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Ajao AM, Olukosi OA. Apparent ileal amino acid digestibility, gut morphometrics, and gene expression of peptide and amino acid transporters in broiler chickens fed low-crude-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids with soybean meal, canola meal, or corn DDGS as protein feedstuffs. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4189-4200. [PMID: 38349054 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the impact of using canola meal (CM) or corn distillers dried grain soluble (cDDGS) in place of soybean meal (SBM) in low-crude-protein diets supplemented with amino acids (AA) on AA digestibility, gut morphometrics, and AA transporter genes in broiler chicken. On day 0, 540 Cobb 500 male broilers were allocated to six diets in 36-floor pens. The positive control (PC) was a corn-SBM diet with adequate crude protein (CP). The CP level of negative control (NC) was decreased by 45 and 40 g kg-1 relative to PC for grower and finisher phases, respectively. The subsequent two diets had the same CP levels as NC but with cDDGS added at 50 or 125 g kg-1. The last two diets had the same CP as NC but with CM added at 50 or 100 g kg-1. RESULTS Dietary CP reduction in corn-SBM diets increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of Lys (88.5%), Met (90.7%), Thr (77.4%), Cys (80.7%), and Gly (84.7%). Increasing levels of cDDGS linearly decreased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of Asp, Cys, Glu, and Ser, whereas increasing CM level linearly decreased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of Cys, Pro, and Ser. The CP reduction in corn-SBM diets produced downward expression of peptide transporter1 and decreased (P < 0.05) absolute pancreas and ileum weight and length of jejunum and ileum. CONCLUSIONS Partial replacement of SBM with alternative protein feedstuffs (cDDGS or CM) in low-CP diets had minimal effects on AA digestibility and mRNA levels of peptides and AA transporters. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeleye M Ajao
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Morales A, Valle JA, Castillo G, González F, Hernández C, Arce N, Htoo JK, Cervantes M. Effects of dietary supplementation with L-arginine on the endogenous losses of amino acids in growing pigs exposed to heat stress. J Therm Biol 2023; 118:103739. [PMID: 37926009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposing pigs to heat stress (HS) provokes higher death of intestinal cells, resulting in elevated endogenous intestinal losses (EIL) of amino acids (AA) and damage to intestinal epithelia. Arginine (Arg) is precursor for the synthesis of polyamines, which are involved in proliferation of intestinal cells and restoration of the intestinal epithelia. Thus the effect of adding L-Arg to diets for HS pigs on the EIL of AA was analyzed. Twelve pigs (23.1 ± 1.1 kg body weight) implanted with T-type cannulas at the end of ileum were individually housed and allowed 15-days for surgery recovery under thermoneutral (TN) conditions (22 ± 2 °C). Following, the pigs were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: TN pigs fed a semi-purified, corn starch-3% casein basal diet (TN-B); HS pigs with the basal diet (HS-B); HS pigs consuming the basal diet supplemented with 0.20% L-Arg (HS-Arg). The experiment consisted of two 9-day periods; each period included 7-days of adaptation to their respective diet, followed by a 2-day ileal digesta collection period. Digesta was collected during 12 consecutive hours each day. The pigs were fed twice a-day. Ambient temperature (AT) inside the TN and HS rooms ranged from 18.6 to 27.6 °C and from 29.5 to 40.7 °C, respectively. Body temperature followed a pattern similar to that of AT. The daily EIL of indispensable AA increased (P < 0.01) in the HS-B pigs compared to both the TN-B and the HS-Arg pigs, however, there was no EIL difference between the TN-B and the HS-Arg pigs (P > 0.05). Likewise, with the exception of serine, daily losses of endogenous dispensable AA in the HS-B pigs were higher (P < 0.01) in comparison with those of TN-B and HS-Arg pigs. In summary, HS exposure compared to TN conditions increases the loss of endogenous AA, but dietary supplementation with L-Arg helped to counteract the negative HS effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Morales
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, B. C., Mexico
| | - José A Valle
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, B. C., Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Néstor Arce
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, B. C., Mexico
| | - John K Htoo
- Evonik Operations GmbH, 63457, Hanau, Germany
| | - Miguel Cervantes
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, B. C., Mexico.
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Pérez-Calvo E, Aureli R, Sorbara J, Cowieson A. Dietary muramidase increases ileal amino acid digestibility of wheat and corn-based broiler diets without affecting endogenous amino acid losses. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102619. [PMID: 37068354 PMCID: PMC10130490 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of these studies was to evaluate the impact of dietary muramidase (MUR) on endogenous amino acids (AA) losses and digestibility of nutrients in wheat and corn-based broiler diets. In experiment 1, the effect of dietary MUR on the flow of endogenous AA (EAA) at the jejunum and terminal ileum of broilers were assessed using either the nitrogen (N) free diet method (NFD) or the highly digestible protein diet method (HDP; 100 g casein/kg diet). Sialic acid and muramic acid concentrations were measured in the jejunal content. In experiment 2, a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 base grains (wheat or corn), with low or high metabolizable energy (ME) levels, and without or with MUR supplementation was implemented. All diets contained phytase, xylanase, and cellulase. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), protein (CP), amino acids (AA), crude fat, and energy, as well as the apparent total tract metabolizability (ATTM) of DM, CP, and gross energy (GE) were determined. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA was obtained by correcting AID values for basal ileal EAA obtained from chicks fed with NFD or HDP in experiment 1, jejunal EAA flow of all AA was higher (P < 0.001) compared to the ileum, but this effect was method dependent. Jejunal, but not ileal, EAA flow measured with HDP was higher compared to NFD, as well as sialic acid (P < 0.001) and muramic acid (P < 0.004) concentrations. Muramidase inclusion had no effect on basal EAA flow, independently of the segment and the method used. In experiment 2, dietary MUR supplementation increased the AID of CP (P < 0.05), all AA, and tended (P = 0.07) to increase the AID of GE, independently of the cereal type used. However, ATTM of DM and GE, but not CP, increased with MUR inclusion compared with the control treatments, especially in wheat and low ME diets (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MUR supplementation improved AID of CP and AA without affecting EAA losses and increases energy utilization.
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van der Wielen N, de Vries S, Gerrits WJ, Lammers-Jannink K, Moughan PJ, Mensink M, Hendriks W. Presence of Unabsorbed Free Amino Acids at the End of the Small Intestine Indicates the Potential for an Increase in Amino Acid Uptake in Humans and Pigs. J Nutr 2023; 153:673-682. [PMID: 36809852 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unabsorbed free amino acids (AAs) at the end of the small intestine result in a potential preventable nutritional loss. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to quantify free AAs in terminal ileal digesta of both humans and pigs to investigate its relevance for the nutritional value of food proteins. METHODS Two studies with three diets were performed: a human study-ileal digesta from eight adult ileostomates were collected over 9 h after ingestion of a single meal unsupplemented or supplemented with 30 g zein or whey; pig study-12 cannulated pigs were fed for 7 d with a diet containing whey or zein or no-protein diet, and ileal digesta were collected on the last 2 d. Digesta were analyzed for total and 13 free AAs. True ileal digestibility (TID) of AAs was compared with and without free AAs. RESULTS All terminal ileal digesta samples contained free AAs. The TID of AAs in whey was 97% ± 2.4% (mean ± SD) in human ileostomates and 97% ± 1.9% in growing pigs. If the analyzed free AAs would have been absorbed, TID of whey would increase by 0.4%-units in humans and 0.1%-units in pigs. The TID of AAs in zein was 70% ± 16.4% in humans and 77% ± 20.6% in pigs and would increase by 2.3%-units and 3.5%-units, respectively, if the analyzed free AAs would have been fully absorbed. The largest difference was observed for threonine from zein: if free threonine was absorbed, the TID would increase by 6.6%-units in both species (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Free AAs are present at the end of the small intestine and can potentially have a nutritionally relevant effect for poorly digestible protein sources, whereas the effect is negligible for highly digestible protein sources. This result provides insight into the room for improvement of a protein's nutritional value if all free AAs are to be absorbed. J Nutr 2023;xx:xx-xx. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04207372.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikkie van der Wielen
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sonja de Vries
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Walter J Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Lammers-Jannink
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Marco Mensink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Selle PH, Macelline SP, Chrystal PV, Liu SY. The Contribution of Phytate-Degrading Enzymes to Chicken-Meat Production. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040603. [PMID: 36830391 PMCID: PMC9951704 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution that exogenous phytases have made towards sustainable chicken-meat production over the past two decades has been unequivocally immense. Initially, their acceptance by the global industry was negligible, but today, exogenous phytases are routine additions to broiler diets, very often at elevated inclusion levels. The genesis of this remarkable development is based on the capacity of phytases to enhance phosphorus (P) utilization, thereby reducing P excretion. This was amplified by an expanding appreciation of the powerful anti-nutritive properties of the substrate, phytate (myo-inositol hexaphosphate; IP6), which is invariably present in all plant-sourced feedstuffs and practical broiler diets. The surprisingly broad spectra of anti-nutritive properties harbored by dietary phytate are counteracted by exogenous phytases via the hydrolysis of phytate and the positive consequences of phytate degradation. Phytases enhance the utilization of minerals, including phosphorus, sodium, and calcium, the protein digestion, and the intestinal uptakes of amino acids and glucose to varying extents. The liberation of phytate-bound phosphorus (P) by phytase is fundamental; however, the impacts of phytase on protein digestion, the intestinal uptakes of amino acids, and the apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients are intriguing and important. Numerous factors are involved, but it appears that phytases have positive impacts on the initiation of protein digestion by pepsin. This extends to promoting the intestinal uptakes of amino acids stemming from the enhanced uptakes of monomeric amino acids via Na+-dependent transporters and, arguably more importantly, from the enhanced uptakes of oligopeptides via PepT-1, which is functionally dependent on the Na+/H+ exchanger, NHE. Our comprehension of the phytate-phytase axis in poultry nutrition has expanded over the past 30 years; this has promoted the extraordinary surge in acceptance of exogenous phytases, coupled with the development of more efficacious preparations in combination with the deflating inclusion costs for exogenous phytases. The purpose of this paper is to review the progress that has been made with phytate-degrading enzymes since their introduction in 1991 and the underlying mechanisms driving their positive contribution to chicken-meat production now and into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Shemil P. Macelline
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter V. Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- Complete Feed Solutions, Pakuranga, Auckland 2140, New Zealand
