized places. The induction of gluconeogenesis during exposure to environmental hypertonicity possibly occurs as a consequence of changes in hydration status/cell volume of different cell types. Thus, these adaptational strategies related to gluconeogenesis that are observed in this catfish under hypertonic stress probably help in maintaining glucose homeostasis and also for a proper energy supply to support metabolic demands mainly for ion transport and other altered metabolic processes under various environmental hypertonic stress-related insults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manas Das
- Biochemical Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Bodhisattwa Banerjee
- Biochemical Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Mahua G. Choudhury
- Biochemical Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Nirmalendu Saha
- Biochemical Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ghafoory S, Breitkopf-Heinlein K, Li Q, Scholl C, Dooley S, Wölfl S. Zonation of nitrogen and glucose metabolism gene expression upon acute liver damage in mouse. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78262. [PMID: 24147127 PMCID: PMC3798318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zonation of metabolic activities within specific structures and cell types is a phenomenon of liver organization and ensures complementarity of variant liver functions like protein production, glucose homeostasis and detoxification. To analyze damage and regeneration of liver tissue in response to a toxic agent, expression of liver specific enzymes was analyzed by in situ hybridization in mouse over a 6 days time course following carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection. CCl4 mixed with mineral oil was administered to BALB/c mice by intraperitoneal injection, and mice were sacrificed at different time points post injection. Changes in the expression of albumin (Alb), arginase (Arg1), glutaminase 2 (Gls2), Glutamine synthetase (Gs), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pc), glycogen synthase 2 (Gys2), Glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphat-Dehydrogenase (Gapdh), Cytochrom p450 2E1 (Cyp2e1) and glucagon receptor (Gcgr) genes in the liver were studied by in situ hybridization and qPCR. We observed significant changes in gene expression of enzymes involved in nitrogen and glucose metabolism and their local distribution following CCl4 injury. We also found that Cyp2e1, the primary metabolizing enzyme for CCl4, was strongly expressed in the pericentral zone during recovery. Furthermore, cells in the damaged area displayed distinct gene expression profiles during the analyzed time course and showed complete recovery with strong albumin production 6 days after CCl4 injection. Our results indicate that despite severe damage, liver cells in the damaged area do not simply die but instead display locally adjusted gene expression supporting damage response and recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahrouz Ghafoory
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Breitkopf-Heinlein
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology - Alcohol Associated Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology - Alcohol Associated Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Catharina Scholl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology - Alcohol Associated Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
AAV-encoded OTC activity persisting to adulthood following delivery to newborn spfash mice is insufficient to prevent shRNA-induced hyperammonaemia. Gene Ther 2013; 20:1184-7. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
40
|
Wei K, Piecewicz SM, McGinnis LM, Taniguchi CM, Wiegand SJ, Anderson K, Chan CWM, Mulligan KX, Kuo D, Yuan J, Vallon M, Morton L, Lefai E, Simon MC, Maher JJ, Mithieux G, Rajas F, Annes J, McGuinness OP, Thurston G, Giaccia AJ, Kuo CJ. A liver Hif-2α-Irs2 pathway sensitizes hepatic insulin signaling and is modulated by Vegf inhibition. Nat Med 2013; 19:1331-1337. [PMID: 24037094 PMCID: PMC3795838 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin initiates diverse hepatic metabolic responses, including gluconeogenic suppression and induction of glycogen synthesis and lipogenesis. The liver possesses a rich sinusoidal capillary network with a higher degree of hypoxia and lower gluconeogenesis in the perivenous zone as compared to the rest of the organ. Here, we show that diverse vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors improved glucose tolerance in nondiabetic C57BL/6 and diabetic db/db mice, potentiating hepatic insulin signaling with lower gluconeogenic gene expression, higher glycogen storage and suppressed hepatic glucose production. VEGF inhibition induced hepatic hypoxia through sinusoidal vascular regression and sensitized liver insulin signaling through hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (Hif-2α, encoded by Epas1) stabilization. Notably, liver-specific constitutive activation of HIF-2α, but not HIF-1α, was sufficient to augment hepatic insulin signaling through direct and indirect induction of insulin receptor substrate-2 (Irs2), an essential insulin receptor adaptor protein. Further, liver Irs2 was both necessary and sufficient to mediate Hif-2α and Vegf inhibition effects on glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin signaling. These results demonstrate an unsuspected intersection between Hif-2α-mediated hypoxic signaling and hepatic insulin action through Irs2 induction, which can be co-opted by Vegf inhibitors to modulate glucose metabolism. These studies also indicate distinct roles in hepatic metabolism for Hif-1α, which promotes glycolysis, and Hif-2α, which suppresses gluconeogenesis, and suggest new treatment approaches for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Wei
