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Zappa S, Berne C, Morton Iii RI, Whitfield GB, De Stercke J, Brun YV. The HmrABCX pathway regulates the transition between motile and sessile lifestyles in Caulobacter crescentus by a mechanism independent of hfiA transcription. mBio 2024:e0100224. [PMID: 39230277 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01002-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
During its cell cycle, the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus switches from a motile, free-living state, to a sessile surface-attached cell. During this coordinated process, cells undergo irreversible morphological changes, such as shedding of their polar flagellum and synthesis of an adhesive holdfast at the same pole. In this work, we used genetic screens to identify genes involved in the regulation of the transition from the motile to the sessile lifestyle. We identified a predicted hybrid histidine kinase that inhibits biofilm formation and promotes the motile lifestyle: HmrA (holdfast and motility regulator A). Genetic screens and genomic localization led to the identification of additional genes that form a putative phosphorelay pathway with HmrA. We postulate that the Hmr pathway acts as a rheostat to control the proportion of cells harboring a flagellum or a holdfast in the population. Further genetic analysis suggests that the Hmr pathway impacts c-di-GMP synthesis through the diguanylate cyclase DgcB pathway. Our results also indicate that the Hmr pathway is involved in the regulation of motile to sessile lifestyle transition as a function of various environmental factors: biofilm formation is repressed when excess copper is present and derepressed under non-optimal temperatures. Finally, we provide evidence that the Hmr pathway regulates motility and adhesion without modulating the transcription of the holdfast synthesis regulator HfiA. IMPORTANCE Complex communities attached to a surface, or biofilms, represent the major lifestyle of bacteria in the environment. Such a sessile state enables the inhabitants to be more resistant to adverse environmental conditions. Thus, having a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms that regulate the transition between the motile and the sessile states could help design strategies to improve biofilms when they are beneficial or impede them when they are detrimental. For Caulobacter crescentus motile cells, the transition to the sessile lifestyle is irreversible, and this decision is regulated at several levels. In this work, we describe a putative phosphorelay that promotes the motile lifestyle and inhibits biofilm formation, providing new insights into the control of adhesin production that leads to the formation of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Zappa
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cécile Berne
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Gregory B Whitfield
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan De Stercke
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves V Brun
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Seručnik M, Dogsa I, Zadravec LJ, Mandic-Mulec I, Žnidaršič-Plazl P. Development of a Microbioreactor for Bacillus subtilis Biofilm Cultivation. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:1037. [PMID: 39203688 PMCID: PMC11356062 DOI: 10.3390/mi15081037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
To improve our understanding of Bacillus subtilis growth and biofilm formation under different environmental conditions, two versions of a microfluidic reactor with two channels separated by a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane were developed. The gas phase was introduced into the channel above the membrane, and oxygen transfer from the gas phase through the membrane was assessed by measuring the dissolved oxygen concentration in the liquid phase using a miniaturized optical sensor and oxygen-sensitive nanoparticles. B. subtilis biofilm formation was monitored in the growth channels of the microbioreactors, which were designed in two shapes: one with circular extensions and one without. The volumes of these microbioreactors were (17 ± 4) μL for the reactors without extensions and (28 ± 4) μL for those with extensions. The effect of microbioreactor geometry and aeration on B. subtilis biofilm growth was evaluated by digital image analysis. In both microbioreactor geometries, stable B. subtilis biofilm formation was achieved after 72 h of incubation at a growth medium flow rate of 1 μL/min. The amount of oxygen significantly influenced biofilm formation. When the culture was cultivated with a continuous air supply, biofilm surface coverage and biomass concentration were higher than in cultivations without aeration or with a 100% oxygen supply. The channel geometry with circular extensions did not lead to a higher total biomass in the microbioreactor compared to the geometry without extensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Seručnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (L.J.Z.)
| | - Iztok Dogsa
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.D.); (I.M.-M.)
| | - Lan Julij Zadravec
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (L.J.Z.)
| | - Ines Mandic-Mulec
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.D.); (I.M.-M.)
- Chair of Micro Process Engineering and Technology—COMPETE, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Žnidaršič-Plazl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (L.J.Z.)
- Chair of Micro Process Engineering and Technology—COMPETE, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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3
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Lyu J, Li F, Long H, Zhu X, Fu N, Guo Z, Zhang W. Bacterial templated carbonate mineralization: insights from concave-type crystals induced by Curvibacter lanceolatus strain HJ-1. RSC Adv 2024; 14:353-363. [PMID: 38173589 PMCID: PMC10758759 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06803j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The elucidation of carbonate crystal growth mechanisms contributes to a deeper comprehension of microbial-induced carbonate precipitation processes. In this research, the Curvibacter lanceolatus HJ-1 strain, well-known for its proficiency in inducing carbonate mineralization, was employed to trigger the formation of concave-type carbonate minerals. The study meticulously tracked the temporal alterations in the culture solution and conducted comprehensive analyses of the precipitated minerals' mineralogy and morphology using advanced techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, focused ion beam, and transmission electron microscopy. The findings unequivocally demonstrate that concave-type carbonate minerals are meticulously templated by bacterial biofilms and employ calcified bacteria as their fundamental structural components. The precise morphological evolution pathway can be delineated as follows: initiation with the formation of bacterial biofilms, followed by the aggregation of calcified bacterial clusters, ultimately leading to the emergence of concave-type minerals characterized by disc-shaped, sunflower-shaped, and spherical morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Lyu
- Department of Geography, Fuyang Normal University China
- College of Resource and Environment, Nanjing Agricultural University China
| | - Fuchun Li
- College of Resource and Environment, Nanjing Agricultural University China
| | - Haoran Long
- Department of Geography, Fuyang Normal University China
| | - Xinru Zhu
- Department of Geography, Fuyang Normal University China
| | - Nan Fu
- Department of Geography, Fuyang Normal University China
| | - Ziqi Guo
- College of Resource and Environment, Nanjing Agricultural University China
| | - Weiqing Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment, Nanjing Agricultural University China
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4
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Valdivieso González D, Jara J, Almendro-Vedia VG, Orgaz B, López-Montero I. Expansion microscopy applied to mono- and dual-species biofilms. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:92. [PMID: 38049404 PMCID: PMC10696089 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a new super-resolution technique based on embedding the biological sample within a hydrogel and its physical expansion after swelling. This allows increasing its size by several times while preserving its structural details. Applied to prokaryotic cells, ExM requires digestion steps for efficient expansion as bacteria are surrounded by a rigid cell wall. Furthermore, bacteria can live in social groups forming biofilms, where cells are protected from environmental stresses by a self-produced matrix. The extracellular matrix represents an additional impenetrable barrier for ExM. Here we optimize the current protocols of ExM and apply them to mono- and dual-species biofilms formed by clinical isolates of Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus. Using scanning electron microscopy for comparison, our results demonstrate that embedded bacteria expanded 3-fold. Moreover, ExM allowed visualizing the three-dimensional architecture of the biofilm and identifying the distribution of different microbial species and their interactions. We also detected the presence of the extracellular matrix after expansion with a specific stain of the polysaccharide component. The potential applications of ExM in biofilms will improve our understanding of these complex communities and have far-reaching implications for industrial and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Valdivieso González
- Dto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ps. Juan XXIII 1, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital Doce de Octubre (Imas12), Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josué Jara
- Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor G Almendro-Vedia
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ps. Juan XXIII 1, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital Doce de Octubre (Imas12), Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Orgaz
- Sección Departamental de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván López-Montero
- Dto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ps. Juan XXIII 1, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital Doce de Octubre (Imas12), Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
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Kostešić E, Mitrović M, Kajan K, Marković T, Hausmann B, Orlić S, Pjevac P. Microbial Diversity and Activity of Biofilms from Geothermal Springs in Croatia. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:2305-2319. [PMID: 37209180 PMCID: PMC10640420 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hot spring biofilms are stable, highly complex microbial structures. They form at dynamic redox and light gradients and are composed of microorganisms adapted to the extreme temperatures and fluctuating geochemical conditions of geothermal environments. In Croatia, a large number of poorly investigated geothermal springs host biofilm communities. Here, we investigated the microbial community composition of biofilms collected over several seasons at 12 geothermal springs and wells. We found biofilm microbial communities to be temporally stable and highly dominated by Cyanobacteria in all but one high-temperature sampling site (Bizovac well). Of the physiochemical parameters recorded, temperature had the strongest influence on biofilm microbial community composition. Besides Cyanobacteria, the biofilms were mainly inhabited by Chloroflexota, Gammaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidota. In a series of incubations with Cyanobacteria-dominated biofilms from Tuhelj spring and Chloroflexota- and Pseudomonadota-dominated biofilms from Bizovac well, we stimulated either chemoorganotrophic or chemolithotrophic community members, to determine the fraction of microorganisms dependent on organic carbon (in situ predominantly produced via photosynthesis) versus energy derived from geochemical redox gradients (here simulated by addition of thiosulfate). We found surprisingly similar levels of activity in response to all substrates in these two distinct biofilm communities, and observed microbial community composition and hot spring geochemistry to be poor predictors of microbial activity in the study systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Kostešić
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Mitrović
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Kajan
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM), Split, Croatia
| | | | - Bela Hausmann
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandi Orlić
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM), Split, Croatia
| | - Petra Pjevac
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Abdo VL, Suarez LJ, de Paula LG, Costa RC, Shibli J, Feres M, Barāo VAR, Bertolini M, Souza JGS. Underestimated microbial infection of resorbable membranes on guided regeneration. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 226:113318. [PMID: 37075523 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Barrier membranes are critical in creating tissuecompartmentalization for guided tissue (GTR) and bone regeneration (GBR) therapies. More recently, resorbable membranes have been widely used for tissue and bone regeneration due to their improved properties and the dispensable re-entry surgery for membrane removal. However, in cases with membrane exposure, this may lead to microbial contamination that will compromise the integrity of the membrane, surrounding tissue, and bone regeneration, resulting in treatment failure. Although the microbial infection can negatively influence the clinical outcomes of regenerative therapy, such as GBR and GTR, there is a lack of clinical investigations in this field, especially concerning the microbial colonization of different types of membranes. Importantly, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of biofilm growth and composition and pathogenesis on exposed membranes is still missing, explaining the mechanisms by which bone regeneration is reduced during membrane exposure. This scoping review comprehensively screened and discussed the current in vivo evidence and possible new perspectives on the microbial contamination of resorbable membranes. Results from eligible in vivo studies suggested that different bacterial species colonized exposed membranes according to their composition (collagen, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (non-resorbable), and polylactic acid), but in all cases, it negatively affected the attachment level and amount of bone gain. However, limited models and techniques have evaluated the newly developed materials, and evidence is scarce. Finally, new approaches to enhance the antimicrobial effect should consider changing the membrane surface or incorporating long-term released antimicrobials in an effort to achieve better clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Abdo
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina, 88 - Centro, Guarulhos, São Paulo 07023-070, Brazil
| | - Lina J Suarez
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina, 88 - Centro, Guarulhos, São Paulo 07023-070, Brazil; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Oral, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cra 45 # 26-85, Bogotá 11001, Colombia
| | - Lucca Gomes de Paula
- Dental Science School (Faculdade de Ciências Odontológicas - FCO), Av. Waldomiro Marcondes Oliveira, 20 - Ibituruna, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais 39401-303, Brazil
| | - Raphael C Costa
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Jamil Shibli
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina, 88 - Centro, Guarulhos, São Paulo 07023-070, Brazil
| | - Magda Feres
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina, 88 - Centro, Guarulhos, São Paulo 07023-070, Brazil; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Valentim A R Barāo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Martinna Bertolini
- Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, 3501 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Joāo Gabriel Silva Souza
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina, 88 - Centro, Guarulhos, São Paulo 07023-070, Brazil; Dental Science School (Faculdade de Ciências Odontológicas - FCO), Av. Waldomiro Marcondes Oliveira, 20 - Ibituruna, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais 39401-303, Brazil.