| | - Sonia Yun Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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Parsons BW, Drysdale RL, Cvengros JE, Utterback PL, Rochell SJ, Parsons CM, Emmert JL. Quantification of secretory IgA and mucin excretion and their contributions to total endogenous amino acid losses in roosters that were fasted or precision-fed a nitrogen-free diet or various highly digestible protein sources. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102554. [PMID: 36878100 PMCID: PMC10006854 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify total secretory IgA (sIgA) and mucin excretion via excreta in roosters fed diets containing highly digestible protein sources and to determine their proportional contributions to total endogenous amino acid (AA) losses. Precision-fed rooster assays with 24 h excreta collections were conducted using conventional White Leghorn roosters (4-8 roosters per treatment). In Experiment 1, roosters were fasted or precision-fed 30 g (crop intubation) of a nitrogen-free (NF) or semi-purified diet containing 10% casein. Roosters in Experiment 2 received a NF or semi-purified diet containing either 10% casein, 17% whole egg, 10% egg white, 9.8% soy protein isolate, 10.2% chicken breast meat, 11.2% spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP), or an AA mixture containing the same AA as casein. A Latin square design was used in Experiment 3, where roosters received NF or semi-purified diets containing either 10% casein, 17% whole egg, or 9.6% of a crystalline AA mixture to evaluate both diet and individual bird effects. In Experiment 1, mucin excretion did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments; however, total sIgA excretion was lower for fasted birds, intermediate for the NF diet, and highest for casein (P < 0.05). Total endogenous AA losses (proportion of the total) from sIgA were higher for roosters fed casein, whereas mucin contributions were higher for fasted roosters (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, sIgA excretion did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments; however, mucin excretion was reduced for NF, whole egg, egg white, and chicken breast compared with casein and SDAP. In Experiment 3, sIgA and mucin excretion did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments; however, sIgA excretion differed among individual roosters (7-27 mg/24 h; P < 0.05). Overall, fasting reduced sIgA excretion and sIgA and mucin excretion were affected by dietary protein source. Further, roosters excreted a substantial amount of sIgA, and sIgA and mucin were considerable contributors to total endogenous AA losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Parsons
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - R L Drysdale
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - J E Cvengros
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - P L Utterback
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - S J Rochell
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - C M Parsons
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - J L Emmert
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
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Engelsmann MN, Nielsen TS, Hedemann MS, Krogh U, Nørgaard JV. Effects of dietary tryptophan and threonine supplementation above nutritional recommendations on performance, diarrhoea and intestinal health parameters in weaned piglets. Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Effect of dietary threonine supplementation on growth performance and diarrhoea in weaned pigs. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Grześkowiak Ł, Saliu EM, Martínez-Vallespín B, Aschenbach JR, Brockmann GA, Fulde M, Hartmann S, Kuhla B, Lucius R, Metges CC, Rothkötter HJ, Vahjen W, Wessels AG, Zentek J. Dietary fiber and its role in performance, welfare, and health of pigs. Anim Health Res Rev 2022; 23:165-193. [PMID: 36688278 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252322000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) is receiving increasing attention, and its importance in pig nutrition is now acknowledged. Although DF for pigs was frowned upon for a long time because of reductions in energy intake and digestibility of other nutrients, it has become clear that feeding DF to pigs can affect their well-being and health. This review aims to summarize the state of knowledge of studies on DF in pigs, with an emphasis on the underlying mode of action, by considering research using DF in sows as well as suckling and weaned piglets, and fattening pigs. These studies indicate that DF can benefit the digestive tracts and the health of pigs, if certain conditions or restrictions are considered, such as concentration in the feed and fermentability. Besides the chemical composition and the impact on energy and nutrient digestibility, it is also necessary to evaluate the possible physical and physiologic effects on intestinal function and intestinal microbiota, to better understand the relation of DF to animal health and welfare. Future research should be designed to provide a better mechanistic understanding of the physiologic effects of DF in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ł Grześkowiak
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - E-M Saliu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Martínez-Vallespín
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - G A Brockmann
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Animal Breeding, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Fulde
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Kuhla
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - R Lucius
- Institute of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - C C Metges
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - H J Rothkötter
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Medizinische Fakultät, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - W Vahjen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - A G Wessels
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Hudson AW, Barnes AJ, Bray AS, Ornelles DA, Zafar MA. Klebsiella pneumoniae l-Fucose Metabolism Promotes Gastrointestinal Colonization and Modulates Its Virulence Determinants. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0020622. [PMID: 36129299 PMCID: PMC9584338 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00206-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by Klebsiella pneumoniae is generally considered asymptomatic. However, gut colonization allows K. pneumoniae to either translocate to sterile site within the same host or transmit through the fecal-oral route to another host. K. pneumoniae gut colonization is poorly understood, but knowledge of this first step toward infection and spread is critical for combatting its disease manifestations. K. pneumoniae must overcome colonization resistance (CR) provided by the host microbiota to establish itself within the gut. One such mechanism of CR is through nutrient competition. Pathogens that metabolize a broad range of substrates have the ability to bypass nutrient competition and overcome CR. Herein, we demonstrate that in response to mucin-derived fucose, the conserved fucose metabolism operon (fuc) of K. pneumoniae is upregulated in the murine gut, and we subsequently show that fucose metabolism promotes robust gut colonization. Growth studies using cecal filtrate as a proxy for the gut lumen illustrate the growth advantage that the fuc operon provides K. pneumoniae. We further show that fucose metabolism allows K. pneumoniae to be competitive with a commensal Escherichia coli isolate (Nissle). However, Nissle is eventually able to outcompete K. pneumoniae, suggesting that it can be utilized to enhance CR. Finally, we observed that fucose metabolism positively modulates hypermucoviscosity, autoaggregation, and biofilm formation but not capsule biogenesis. Together, these insights enhance our understanding of the role of alternative carbon sources in K. pneumoniae gut colonization and the complex relationship between metabolism and virulence in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Hudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew J. Barnes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew S. Bray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - David A. Ornelles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - M. Ammar Zafar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Canibe N, Højberg O, Kongsted H, Vodolazska D, Lauridsen C, Nielsen TS, Schönherz AA. Review on Preventive Measures to Reduce Post-Weaning Diarrhoea in Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2585. [PMID: 36230326 PMCID: PMC9558551 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In many countries, medical levels of zinc (typically as zinc oxide) are added to piglet diets in the first two weeks post-weaning to prevent the development of post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD). However, high levels of zinc constitute an environmental polluting agent, and may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacteria. Consequently, the EU banned administering medical levels of zinc in pig diets as of June 2022. However, this may result in an increased use of antibiotic therapeutics to combat PWD and thereby an increased risk of further AMR development. The search for alternative measures against PWD with a minimum use of antibiotics and in the absence of medical levels of zinc has therefore been intensified over recent years, and feed-related measures, including feed ingredients, feed additives, and feeding strategies, are being intensively investigated. Furthermore, management strategies have been developed and are undoubtedly relevant; however, these will not be addressed in this review. Here, feed measures (and vaccines) are addressed, these being probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, proteobiotics, plants and plant extracts (in particular essential oils and tannins), macroalgae (particularly macroalgae-derived polysaccharides), dietary fibre, antimicrobial peptides, specific amino acids, dietary fatty acids, milk replacers, milk components, creep feed, vaccines, bacteriophages, and single-domain antibodies (nanobodies). The list covers measures with a rather long history and others that require significant development before their eventual use can be extended. To assess the potential of feed-related measures in combating PWD, the literature reviewed here has focused on studies reporting parameters of PWD (i.e., faeces score and/or faeces dry matter content during the first two weeks post-weaning). Although the impact on PWD (or related parameters) of the investigated measures may often be inconsistent, many studies do report positive effects. However, several studies have shown that control pigs do not suffer from diarrhoea, making it difficult to evaluate the biological and practical relevance of these improvements. From the reviewed literature, it is not possible to rank the efficacy of the various measures, and the efficacy most probably depends on a range of factors related to animal genetics and health status, additive doses used, composition of the feed, etc. We conclude that a combination of various measures is probably most recommendable in most situations. However, in this respect, it should be considered that combining strategies may lead to additive (e.g., synbiotics), synergistic (e.g., plant materials), or antagonistic (e.g., algae compounds) effects, requiring detailed knowledge on the modes of action in order to design effective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Canibe
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Greenhalgh S, Lemme A, Dorigam JCDP, Chrystal PV, Macelline SP, Liu SY, Selle PH. Dietary crude protein concentrations, feed grains and whey protein interactively influence apparent digestibility coefficients of amino acids, protein, starch and performance of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102131. [PMID: 36115254 PMCID: PMC9485194 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the impacts of dietary crude protein (CP) concentrations (220 and 180 g/kg) in either maize- or wheat-based diets, without or with 25 g/kg inclusions of whey powder (WP) concentrate on performance parameters and apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients in broiler chickens. The maize and wheat used in this study had CP levels of 84 and 119 g/kg, respectively. The 2 × 2 × 2 factorial array of 8 dietary treatments was offered to a total of 336 off-sex, male Ross 308 chicks from 7 to 35 d post-hatch with 7 replicate cages (6 birds per cage) per treatment. A treatment interaction (P = 0.016) between dietary CP and feed grains was detected for weight gains, where birds offered 180 g/kg maize-based diets displayed a weight gain advantage of 6.74% (2,628 vs. 2,462 g/bird) compared to their wheat-based counterparts. An interaction (P = 0.022) between feed grains and whey protein was observed for FCR as the addition of WP to maize-based diets improved FCR by 3.45% (1.314 vs. 1.361), but compromised FCR in wheat-based diets by 2.98% (1.415 vs. 1.374). A treatment interaction (P = 0.038) between dietary CP and feed grains was recorded for relative abdominal fat-pad weights weight gains as birds offered 180 g/kg CP maize-based diets had 43.4% (11.17 vs. 7.79 g/kg) heavier fat-pads than their wheat-based counterparts. Following the reduction in dietary-CP, apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients were depressed to greater extents in wheat-based diets. However, significant interactions between CP and feed grains were found in 14 of the 16 amino acids assessed and significant interactions between CP and WP were observed for 15 amino acids. Maize was the more suitable feed grain in terms of weight gain and FCR in 180 g/kg CP diets despite causing greater fat deposition. The inclusion of WP in reduced-CP diets did not enhance bird performance. Data generated indicate concentrations of microbial amino acids in distal ileal digesta were depressing apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients, which was more evident in wheat-based diets. Higher gut viscosities in birds offered wheat-based diets may have facilitated the proliferation of microbiota along the small intestine.