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Piecewicz
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Lisa M. McGinnis
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Cullen M. Taniguchi
- Division of Radiation Oncology Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Stanley J. Wiegand
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | - Keith Anderson
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | - Carol W-M. Chan
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kimberly X. Mulligan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville TN 37232, USA
| | - David Kuo
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jenny Yuan
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mario Vallon
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Lori Morton
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | - Etienne Lefai
- INSERM U 1060, INRA 1235, Universite de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud - BP12, 69921 OULLINS Cedex, France
| | - M. Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Jacquelyn J. Maher
- UCSF Liver Center, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave. Building 40, Room 4102, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Inserm U855/Université Lyon, Faculté Lyon Est Laennec, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon cedex 08, France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Inserm U855/Université Lyon, Faculté Lyon Est Laennec, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon cedex 08, France
| | - Justin Annes
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Owen P. McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville TN 37232, USA
| | - Gavin Thurston
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Division of Radiation Oncology Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Calvin J. Kuo
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Materne EM, Tonevitsky AG, Marx U. Chip-based liver equivalents for toxicity testing--organotypicalness versus cost-efficient high throughput. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3481-95. [PMID: 23722971 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50240f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver toxicity dominates the reasons for pharmaceutical product ban, withdrawal or non-approval since the thalidomide disaster in the late-1950s. Hopes to finally solve the liver toxicity test dilemma have recently risen to a historic level based on the latest progress in human microfluidic tissue culture devices. Chip-based human liver equivalents are envisaged to identify liver toxic agents regularly undiscovered by current test procedures at industrial throughput. In this review, we focus on advanced microfluidic microscale liver equivalents, appraising them against the level of architectural and, consequently, functional identity with their human counterpart in vivo. We emphasise the inherent relationship between human liver architecture and its drug-induced injury. Furthermore, we plot the current socio-economic drug development environment against the possible value such systems may add. Finally, we try to sketch a forecast for translational innovations in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Materne
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Department Medical Biotechnology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Adeno-associated virus-mediated rescue of neonatal lethality in argininosuccinate synthetase-deficient mice. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1823-31. [PMID: 23817206 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) are showing exciting promise in gene therapy trials targeting the adult liver. A major challenge in extending this promise to the pediatric liver is the loss of episomal vector genomes that accompanies hepatocellular proliferation during liver growth. Hence maintenance of sufficient transgene expression will be critical for success in infants and children. We therefore set out to explore the therapeutic efficacy and durability of liver-targeted gene transfer in the challenging context of a neonatal lethal urea cycle defect, using the argininosuccinate synthetase deficient mouse. Lethal neonatal hyperammonemia was prevented by prenatal and early postnatal vector delivery; however, hyperammonemia subsequently recurred limiting survival to no more than 33 days despite vector readministration. Antivector antibodies acquired in milk from vector-exposed dams were subsequently shown to be blocking vector readministration, and were avoided by crossfostering vector-treated pups to vector-naive dams. In the absence of passively acquired antivector antibodies, vector redelivery proved efficacious with mice surviving to adulthood without recurrence of significant hyperammonemia. These data demonstrate the potential of AAV vectors in the developing liver, showing that vector readministration can be used to counter growth-associated loss of transgene expression provided the challenge of antivector humoral immunity is addressed.