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Sousa V, Spratt D, Davrandi M, Mardas N, Beltrán V, Donos N. Oral Microcosm Biofilms Grown under Conditions Progressing from Peri-Implant Health, Peri-Implant Mucositis, and Peri-Implantitis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14088. [PMID: 36360970 PMCID: PMC9654334 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Peri-implantitis is a disease influenced by dysbiotic microbial communities that play a role in the short- and long-term outcomes of its clinical treatment. The ecological triggers that establish the progression from peri-implant mucositis to peri-implantitis remain unknown. This investigation describes the development of a novel in vitro microcosm biofilm model. Biofilms were grown over 30 days over machined titanium discs in a constant depth film fermentor (CDFF), which was inoculated (I) with pooled human saliva. Following longitudinal biofilm sampling across peri-implant health (PH), peri-implant mucositis (PM), and peri-implantitis (PI) conditions, the characterisation of the biofilms was performed. The biofilm analyses included imaging by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), selective and non-selective culture media of viable biofilms, and 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing. Bacterial qualitative shifts were observed by CLSM and SEM across conditions, which were defined by characteristic phenotypes. A total of 9 phyla, 83 genera, and 156 species were identified throughout the experiment. The phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and Actinobacteria showed the highest prevalence in PI conditions. This novel in vitro microcosm model provides a high-throughput alternative for growing microcosm biofilms resembling an in vitro progression from PH-PM-PI conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sousa
- Periodontology and Periodontal Medicine, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Kings College London, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Dave Spratt
- Microbial Diseases, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mehmet Davrandi
- Microbial Diseases, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nikos Mardas
- Centre for Oral Clinical Research, Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Víctor Beltrán
- Clinical Investigation and Dental Innovation Center (CIDIC), Dental School and Center for Translational Medicine (CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Nikolaos Donos
- Centre for Oral Clinical Research, Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London E1 2AD, UK
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Jara J, Jurado R, Almendro-Vedia VG, López-Montero I, Fernández L, Rodríguez JM, Orgaz B. Interspecies relationships between nosocomial pathogens associated to preterm infants and lactic acid bacteria in dual-species biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1038253. [PMID: 36325465 PMCID: PMC9618709 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1038253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The nasogastric enteral feeding tubes (NEFTs) used to feed preterm infants are commonly colonized by bacteria with the ability to form complex biofilms in their inner surfaces. Among them, staphylococci (mainly Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus) and some species belonging to the Family Enterobacteriaceae are of special concern since they can cause nosocomial infections in this population. NETF-associated biofilms can also include lactic acid bacteria (LAB), with the ability to compete with pathogenic species for nutrients and space. Ecological interactions among the main colonizers of these devices have not been explored yet; however, such approach could guide future strategies involving the pre-coating of the inner surfaces of NEFTs with well adapted LAB strains in order to reduce the rates of nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). In this context, this work implied the formation of dual-species biofilms involving one LAB strain (either Ligilactobacillus salivarius 20SNG2 or Limosilactobacillus reuteri 7SNG3) and one nosocomial strain (either Klebsiella pneumoniae 9SNG3, Serratia marcescens 10SNG3, Staphylococcus aureus 45SNG3 or Staphylococcus epidermidis 46SNG3). The six strains used in this study had been isolated from the inner surface of NEFTs. Changes in adhesion ability of the pathogens were characterized using a culturomic approach. Species interactions and structural changes of the resulting biofilms were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). No aggregation was observed in dual-species biofilms between any of the two LAB strains and either K. pneumoniae 9SNG3 or S. marcescens 10SNG3. In addition, biofilm thickness and volume were reduced, suggesting that both LAB strains can control the capacity to form biofilms of these enterobacteria. In contrast, a positive ecological relationship was observed in the combination L. reuteri 7SNG3-S. aureus 45SNG3. This relationship was accompanied by a stimulation of S. aureus matrix production when compared with its respective monospecies biofilm. The knowledge provided by this study may guide the selection of potentially probiotic strains that share the same niche with nosocomial pathogens, enabling the establishment of a healthier microbial community inside NEFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Jara
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Jurado
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor G. Almendro-Vedia
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván López-Montero
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital Doce de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonides Fernández
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Rodríguez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Orgaz
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Spake CSL, Berns EM, Sahakian L, Turcu A, Clayton A, Glasser J, Barrett C, Barber D, Antoci V, Born CT, Garcia DR. In vitro visualization and quantitative characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm growth dynamics on polyether ether ketone. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:2448-2456. [PMID: 34935196 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prevention and treatment of orthopedic device-related infection (ODRI) is complicated by the formation of bacterial biofilms. Biofilm formation involves dynamic production of macromolecules that contribute to the structure of the biofilm over time. Limitations to clinically relevant and translational biofilm visualization and measurement hamper advances in this area of research. In this paper, we present a multimodal methodology for improved characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown on polyether ether ketone (PEEK) as a model for ODRI. PEEK discs were inoculated with P. aeruginosa, incubated for 4-48 h time intervals, and fixed with 10% neutral-buffered formalin. Samples were stained with fluorescent dyes to measure biofilm components, imaged with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and quantified. We were able to visualize and quantify P. aeruginosa biofilm growth on PEEK implants over 48 h. Based on imaging data, we propose a generalized growth cycle that can inform orthopedic diagnostic and treatment for this pathogen on PEEK. These results demonstrate the potential of using a combined CLSM and SEM approach for determining biofilm structure, composition, post-adherence development on orthopedic materials. This model may be used for quantitative biofilm analysis for other pathogens and other materials of orthopedic relevance for translational study of ODRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole S L Spake
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Weiss Center for Orthopaedic Trauma Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ellis M Berns
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Weiss Center for Orthopaedic Trauma Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Lori Sahakian
- Weiss Center for Orthopaedic Trauma Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Adrian Turcu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Weiss Center for Orthopaedic Trauma Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ahsia Clayton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Weiss Center for Orthopaedic Trauma Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jillian Glasser
- Weiss Center for Orthopaedic Trauma Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Caitlin Barrett
- Weiss Center for Orthopaedic Trauma Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Douglas Barber
- Weiss Center for Orthopaedic Trauma Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Valentin Antoci
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Weiss Center for Orthopaedic Trauma Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Christopher T Born
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Weiss Center for Orthopaedic Trauma Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Dioscaris R Garcia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Weiss Center for Orthopaedic Trauma Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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10
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Tang PC, Eriksson O, Sjögren J, Fatsis-Kavalopoulos N, Kreuger J, Andersson DI. A Microfluidic Chip for Studies of the Dynamics of Antibiotic Resistance Selection in Bacterial Biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:896149. [PMID: 35619647 PMCID: PMC9128571 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.896149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are arguably the most important mode of growth of bacteria, but how antibiotic resistance emerges and is selected in biofilms remains poorly understood. Several models to study evolution of antibiotic resistance have been developed, however, their usability varies depending on the nature of the biological question. Here, we developed and validated a microfluidic chip (Brimor) for studying the dynamics of enrichment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in biofilms using real-time monitoring with confocal microscopy. In situ extracellular cellulose staining and physical disruption of the biomass confirmed Escherichia coli growth as biofilms in the chip. We showed that seven generations of growth occur in 16 h when biofilms were established in the growth chambers of Brimor, and that bacterial death and growth rates could be estimated under these conditions using a plasmid with a conditional replication origin. Additionally, competition experiments between antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant bacteria at sub-inhibitory concentrations demonstrated that the antibiotic ciprofloxacin selected for antibiotic resistance in bacterial biofilms at concentrations 17-fold below the minimal inhibitory concentration of susceptible planktonic bacteria. Overall, the microfluidic chip is easy to use and a relevant model for studying the dynamics of selection of antibiotic resistance in bacterial biofilms and we anticipate that the Brimor chip will facilitate basic research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Cheng Tang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Eriksson
- U-Print, Uppsala University 3D-Printing Facility, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Johan Kreuger
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Dan I. Andersson, ; Johan Kreuger,
| | - Dan I. Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Dan I. Andersson, ; Johan Kreuger,
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11
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Burnett J, Wu ST, Voorn M, Jordan C, Manuel CS, Singh M, Oliver HF. Enhanced training, employee-led deep cleans, and complete sanitation execution are effective Listeria monocytogenes controls in retail produce environments. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Boak EN, Kirolos S, Pan H, Pierson LS, Pierson EA. The Type VI Secretion Systems in Plant-Beneficial Bacteria Modulate Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Interactions in the Rhizosphere. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:843092. [PMID: 35464916 PMCID: PMC9022076 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.843092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere colonizing plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) increase their competitiveness by producing diffusible toxic secondary metabolites, which inhibit competitors and deter predators. Many PGPB also have one or more Type VI Secretion System (T6SS), for the delivery of weapons directly into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Studied predominantly in human and plant pathogens as a virulence mechanism for the delivery of effector proteins, the function of T6SS for PGPB in the rhizosphere niche is poorly understood. We utilized a collection of Pseudomonas chlororaphis 30-84 mutants deficient in one or both of its two T6SS and/or secondary metabolite production to examine the relative importance of each T6SS in rhizosphere competence, bacterial competition, and protection from bacterivores. A mutant deficient in both T6SS was less persistent than wild type in the rhizosphere. Both T6SS contributed to competitiveness against other PGPB or plant pathogenic strains not affected by secondary metabolite production, but only T6SS-2 was effective against strains lacking their own T6SS. Having at least one T6SS was also essential for protection from predation by several eukaryotic bacterivores. In contrast to diffusible weapons that may not be produced at low cell density, T6SS afford rhizobacteria an additional, more immediate line of defense against competitors and predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N. Boak
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sara Kirolos
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Huiqiao Pan
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Leland S. Pierson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Pierson
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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13