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Obianwuna UE, Chang XY, Wang J, Zhang HJ, Qi GH, Qiu K, Wu SG. Dietary Fructooligosaccharides Effectively Facilitate the Production of High-Quality Eggs via Improving the Physiological Status of Laying Hens. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131828. [PMID: 35804644 PMCID: PMC9266114 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of this study was to investigate the influence of prebiotics, such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS), on laying performance, egg quality, apparent fecal amino acid digestibility, jejunal morphology, hematological indices, immunological response, and antioxidant capacity in laying hens. A total of 216 healthy Hy-Line Brown laying hens aged 30 weeks were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments: basal diet, basal diet supplemented with 0.3 percent FOS, or 0.6 percent FOS. For 84 days, each treatment was fed the corresponding experimental diet. According to the findings, dietary supplementation with FOS enhanced laying performance and egg mass while lowering mortality rate. Albumen height, thick albumen content, Haugh unit, and eggshell thickness were also improved by the prebiotics. Prebiotics also boosted antioxidant status by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, improved morphological development of the jejunum as demonstrated by significant increases in villi height, villi width, ratio of villi height to crypt depth, and reduced crypt depth. The prebiotics group showed a considerable increase in immunoglobulin M, G, and A (IgM, IgG, and IgA) levels, as well as a similar effect on complement proteins (C3). Furthermore, the apparent fecal amino acid digestibility of most essential amino acids was significantly enhanced. Conclusively, fructooligosaccharides at inclusion level of 0.6% efficiently enhanced laying performance and production of high-quality eggs while positively modulating amino acid digestibility, jejunal morphology, antioxidant status, and immune functions of the laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchechukwu Edna Obianwuna
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.O.); (X.-Y.C.); (J.W.); (H.-J.Z.); (G.-H.Q.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin-Yu Chang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.O.); (X.-Y.C.); (J.W.); (H.-J.Z.); (G.-H.Q.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.O.); (X.-Y.C.); (J.W.); (H.-J.Z.); (G.-H.Q.)
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.O.); (X.-Y.C.); (J.W.); (H.-J.Z.); (G.-H.Q.)
| | - Guang-Hai Qi
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.O.); (X.-Y.C.); (J.W.); (H.-J.Z.); (G.-H.Q.)
| | - Kai Qiu
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (K.Q.); (S.-G.W.)
| | - Shu-Geng Wu
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.O.); (X.-Y.C.); (J.W.); (H.-J.Z.); (G.-H.Q.)
- Correspondence: (K.Q.); (S.-G.W.)
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Święch E, Tuśnio A, Taciak M, Barszcz M. Modulation of Mucin Secretion in the Gut of Young Pigs by Dietary Threonine and Non-Essential Amino Acid Levels. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030270. [PMID: 35158594 PMCID: PMC8833754 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The mucus layer is an important part of the system protecting the gut against injuries and bacterial infections. The main components of mucus responsible for its properties are mucins. They are large glycoproteins with a protein core rich in threonine (Thr) and many sugar side chains that differ in structure and affect mucin functions. Diet composition affects the amount of secreted mucins and their quality. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of Thr and wheat gluten (WG) protein, added as a source of non-essential amino acids, on the content of tissue and luminal mucins in different parts of the intestine of young pigs. Results showed that tissue and luminal mucin content was only affected by WG levels in the duodenum and middle jejunum, and in the proximal colon, respectively. The effect of WG on luminal mucin content in the proximal colon depended on the analytical method applied. Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the effect of threonine (Thr) and non-essential amino acid (NEAA) levels on mucin secretion and sugar composition of digesta and crude mucin preparations analyzed in different segments of the gut in young pigs. A two-factorial experiment was conducted on 72 pigs using the following factors: Thr level (5.1, 5.7, 6.3 and 6.9 g standardized ileal digestible(SID) Thr/kg) and wheat gluten (WG) level used as a source of NEAA (20.4, 40.4 and 60.4 g WG protein in WG20, WG40 and WG60 diets, respectively). Mucin content was affected only by WG level. Tissue mucin content in the duodenum was higher in WG60 pigs than in WG20 and WG40 pigs, whereas in the middle jejunum was higher in WG40 and WG60 pigs than in WG20 pigs. In contrast, luminal crude mucin content in the proximal colon was lower in WG60 pigs compared to WG40 pigs. The lowest and highest Thr levels reduced arabinose and xylose contents and increased glucose content in ileal digesta. The highest WG level reduced arabinose and xylose contents and increased glucose content in ileal digesta. The lowest WG level increased mannose content in ileal digesta. WG60 level decreased the content of arabinose and galactose compared to lower WG levels in colonic digesta. Arabinose content was higher, while glucose and galactose contents were lower in crude mucin preparations isolated from colonic digesta in pigs fed diets containing the highest Thr level. The content of tissue mucin was higher in the ileum and proximal colon and lower in the duodenum than in the middle jejunum, whereas luminal mucin content was lower in the proximal colon than in the ileum. Ileal digesta contained less arabinose and glucose and more galactose as compared to colonic digesta. In conclusion, no effect of dietary Thr levels on mucin secretion in the gut of young pigs was found. Wheat gluten added to the diet with adequate Thr content positively affected mucin secretion only in the duodenum and middle jejunum.
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Mok C, Levesque C, Urschel K. Evaluation of threonine requirements in mature horses fed 1:1 ratio of forage to concentrate using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Functional Molecules of Intestinal Mucosal Products and Peptones in Animal Nutrition and Health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1354:263-277. [PMID: 34807446 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the use of intestinal mucosal products and peptones (partial protein hydrolysates) to enhance the food intake, growth, development, and health of animals. The mucosa of the small intestine consists of the epithelium, the lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosa. The diverse population of cells (epithelial, immune, endocrine, neuronal, vascular, and elastic cells) in the intestinal mucosa contains not only high-quality food protein (e.g., collagen) but also a wide array of low-, medium-, and high-molecular-weight functional molecules with enormous nutritional, physiological, and immunological importance. Available evidence shows that intestinal mucosal products and peptones provide functional substances, including growth factors, enzymes, hormones, large peptides, small peptides, antimicrobials, cytokines, bioamines, regulators of nutrient metabolism, unique amino acids (e.g., taurine and 4-hydroxyproline), and other bioactive substances (e.g., creatine and glutathione). Therefore, dietary supplementation with intestinal mucosal products and peptones can cost-effectively improve feed intake, immunity, health (the intestine and the whole body), well-being, wound healing, growth performance, and feed efficiency in livestock, poultry, fish, and crustaceans. In feeding practices, an inclusion level of an intestinal mucosal product or a mucosal peptone product at up to 5% (as-fed basis) is appropriate in the diets of these animals, as well as companion and zoo animals.