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
The liver has an enormous potential to restore the parenchymal tissue loss due to injury. This is accomplished by the proliferation of either the hepatocytes or liver progenitor cells in cases where massive damage prohibits hepatocytes from entering the proliferative response. Under debate is still whether hepatic stem cells are involved in liver tissue maintenance and regeneration or even whether they exist at all. The definition of an adult tissue-resident stem cell comprises basic functional stem cell criteria like the potential of self-renewal, multipotent, i.e. at least bipotent differentiation capacity and serial transplantability featuring the ability of functional tissue repopulation. The relationship between a progenitor and its progeny should exemplify the lineage commitment from the putative stem cell to the differentiated cell. This is mainly assessed by lineage tracing and immunohistochemical identification of markers specific to progenitors and their descendants. Flow cytometry approaches revealed that the liver stem cell population in animals is likely to be heterogeneous giving rise to progeny with different molecular signatures, depending on the stimulus to activate the putative stem cell compartment. The stem cell criteria are met by a variety of cells identified in the fetal and adult liver both under normal and injury conditions. It is the purpose of this review to verify hepatic stem cell candidates in the light of the stem cell definition criteria mentioned. Also from this point of view adult stem cells from non-hepatic tissues such as bone marrow, umbilical cord blood or adipose tissue, have the potential to differentiate into cells featuring functional hepatocyte characteristics. This has great impact because it opens the possibility of generating hepatocyte-like cells from adult stem cells in a sufficient amount and quality for their therapeutical application to treat end-stage liver diseases by stem cell-based hepatocytes in place of whole organ transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Christ
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine-TRM, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hyatt MA, Budge H, Symonds ME. Early developmental influences on hepatic organogenesis. Organogenesis 2012; 4:170-5. [PMID: 19279729 DOI: 10.4161/org.4.3.6849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the largest of the body's organs, with the greatest number of functions, playing a central role in coordinating metabolic homeostasis, nutrient processing and detoxification. The fetal liver forms during early gestation in response to a sequential array of distinct biological events, regulated by intrinsically programmed mechanisms and extracellular signals which instruct hepatic cells to either proliferate, differentiate or undergo apoptosis. A vast number of genes are involved in the initiation and control of liver development, many of which are sensitive to nutritional and hormonal regulation in utero. Moreover, liver mass is influenced by the gestational environment. Therefore, during periods of hepatic cell proliferation and differentiation, the developing fetal liver is sensitive to damage from both internal and external sources including teratogens, infection and nutritional deficiencies. For example, fetuses exposed to decreased materno-fetal nutrition during late gestation have a reduced liver mass, and/or perturbed liver function, which includes increased plasma LDL cholesterol and fibrinogen concentrations. These occur in conjunction with other risk factors present in the early stages of cardiovascular disease i.e. decreased glucose tolerance and insulin insensitivity in later life. Taken together, these findings suggest that liver mass, and later function, are essentially set in utero during fetal development-a process that is ultimately regulated by the intrauterine environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Hyatt
- Centre for Reproduction and Early Life; Institute of Clinical Research; University of Nottingham UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Comparison of gene transfer to the murine liver following intraperitoneal and intraportal delivery of hepatotropic AAV pseudo-serotypes. Gene Ther 2012; 20:460-4. [PMID: 22895507 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are highly efficient for liver-targeted gene delivery in murine models and show promise in early phase human clinical trials. This efficiency is capsid-dependent and was only achieved after discovery that the AAV2 vector genome could be trans-encapsidated into the capsids of other AAV serotypes. This confers novel host-vector biology and target tissue tropism. Optimal exploitation of the growing number of AAV vector pseudo-serotypes, however, requires detailed context-dependent characterisation of transduction performance. In this study, we compared the pattern and efficiency of gene delivery to the adult mouse liver following intraportal and intraperitoneal injection of vectors pseudo-serotyped with known hepatotropic capsids from AAV type 7, 8, 9 and rhesus 10. Vectors pseudo-serotyped with these hepatotropic capsids proved relatively efficient irrespective of administration route, with higher transgene expression in males despite equivalent vector genome delivery in females. Transgene expression was predominantly centrilobular in contrast to the AAV2 capsid, which gave a periportal pattern of expression. Most intriguingly, vector genome performance appeared to be delivery route-dependent, consistent with the possibility of in vivo capsid modification. These data not only inform the experimental use of AAV vectors, but also provide insight into novel aspects of host-vector biology requiring further focused analysis.
Collapse
|
46
|
Orman MA, Mattick J, Androulakis IP, Berthiaume F, Ierapetritou MG. Stoichiometry based steady-state hepatic flux analysis: computational and experimental aspects. Metabolites 2012; 2:268-91. [PMID: 24957379 PMCID: PMC3901202 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2010268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
: The liver has many complex physiological functions, including lipid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as bile and urea production. It detoxifies toxic substances and medicinal products. It also plays a key role in the onset and maintenance of abnormal metabolic patterns associated with various disease states, such as burns, infections and major traumas. Liver cells have been commonly used in in vitro experiments to elucidate the toxic effects of drugs and metabolic changes caused by aberrant metabolic conditions, and to improve the functions of existing systems, such as bioartificial liver. More recently, isolated liver perfusion systems have been increasingly used to characterize intrinsic metabolic changes in the liver caused by various perturbations, including systemic injury, hepatotoxin exposure and warm ischemia. Metabolic engineering tools have been widely applied to these systems to identify metabolic flux distributions using metabolic flux analysis or flux balance analysis and to characterize the topology of the networks using metabolic pathway analysis. In this context, hepatic metabolic models, together with experimental methodologies where hepatocytes or perfused livers are mainly investigated, are described in detail in this review. The challenges and opportunities are also discussed extensively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet A Orman