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Zhang Y, Silva DM, Young P, Traini D, Li M, Ong HX, Cheng S. Understanding the effects of aerodynamic and hydrodynamic shear forces on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm growth. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1483-1497. [PMID: 35274289 PMCID: PMC9313621 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are communities of bacterial cells encased in a self-produced polymeric matrix and exhibit high tolerance towards environmental stress. Despite the plethora of research on biofilms, most biofilm models are produced using mono-interface culture in static flow conditions, and knowledge of the effects of interfaces and mechanical forces on biofilm development remains fragmentary. This study elucidated the effects of air-liquid (ALI) or liquid-liquid (LLI) interfaces and mechanical shear forces induced by airflow and hydrodynamic flow on biofilm growing using a custom-designed dual-channel microfluidic platform. Results from this study showed that comparing biofilms developed under continuous nutrient supply and shear stresses free condition to those developed with limited nutrient supply, ALI biofilms were four times thicker, 60% less permeable, and 100 times more resistant to antibiotics, while LLI biofilms were two times thicker, 20% less permeable, and 100 times more resistant to antibiotics. Subjecting the biofilms to mechanical shear stresses affected the biofilm structure across the biofilm thickness significantly, resulting in generally thinner and denser biofilm compared to their controlled biofilm cultured in the absence of shear stresses, and the ALI and LLI biofilm's morphology was vastly different. Biofilms developed under hydrodynamic shear stress also showed increased antibiotic resistance. These findings highlight the importance of investigating biofilm growth and its mechanisms in realistic environmental conditions and demonstrate a feasible approach to undertake this work using a novel platform. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dina M Silva
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Young
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Marketing, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ming Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hui Xin Ong
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shaokoon Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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14
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Updates in the Use of Antibiotics, Biofilms. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:e1-e19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Recent Strategies to Combat Infections from Biofilm-Forming Bacteria on Orthopaedic Implants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910243. [PMID: 34638591 PMCID: PMC8549706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-related implant infections (BRII) are a disastrous complication of both elective and trauma orthopaedic surgery and occur when an implant becomes colonised by bacteria. The definitive treatment to eradicate the infections once a biofilm has established is surgical excision of the implant and thorough local debridement, but this carries a significant socioeconomic cost, the outcomes for the patient are often poor, and there is a significant risk of recurrence. Due to the large volumes of surgical procedures performed annually involving medical device implantation, both in orthopaedic surgery and healthcare in general, and with the incidence of implant-related infection being as high as 5%, interventions to prevent and treat BRII are a major focus of research. As such, innovation is progressing at a very fast pace; the aim of this study is to review the latest interventions for the prevention and treatment of BRII, with a particular focus on implant-related approaches.
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16
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Four species of bacteria deterministically assemble to form a stable biofilm in a millifluidic channel. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:64. [PMID: 34354076 PMCID: PMC8342524 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multispecies microbial adherent communities are widespread in nature and organisms, although the principles of their assembly and development remain unclear. Here, we test the possibility of establishing a simplified but relevant model of multispecies biofilm in a non-invasive laboratory setup for the real-time monitoring of community development. We demonstrate that the four chosen species (Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Kocuria varians, and Rhodocyclus sp.) form a dynamic community that deterministically reaches its equilibrium after ~30 h of growth. We reveal the emergence of complexity in this simplified community as reported by an increase in spatial heterogeneity and non-monotonic developmental kinetics. Importantly, we find interspecies interactions consisting of competition for resources-particularly oxygen-and both direct and indirect physical interactions. The simplified experimental model opens new avenues to the study of adherent bacterial communities and their behavior in the context of rapid global change.
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17
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Serotonin Exposure Improves Stress Resistance, Aggregation, and Biofilm Formation in the Probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB10415. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres12030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the microbiota–gut–brain axis in maintaining a healthy status is well recognized. In this bidirectional flux, the influence of host hormones on gut bacteria is crucial. However, data on commensal/probiotics are scarce since most reports analyzed the effects of human bioactive compounds on opportunistic strains, highlighting the risk of increased pathogenicity under stimulation. The present investigation examined the modifications induced by 5HT, a tryptophan-derived molecule abundant in the intestine, on the probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB10415. Specific phenotypic modifications concerning the probiotic potential and possible effects of treated bacteria on dendritic cells were explored together with the comparative soluble proteome evaluation. Increased resistance to bile salts and ampicillin in 5HT-stimulated conditions relate with overexpression of specific proteins (among which Zn-beta-lactamases, a Zn-transport protein and a protein involved in fatty acid incorporation into the membrane). Better auto-aggregating properties and biofilm-forming aptitude are consistent with enhanced QS peptide transport. Concerning interaction with the host, E. faecium NCIMB10415 enhanced dendritic cell maturation, but no significant differences were observed between 5HT-treated and untreated bacteria; meanwhile, after 5HT exposure, some moonlight proteins possibly involved in tissue adhesion were found in higher abundance. Finally, the finding in stimulated conditions of a higher abundance of VicR, a protein involved in two-component signal transduction system (VicK/R), suggests the existence of a possible surface receptor (VicK) for 5HT sensing in the strain studied. These overall data indicate that E. faecium NCIMB10415 modifies its physiology in response to 5HT by improving bacterial interactions and resistance to stressors.
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18
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Novotny LA, Chiang T, Goodman SD, Elmaraghy CA, Bakaletz LO. Humanized Anti-DNABII Fab Fragments Plus Ofloxacin Eradicated Biofilms in Experimental Otitis Media. Laryngoscope 2021; 131:E2698-E2704. [PMID: 33666254 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To evaluate the ability of humanized monoclonal antibody fragments directed against a bacterial DNABII protein plus ofloxacin delivered directly into the chinchilla middle ear via tympanostomy tube (TT) to enhance the ability of ofloxacin to eradicate biofilms formed by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI). STUDY DESIGN A blinded pre-clinical study of comparative efficacy of single versus combinatorial treatment strategies. METHODS NTHI was allowed to form biofilms in the middle ears of chinchillas prior to TT placement. Ofloxacin, humanized Fab fragments against a bacterial DNABII protein that disrupts biofilms or Fab fragments plus ofloxacin were instilled into the middle ear via TT. For two consecutive days, ofloxacin was delivered twice-a-day, Fab fragments were delivered once-a-day, or these treatments were combined. Relative biofilm resolution (as determined via two outcome measures) and eradication of viable NTHI were assessed 1-day later. RESULTS Whereas ofloxacin alone did not resolve biofilms or eradicate NTHI from the middle ear, delivery of Fab fragments significantly reduced both biofilms and NTHI burden over this short course of treatment. Notably, co-delivery of ofloxacin plus humanized Fab fragments eradicated both NTHI and biofilms from the middle ear, an enhanced outcome compared to receipt of either treatment alone. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated a powerful combinatorial approach to release bacteria from their protective biofilms and rapidly render them vulnerable to killing by a previously ineffective antibiotic. An approach to combine ofloxacin with humanized Fab fragments that disrupt biofilms has tremendous potential to quickly resolve chronic otorrhea suffered by children with chronic suppurative otitis media or chronic post-tympanostomy tube otorrhea and thereby improve their quality of life. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Novotny
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Tendy Chiang
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.,Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Steven D Goodman
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.,The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Charles A Elmaraghy
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.,Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Lauren O Bakaletz
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.,The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
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19
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Ageorges V, Monteiro R, Leroy S, Burgess CM, Pizza M, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Desvaux M. Molecular determinants of surface colonisation in diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC): from bacterial adhesion to biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:314-350. [PMID: 32239203 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is primarily known as a commensal colonising the gastrointestinal tract of infants very early in life but some strains being responsible for diarrhoea, which can be especially severe in young children. Intestinal pathogenic E. coli include six pathotypes of diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC), namely, the (i) enterotoxigenic E. coli, (ii) enteroaggregative E. coli, (iii) enteropathogenic E. coli, (iv) enterohemorragic E. coli, (v) enteroinvasive E. coli and (vi) diffusely adherent E. coli. Prior to human infection, DEC can be found in natural environments, animal reservoirs, food processing environments and contaminated food matrices. From an ecophysiological point of view, DEC thus deal with very different biotopes and biocoenoses all along the food chain. In this context, this review focuses on the wide range of surface molecular determinants acting as surface colonisation factors (SCFs) in DEC. In the first instance, SCFs can be broadly discriminated into (i) extracellular polysaccharides, (ii) extracellular DNA and (iii) surface proteins. Surface proteins constitute the most diverse group of SCFs broadly discriminated into (i) monomeric SCFs, such as autotransporter (AT) adhesins, inverted ATs, heat-resistant agglutinins or some moonlighting proteins, (ii) oligomeric SCFs, namely, the trimeric ATs and (iii) supramolecular SCFs, including flagella and numerous pili, e.g. the injectisome, type 4 pili, curli chaperone-usher pili or conjugative pili. This review also details the gene regulatory network of these numerous SCFs at the various stages as it occurs from pre-transcriptional to post-translocational levels, which remains to be fully elucidated in many cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ageorges
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ricardo Monteiro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sabine Leroy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine M Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | | | - Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Lallemand Animal Nutrition SAS, F-31702 Blagnac Cedex, France
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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20
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Coclet C, Garnier C, D’Onofrio S, Durrieu G, Pasero E, Le Poupon C, Omanović D, Mullot JU, Misson B, Briand JF. Trace Metal Contamination Impacts Predicted Functions More Than Structure of Marine Prokaryotic Biofilm Communities in an Anthropized Coastal Area. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:589948. [PMID: 33679628 PMCID: PMC7933014 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.589948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace metal (TM) contamination in marine coastal areas is a worldwide threat for aquatic communities. However, little is known about the influence of a multi-chemical contamination on both marine biofilm communities' structure and functioning. To determine how TM contamination potentially impacted microbial biofilms' structure and their functions, polycarbonate (PC) plates were immerged in both surface and bottom of the seawater column, at five sites, along strong TM contamination gradients, in Toulon Bay. The PC plates were incubated during 4 weeks to enable colonization by biofilm-forming microorganisms on artificial surfaces. Biofilms from the PC plates, as well as surrounding seawaters, were collected and analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon gene sequencing to describe prokaryotic community diversity, structure and functions, and to determine the relationships between bacterioplankton and biofilm communities. Our results showed that prokaryotic biofilm structure was not significantly affected by the measured environmental variables, while the functional profiles of biofilms were significantly impacted by Cu, Mn, Zn, and salinity. Biofilms from the contaminated sites were dominated by tolerant taxa to contaminants and specialized hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms. Functions related to major xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, such as methane metabolism, degradation of aromatic compounds, and benzoate degradation, as well as functions involved in quorum sensing signaling, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix, and biofilm formation were significantly over-represented in the contaminated site relative to the uncontaminated one. Taken together, our results suggest that biofilms may be able to survive to strong multi-chemical contamination because of the presence of tolerant taxa in biofilms, as well as the functional responses of biofilm communities. Moreover, biofilm communities exhibited significant variations of structure and functional profiles along the seawater column, potentially explained by the contribution of taxa from surrounding sediments. Finally, we found that both structure and functions were significantly distinct between the biofilm and bacterioplankton, highlighting major differences between the both lifestyles, and the divergence of their responses facing to a multi-chemical contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Coclet
