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Yang HM, Lung H, Yang MC, Lung FW. DRD4 VNTR 4/4 homozygosity as a genetic biomarker for treatment selection in patients with schizophrenia. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 91:103831. [PMID: 37988928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There seems to be an association between the DRD4 48-bp VNTR polymorphisms and antipsychotic treatment response, but there is a rare reference to confirm this finding. Hence, the present study tried to investigate the association between DRD4 48-bp VNTR polymorphisms and the treatment response of antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia in Taiwan, using a propensity score matching (PSM) method. METHODS A total of 882 participants were enrolled in this study and completed informed consent, research questionnaires, including demographic information and the revised Chinese version Beliefs about Voices Questionnaire, and blood sampling. For descreasing of the selection bias and confounding variables, the PSM nearest neighbor matching method was used to select 765 paitents with schizophrenia (ratio of 1:8 between 85 persistent auditory hallucination and 680 controls) with matched and controlled the age and gender. RESULTS Schizophrenia patients with DRD4 4 R homozygosity had a lower rate of good antipsychotic treatment response than the other DRD4 genotype carriers (DRD4 non-4/4). Among those 4 R homozygosity carriers, 60 cases of 503 (11.9%) retain persistent auditory hallucinations. Furthermore, this subgroup of patients is accounted for up to 70.6% of cases with poor neuroleptic treatment response. CONCLUSIONS A poor treatment outcome for patients with the 4 R homozygosity had presented,that comparing with those DRD non-4/4 genotype carriers. DRD4 VNTR 4 R homozygosity could be a genetic biomarker to predict poor antipsychotic treatment response in schizophrenia. Patients with DRD 4/4 probably receive novel antipsychotic medications preferentially or in combination with alternative therapy, such as psychotherapy or milieu therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ming Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan Lung
- Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - For-Wey Lung
- Calo Psychiatric Center, Pingtung County, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; International Graduate Program of Education and Human Development, National SunYat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Education, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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R R, Devtalla H, Rana K, Panda SP, Agrawal A, Kadyan S, Jindal D, Pancham P, Yadav D, Jha NK, Jha SK, Gupta V, Singh M. A comprehensive update on genetic inheritance, epigenetic factors, associated pathology, and recent therapeutic intervention by gene therapy in schizophrenia. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14374. [PMID: 37994213 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychological disorder in which reality is interpreted abnormally by the patient. The symptoms of the disease include delusions and hallucinations, associated with extremely disordered behavior and thinking, which may affect the daily lives of the patients. Advancements in technology have led to understanding the dynamics of the disease and the identification of the underlying causes. Multiple investigations prove that it is regulated genetically, and epigenetically, and is affected by environmental factors. The molecular and neural pathways linked to the regulation of schizophrenia have been extensively studied. Over 180 Schizophrenic risk loci have now been recognized due to several genome-wide association studies (GWAS). It has been observed that multiple transcription factors (TF) binding-disrupting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been related to gene expression responsible for the disease in cerebral complexes. Copy number variation, SNP defects, and epigenetic changes in chromosomes may cause overexpression or underexpression of certain genes responsible for the disease. Nowadays, gene therapy is being implemented for its treatment as several of these genetic defects have been identified. Scientists are trying to use viral vectors, miRNA, siRNA, and CRISPR technology. In addition, nanotechnology is also being applied to target such genes. The primary aim of such targeting was to either delete or silence such hyperactive genes or induce certain genes that inhibit the expression of these genes. There are challenges in delivering the gene/DNA to the site of action in the brain, and scientists are working to resolve the same. The present article describes the basics regarding the disease, its causes and factors responsible, and the gene therapy solutions available to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana R
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Harshit Devtalla
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Karishma Rana
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Siva Prasad Panda
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Arushi Agrawal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Shreya Kadyan
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Divya Jindal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
- IIT Bombay Monash Research Academy, IIT - Bombay, Bombay, India
| | - Pranav Pancham
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Deepshikha Yadav
- Bhartiya Nirdeshak Dravya Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
- Physico-Mechanical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology (SSET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology (SSET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University (MQU), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Manisha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