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Duangnumsawang Y, Zentek J, Goodarzi Boroojeni F. Development and Functional Properties of Intestinal Mucus Layer in Poultry. Front Immunol 2021; 12:745849. [PMID: 34671361 PMCID: PMC8521165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.745849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucus plays important roles in protecting the epithelial surfaces against pathogens, supporting the colonization with commensal bacteria, maintaining an appropriate environment for digestion, as well as facilitating nutrient transport from the lumen to the underlying epithelium. The mucus layer in the poultry gut is produced and preserved by mucin-secreting goblet cells that rapidly develop and mature after hatch as a response to external stimuli including environmental factors, intestinal microbiota as well as dietary factors. The ontogenetic development of goblet cells affects the mucin composition and secretion, causing an alteration in the physicochemical properties of the mucus layer. The intestinal mucus prevents the invasion of pathogens to the epithelium by its antibacterial properties (e.g. β-defensin, lysozyme, avidin and IgA) and creates a physical barrier with the ability to protect the epithelium from pathogens. Mucosal barrier is the first line of innate defense in the gastrointestinal tract. This barrier has a selective permeability that allows small particles and nutrients passing through. The structural components and functional properties of mucins have been reviewed extensively in humans and rodents, but it seems to be neglected in poultry. This review discusses the impact of age on development of goblet cells and their mucus production with relevance for the functional characteristics of mucus layer and its protective mechanism in the chicken’s intestine. Dietary factors directly and indirectly (through modification of the gut bacteria and their metabolic activities) affect goblet cell proliferation and differentiation and can be used to manipulate mucosal integrity and dynamic. However, the mode of action and mechanisms behind these effects need to be studied further. As mucins resist to digestion processes, the sloughed mucins can be utilized by bacteria in the lower part of the gut and are considered as endogenous loss of protein and energy to animal. Hydrothermal processing of poultry feed may reduce this loss by reduction in mucus shedding into the lumen. Given the significance of this loss and the lack of precise data, this matter needs to be carefully investigated in the future and the nutritional strategies reducing this loss have to be defined better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yada Duangnumsawang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Farshad Goodarzi Boroojeni
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Teng PY, Yadav S, Shi H, Kim WK. Evaluating endogenous loss and standard ileal digestibility of amino acids in response to the graded severity levels of E. maxima infection. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101426. [PMID: 34547620 PMCID: PMC8463777 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of graded levels of Eimeria maxima challenge on endogenous loss, apparent ileal digestibility (AID), and standard ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids. A total of 768 fourteen-day-old male Cobb 500 broiler chickens were randomly allocated into 64 battery cages. Apart from the regular corn-soybean based diet, the nitrogen-free diet (NFD) was formulated to determine the endogenous loss of amino acids. One-half of the birds (32 cages) were fed the NFD, and another half fed the regular diet from d 14 to 20. Both groups were further assigned to 4 treatments (nonchallenged control or three levels of challenge doses) with 8 replicate cages. The challenge doses were: the low challenge dose (Low) with E. maxima 12,500 oocysts, the medium challenge dose (Medium) with 25,000 E. maxima oocysts, and the high challenge dose (High) with 50,000 E. maxima oocysts. At 6 d postinfection, ileal digesta samples were collected and the intestinal lesion score were recorded. The results indicated a significant linear increase of endogenous amino acid flow in response to the graded E. maxima challenge. Moreover, the AID and SID of amino acids were linearly reduced due to the increasing challenge dose. The study demonstrated that NFD significantly reduced lesion scores, underestimating the true endogenous losses of birds fed regular diets. Even though the endogenous loss of amino acids was underestimated, they were linearly increased in response to the graded E. maxima challenge. In conclusion, the higher Eimeria dose birds were challenged with, the more endogenous amino acids were released into the intestine and the lower dietary nutrients were digested and absorbed by broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yun Teng
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sudhir Yadav
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hanyi Shi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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19
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Wang Y, Hao Z, Pan L. Evaluation of multiple hydrophilic interaction chromatography columns and surrogate matrix for arginine quantification in saliva by high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3580-3593. [PMID: 34405941 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Arginine, a pivotal ingredient in many biochemical synthetic pathways, can be used as a biomarker for many oral care clinical applications. It is still a challenge to develop a sensitive and reliable chromatographic method to quantify arginine as a biomarker in saliva, with or without arginine product pretreatment. The current method solved two critical issues for arginine quantitation in human saliva. The first issue was how to optimize arginine peak shape. A hydrophilic interaction chromatography method based on the column selection, pH and pKa relationship, mobile phase ionic strength, organic solvent consideration, and temperature effects was developed. An optimized chromatographic condition for arginine quantitation in the saliva matrix was obtained. The second issue was how to build confidence in the use of a simple surrogate matrix methodology to replace the more complex traditional standard addition methodology. The surrogate matrix methodology we developed is applicable to the measurement of arginine as a potential non-invasive biomarker in human saliva. The method detection and quantification limit reached 2 and 6 ng/mL. The tailing factor was within the 0.9-1.1 range even though arginine had three pKa values at 2.18, 9.09, and 13.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Cross Category Research and Innovation Department, Technology Center, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zhigang Hao
- Cross Category Research and Innovation Department, Technology Center, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Long Pan
- Cross Category Research and Innovation Department, Technology Center, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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20
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Jang JC, Zeng Z, Urriola PE, Shurson GC. Effects of feeding corn distillers dried grains with solubles diets without or with supplemental enzymes on growth performance of pigs: a meta-analysis. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab029. [PMID: 34386710 PMCID: PMC8355451 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of the dietary energy system (net energy or metabolizable energy), oil content of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS), diet inclusion levels, and pig age on growth performance of pigs fed cDDGS-based diets. Mean differences of average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed (G:F) were calculated and expressed as a percentage change relative to feeding corn-soybean meal (SBM)- and cDDGS-based diets to nursery [body weight (BW) < 25 kg] and growing-finishing (BW > 25 kg) pigs, and to compare the effects of supplementing various types of exogenous enzymes without or with phytase on growth performance. A total of 27 studies with 106 growth performance observations were included in the cDDGS dataset, and 34 studies with 84 observations for enzyme responses in cDDGS diets were used in the enzyme dataset. Approximately, 64.7% of the observations showed no change, and 26.7% of observations showed a reduction in ADG, ADFI, and G:F when feeding cDDGS-based diets to the nursery and growing-finishing pigs compared with feeding corn-SBM-based diets. Furthermore, feeding cDDGS diets resulted in decreased (P < 0.01) mean difference of ADG (-4.27%) and G:F (-1.99%) for nursery pigs, and decreased (P < 0.01) mean difference of ADG (-1.68%) and G:F (-1.06%) for growing-finishing pigs. Every percentage unit increase in the inclusion level of cDDGS in growing-finishing pig diet was associated with a decrease (P < 0.01) in ADG (-0.10%) and ADFI (-0.09%). Feeding high oil (≥10% ether extract) cDDGS-based diets to pigs resulted in a 2.96% reduction in ADFI whereas feeding reduced-oil (<10% ether extract) cDDGS-based diets reduced G:F by 1.56% compared with pigs fed corn-SBM-based diets. Supplementation of exogenous enzymes improved (P < 0.05) the mean difference of ADG and G:F by 1.94% and 2.65%, respectively, in corn-SBM-based diets, and by 2.67% and 1.87%, respectively, in cDDGS diets. Supplementation of exogenous protease, enzyme cocktail, or xylanase improved (P < 0.05) ADG by 7.29%, 2.64%, and 2.48% in pigs fed corn-SBM-based diets, respectively. There were no differences between the dietary addition of single enzymes and enzyme combinations for any growth performance parameters in corn-SBM- or cDDGS-based diets. In conclusion, feeding cDDGS-based diets slightly reduces the growth performance of nursery and growing-finishing pigs, but supplementation of xylanase or enzyme cocktail can improve G:F of pigs fed cDDGS-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Cheol Jang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Zhikai Zeng
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Pedro E Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Macelline SP, Chrystal PV, Liu SY, Selle PH. The Dynamic Conversion of Dietary Protein and Amino Acids into Chicken-Meat Protein. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2288. [PMID: 34438749 PMCID: PMC8388418 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review considers the conversion of dietary protein and amino acids into chicken-meat protein and seeks to identify strategies whereby this transition may be enhanced. Viable alternatives to soybean meal would be advantageous but the increasing availability of non-bound amino acids is providing the opportunity to develop reduced-crude protein (CP) diets, to promote the sustainability of the chicken-meat industry and is the focus of this review. Digestion of protein and intestinal uptakes of amino acids is critical to broiler growth performance. However, the transition of amino acids across enterocytes of the gut mucosa is complicated by their entry into either anabolic or catabolic pathways, which reduces their post-enteral availability. Both amino acids and glucose are catabolised in enterocytes to meet the energy needs of the gut. Therefore, starch and protein digestive dynamics and the possible manipulation of this 'catabolic ratio' assume importance. Finally, net deposition of protein in skeletal muscle is governed by the synchronised availability of amino acids and glucose at sites of protein deposition. There is a real need for more fundamental and applied research targeting areas where our knowledge is lacking relative to other animal species to enhance the conversion of dietary protein and amino acids into chicken-meat protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shemil P. Macelline
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter V. Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Sonia Y. Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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Urschel KL, McKenzie EC. Nutritional Influences on Skeletal Muscle and Muscular Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:139-175. [PMID: 33820605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle comprises 40% to 55% of mature body weight in horses, and its mass is determined largely by rates of muscle protein synthesis. In order to support exercise, appropriate energy sources are essential: glucose can support both anaerobic and aerobic exercise, whereas fat can only be metabolized aerobically. Following exercise, ingestion of nonfiber carbohydrates and protein can aid muscle growth and recovery. Muscle glycogen replenishment is slow in horses, regardless of dietary interventions. Several heritable muscle disorders, including type 1 and 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy and recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, can be managed in part by restricting dietary nonstructural carbohydrate intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine L Urschel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, 612 W.P. Garrigus Building, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Erica C McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 227 Magruder Hall, 700 Southwest 30th Street, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Ravindran V. Progress in ileal endogenous amino acid flow research in poultry. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:5. [PMID: 33413625 PMCID: PMC7789490 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The progress in our understanding of the endogenous protein concept over the past century is reviewed. Non-dietary proteins found in the digesta at the terminal ileum of poultry, known as endogenous protein loss, are comprised of digestive secretions, mucus and sloughed gut epithelial cells. The measurement of this loss is of fundamental importance because it is an indicator of gut metabolism and is essential to adjust apparent estimates of ileal amino acid digestibility. The ileal endogenous amino acid losses comprise of two components, namely basal and specific losses. The basal losses are fixed and associated with feed dry matter intake, whereas the specific losses are variable and induced by the presence of dietary components such as fibre and anti-nutrients. Currently there is no methodology available to directly measure the specific endogenous losses and these losses are calculated by determining the basal and total (basal plus specific) losses and, then subtracting the basal losses from total losses. The seminal features, specific applications and shortcomings of available methodologies are briefly outlined as well as the practical challenges faced in using the published endogenous amino acid loss values for true digestibility corrections. The relevance of taurine as a component of endogenous protein flow in poultry is identified for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