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire MAPIEM, EA 4323, Toulon, France
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Cédric Garnier
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Sébastien D’Onofrio
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Gaël Durrieu
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Emilie Pasero
- Microbia Environnement Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Christophe Le Poupon
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Dario Omanović
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruðer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Benjamin Misson
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
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21
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Hydrodynamics and surface properties influence biofilm proliferation. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 288:102336. [PMID: 33421727 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A biofilm is an interface-associated colloidal dispersion of bacterial cells and excreted polymers in which microorganisms find protection from their environment. Successful colonization of a surface by a bacterial community is typically a detriment to human health and property. Insight into the biofilm life-cycle provides clues on how their proliferation can be suppressed. In this review, we follow a cell through the cycle of attachment, growth, and departure from a colony. Among the abundance of factors that guide the three phases, we focus on hydrodynamics and stratum properties due to the synergistic effect such properties have on bacteria rejection and removal. Cell motion, whether facilitated by the environment via medium flow or self-actuated by use of an appendage, drastically improves the survivability of a bacterium. Once in the vicinity of a stratum, a single cell is exposed to near-surface interactions, such as van der Waals, electrostatic and specific interactions, similarly to any other colloidal particle. The success of the attachment and the potential for detachment is heavily influenced by surface properties such as material type and topography. The growth of the colony is similarly guided by mainstream flow and the convective transport throughout the biofilm. Beyond the growth phase, hydrodynamic traction forces on a biofilm can elicit strongly non-linear viscoelastic responses from the biofilm soft matter. As the colony exhausts the means of survival at a particular location, a set of trigger signals activates mechanisms of bacterial release, a life-cycle phase also facilitated by fluid flow. A review of biofilm-relevant hydrodynamics and startum properties provides insight into future research avenues.
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22
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Siddam AD, Zaslow SJ, Wang Y, Phillips KS, Silverman MD, Regan PM, Amarasinghe JJ. Characterization of Biofilm Formation by Mycobacterium chimaera on Medical Device Materials. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:586657. [PMID: 33505365 PMCID: PMC7829485 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.586657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are widespread in the environment and are a public health concern due to their resistance to antimicrobial agents. The colonization of surgical heater-cooler devices (HCDs) by the slow-growing NTM species Mycobacterium chimaera has recently been linked to multiple invasive infections in patients worldwide. The resistance of M. chimaera to antimicrobials may be aided by a protective biofilm matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This study explored the hypothesis that M. chimaera can form biofilms on medically relevant materials. Several M. chimaera strains, including two HCD isolates, were used to inoculate a panel of medical device materials. M. chimaera colonization of the surfaces was monitored for 6 weeks. M. chimaera formed a robust biofilm at the air-liquid interface of borosilicate glass tubes, which increased in mass over time. M. chimaera was observed by 3D Laser Scanning Microscopy to have motility during colonization, and form biofilms on stainless steel, titanium, silicone and polystyrene surfaces during the first week of inoculation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of M. chimaera biofilms after 4 weeks of inoculation showed that M. chimaera cells were enclosed entirely in extracellular material, while cryo-preserved SEM samples further revealed that an ultrastructural component of the EPS matrix was a tangled mesh of 3D fiber-like projections connecting cells. Considering that slow-growing M. chimaera typically has culture times on the order of weeks, the microscopically observed ability to rapidly colonize stainless steel and titanium surfaces in as little as 24 h after inoculation is uncharacteristic. The insights that this study provides into M. chimaera colonization and biofilm formation of medical device materials are a significant advance in our fundamental understanding of M. chimaera surface interactions and have important implications for research into novel antimicrobial materials, designs and other approaches to help reduce the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana D Siddam
- Winchester Engineering and Analytical Center, United States Food and Drug Administration, Winchester, MA, United States
| | - Shari J Zaslow
- Winchester Engineering and Analytical Center, United States Food and Drug Administration, Winchester, MA, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - K Scott Phillips
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Matthew D Silverman
- Winchester Engineering and Analytical Center, United States Food and Drug Administration, Winchester, MA, United States
| | - Patrick M Regan
- Winchester Engineering and Analytical Center, United States Food and Drug Administration, Winchester, MA, United States
| | - Jayaleka J Amarasinghe
- Winchester Engineering and Analytical Center, United States Food and Drug Administration, Winchester, MA, United States
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23
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Martínez M, Postolache TT, García-Bueno B, Leza JC, Figuero E, Lowry CA, Malan-Müller S. The Role of the Oral Microbiota Related to Periodontal Diseases in Anxiety, Mood and Trauma- and Stress-Related Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:814177. [PMID: 35153869 PMCID: PMC8833739 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.814177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of anxiety, mood and trauma- and stress-related disorders are on the rise; however, efforts to develop new and effective treatment strategies have had limited success. To identify novel therapeutic targets, a comprehensive understanding of the disease etiology is needed, especially in the context of the holobiont, i.e., the superorganism consisting of a human and its microbiotas. Much emphasis has been placed on the role of the gut microbiota in the development, exacerbation, and persistence of psychiatric disorders; however, data for the oral microbiota are limited. The oral cavity houses the second most diverse microbial community in the body, with over 700 bacterial species that colonize the soft and hard tissues. Periodontal diseases encompass a group of infectious and inflammatory diseases that affect the periodontium. Among them, periodontitis is defined as a chronic, multi-bacterial infection that elicits low-grade systemic inflammation via the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as local invasion and long-distance translocation of periodontal pathogens. Periodontitis can also induce or exacerbate other chronic systemic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetes and can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Recently, periodontal pathogens have been implicated in the etiology and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders (such as depression and schizophrenia), especially as dysregulation of the immune system also plays an integral role in the etiology and pathophysiology of these disorders. This review will discuss the role of the oral microbiota associated with periodontal diseases in anxiety, mood and trauma- and stress-related disorders. Epidemiological data of periodontal diseases in individuals with these disorders will be presented, followed by a discussion of the microbiological and immunological links between the oral microbiota and the central nervous system. Pre-clinical and clinical findings on the oral microbiota related to periodontal diseases in anxiety, mood and trauma- and stress-related phenotypes will be reviewed, followed by a discussion on the bi-directionality of the oral-brain axis. Lastly, we will focus on the oral microbiota associated with periodontal diseases as a target for future therapeutic interventions to alleviate symptoms of these debilitating psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martínez
- Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases Research Group, University Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teodor T Postolache
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education, Aurora, CO, United States.,Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Figuero
- Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases Research Group, University Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education, Aurora, CO, United States.,Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stefanie Malan-Müller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Scardaci R, Varese F, Manfredi M, Marengo E, Mazzoli R, Pessione E. Enterococcus faecium NCIMB10415 responds to norepinephrine by altering protein profiles and phenotypic characters. J Proteomics 2020; 231:104003. [PMID: 33038511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The long-term established symbiosis between gut microbiota and humans is based upon a dynamic equilibrium that, if unbalanced, could lead to the development of diseases. Despite the huge amount of data concerning the microbiota-gut-brain-axis, little information is available on what happens at the molecular level in bacteria, when exposed to human signals. In the present study, the physiological effects exerted by norepinephrine (NE), a human hormone present in significant amounts in the host gut, were analyzed using the commensal/probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium NCIMB10415 as a target. The aim was to compare the protein profiles of treated and untreated bacteria and relating these proteome patterns to some phenotypic modifications important for bacteria-host interaction. Actually, to date, only pathogens have been considered. Combining a gel-free/label-free proteomic analysis with the evaluation of bile salts resistance, biofilm formation and autoaggregation ability (as well as with the bacterial growth kinetics), allowed to detect changes induced by NE treatment on all the tested probiotic properties. Furthermore, exposure to the bioactive molecule increased the abundance of proteins related to stress response and to host-microbe interaction, such as moonlight proteins involved in adhesion and immune stimulation. The results of this investigation demonstrated that, not only pathogens, but also commensal gut bacteria are affected by host-derived hormones, underlining the importance of a correct cross-signalling in the maintenance of gut homeostasis. SIGNIFICANCE: The crucial role played by the human gut microbiota in ensuring host homeostasis and health is definitively ascertained as suggested by the holobiome concept. The present research was intended to shed light on the endocrinological perturbations possibly affecting microbiota. The microbial model used in this study belongs to Enterococcus faecium species, whose controversial role as gut commensal and opportunistic pathogen in the gut ecosystem is well recognized. The results obtained in the present investigation clearly demonstrate that E. faecium NCIMB10415 can sense and respond to norepinephrine, a human hormone abundant at the gut level, by changing protein profiles and physiology, inducing changes that could favor survival and colonization of the host tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first proteomic report concerning the impact of a human hormone on a commensal/probiotic bacterium, since previous research has focused on exploring the effects of neuroendocrine molecules on growth and virulence of pathogenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scardaci
- Structural and Functional Biochemistry, Laboratory of Microbial Biochemistry and Proteomics, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - F Varese
- Structural and Functional Biochemistry, Laboratory of Microbial Biochemistry and Proteomics, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Manfredi
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - E Marengo
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - R Mazzoli
- Structural and Functional Biochemistry, Laboratory of Microbial Biochemistry and Proteomics, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - E Pessione
- Structural and Functional Biochemistry, Laboratory of Microbial Biochemistry and Proteomics, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.