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - John Mattick
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ioannis P Androulakis
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Francois Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Marianthi G Ierapetritou
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yamaura Y, Nakajima M, Takagi S, Fukami T, Tsuneyama K, Yokoi T. Plasma microRNA profiles in rat models of hepatocellular injury, cholestasis, and steatosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30250. [PMID: 22363424 PMCID: PMC3281829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that function to modulate the expression of target genes, playing important roles in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. The miRNAs in body fluids have received considerable attention as potential biomarkers of various diseases. In this study, we compared the changes of the plasma miRNA expressions by acute liver injury (hepatocellular injury or cholestasis) and chronic liver injury (steatosis, steatohepatitis and fibrosis) using rat models made by the administration of chemicals or special diets. Using miRNA array analysis, we found that the levels of a large number of miRNAs (121-317 miRNAs) were increased over 2-fold and the levels of a small number of miRNAs (6-35 miRNAs) were decreased below 0.5-fold in all models except in a model of cholestasis caused by bile duct ligation. Interestingly, the expression profiles were different between the models, and the hierarchical clustering analysis discriminated between the acute and chronic liver injuries. In addition, miRNAs whose expressions were typically changed in each type of liver injury could be specified. It is notable that, in acute liver injury models, the plasma level of miR-122, the most abundant miRNA in the liver, was more quickly and dramatically increased than the plasma aminotransferase level, reflecting the extent of hepatocellular injury. This study demonstrated that the plasma miRNA profiles could reflect the types of liver injury (e.g. acute/chronic liver injury or hepatocellular injury/cholestasis/steatosis/steatohepatitis/fibrosis) and identified the miRNAs that could be specific and sensitive biomarkers of liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yamaura
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shingo Takagi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jensen K, Osmani SA, Hamann T, Naur P, Møller BL. Homology modeling of the three membrane proteins of the dhurrin metabolon: catalytic sites, membrane surface association and protein-protein interactions. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:2113-2123. [PMID: 21620426 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Formation of metabolons (macromolecular enzyme complexes) facilitates the channelling of substrates in biosynthetic pathways. Metabolon formation is a dynamic process in which transient structures mediated by weak protein-protein interactions are formed. In Sorghum, the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin is derived from l-tyrosine in a pathway involving the two cytochromes P450 (CYPs) CYP79A1 and CYP71E1, a glucosyltransferase (UGT85B1), and the redox partner NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). Experimental evidence suggests that the enzymes of this pathway form a metabolon. Homology modeling of the three membrane bound proteins was carried out using the Sybyl software and available relevant crystal structures. Residues involved in tight positioning of the substrates and intermediates in the active sites of CYP79A1 and CYP71E1 were identified. In both CYPs, hydrophobic surface domains close to the N-terminal trans-membrane anchor and between the F' and G helices were identified as involved in membrane anchoring. The proximal surface of both CYPs showed positively charged patches complementary to a negatively charged bulge on CPR carrying the FMN domain. A patch of surface exposed, positively charged amino acid residues positioned on the opposite face of the membrane anchor was identified in CYP71E1 and might be involved in binding UGT85B1 via a hypervariable negatively charged loop in this protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Jensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bell P, Wang L, Gao G, Haskins ME, Tarantal AF, McCarter RJ, Zhu Y, Yu H, Wilson JM. Inverse zonation of hepatocyte transduction with AAV vectors between mice and non-human primates. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:395-403. [PMID: 21778099 PMCID: PMC3269907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer vectors based on adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8) are highly efficient in liver transduction and can be easily administered by intravenous injection. In mice, AAV8 transduces predominantly hepatocytes near central veins and yields lower transduction levels in hepatocytes in periportal regions. This transduction bias has important implications for gene therapy that aims to correct metabolic liver enzymes because metabolic zonation along the porto-central axis requires the expression of therapeutic proteins within the zone where they are normally localized. In the present study we compared the expression pattern of AAV8 expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in liver between mice, dogs, and non-human primates. We confirmed the pericentral dominance in transgene expression in mice with AAV8 when the liver-specific thyroid hormone-binding globulin (TBG) promoter was used but also observed the same expression pattern with the ubiquitous chicken β-actin (CB) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoters, suggesting that transduction zonation is not caused by promoter specificity. Predominantly pericentral expression was also found in dogs injected with AAV8. In contrast, in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques the expression pattern from AAV vectors was reversed, i.e. transgene expression was most intense around portal areas and less intense or absent around central veins. Infant rhesus macaques as well as newborn mice injected with AAV8 however showed a random distribution of transgene expression with neither portal nor central transduction bias. Based on the data in monkeys, adult humans treated with AAV vectors are predicted to also express transgenes predominantly in periportal regions whereas infants are likely to show a uniform transduction pattern in liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bell
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Imaging mass spectrometry reveals characteristic changes in triglyceride and phospholipid species in regenerating mouse liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 408:120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|