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24
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Alagawany M, Elnesr SS, Farag MR, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Karthik K, Michalak I, Dhama K. Nutritional significance of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2020; 41:1-29. [PMID: 33250002 PMCID: PMC7755404 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1857887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutraceuticals have gained immense importance in poultry science recently considering the nutritional and beneficial health effects of their constituents. Besides providing nutritional requirements to birds, nutraceuticals have beneficial pharmacological effects, for example, they help in establishing normal physiological health status, prevent diseases and thereby improve production performance. Nutraceuticals include amino acids, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, etc. which are important for preventing oxidative stress, regulating the immune response and maintaining normal physiological, biochemical and homeostatic mechanisms. Nutraceuticals help in supplying nutrients in balanced amounts for supporting the optimal growth performance in modern poultry flocks, and as a dietary supplement can reduce the use of antibiotics. The application of antibiotic growth enhancers in poultry leads to the propagation of antibiotic-resistant microbes and drug residues; therefore, they have been restricted in many countries. Thus, there is a demand for natural feed additives that lead to the same growth enhancement without affecting the health. Nutraceuticals substances have an essential role in the development of the animals' normal physiological functions and in protecting them against infectious diseases. In this review, the uses of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as well as their mode of action in growth promotion and elevation of immune system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Alagawany
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Poultry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shaaban S. Elnesr
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Production, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mayada R. Farag
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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Mansilla WD, Fortener L, Templeman JR, Shoveller AK. Adult dogs of different breed sizes have similar threonine requirements as determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5764160. [PMID: 32108874 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Threonine (Thr) requirements for immature (growing) Beagles have been determined, but little knowledge is available on Thr requirements for maintenance in mature dogs. Moreover, differences of Thr requirements among different breeds or sizes of adult dogs have not been investigated. The objective of the present study was to determine Thr requirements in adult dogs of three different breeds using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique. In total, 13 adult dogs were used, 4 Miniature Dachshunds (5.8 ± 0.4 kg body weight [BW]; 3 spayed and 1 neutered), 4 spayed Beagles (9.3 ± 0.6 kg BW), and 5 neutered Labrador Retrievers (30.5 ± 1.7 kg BW). Dogs were fed a Thr-deficient diet (Thr = 0.23%) and randomly allocated to receiving one of seven concentrations of Thr supplementation (final Thr concentration in experimental diets was 0.23%, 0.33%, 0.43%, 0.53%, 0.63%, 0.73%, and 0.83%; as fed basis) for 2 d. After 2 d of adaptation to the experimental diets, dogs underwent individual IAAO studies. During the IAAO studies, total daily feed was divided into 13 equal meals; at the sixth meal, dogs were fed a bolus of l-[1-13C]-Phenylalanine (Phe) (9.40 mg/kg BW), and thereafter, l-[1-13C]-Phe (2.4 mg/kg BW) was supplied with every meal. Before feeding the next experimental diet, dogs were fed a Thr-adequate basal diet for 4 d (Thr = 0.80% as fed basis) in known amounts that maintained individual dog BW. Total production of 13CO2 during isotopic steady state was determined by enrichment of 13CO2 in breath samples and total production of CO2 measured using indirect calorimetry. The mean requirements for Thr, defined as the breakpoint, and the 95% confidence interval (CI) were determined using a two-phase linear regression model. For Miniature Dachshunds, the two-phase model was not significant, and Thr requirements could not be determined. Mean Thr requirements for Beagles and Labradors were 72.2 and 64.1 mg/kg BW on an as-fed basis, respectively. The requirement for Thr between these two dog breeds was not different (P > 0.10). Thus, the data for Beagles and Labradors were pooled and a mean requirement for Thr was determined at 66.9 mg/kg BW, and the 95% CI was estimated at 84.3 mg/kg BW. In conclusion, estimated Thr requirements for Beagles and Labradors did not differ, and these recommendations are higher than those suggested by NRC (2006) and AAFCO (2014) for adult dogs at maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James R Templeman
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Procter & Gamble Co., Pet Care, Mason, OH
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Ansia I, Drackley JK. Technical note: Evaluation of 3 methods to determine mucin protein concentration in ileal digesta of young preweaning calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6250-6257. [PMID: 32331876 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of alternative sources of protein to substitute for milk proteins in milk replacers (MR) can increase the synthesis of endogenous proteins and therefore alter ileal or total-tract digestibility calculations. Mucin is the main component of gastrointestinal mucus and represents the greatest contribution to total endogenous protein. Mucin is difficult to isolate and has not been extensively studied in dairy calves. We explored 3 different procedures to analyze and estimate mucin protein (MUP) in ileal digesta of young dairy calves. Ileal digesta samples were collected from nine 30-d-old ileal-cannulated calves that were enrolled in a 3 × 3 replicated Latin square with 5-d periods. The 3 diets were a control whey protein-based MR (WPC), an isonitrogenous MR in which 50% of the protein was from enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM), and an N-free MR (NFREE). Mucin protein concentration and flow were analyzed by fractionation of the digesta and ethanol precipitation; this process served as the reference method. Alternative methods to estimate MUP consisted of using commercial enzymatic kits to analyze glucosamine (N-acetylglucosamine, GlcNAc) and galactosamine (N-acetylgalactosamine, GalNAc), 2 amino-sugars that are highly enriched in mucin. Before GlcNAc determination, samples were processed using 3 different procedures: sample clarification (GLCL), clarification plus hydrolysis (GLCH), and hydrolysis alone (GLHL). The MUP was estimated by regression of the GlcNAc and GalNAc values using previously validated equations. According with the bias and agreement analysis, none of the methods yielded MUP values similar to the reference method. However, GLHL showed a strong association with the reference method (ρ = 0.73). It allowed identifying the smaller MUP flows with NFREE compared with the other 2 diets and detecting the greater flow of ESBM than WPC, as observed with the reference method. Using the GlcNAc values from GLHL and the MUP measured with the reference method, we were able to establish a linear relationship between both methods (adjusted R2 = 0.75). We found that the GLHL method enabled detecting differences in MUP ileal flows between diets differing in protein level and source. Inferences about MUP secretions must be done cautiously because many dietary and physiological factors are involved. The adoption of practical techniques to determine MUP can help to increase our knowledge about gastrointestinal tract function and to improve the accuracy of MR digestibility calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ansia
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Selle PH, Dorigam JCDP, Lemme A, Chrystal PV, Liu SY. Synthetic and Crystalline Amino Acids: Alternatives to Soybean Meal in Chicken-Meat Production. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E729. [PMID: 32331461 PMCID: PMC7222841 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
: This review explores the premise that non-bound (synthetic and crystalline) amino acids are alternatives to soybean meal, the dominant source of protein, in diets for broiler chickens. Non-bound essential and non-essential amino acids can partially replace soybean meal so that requirements are still met but dietary crude protein levels are reduced. This review considers the production of non-bound amino acids, soybeans, and soybean meal and discusses the concept of reduced-crude protein diets. There is a focus on specific amino acids, including glycine, serine, threonine, and branched-chain amino acids, because they may be pivotal to the successful development of reduced-crude protein diets. Presently, moderate dietary crude protein reductions of approximately 30 g/kg are feasible, but more radical reductions compromise broiler performance. In theory, an 'ideal' amino acid profile would prevent this, but this is not necessarily the case in practice. The dependence of the chicken-meat industry on soybean meal will be halved if crude protein reductions in the order of 50 g/kg are attained without compromising the growth performance of broiler chickens. In this event, synthetic and crystalline, or non-bound, amino acids will become viable alternatives to soybean meal in chicken-meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia; (P.H.S.); (P.V.C.)
| | | | - Andreas Lemme
- Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany (A.L.)
| | - Peter V. Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia; (P.H.S.); (P.V.C.)
- Baiada Poultry Pty Limited, Pendle Hill NSW2145, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia
| | - Sonia Y. Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia; (P.H.S.); (P.V.C.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia
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Mok CH, Urschel KL. Amino acid requirements in horses. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:679-695. [PMID: 32164055 PMCID: PMC7206390 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating amino acid requirements, specifically threonine requirements, in horses will enable better feed formulation and result in economic production, improved animal health, and reduced environmental pollution. However, the current knowledge of protein and amino acid requirements in horses is still limited. Because horses have a unique digestive system and consume a variety of feed ingredients, their protein digestibility may be affected than other species by different feed composition, and thus amino acid requirements are susceptible to vary between situations. Therefore, a careful evaluation of amino acid requirements with a proper method is needed for various conditions. This review will also provide comprehensive information that needs to be considered when designing an amino acid requirement study in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hee Mok
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.,Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Kristine Laura Urschel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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29
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Chrystal PV, Moss AF, Khoddami A, Naranjo VD, Selle PH, Liu SY. Effects of reduced crude protein levels, dietary electrolyte balance, and energy density on the performance of broiler chickens offered maize-based diets with evaluations of starch, protein, and amino acid metabolism. Poult Sci 2019; 99:1421-1431. [PMID: 32115029 PMCID: PMC7587616 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The crude protein (CP) content of 4 iso-energetic, maize-based diets containing 11.00 g/kg digestible lysine was reduced in gradations from 200 to 156 g/kg with increasing inclusions of synthetic, or unbound, essential amino acids. A constant dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) of 230 mEq/kg was maintained, but a second 156 g/kg CP diet had a DEB of 120 mEq/kg, and energy densities of the 156 g/kg CP diet were reduced in the sixth and seventh treatments. Each of the 7 dietary treatments were offered to 7 replicate cages (6 birds/cage) or a total of 294 Ross 308 off-sex male broilers from 14 to 35 D posthatch. Reductions in CP from 200 to 156 g/kg did not influence weight gain but quadratically increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) and linearly increased relative abdominal fat-pad weights and feed intakes. The reduction in DEB did not influence growth performance but did adversely influence some amino acid digestibilities. Reducing energy density by 100 kcal/kg did not influence growth performance of birds offered the 156 g/kg CP diet but numerically reduced fat-pad weights. The transition from 200 to 156 g/kg CP diets generally enhanced jejunal and ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients but had diverse effects on free amino acid concentrations in systemic plasma with a remarkable 116% increase in threonine. Starch:protein disappearance rate ratios linearly increased in the jejunum and the ileum following the same transition, and these expanding ratios were related to heavier fat-pads and compromised FCR. This study indicates that reductions in dietary CP from 200 to 172 g/kg supported by inclusions of unbound essential amino acids do not compromise growth performance, but a further reduction to 156 g/kg CP significantly increased FCR. Both heavier relative fat-pad weights and inferior FCR were related to expanding starch:protein disappearance rate ratios, which suggests condensed dietary starch:protein ratios may advantage birds offered reduced CP diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia; Baiada Poultry Pty Limited, Pendle Hill, NSW, Australia
| | - Amy F Moss
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia; School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Ali Khoddami
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Peter H Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Yun Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia.