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25
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Coraça-Huber DC, Kreidl L, Steixner S, Hinz M, Dammerer D, Fille M. Identification and Morphological Characterization of Biofilms Formed by Strains Causing Infection in Orthopedic Implants. Pathogens 2020; 9:E649. [PMID: 32806685 PMCID: PMC7460306 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: For a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in biofilm formation, we performed a broad identification and characterization of the strains affecting implants by evaluating the morphology of biofilms formed in vitro in correlation with tests of the strains' antibiotic susceptibility in planktonic form. The ability of the strains to form biofilms in vitro was evaluated by means of colony forming units counting, metabolic activity tests of biofilm cells, and scanning electron microscopy. Methods: A total of 140 strains were isolated from patients with orthopedic implant-related infections during the period of 2015 to 2018. The identification of the isolates was carried out through microbiological cultures and confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Antibiotic susceptibility rates of the isolates were accessed according to EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing). The ability of all isolates to form biofilms in vitro was evaluated by counting the colony forming units, by measuring the metabolic activity of biofilm cells, and by analyzing the morphology of the formed biofilms using scanning electron microscopy. Results: From all the isolates, 41.84% (62 strains) were Staphylococcus epidermidis and 15.60% (22 strains) were Staphylococcus aureus. A significant difference in the capacity of biofilm formation was observed among the isolates. When correlating the biofilm forming capacity of the isolates to their antibiotic susceptibility rates, we observed that not all strains that were classified as resistant were biofilm producers in vitro. In other words, bacteria that are not good biofilm formers can show increased tolerance to multiple antibiotic substances. Conclusion: From 2015 until 2018, Staphylococcus epidermidis was the strain that caused most of the orthopedic implant-related infections in our hospital. Not all strains causing infection in orthopedic implants are able to form biofilms under in vitro conditions. Differences were observed in the number of cells and morphology of the biofilms. In addition, antibiotic resistance is not directly related to the capacity of the strains to form biofilms in vitro. Further studies should consider the use of in vitro culture conditions that better reproduce the joint environment and the growth of biofilms in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora C. Coraça-Huber
- Research Laboratory for Biofilms and Implant Associated Infections (BIOFILM LAB), Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 4b, Room 204, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.K.); (S.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Lisa Kreidl
- Research Laboratory for Biofilms and Implant Associated Infections (BIOFILM LAB), Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 4b, Room 204, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.K.); (S.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Stephan Steixner
- Research Laboratory for Biofilms and Implant Associated Infections (BIOFILM LAB), Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 4b, Room 204, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.K.); (S.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Maximilian Hinz
- Research Laboratory for Biofilms and Implant Associated Infections (BIOFILM LAB), Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 4b, Room 204, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.K.); (S.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Dietmar Dammerer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Manfred Fille
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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26
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Nam S, Ham SY, Kwon H, Kim HS, Moon S, Lee JH, Lim T, Son SH, Park HD, Byun Y. Discovery and Characterization of Pure RhlR Antagonists against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8388-8407. [PMID: 32696644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an opportunistic human pathogen that forms biofilms and produces virulence factors via quorum sensing (QS). Blocking the QS system in P. aeruginosa is an excellent strategy to reduce biofilm formation and the production of virulence factors. RhlR plays an essential role in the QS system of P. aeruginosa. We synthesized 55 analogues based on the chemical structure of 4-gingerol and evaluated their RhlR inhibitory activities using the cell-based reporter strain assay. Comprehensive structure-activity relationship studies identified the alkynyl ketone 30 as the most potent RhlR antagonist. This compound displayed selective RhlR antagonism over LasR and PqsR, strong inhibition of biofilm formation, and reduced production of virulence factors in P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, the survival rate of Tenebrio molitor larvae treated with 30 in vivo greatly improved. Therefore, compound 30, a pure RhlR antagonist, can be utilized for developing QS-modulating molecules in the control of P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- SangJin Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Ham
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongmok Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Shin Kim
- Korean Peninsula Infrastructure Cooperation Team, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10223, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyeong Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Son
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Deung Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
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27
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Innes NPT, Chu CH, Fontana M, Lo ECM, Thomson WM, Uribe S, Heiland M, Jepsen S, Schwendicke F. A Century of Change towards Prevention and Minimal Intervention in Cariology. J Dent Res 2020; 98:611-617. [PMID: 31107140 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519837252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Better understanding of dental caries and other oral conditions has guided new strategies to prevent disease and manage its consequences at individual and public health levels. This article discusses advances in prevention and minimal intervention dentistry over the last century by focusing on some milestones within scientific, clinical, and public health arenas, mainly in cariology but also beyond, highlighting current understanding and evidence with future prospects. Dentistry was initially established as a surgical specialty. Dental caries (similar to periodontitis) was considered to be an infectious disease 100 years ago. Its ubiquitous presence and rampant nature-coupled with limited diagnostic tools and therapeutic treatment options-meant that these dental diseases were managed mainly by excising affected tissue. The understanding of the diseases and a change in their prevalence, extent, and severity, with evolutions in operative techniques, technologies, and materials, have enabled a shift from surgical to preventive and minimal intervention dentistry approaches. Future challenges to embrace include continuing the dental profession's move toward a more patient-centered, evidence-based, less invasive management of these diseases, focused on promoting and maintaining oral health in partnership with patients. In parallel, public health needs to continue to, for example, tackle social inequalities in dental health, develop better preventive and management options for existing disease risk groups (e.g., the growing aging population), and the development of reimbursement and health outcome models that facilitate implementation of these evolving strategies. A century ago, almost every treatment involved injections, a drill or scalpel, or a pair of forceps. Today, dentists have more options than ever before available to them. These are supported by evidence, have a minimal intervention focus, and result in better outcomes for patients. The profession's greatest challenge is moving this evidence into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P T Innes
- 1 School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - C H Chu
- 2 Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - M Fontana
- 3 Cariology and Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - E C M Lo
- 2 Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - W M Thomson
- 4 Department of Oral Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - S Uribe
- 5 School of Dentistry, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - M Heiland
- 6 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Jepsen
- 7 Periodontology, Operative, and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - F Schwendicke
- 8 Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Targeting a bacterial DNABII protein with a chimeric peptide immunogen or humanised monoclonal antibody to prevent or treat recalcitrant biofilm-mediated infections. EBioMedicine 2020; 59:102867. [PMID: 32651162 PMCID: PMC7502671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic and recurrent bacterial diseases are recalcitrant to treatment due to the ability of the causative agents to establish biofilms, thus development of means to prevent or resolve these structures are greatly needed. Our approach targets the DNABII family of bacterial DNA-binding proteins, which serve as critical structural components within the extracellular DNA scaffold of biofilms formed by all bacterial species tested to date. DNABII-directed antibodies rapidly disrupt biofilms and release the resident bacteria which promote their subsequent clearance by either host immune effectors or antibiotics that are now effective at a notably reduced concentration. Methods: First, as a therapeutic approach, we used intact IgG or Fab fragments against a chimeric peptide immunogen designed to target protective epitopes within the DNA-binding tip domains of integration host factor to disrupt established biofilms in vitro and to mediate resolution of existing disease in vivo. Second, we performed preventative active immunisation with the chimeric peptide to induce the formation of antibody that blocks biofilm formation and disease development in a model of viral-bacterial superinfection. Further, toward the path for clinical use, we humanised a monoclonal antibody against the chimeric peptide immunogen, then characterised and validated that it maintained therapeutic efficacy. Findings: We demonstrated efficacy of each approach in two well-established pre-clinical models of otitis media induced by the prevalent respiratory tract pathogen nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, a common biofilm disease. Interpretation: Collectively, our data revealed two approaches with substantive efficacy and potential for broad application to combat diseases with a biofilm component. Funding Supported by R01 DC011818 to LOB and SDG.
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29
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Palmieri B, Vadalà M, Laurino C. Electromedical devices in wound healing management: a narrative review. J Wound Care 2020; 29:408-418. [PMID: 32654604 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2020.29.7.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is the sum of physiological sequential steps, leading to skin restoration. However, in some conditions, such as diabetes, pressure ulcers (PU) and venous legs ulcers (VLU), healing is a major challenge and requires multiple strategies. In this context, some electromedical devices may accelerate and/or support wound healing, modulating the inflammatory, proliferation (granulation) and tissue-remodelling phases. This review describes some helpful electromedical devices including: ultrasonic-assisted wound debridement; electrotherapy; combined ultrasound and electric field stimulation; low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields; phototherapy (for example, laser therapy and light-emitting diode (LED) therapy); biophotonic therapies, and pressure therapies (for example, negative pressure wound therapy, and high pressure and intermittent pneumatic compression) The review focuses on the evidence-based medicine and adequate clinical trial design in relation to these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beniamino Palmieri
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.,Second Opinion Medical Network, Via Ciro Bisi, 125, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Vadalà
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.,Second Opinion Medical Network, Via Ciro Bisi, 125, Modena, Italy
| | - Carmen Laurino
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.,Second Opinion Medical Network, Via Ciro Bisi, 125, Modena, Italy
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30
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Wong CW, Delaquis P, Goodridge L, Lévesque RC, Fong K, Wang S. Inactivation of Salmonella enterica on post-harvest cantaloupe and lettuce by a lytic bacteriophage cocktail. Curr Res Food Sci 2020; 2:25-32. [PMID: 32914108 PMCID: PMC7473338 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) is a causative agent of multiple outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with fresh produce, including pre-cut melon and leafy vegetables. Current industrial antimicrobial interventions have been shown to reduce microbial populations by <90%. Consequently, bacteriophages have been suggested as an alternative to chemical sanitizers. Seven S. enterica strains from four serovars (105 CFU/mL) were separately inoculated onto excised pieces of Romaine lettuce leaf and cantaloupe flesh treated with a five-strain bacteriophage cocktail 24 h before S. enterica inoculation. S. enterica, total aerobic populations and water activity were measured immediately after inoculation and after 1 and 2 days of incubation at 8 °C. The efficacy of the bacteriophage cocktail varied between strains. Populations of S. enterica Enteritidis strain S3, S. Javiana S203, S. Javiana S200 were reduced by > 3 log CFU/g and S. Newport S2 by 1 log CFU/g on both lettuce and cantaloupe tissues at all sampling times. In contrast, populations of strains S. Thompson S193 and S194 were reduced by 2 log CFU/g on day 0 on lettuce, but were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the controls thereafter, S. Newport S195 populations were reduced on lettuce by 1 log CFU/g on day 0 and no reductions were found on cantaloupe tissue. Both aerobic populations and water activity were higher on cantaloupe than on lettuce. The water activity of lettuce decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from 0.845 ± 0.027 on day 0-0.494 ± 0.022 on day 1, but that of cantaloupe remained between 0.977 and 0.993 from day 0-2. The results of this study showed that bacteriophages can reduce S. enterica populations on lettuce and cantaloupe tissues but that the magnitude of the effect was strain-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine W.Y. Wong
- Department of Food Science, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6R 1Z4, Canada
| | - Pascal Delaquis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Lawrence Goodridge
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Roger C. Lévesque
- Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Karen Fong
- Department of Food Science, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6R 1Z4, Canada
| | - Siyun Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6R 1Z4, Canada
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31
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Julák J, Vaňková E, Válková M, Kašparová P, Masák J, Scholtz V. Combination of non-thermal plasma and subsequent antibiotic treatment for biofilm re-development prevention. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:863-869. [PMID: 32424471 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment on the prevention of antibiotic resistance of microbial biofilms was studied. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli bacteria and a yeast Candida albicans, grown on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy used in the manufacture of prosthetic implants, were employed. Their biofilms were exposed to NTP produced by DC cometary discharge and subsequently treated with antibiotics commonly used for the treatment of infections caused by them: erythromycin (ERY), polymyxin B (PMB), or amphotericin B (AMB), respectively. All biofilms displayed significant reduction of their metabolic activity after NTP exposure, the most sensitive was S. epidermidis. The subsequent action of antibiotics caused significant decrease in the metabolic activity of S. epidermidis and E. coli, but not C. albicans, although the area covered by biofilm decreased in all cases. The combined effect of NTP with antibiotics was thus proved to be a promising strategy in bacterial pathogen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Julák
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Vaňková
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Válková
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kašparová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Masák
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Scholtz
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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32
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Deschênes L, Ells T. Bacteria-nanoparticle interactions in the context of nanofouling. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 277:102106. [PMID: 31981890 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of microbial communities to surfaces is a well-known problem recognized to be involved in a variety of critical issues in the sectors of food processing, chronic wounds, infection from implants, clogging of membranes and corrosion of equipment. Considering the importance of the detrimental impact of biofouling, it has received much attention in the scientific community and from concerned stakeholders. With the development of nanotechnology and the nowadays widespread use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), concerns have been raised regarding their fate in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Safety aspects and public health issues are critical in the management of handling nanomaterials and their nanowastes. The interactions of various types of nanoparticles (NPs) with planktonic bacteria have also received attention due to their antimicrobial properties. However, their behavior in regard to biofilms is not well understood although, in the environment, most of the bacteria prefer living in sessile communities. The question appears relevant considering the need to build knowledge on the fate of nanoparticles and the fact that no one can exclude the risk of accumulation of nanoparticles in biofilms and on surfaces leading to a form of nanofouling involving both engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and nanoplastics. The present analysis of recent research accounts allows in identifying that (1) research activities related to water remediation systems have been mostly oriented on the impact of NPs on pre-existing biofilms, (2) experimental designs are restricted to few scenarios of exposure, usually limited to relative short-time periods although nanofouling could favour the development of multi-resistant bacterial species through sub-lethal exposures over prolong periods of time (3) nanofouling in other systems in which biofilms develop remains to be addressed, and (4) new research directions are required for investigating the mechanisms involved and the subsequent impact of nanofouling on bacterial consortium responses encountered in a variety of environments such as those prevailing in food production/processing settings. Finally, this review aims at providing recent information and insights on nanoparticle-bacterial interactions in the context of biofilms in order to supply an updated outlook of research perspectives that could help establish the framework for production, use and fate of nanomaterials as well as future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Deschênes
- Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, 3600 Casavant Blvd West, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada.
| | - Timothy Ells
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, 32 Main Street, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada
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Panda SK, Das R, Lavigne R, Luyten W. Indian medicinal plant extracts to control multidrug-resistant S. aureus, including in biofilms. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 128:283-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
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Rogala P, Czerwonka G, Michałkiewicz S, Hodorowicz M, Barszcz B, Jabłońska-Wawrzycka A. Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Ruthenium Complexes with Heteroaromatic Carboxylic Acids. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900403. [PMID: 31515947 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of two new ruthenium complexes against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa PAO1 (laboratory strain) and P. aeruginosa LES B58 (clinical strain) were evaluated. Complexes, mer-[RuIII (2-bimc)3 ] ⋅ H2 O (1) and cis-[RuIV Cl2 (2,3-pydcH)2 ] ⋅ 4H2 O (2), were obtained using aromatic carboxylic acid ligands, namely, 1H-benzimidazole-2-carboxylic acid (2-bimcH) and pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (2,3-pydcH2 ). Compounds were physicochemically characterized using X-ray diffraction, Hirshfeld surface analysis, IR and UV/VIS spectroscopies, as well as magnetic and electrochemical measurements. Structural characterization revealed that Ru(III) and Ru(IV) ions in the complexes adopt a distorted octahedral geometry. The intermolecular classical and weak hydrogen bonds, and π⋅⋅⋅π contacts significantly contribute to structure stabilization, leading to the formation of a supramolecular assembly. Biological studies have shown that the Ru complexes inhibit the growth of bacteria and biofilm formation by the tested strains and the complexes seem to be a potential as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Rogala
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 15G Świętokrzyska St., 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Czerwonka
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University in, Kielce 15G Świętokrzyska St., 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Sławomir Michałkiewicz
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 15G Świętokrzyska St., 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Maciej Hodorowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa St., 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Barszcz
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 15G Świętokrzyska St., 25-406, Kielce, Poland
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García-Betancur JC, Lopez D. Cell Heterogeneity in Staphylococcal Communities. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4699-4711. [PMID: 31220460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that causes difficult-to-treat infections. One of the reasons why S. aureus is such as successful pathogen is due to the cell-to-cell physiological variability that exists within microbial communities. Many laboratories around the world study the genetic mechanisms involved in S. aureus cell heterogeneity to better understand infection mechanism of this bacterium. It was recently shown that the Agr quorum-sensing system, which antagonistically regulates biofilm-associated or acute bacteremia infections, is expressed in a subpopulation of specialized cells. In this review, we discuss the different genetic mechanism for bacterial cell differentiation and the physiological properties of the distinct cell types that are already described in S. aureus communities, as well as the role that these cell types play during an infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos García-Betancur
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases ZINF, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Institute for Molecular Infection Biology IMIB, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Lopez
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases ZINF, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Institute for Molecular Infection Biology IMIB, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28050 Madrid, Spain.