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30
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31
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Phytate and microbial phytase: implications for endogenous nitrogen losses and nutrient availability. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933909000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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The effect of phytase and carbohydrase on ileal amino acid digestibility in monogastric diets: complimentary mode of action? WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933909000427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Adedokun S, Dong K, Harmon D. Evaluating the effects of adaptation length, dietary electrolyte balance, and energy source on ileal endogenous amino acid losses in pigs fed nitrogen-free diets. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2018-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Adedokun
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - K. Dong
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - D.L. Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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34
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McGilvray WD, Klein D, Wooten H, Dawson JA, Hewitt D, Rakhshandeh AR, De Lange CFM, Rakhshandeh A. Immune system stimulation induced by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus alters plasma free amino acid flux and dietary nitrogen utilization in starter pigs1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2479-2492. [PMID: 31062849 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in plasma free amino acid (AA) flux reflect the modification of AA metabolism in different metabolic states. Infectious diseases repartition AA away from protein retention toward processes involved in immune defense, thus impacting AA utilization in pigs. The current study sought to evaluate the effects of disease induced by a live pathogen on plasma free AA flux and whole-body nitrogen (N) utilization. Twenty gilts (BW 9.4 ± 0.9 kg) were surgically catheterized into the jugular vein, individually housed in metabolism crates, and feed-restricted (550 g/d). Intramuscular inoculation of a live field strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was used to induce disease. Whole-body N-balance was conducted across 3 d both before PRRSV inoculation (PRRSV-) and also after PRRSV inoculation (PRRSV+). At the end of each N-balance period, a bolus dose of a labeled [U-13C, U-15N]-AA mixture (Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val, and Gln) was infused intravenously, followed by serial blood collection for measurement of isotopic enrichment. A double exponential model was fitted with plasma enrichment data for each pig and each AA, and equation parameters were used to estimate plasma free AA flux and pool size. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dietary N was determined using the slaughter technique and an indigestible marker. Blood chemistry, hematology, body temperature, and serum viremia indicated that PRRSV induced effective immune response in pigs (P < 0.05). Challenge with PRRSV reduced the AID of N (P < 0.05), but had no effect on apparent total tract digestibility of dietary energy (P = 0.12). Plasma flux (µmol/kg BW/h) for Met and Thr was increased by PRRSV infection (P < 0.05). A strong tendency of increased Val flux was observed in PRRSV+ pigs (P = 0.06). Infection with PRRSV increased the pool size for Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Leu, Val, and Gln (P < 0.05). Collectively, these results suggest that PRRSV alters the utilization of dietary N and AA flux, as well as pool size, in growing pigs. The increase in Thr and Met flux in PRRSV+ pigs may be associated with enhanced utilization of these AA for the synthesis of immune system metabolites and increased catabolism of these AA. Thus, dietary Met, Thr, and Val requirements may increase in pigs infected with PRRSV, relative to the requirements for other AA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Klein
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Hailey Wooten
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - John A Dawson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Deltora Hewitt
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | - Anoosh Rakhshandeh
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
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35
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Chamorro S, Romero C, Brenes A, Sánchez-Patán F, Bartolomé B, Viveros A, Arija I. Impact of a sustained consumption of grape extract on digestion, gut microbial metabolism and intestinal barrier in broiler chickens. Food Funct 2019; 10:1444-1454. [PMID: 30768097 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02465k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dietary supplementation with grape extract (GE) at 2.5 and 5.0 g kg-1 of feed on intestinal utilization of polyphenols and gut health of broiler chickens was determined. The ileal digestibility of grape polyphenols was higher for flavan-3-ol monomers [(+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin] than for dimers (Procyanidins B1 and B2) and galloylated compounds [(-)-epicatechingallate] and no differences among 2.5 and 5.0 g GE per kg dietary treatments were observed. The excreta concentration of benzoic, phenylacetic, phenylpropionic, and cinnamic acids and phenyl-γ-valerolactone phenolic metabolites was higher in birds fed GE, confirming hence the microbial metabolism of grape polyphenols to a relevant extent. Gut morphology and the total ileal mucin content were not modified by the dietary inclusion of GE, but a lower sialic acid concentration was observed in those birds fed a higher concentration of GE. Escherichia coli and lactic-acid bacteria ileal counts were reduced in birds fed GE. Overall, these results prove the extensive intestinal utilization and microbial metabolism of grape polyphenols in broiler chickens. Some antimicrobial and mucin-modulation effects were also observed after a sustained consumption of grape polyphenols during 21 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Chamorro
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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36
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McGilvray WD, Wooten H, Rakhshandeh AR, Petry A, Rakhshandeh A. Immune system stimulation increases dietary threonine requirements for protein deposition in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:735-744. [PMID: 30541080 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported an increase in the utilization of threonine (Thr) during immune system stimulation (ISS). However, increased utilization of an AA during ISS may not reflect an increased dietary requirement, as endogenous sources may supply AA to meet the need for enhanced utilization. The current study evaluated the impact of ISS on components of dietary Thr requirements, i.e., maintenance requirement and the efficiency of Thr utilization. Thirty-nine gilts (initial BW 32 ± 2.1 kg) of commercially relevant genetics were individually housed in metabolism crates and fed one of six experimental diets in which Thr was the first limiting among other AA. Three levels of dietary Thr were tested within each ISS group: 70%, 90%, and 110% of daily Thr requirements, which were estimated based on the potential of each ISS group for protein deposition (PD). Following adaptation to the experimental diets, pigs from each dietary treatment group were injected with either increasing amounts of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (ISS+; 25 and 35 µg/kg BW) or saline (ISS-). Injections were given 48-h apart and whole-body nitrogen balance was measured for 72-h following the first injection. Body temperature (BT) was monitored and blood samples were collected 24 h after initiation of ISS and evaluated for measures of blood chemistry. Blood chemistry and BT results indicated an effective ISS in pigs (P < 0.03). Threonine intake increased PD in a linear fashion in both ISS groups (P < 0.01). The marginal efficiency of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Thr utilization for PD, represented by the slope, was not affected by ISS. However, ISS substantially increased the extrapolated maintenance SID Thr requirements, represented by the intercept at zero PD (ISS- vs. ISS+, -11.2 vs. -56.3 SE 13.2; P < 0.05). Collectively, our results indicated that the physiological changes associated with ISS increased the dietary SID Thr requirements for PD due to an increase in maintenance requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hailey Wooten
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - Amy Petry
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Anoosh Rakhshandeh
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
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Mansilla WD, Marinangeli CPF, Ekenstedt KJ, Larsen JA, Aldrich G, Columbus DA, Weber L, Abood SK, Shoveller AK. Special topic: The association between pulse ingredients and canine dilated cardiomyopathy: addressing the knowledge gaps before establishing causation. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:983-997. [PMID: 30615118 PMCID: PMC6396252 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In July 2018, the Food and Drug Administration warned about a possible relationship between dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs and the consumption of dog food formulated with potatoes and pulse ingredients. This issue may impede utilization of pulse ingredients in dog food or consideration of alternative proteins. Pulse ingredients have been used in the pet food industry for over 2 decades and represent a valuable source of protein to compliment animal-based ingredients. Moreover, individual ingredients used in commercial foods do not represent the final nutrient concentration of the complete diet. Thus, nutritionists formulating dog food must balance complementary ingredients to fulfill the animal's nutrient needs in the final diet. There are multiple factors that should be considered, including differences in nutrient digestibility and overall bioavailability, the fermentability and quantity of fiber, and interactions among food constituents that can increase the risk of DCM development. Taurine is a dispensable amino acid that has been linked to DCM in dogs. As such, adequate supply of taurine and/or precursors for taurine synthesis plays an important role in preventing DCM. However, requirements of amino acids in dogs are not well investigated and are presented in total dietary content basis which does not account for bioavailability or digestibility. Similarly, any nutrient (e.g., soluble and fermentable fiber) or physiological condition (e.g., size of the dog, sex, and age) that increases the requirement for taurine will also augment the possibility for DCM development. Dog food formulators should have a deep knowledge of processing methodologies and nutrient interactions beyond meeting the Association of American Feed Control Officials nutrient profiles and should not carelessly follow unsubstantiated market trends. Vegetable ingredients, including pulses, are nutritious and can be used in combination with complementary ingredients to meet the nutritional needs of the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kari J Ekenstedt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Jennifer A Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Greg Aldrich
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - Lynn Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Sarah K Abood
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Schweer WP, Burrough ER, Patience JF, Kerr BJ, Gabler NK. Impact of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae on intestinal amino acid digestibility and endogenous amino acid losses in pigs. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:257-268. [PMID: 30335136 PMCID: PMC6313137 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (Bhyo) induces mucohemorrhagic diarrhea in pigs and is an economically significant disease worldwide. Our objectives were to determine the impact of Bhyo on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), ileal digestibility (AID), and ileal basal endogenous losses (BEL) in grower pigs. In addition, we assessed the effect of Bhyo on hindgut disappearance of DM, N, and GE. Thirty-two Bhyo negative gilts (38.6 ± 0.70 kg BW) were fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and individually penned. In replicates 1 and 2, pigs were fed a complete diet (7 Bhyo-, 10 Bhyo+ pigs) or nitrogen-free diet (NFD; 4 Bhyo-, 11 Bhyo+ pigs), respectively. Across multiple rooms, the 21 Bhyo+ pigs (62.6 ± 1.39 kg BW) were inoculated with Bhyo on day post inoculation (dpi) 0, and the 11 Bhyo- pigs were sham inoculated. Feces were collected from 9 to 11 dpi and ileal digesta collected from 12 to 13 dpi. All pigs were euthanized at 14 to 15 dpi and intestinal tract pathology assessed. Within the complete diet and NFD treatments, data were analyzed to determine pathogen effects. All Bhyo- pigs remained Bhyo negative, and 5 Bhyo+ pigs in each replicate were confirmed Bhyo positive within 9 dpi. Infection with Bhyo reduced ATTD of DM, N, and GE and increased AID of Gly (P < 0.05). No other AA AID differences were observed. Only BEL of Pro was reduced (P < 0.05) while Arg, Trp, and Gly tended (P < 0.10) to be reduced in Bhyo+ pigs. When calculated from AID and BEL, Bhyo infection reduced standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of N, Arg, Lys, Ala, Gly, Pro, and Ser (P < 0.05) and tended to reduce Thr SID (P = 0.09). In the hindgut of Bhyo+ pigs, there was generally an appearance of nutrients rather than disappearance. In Bhyo+ pigs fed a complete diet, hindgut appearance of N and GE were increased (P < 0.05) by 58 and nine-fold, respectively, and DM tended to be increased two-fold (P = 0.06). Similarly, in NFD fed pigs, hindgut appearance of N and GE was increased by 172% and 162%, respectively, although high variability led to no significance. Altogether, Bhyo infection decreases ATTD but has minimal impact on AID of AA, when corrected for BEL, SID of N, Arg, Lys and some nonessential AA are specifically reduced. Unexpectedly, BEL of several AA involved in mucin production were unaffected by Bhyo infection. This may suggest an increased need for specific AA and energy during a Bhyo challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Brian J Kerr