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Micciche A, Rothrock MJ, Yang Y, Ricke SC. Essential Oils as an Intervention Strategy to Reduce Campylobacter in Poultry Production: A Review. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1058. [PMID: 31139172 PMCID: PMC6527745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen and can be acquired through consumption of poultry products. With 1.3 million United States cases a year, the high prevalence of Campylobacter within the poultry gastrointestinal tract is a public health concern and thus a target for the development of intervention strategies. Increasing demand for antibiotic-free products has led to the promotion of various alternative pathogen control measures both at the farm and processing level. One such measure includes utilizing essential oils in both pre- and post-harvest settings. Essential oils are derived from plant-based extracts, and there are currently over 300 commercially available compounds. They have been proposed to control Campylobacter in the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. When used in concentrations low enough to not influence sensory characteristics, essential oils have also been proposed to decrease bacterial contamination of the poultry product during processing. This review explores the use of essential oils, particularly thymol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde, and their role in reducing Campylobacter concentrations both pre- and post-harvest. This review also details the suggested mechanisms of action of essential oils on Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Micciche
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Michael J. Rothrock
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yichao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Abstract
Bacterial chemotaxis in response to continuous chemical gradients has been extensively studied at the individual cell and population levels using a variety of well-established in vitro methods (Englert et al., Microfluidic techniques for the analysis of bacterial chemotaxis. Methods Mol Biol 571:1-23, 2009). In nature, bacteria are surrounded by heterogeneous chemical gradients; hence, it is essential to understand chemotaxis behavior under such conditions. Here, we describe a setup that allows visualization of the chemotaxis response of motile cells to the complex microenvironment of a biofilm maintained under static conditions. The biofilm is separated from the motile cells by a semi-permeable membrane. Cells swimming toward the biofilm are captured on the membrane and imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Chemotaxis toward specific molecules produced by the biofilm, such as autoinducer-2 (AI-2), can be studied using this setup. This system can be adapted to study chemotaxis toward poly-species biofilms, or even mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Jani
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Guttula D, Yao M, Baker K, Yang L, Goult BT, Doyle PS, Yan J. Calcium-mediated Protein Folding and Stabilization of Salmonella Biofilm-associated Protein A. J Mol Biol 2018; 431:433-443. [PMID: 30452884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm-associated proteins (BAPs) are important for early biofilm formation (adhesion) by bacteria and are also found in mature biofilms. BapA from Salmonella is a ~386-kDa surface protein, comprising 27 tandem repeats predicted to be bacterial Ig-like (BIg) domains. Such tandem repeats are conserved for BAPs across different bacterial species, but the function of these domains is not completely understood. In this work, we report the first study of the mechanical stability of the BapA protein. Using magnetic tweezers, we show that the folding of BapA BIg domains requires calcium binding and the folded domains have differential mechanical stabilities. Importantly, we identify that >100 nM concentration of calcium is needed for folding of the BIg domains, and the stability of the folded BIg domains is regulated by calcium over a wide concentration range from sub-micromolar (μM) to millimolar (mM). Only at mM calcium concentrations, as found in the extracellular environment, do the BIg domains have the saturated mechanical stability. BapA has been suggested to be involved in Salmonella invasion, and it is likely a crucial mechanical component of biofilms. Therefore, our results provide new insights into the potential roles of BapA as a structural maintenance component of Salmonella biofilm and also Salmonella invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgarao Guttula
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 138602, Republic of Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore (NUS), 117411, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mingxi Yao
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore (NUS), 117411, Republic of Singapore
| | - Karen Baker
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Benjamin T Goult
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Patrick S Doyle
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 138602, Republic of Singapore; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Jie Yan
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 138602, Republic of Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore (NUS), 117411, Republic of Singapore; Department of Physics, National University of Singapore (NUS), 117542, Republic of Singapore.
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Handorf O, Weihe T, Bekeschus S, Graf AC, Schnabel U, Riedel K, Ehlbeck J. Nonthermal Plasma Jet Treatment Negatively Affects the Viability and Structure of Candida albicans SC5314 Biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01163-18. [PMID: 30143511 PMCID: PMC6193392 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01163-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are predominantly organized in biofilms, where cells live in dense communities and are more resistant to external stresses than are their planktonic counterparts. With in vitro experiments, the susceptibility of Candida albicans biofilms to a nonthermal plasma treatment (plasma source, kINPen09) in terms of growth, survival, and cell viability was investigated. C. albicans strain SC5314 (ATCC MYA-2876) was plasma treated for different time periods (30 s, 60 s, 120 s, 180 s, 300 s). The results of the experiments, encompassing CFU, fluorescence Live/Dead, and 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide salt (XTT) assays, revealed a negative influence of the plasma treatment on the proliferation ability, vitality, and metabolism of C. albicans biofilms, respectively. Morphological analysis of plasma-treated biofilms using atomic force microscopy supported the indications for lethal plasma effects concomitant with membrane disruptions and the loss of intracellular fluid. Yielding controversial results compared to those of other publications, fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopic inspection of plasma-treated biofilms indicated that an inactivation of cells appeared mainly on the bottom of the biofilms. If this inactivation leads to a detachment of the biofilms from the overgrown surface, it might offer completely new approaches in the plasma treatment of biofilms. Because of plasma's biochemical-mechanical mode of action, resistance of microbial cells against plasma is unknown at this state of research.IMPORTANCE Microbial communities are an increasing problem in medicine but also in industry. Thus, an efficient and rapid removal of biofilms is becoming increasingly important. With the aid of the kINPen09, a radiofrequency plasma jet (RFPJ) instrument, decisive new findings on the effects of plasma on C. albicans biofilms were obtained. This work showed that the inactivation of biofilms takes place mainly on the bottom, which in turn offers new possibilities for the removal of biofilms by other strategies, e.g., mechanical treatment. This result demonstrated that nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma is well suited for biofilm decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Handorf
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Weihe
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Bekeschus
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Greifswald, Germany
| | - A C Graf
- Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - U Schnabel
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Greifswald, Germany
| | - K Riedel
- Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Ehlbeck
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Greifswald, Germany
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Micciche AC, Feye KM, Rubinelli PM, Wages JA, Knueven CJ, Ricke SC. The Implementation and Food Safety Issues Associated With Poultry Processing Reuse Water for Conventional Poultry Production Systems in the United States. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Champigneux P, Delia ML, Bergel A. Impact of electrode micro- and nano-scale topography on the formation and performance of microbial electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 118:231-246. [PMID: 30098490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
From a fundamental standpoint, microbial electrochemistry is unravelling a thrilling link between life and materials. Technically, it may be the source of a large number of new processes such as microbial fuel cells for powering remote sensors, autonomous sensors, microbial electrolysers and equipment for effluent treatment. Microbial electron transfers are also involved in many natural processes such as biocorrosion. In these contexts, a huge number of studies have dealt with the impact of electrode materials, coatings and surface functionalizations but very few have focused on the effect of the surface topography, although it has often been pointed out as a key parameter impacting the performance of electroactive biofilms. The first part of the review gives an overview of the influence of electrode topography on abiotic electrochemical reactions. The second part recalls some basics of the effect of surface topography on bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, in a broad domain reaching beyond the context of electroactivity. On these well-established bases, the effect of surface topography is reviewed and analysed in the field of electroactive biofilms. General trends are extracted and fundamental questions are pointed out, which should be addressed to boost future research endeavours. The objective is to provide basic guidelines useful to the widest possible range of research communities so that they can exploit surface topography as a powerful lever to improve, or to mitigate in the case of biocorrosion for instance, the performance of electrode/biofilm interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Champigneux
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, Université de Toulouse (INPT), 4 allée Emile Monso, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Line Delia
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, Université de Toulouse (INPT), 4 allée Emile Monso, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Bergel
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, Université de Toulouse (INPT), 4 allée Emile Monso, 31432 Toulouse, France.
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Ooi ML, Richter K, Drilling AJ, Thomas N, Prestidge CA, James C, Moratti S, Vreugde S, Psaltis AJ, Wormald PJ. Safety and Efficacy of Topical Chitogel- Deferiprone-Gallium Protoporphyrin in Sheep Model. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:917. [PMID: 29867828 PMCID: PMC5958210 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Increasing antimicrobial resistance has presented new challenges to the treatment of recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis fuelling a continuous search for novel antibiofilm agents. This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of Chitogel (Chitogel®, Wellington New Zealand) combined with novel antibiofilm agents Deferiprone and Gallium Protoporphyrin (CG-DG) as a topical treatment against S. aureus biofilms in vivo. Methods: To assess safety, 8 sheep were divided into two groups of 7 day treatments (n = 8 sinuses per treatment); (1) Chitogel (CG) with twice daily saline flush, and (2) CG-DG gel with twice daily saline flush. Tissue morphology was analyzed using histology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To assess efficacy we used a S. aureus sheep sinusitis model. Fifteen sheep were divided into three groups of 7 day treatments (n = 10 sinuses per treatment); (1) twice daily saline flush (NT), (2) Chitogel (CG) with twice daily saline flush, and (3) CG-DG gel with twice daily saline flush. Biofilm biomass across all groups was compared using LIVE/DEAD BacLight stain and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Results: Safety study showed no cilia denudation on scanning electron microscopy and no change in sinus mucosa histopathology when comparing CG-DG to CG treated sheep. COMSTAT2 assessment of biofilm biomass showed a significant reduction in CG-DG treated sheep compared to NT controls. Conclusion: Results indicate that CG-DG is safe and effective against S. aureus biofilms in a sheep sinusitis model and could represent a viable treatment option in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian L Ooi
- Department of Surgery- Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Katharina Richter
- Department of Surgery- Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Biofilm Test Facility, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Amanda J Drilling
- Department of Surgery- Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nicky Thomas
- Adelaide Biofilm Test Facility, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Craig James
- Clinpath Laboratories, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen Moratti
- Department of Chemistry, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Vreugde
- Department of Surgery- Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alkis J Psaltis
- Department of Surgery- Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peter-John Wormald