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA
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Visscher C, Klingenberg L, Hankel J, Brehm R, Langeheine M, Helmbrecht A. Influence of a specific amino acid pattern in the diet on the course of an experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection in broilers. Poult Sci 2018; 97:4020-4030. [PMID: 29982672 PMCID: PMC6162363 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens worldwide. In Europe, the majority of the cases are caused by consuming contaminated poultry meat. The objective of the present study was to investigate potential effects of different crude protein levels in complete diets for broilers on infection dynamics of C. jejuni after experimental infection. In total, 300 commercial broilers line Ross 308 were divided into 4 different groups, including 5 replications of 15 chickens each. The chickens were fed a conventional diet (212 g CP/kg DM) and a protein-reduced test diet (190 g CP/kg DM) supplemented with essential amino acids. This resulted simultaneously in lower amino-acid concentrations preferentially utilized by C. jejuni, such as aspartate, glutamate, proline, and serine. One group of each feeding concept was infected artificially with C. jejuni at day 21 by applying an oral C. jejuni inoculum containing 4.17 ± 0.09 log10 cfu of C. jejuni to 3 of 15 chickens, called "seeders." Feeding the test diet resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in CP intake (31.5 ± 1.20 g CP/broiler/day and 27.7 ± 0.71 g CP/broiler/day, respectively), a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in crude mucin in excreta (55.7 ± 8.23 g/kg DM and 51.9 ± 7.62 g/kg DM, respectively), and in goblet cell number in cecal crypts (P < 0.05; 15.1 ± 5.71 vs. 13.6 ± 5.91 goblet cells/crypt). In groups receiving the test diet, the excretion of C. jejuni was significantly reduced in seeders by 1.9 log10 cfu/g excreta at day 23 (3.38a ± 2.55 vs. 1.47b ± 2.20; P = 0.033). At day 25, prevalence of C. jejuni in cloacal swabs amounted to 53.3% in the group fed the test diet and 75.7% in the control group, respectively (P < 0.05). In summary, a definite amino acid pattern in the broiler diets could contribute to a development of an effective feeding strategy to reduce the prevalence of C. jejuni infection in chickens (Patent No 17187659.2-1106).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - L Klingenberg
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - J Hankel
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - R Brehm
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - M Langeheine
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - A Helmbrecht
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, D-63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
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Visscher C, Klingenberg L, Hankel J, Brehm R, Langeheine M, Helmbrecht A. Feed Choice Led to Higher Protein Intake in Broiler Chickens Experimentally Infected With Campylobacter jejuni. Front Nutr 2018; 5:79. [PMID: 30234123 PMCID: PMC6134014 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, Campylobacter was the most commonly reported gastrointestinal bacterial pathogen in humans in the European Union with 246,307 reported cases. Of these cases, 83.6% were Campylobacter jejuni. The objective of the present study was to investigate to what extent an infection with C. jejuni alters the feed intake behavior of broiler chicks in terms of protein intake. This was done to see if, conversely, measures of control could be derived. In total, 300 commercial broilers of the Ross 308 line were allocated to four different groups, including five replications of 15 chickens each. In two groups, a conventional diet [216 g CP/kg dry matter (DM)] and in the two choice diet groups, diets with different levels of crude protein (286 and 109 g CP/kg DM, respectively) were fed between day 14 and day 42. An intake of both choice diets at a ratio of 3:2 resulted in a composition of consumed feed identical to that of the control concerning composition, energy and nutrient content. One group of each feeding concept was infected artificially with C. jejuni at day 21 by applying an oral C. jejuni-suspension containing 5.26 ± 0.08 log10 colony forming units of C. jejuni to three out of 15 chickens. No significant differences concerning C. jejuni prevalence and excretion could be seen. Broilers infected with C. jejuni chose a higher amount of the high protein choice diet in comparison to C. jejuni negative broilers. This resulted in a significantly (p < 0.0001) higher content of crude protein in the consumed diet (198 ± 3.09 g CP/kg DM and 208 ± 8.57 g CP/kg DM, respectively). Due to C. jejuni infection, a significant increase in crude mucin in excreta at day 42 was seen in experimentally infected groups (62.6 ± 4.62 g/kg DM vs. 59.6 ± 6.21 g/kg DM, respectively; p = 0.0396). There were significantly deeper crypts in infected birds (256 ± 71.6 vs. 234 ± 61.3 μm). In summary, C. jejuni infections significantly alter the feed intake behavior of broiler chickens regarding higher protein intake. Therefore, targeted manipulation of protein supply could be tested for limiting the spread of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Linus Klingenberg
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Hankel
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralph Brehm
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Langeheine
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Hou Y, Wu G. L-Glutamate nutrition and metabolism in swine. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1497-1510. [PMID: 30116978 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
L-Glutamate (Glu) has traditionally not been considered as a nutrient needed in diets for humans and other animals (including swine) due to the unsubstantiated assumption that animals can synthesize sufficient amounts of Glu to meet their needs. The lack of knowledge about Glu nutrition has contributed to suboptimal efficiency of global livestock production. Over the past 25 years, there has been growing interest in Glu metabolism in the pig, which is an agriculturally important species and also a useful model for studying human biology. Because of analytical advances in its analysis, Glu is now known to be a highly abundant free amino acid in milk and intracellular fluid, a major constituent of food and tissue proteins, and a key regulator of gene expression, cell signaling, and anti-oxidative reactions. Emerging evidence shows that dietary supplementation with 2% Glu maintains gut health and prevents intestinal dysfunction in weanling piglets, while enhancing their growth performance and survival. In addition, the inclusion of 2% Glu is required for dietary arginine to maximize the growth performance and feed efficiency in growing pigs, whereas dietary supplementation with 2% Glu reduces the loss of skeletal muscle mass in endotoxin-challenged pigs. Furthermore, supplementing 2% Glu to a corn- and soybean-meal-based diet promotes milk production by lactating sows. Thus, an adequate amount of dietary Glu as a quantitatively major nutrient is necessary to support maximum growth, development, and production performance of swine. These results also have important implications for improving the nutrition and health of humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China. .,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Bi Y, Nan XM, Zheng SS, Jiang LS, Xiong BH. Effects of dietary threonine and immune stress on growth performance, carcass trait, serum immune parameters, and intestinal muc2 and NF-κb gene expression in Pekin ducks from hatch to 21 days. Poult Sci 2018; 97:177-187. [PMID: 29087516 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary threonine (Thr) levels and immune stress on Pekin ducklings' growth performance, carcass traits, serum immune parameters, and intestinal mucin 2 (MUC2) and nuclear factor kB (NF-κB) gene expressions. A total of 320 Pekin ducklings was randomly assigned to a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each treatment group consisted of 4 replicate pens with 8 ducks per pen. Ducklings were fed 5 graded levels of Thr: 0.49, 0.56, 0.60, 0.65, and 0.76% from hatch to 21 d of age. At 11 d of age, ducks in the stressed groups were challenged with bovine serum albumin (BSA), and ducks in the unstressed groups were injected with normal saline water. The results showed that increasing Thr supplementation from 0.49 to 0.56% in the diet can improve BWG; feed consumption; weight and relative weight of breast and leg; weight of liver, bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and thymus; serum natural immune globulin A (IgA) concentration; and MUC2 gene expression in the ileum of 21-day-old Pekin ducks, significantly (P < 0.05). Immune stress with BSA had a significant effect on 21-day-old Pekin ducklings' BWG, feed consumption, and weight and relative weight of breast and thymus (P < 0.05), but no interaction between BSA and dietary Thr content was noticed in our experiment in 21-day-old Pekin ducks (P < 0.05). Dietary Thr requirements of the unstressed groups and stressed groups based on broken-line model analyses for ducks' BWG were 0.705 and 0.603%, respectively, and for ducks' feed consumption were 0.724 and 0.705%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - X M Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - S S Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - L S Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - B H Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Moran ET. Nutrients central to maintaining intestinal absorptive efficiency and barrier integrity with fowl. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1348-1363. [PMID: 27665014 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The small intestinal mucosa acts to recover nutrients from the lumen while providing a barrier against potential hazards. Its unstirred water layer (USWL) at the lumen interface involves membrane associated mucin linearly protruding from underlying microvilli that entangles secretory mucin released from local goblet cells. Both mucin sources are dominated by repetitive O-glycosylated areas dependant on threonine, serine, glycine, and proline. Secretory mucin differs from membrane attached mucin by further employing multiple cystines that interconnect these areas into a net-like molecular sieve. All of the glycosylated areas have ionizable acidic groups credited with reducing pH from that in the lumen to create a micro environment favoring enzymes finalizing digestion while optimizing nutrient terms for absorption. Erosion of the USWL and/or abuse of the membrane due to lumen threats require continuous repair. The aforementioned amino acids are necessary in substantial amounts while vitamin B6 collaborates with vitamin A as meaningful cofactors for mucin synthesis. Marginal inadequacies of these nutrients during inordinate demand are expected to impair mucin replacement. In turn, marginal increases in feed conversion likely occur while fostering the probability of necrotic enteritis together with gizzard erosions. Abuse of the absorptive membrane is of particular concern from fatty acid hydroperoxides because of their continual presence in feed and inability of the USWL to provide protection. These hydroperoxides threaten membrane integrity by their inclusion in micelles during digestive events with fat thereby permitting transit through the USWL. Once coalesced with membrane phospholipids, structural aberrations are visualized as interfering with nutrient recovery while enabling leakage of cell contents to potentiate wet excreta. Inclusion of dietary vitamin E along with vitamin A into micelles with fatty acid hydroperoxides provides relief by quenching further peroxidation. Assuring cystine, threonine, glycine, and serine that are directly available as such together with vitamins A, E, and B6 represents one approach toward optimizing maintenance of the intestinal mucosa.