- Department of Surgery- Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Khattak F, Paschalis V, Green M, Houdijk JGM, Soultanas P, Mahdavi J. TYPLEX® Chelate, a novel feed additive, inhibits Campylobacter jejuni biofilm formation and cecal colonization in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1391-1399. [PMID: 29462463 PMCID: PMC5914411 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing Campylobacter spp. carriage in poultry is challenging, but essential to control this major cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Although much is known about the mechanisms and route of Campylobacter spp. colonization in poultry, the literature is scarce on antibiotic-free solutions to combat Campylobacter spp. colonization in poultry. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to investigate the role of TYPLEX® Chelate (ferric tyrosine), a novel feed additive, in inhibiting Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) biofilm formation and reducing C. jejuni and Escherichia coli (E. coli) colonization in broiler chickens at market age. In an in vitro study, the inhibitory effect on C. jejuni biofilm formation using a plastic bead assay was investigated. The results demonstrated that TYPLEX® Chelate significantly reduces biofilm formation. In an in vivo study, 800 broilers (one d old) were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments in a randomized block design, each having 10 replicate pens with 20 birds per pen. At d 21, all birds were challenged with C. jejuni via seeded litter. At d 42, cecal samples were collected and tested for volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and C. jejuni and E. coli counts. The results showed that TYPLEX® Chelate reduced the carriage of C. jejuni and E. coli in poultry by 2 and 1 log10 per gram cecal sample, respectively, and increased cecal VFA concentrations. These findings support TYPLEX® Chelate as a novel non-antibiotic feed additive that may help produce poultry with a lower public health risk of Campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Khattak
- Monogastric Science Research Center, Scotland Rural College (SRUC), Ayr, KA6 5HW, Scotland, UK
| | - V Paschalis
- School of Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - M Green
- School of Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - J G M Houdijk
- Monogastric Science Research Center, Scotland Rural College (SRUC), Ayr, KA6 5HW, Scotland, UK
| | - P Soultanas
- School of Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - J Mahdavi
- School of Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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Sarikhani M, Kermanshahi RK, Ghadam P, Gharavi S. The role of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 bacteriocin on effect of HBsu on planktonic cells and biofilm formation of Bacillus subtilis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:762-766. [PMID: 29567501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a Gram positive, aerobic and motile bacterium. Biofilm formation is an important feature of this bacterium which confers resistance to antimicrobial agents. The use of new antimicrobial reagents which eliminate biofilms are important and necessary. In this study, the effect of secondary metabolites (bacteriocin) from Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 on Bacillus subtilis BM19 in the presence and absence of HBsu which is involved in the growth of planktonic cells and biofilm formation, is reported. HBsu nucleoprotein plays several roles in different processes of Bacillus subtilis cells such as replication, transcription, cell division, recombination and repair. In this study, for the first time, the effect of HBsu on biofilm formation is presented. RESULTS In the absence of HBsu, purified bacteriocin from L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 was more effective in inhibiting growth of B. subtilis BM19 planktonic cells as well as biofilm formation. The presence of HBsu on the other hand led to increased biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Sarikhani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouha Kasra Kermanshahi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parinaz Ghadam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Gharavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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Abu Khweek A, Amer AO. Factors Mediating Environmental Biofilm Formation by Legionella pneumophila. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29535972 PMCID: PMC5835138 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is an opportunistic waterborne pathogen and the causative agent for Legionnaires' disease, which is transmitted to humans via inhalation of contaminated water droplets. The bacterium is able to colonize a variety of man-made water systems such as cooling towers, spas, and dental lines and is widely distributed in multiple niches, including several species of protozoa In addition to survival in planktonic phase, L. pneumophila is able to survive and persist within multi-species biofilms that cover surfaces within water systems. Biofilm formation by L. pneumophila is advantageous for the pathogen as it leads to persistence, spread, resistance to treatments and an increase in virulence of this bacterium. Furthermore, Legionellosis outbreaks have been associated with the presence of L. pneumophila in biofilms, even after the extensive chemical and physical treatments. In the microbial consortium-containing L. pneumophila among other organisms, several factors either positively or negatively regulate the presence and persistence of L. pneumophila in this bacterial community. Biofilm-forming L. pneumophila is of a major importance to public health and have impact on the medical and industrial sectors. Indeed, prevention and removal protocols of L. pneumophila as well as diagnosis and hospitalization of patients infected with this bacteria cost governments billions of dollars. Therefore, understanding the biological and environmental factors that contribute to persistence and physiological adaptation in biofilms can be detrimental to eradicate and prevent the transmission of L. pneumophila. In this review, we focus on various factors that contribute to persistence of L. pneumophila within the biofilm consortium, the advantages that the bacteria gain from surviving in biofilms, genes and gene regulation during biofilm formation and finally challenges related to biofilm resistance to biocides and anti-Legionella treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Abu Khweek
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Amal O Amer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Jalal M, Ansari MA, Ali SG, Khan HM, Rehman S. Anticandidal activity of bioinspired ZnO NPs: effect on growth, cell morphology and key virulence attributes of Candida species. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:912-925. [PMID: 29446992 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1439837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of Candida species in human is dependent on a variety of virulence factor such as adhesion factors, germ tube and hyphal formation, secretion of hydrolytic phospholipases and proteinases and drug resistance biofilm. ZnO NPs have been synthesized by using leaf extract of Crinum latifolium and were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, SEM, EDX and TEM. In this study for the first time, potent inhibitory effects of ZnO NPs on principal virulence factors of Candida albicans and non-albicans such as germ tube formation, secretion of hydrolytic phospholipases and proteinases and biofilm formation has been investigated. ZnO NPs remarkably reduced the germ tube formation of C. albicans at 1 (86.4%), 0.5 (75.0%), 0.25 (61.4%), 0.125 (34.1%) and 0.062 mg/ml (11.4%). ZnO NPs significantly lowered the phospholipase and proteinase secretion by 58.8 and 95.2% at 0.25 mg/ml, respectively. CSLM results showed that ZnO NPs suppressed biofilm formation up to 85% at 0.25 mg/ml. SEM and TEM micrograph showed that ZnO NPs penetrated inside the cell and causes extensive damaged in cell wall and cell membrane. Inhibition of Candida growth and various virulent factors by ZnO NPs provides an insight towards their therapeutic application for the treatment of Candida-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jalal
- a Department of Microbiology , Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
| | - Mohammad Azam Ansari
- b Department of Epidemic Disease Research , Institutes of Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University , Dammam , Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ghazanfar Ali
- a Department of Microbiology , Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
| | - Haris M Khan
- a Department of Microbiology , Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
| | - Suriya Rehman
- b Department of Epidemic Disease Research , Institutes of Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University , Dammam , Saudi Arabia
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Tack ILMM, Nimmegeers P, Akkermans S, Hashem I, Van Impe JFM. Simulation of Escherichia coli Dynamics in Biofilms and Submerged Colonies with an Individual-Based Model Including Metabolic Network Information. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2509. [PMID: 29321772 PMCID: PMC5733555 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered microbial communities are omnipresent in the food industry, e.g., as colonies of microbial pathogens in/on food media or as biofilms on food processing surfaces. These clustered communities are often characterized by metabolic differentiation among their constituting cells as a result of heterogeneous environmental conditions in the cellular surroundings. This paper focuses on the role of metabolic differentiation due to oxygen gradients in the development of Escherichia coli cell communities, whereby low local oxygen concentrations lead to cellular secretion of weak acid products. For this reason, a metabolic model has been developed for the facultative anaerobe E. coli covering the range of aerobic, microaerobic, and anaerobic environmental conditions. This metabolic model is expressed as a multiparametric programming problem, in which the influence of low extracellular pH values and the presence of undissociated acid cell products in the environment has been taken into account. Furthermore, the developed metabolic model is incorporated in MICRODIMS, an in-house developed individual-based modeling framework to simulate microbial colony and biofilm dynamics. Two case studies have been elaborated using the MICRODIMS simulator: (i) biofilm growth on a substratum surface and (ii) submerged colony growth in a semi-solid mixed food product. In the first case study, the acidification of the biofilm environment and the emergence of typical biofilm morphologies have been observed, such as the mushroom-shaped structure of mature biofilms and the formation of cellular chains at the exterior surface of the biofilm. The simulations show that these morphological phenomena are respectively dependent on the initial affinity of pioneer cells for the substratum surface and the cell detachment process at the outer surface of the biofilm. In the second case study, a no-growth zone emerges in the colony center due to a local decline of the environmental pH. As a result, cellular growth in the submerged colony is limited to the colony periphery, implying a linear increase of the colony radius over time. MICRODIMS has been successfully used to reproduce complex dynamics of clustered microbial communities.
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Jani S, Seely AL, Peabody V GL, Jayaraman A, Manson MD. Chemotaxis to self-generated AI-2 promotes biofilm formation in Escherichia coli. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1778-1790. [PMID: 29125461 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Responses to the interspecies quorum-sensing signal autoinducer-2 (AI-2) regulate the patterns of gene expression that promote biofilm development. Escherichia coli also senses AI-2 as a chemoattractant, a response that requires the periplasmic AI-2-binding protein LsrB and the chemoreceptor Tsr. Here, we confirm, as previously observed, that under static conditions highly motile E. coli cells self-aggregate and form surface-adherent structures more readily than cells lacking LsrB and Tsr, or than ΔluxS cells unable to produce AI-2. This difference is observed both at 37 and 30 °C. Cells deleted for the genes encoding the lsrACDBFG operon repressor (ΔlsrR), or the AI-2 kinase (ΔlsrK), or an AI-2 uptake channel protein (ΔlsrC), or an AI-2 metabolism enzyme (ΔlsrG) are also defective in biofilm formation. The Δtsr and ΔlsrB cells are totally defective in AI-2 chemotaxis, whereas the other mutants show normal or near-normal chemotaxis to external gradients of AI-2. These data demonstrate that chemotaxis to external AI-2 is necessary but not sufficient to induce the full range of density-dependent behaviours that are required for optimal biofilm formation. We also demonstrate that, compared to other binding-protein-dependent chemotaxis systems in E. coli, low levels (on the order of ~250 molecules of periplasmic LsrB per wild-type cell and as low as ~50 molecules per cell in some mutants) are adequate for a strong chemotaxis response to external gradients of AI-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Jani
- Department of Biology, 3258 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3258, USA
| | - Andrew L Seely
- Department of Biology, 3258 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3258, USA
| | - George L Peabody V
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 3122 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 3122 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA
| | - Michael D Manson
- Department of Biology, 3258 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3258, USA
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Lv JJ, Ma F, Li FC, Zhang CH, Chen JN. Vaterite induced by Lysinibacillus sp. GW-2 strain and its stability. J Struct Biol 2017; 200:97-105. [PMID: 28958863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the formation and stability of vaterite by bacteria in experimental systems are of great importance for understanding the mechanism by which microbes contribute to carbonate mineralization. In this study, mineralization experiments using Lysinibacillus sp. strain GW-2 were carried out for 72h under shaking conditions and aging experiments using biotic and chemically synthesized vaterite were performed for 60days in distilled water and air. Our results indicate that Lysinibacillus sp. strain GW-2 can induce the formation of vaterite with spherical morphology from an amorphous calcium carbonate precursor. Biogenic vaterite was more stable than chemically synthesized vaterite in distilled water, perhaps due to organic matter secreted by bacteria that enwrapped the vaterite and prevented it from transforming into more stable phases. Infrared spectrophotometry of biogenic and chemically synthesized vaterite confirmed the presence of organic matter in biogenic vaterite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Jie Lv
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fang Ma
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fu-Chun Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Chong-Hong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jia-Ni Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
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