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Mok CH, Levesque CL, Urschel KL. Using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique to study threonine requirements in horses receiving a predominantly forage diet. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1366-1381. [PMID: 29901867 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Threonine has been reported to be the second limiting amino acid in typical equine diets, but its actual requirement has not been determined in horses. To evaluate amino acid metabolism and requirements, the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method has been successfully used in other species. The objective of this research was to estimate threonine requirements in mature horses fed timothy hay and concentrate in 4:1 ratio using the IAAO method. Six Thoroughbred mares (579.9 ± 46.7 kg) received each of 6 levels of threonine intake, 41, 51, 61, 70, 80 and 89 mg/kg BW/day, in a randomly determined order. Each study period was 7-day long, and on day 6, blood samples were collected before and 90 min after feeding to measure amino acid concentrations using HPLC. On day 7, horses underwent IAAO procedures, which included a 2-hr primed, constant intravenous infusion of [13 C]sodium bicarbonate to measure total CO2 production and a 4-hr primed, constant oral administration of [1-13 C]phenylalanine to estimate phenylalanine oxidation to CO2 . Blood and breath samples were collected to measure blood [13 C]phenylalanine, using GC-MS analysis and breath 13 CO2 enrichment, using an infrared isotope analyser. Increasing threonine intake levels did not affect plasma phenylalanine oxidation by the ANOVA test (p > 0.05) but resulted in a linear decrease in phenylalanine oxidation (p = 0.04) without a breakpoint by the orthogonal linear contrast. This study is the first attempt to evaluate threonine requirements in horses by the IAAO method; however, threonine requirements are still unknown in mature horses at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hee Mok
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Crystal L Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Kristine L Urschel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Adedokun SA, Pescatore AJ, Ford MJ, Jacob JP, Helmbrecht A. Examining the effect of dietary electrolyte balance, energy source, and length of feeding of nitrogen-free diets on ileal endogenous amino acid losses in broilers. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3351-3360. [PMID: 28854743 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of dietary electrolyte balance (DEB), energy source (ES), and length of feeding of nitrogen-free diet (NFD) on ileal endogenous amino acid (EAA) loss in mg/kg dry matter intake (DMI) was evaluated in broiler chickens. In Experiment 1, 720 chickens consisting of 15 replicate cages with 6 chickens/replicate were used. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial and consisted of 4 NFD with 2 levels (low or high) of DEB and 2 ES [corn starch (CS) or dextrose (DX)], and 2 sampling time-points (diets were fed for either 72 h (d 16 to 19) or 120 h (d 16 to 21). Experiment 2 used 360 chickens in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 levels (low or high) of DEB and 2 ES (CS or DX). Diets were fed for 72 h (d 18 to 21). All birds had access to feed and water on an ad libitum basis. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS appropriate for a completely randomized design for a factorial arrangement of treatments. For Experiment 1, there were interactions (P < 0.05) between the 3 main factors for nitrogen and all the AA except Trp. Broilers that were fed DX-based NFD with high DEB for 72 h had the highest (P < 0.05) EAA losses. In Experiment 2, there was no interaction between DEB and ES except for His and Lys. When ileal EAA losses from birds fed the low DEB, CS-based NFD were used to standardize apparent ileal digestibility values from a previous study, there was no effect of length of feeding on standardized ileal AA digestibility values. In conclusion, DX-based NFD with high DEB increased endogenous AA loses. Despite differences in ileal EAA losses from CS-based NFD, standardized ileal AA digestibility values were not influenced by the length of feeding of NFD. Based on the results from these studies, NFD could be fed for 72 h without influencing SIAAD values.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Adedokun
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
| | - A J Pescatore
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - M J Ford
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - J P Jacob
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - A Helmbrecht
- Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, 10-B531, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
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Zouaoui M, Létourneau-Montminy M, Guay F. Effect of phytase on amino acid digestibility in pig: A meta-analysis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Moss AF, Liu SY, Selle PH. Progress in comprehending the phytate–phytase axis in chicken-meat production. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an17594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
After an extended delay, the level of acceptance of exogenous phytases by the global chicken-meat industry is now almost complete. Contemporary bacterial phytases degrade phytate primarily in the gizzard. The extent of phytate degradation determines the extent to which phytate-bound phosphorus (P) is liberated; however, studies designed to investigate phytate degradation along the digestive tract have generated some confusing outcomes. This may be related to the reactivity of the phytate moiety, coupled with problems with inert dietary markers and perhaps a lack of complete and uniform extractions of phytate from digesta due to variations in digesta pH and phytate solubility. Quite recently, phytase was shown to have profound impacts on sodium (Na) digestibility coefficients in four segments of the small intestine. This has obvious implications for intestinal uptakes of glucose and amino acids via their respective Na+-dependent transport systems and it is possible that phytate and phytase have reciprocal impacts on ‘sodium pump’ (Na+, K+-ATPase) activity. It has been recently demonstrated unequivocally that phytase has the capacity to increase amino acid digestibility coefficients to the extent that phytase may generate a ‘proximal shift’ in the sites of amino acid absorption. The impact of phytase on starch digestibility is more equivocal and phytase responses may stem more from enhanced glucose absorption rather than starch digestion. The acceptance of phytase is hardly surprising, given its capacity to increase P utilisation coupled with numerous other positive influences that are still being properly realised.
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Truong HH, Chrystal PV, Moss AF, Selle PH, Liu SY. Rapid protein disappearance rates along the small intestine advantage poultry performance and influence the post-enteral availability of amino acids. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:1031-1042. [PMID: 29202889 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A foundation diet, an intermediate blend and a summit diet were formulated with different levels of soyabean meal, casein and crystalline amino acids to compare 'slow' and 'rapid' protein diets. The diets were offered to male Ross 308 chicks from 7 to 28 d post-hatch and assessed parameters included growth performance, nutrient utilisation, apparent digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates of starch and protein (N) in four small intestinal segments. Digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates of sixteen amino acids in three small intestinal segments and amino acid concentrations in plasma from portal and systemic circulations from the foundation and summit diets were determined. The dietary transition significantly accelerated protein (N) disappearance rates in the distal jejunum and ileum. The transition from foundation to summit diets significantly increased starch digestibility coefficients in the ileum and disappearance rates in all four small intestinal segments. These starch responses were associated with significant enhancements in nutrient utilisation. The dietary transition linearly increased digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates of amino acids in the majority of cases. The summit diet increased plasma concentrations of five amino acids but decreased those of four amino acids relative to the foundation diet to significant extents. Plasma concentrations of free amino acids were higher in the portal than systemic circulations. Rapid protein disappearance rates advantaged poultry performance and influenced post-enteral availability of amino acids. If the underlying mechanisms are to be identified, further research into the impact of protein digestive dynamics on broiler performance is required but appears justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha H Truong
- 1Poultry Research Foundation,The University of Sydney,CamdenNSW 2570,Australia
| | | | - Amy F Moss
- 1Poultry Research Foundation,The University of Sydney,CamdenNSW 2570,Australia
| | - Peter H Selle
- 1Poultry Research Foundation,The University of Sydney,CamdenNSW 2570,Australia
| | - Sonia Yun Liu
- 1Poultry Research Foundation,The University of Sydney,CamdenNSW 2570,Australia
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Genetic analysis of barley for Shochu quality. J Cereal Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Munasinghe LL, Robinson JL, Harding SV, Brunton JA, Bertolo RF. Protein Synthesis in Mucin-Producing Tissues Is Conserved When Dietary Threonine Is Limiting in Piglets. J Nutr 2017; 147:202-210. [PMID: 28053172 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.236786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neonatal gastrointestinal tract extracts the majority of dietary threonine on the first pass to maintain synthesis of threonine-rich mucins in mucus. As dietary threonine becomes limiting, this extraction must limit protein synthesis in extraintestinal tissues at the expense of maintaining protein synthesis in mucin-producing tissues. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the dietary threonine concentration at which protein synthesis is reduced in various tissues. METHODS Twenty Yucatan miniature piglets (10 females; mean ± SD age, 15 ± 1 d; mean ± SD weight, 3.14 ± 0.30 kg) were fed 20 test diets with different threonine concentrations, from 0.5 to 6.0 g/100 g total amino acids (AAs; i.e., 20-220% of requirement), and various tissues were analyzed for protein synthesis by administering a flooding dose of [3H]phenylalanine. The whole-body requirement was determined by [1-14C]phenylalanine oxidation and plasma threonine concentrations. RESULTS Breakpoint analysis indicated a whole-body requirement of 2.8-3.0 g threonine/100 g total AAs. For all of the non-mucin-producing tissues as well as lung and colon, breakpoint analyses indicated decreasing protein synthesis rates below the following concentrations (expressed in g threonine/100 g total AAs; mean ± SE): gastrocnemius muscle, 1.76 ± 0.23; longissimus dorsi muscle, 2.99 ± 0.50; liver, 2.45 ± 0.60; kidney, 3.81 ± 0.97; lung, 1.95 ± 0.14; and colon, 1.36 ± 0.29. Protein synthesis in the other mucin-producing tissues (i.e., stomach, proximal jejunum, midjejunum, and ileum) did not change with decreasing threonine concentrations, but mucin synthesis in the ileum and colon decreased over threonine concentrations <4.54 ± 1.50 and <3.20 ± 4.70 g/100 g total AAs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study illustrate that dietary threonine is preferentially used for protein synthesis in gastrointestinal tissues in piglets. If dietary threonine intake is deficient, then muscle growth and the functions of other tissues are likely compromised at the expense of maintenance of the mucus layer in mucin-producing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalani L Munasinghe
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Canada; and
| | - Jason L Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Canada; and
| | - Scott V Harding
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janet A Brunton
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Canada; and
| | - Robert F Bertolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Canada; and
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