- Faculty of Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Consortium in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Duan X, Zhang X, Xu B, Wang F, Lei M. Computational Study and Modified Design of Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Agonists. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 88:142-54. [PMID: 26851125 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptor (D3 R) is considered as a potential target for the treatment of nervous system disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. Current research interests primarily focus on the discovery and design of potent D3 agonists. In this work, we selected 40 D3 R agonists as the research system. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) of three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR), structure-selectivity relationship (3D-QSSR), and molecular docking was performed on D3 receptor agonists to obtain the details at atomic level. The results indicated that both the CoMFA model (r(2) = 0.982, q(2) = 0.503, rpred2 = 0.893, SEE = 0.057, F = 166.308) for structure-activity and (r(2) = 0.876, q(2) = 0.436, rpred2 = 0.828, F = 52.645) for structure-selectivity have good predictive capabilities. Furthermore, docking studies on three compounds binding to D3 receptor were performed to analyze the binding modes and interactions. The results elucidate that agonists formed hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions with key residues. Finally, we designed six molecules under the guidance of 3D-QSAR/QSSR models. The activity and selectivity of designed molecules have been improved, and ADMET properties demonstrate they have low probability of hepatotoxicity (<0.5). These results from 3D-QSAR/QSSR and docking studies have great significance for designing novel dopamine D3 selective agonists in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Materia Medica, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Materia Medica, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Binglin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Materia Medica, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Materia Medica, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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Sayeh A, Cheikh CB, Mrad M, Lakhal N, Gritli N, Galelli S, Oumaya A, Fekih-Mrissa N. Association of HLA-DR/DQ polymorphisms with schizophrenia in Tunisian patients. Ann Saudi Med 2014; 34:503-7. [PMID: 25971824 PMCID: PMC6074579 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2014.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The hypothesis that human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) confer susceptibility to schizophrenic disorders has been tested by studying linkage and association in family samples. Our goal was to evaluate the role of HLA in the risk of developing schizophrenia in a Tunisian population. DESIGN AND SETTINGS Blood samples for this case-control study were collected from patients of the Department of Psychiatry at the Military Hospital of Tunisia between July 2012 and May 2013. METHODS A total of 140 patients with schizophrenia were recruited for genetic analysis. Controls included 100 persons matched for age, sex, and risk factors. Participants were tested for HLA class II alleles. HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primers. RESULTS This study indicates that the alleles most responsible for disease susceptibility are DRB1*03 (P < 10-3) and DQB1*02 (P < 10-3) (P denotes probability values). The most protective alleles are DRB1*13 (P=.013) and DQB1*05 (P < 10-3). Further results revealed that DRB1*0301/DQB1*0201(P < 10-3), DRB1*0401/DQB1*0301 (P < 10-3) and DRB1*1101/DQB1*0301 (P < 10-3) are haplotypes most conducive to disease susceptibility. CONCLUSION The present findings support an association between schizophrenia and the HLA-DR-DQ locus among a Tunisian population. To our knowledge, this is the first study performed to analyze the association of HLA DRB1/DQB1 alleles on schizophrenia susceptibility in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Najiba Fekih-Mrissa
- Najiba Fekih-Mrissaa, MD, Department of Hematology,, Laboratory of Molecular Biology,, Military Hospital of Tunisia,, Tunis 1008, Tunisia, T: +21622510488,, F: +21670762084,
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Na KS, Jung HY, Kim YK. The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the neuroinflammation and neurogenesis of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 48:277-86. [PMID: 23123365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness with chronic symptoms and significant impairment in psychosocial functioning. Although novel antipsychotics have been developed, the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are still unresponsive to pharmacotherapy. The high level of social impairment and a chronic deteriorating course suggest that schizophrenia likely has neurodegenerative characteristics. Inflammatory markers such as pro-inflammatory cytokines are well-known etiological factors for psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Inflammation in the central nervous system is closely related to neurodegeneration. In addition to pro-inflammatory cytokines, microglia also play an important role in the inflammatory process in the CNS. Uncontrolled activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglia can induce schizophrenia in tandem with genetic vulnerability and glutamatergic neurotransmitters. Several studies have investigated the possible effects of antipsychotics on inflammation and neurogenesis. Additionally, anti-inflammatory adjuvant therapy has been under investigation as a treatment option for schizophrenia. Further studies should consider the confounding effects of systemic factors such as metabolic syndrome and smoking. In addition, the unique mechanisms by which pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in the etiopathology of schizophrenia should be investigated. In this article, we aimed to review (1) major findings regarding neuroinflammation and pro-inflammatory cytokine alterations in schizophrenia, (2) interactions between neuroinflammation and neurogenesis as possible neural substrates for schizophrenia, and (3) novel pharmacological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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Association of schizophrenia with T102C (rs6313) and 1438 A/G (rs6311) polymorphisms of HTR2A gene. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2013; 25:342-8. [PMID: 25287874 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2013.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate whether there were any associations between the T102C and 1438 A/G polymorphisms of the 5-HT2A receptor gene and schizophrenia. We conducted a case-control study of the T102C and 1438 A/G polymorphisms in Turkish patients. METHODS We compared genotypes and allele frequencies of T102C and 1438 A/G polymorphisms of 5-HT2A receptor gene in 102 patients with schizophrenia diagnosed, according to DSM-IV, and 107 healthy controls. Genotyping was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We found no significant association between schizophrenia and genotypic or allele frequencies of HTR2A gene 102T/C (rs6313) and 1438 A/G (6311) polymorphisms. However, comparison of HTR2A gene 102 T/C and 1438 A/G polymorphisms in terms of genotypic and allele frequencies between the two patient groups, with or without a family history of schizophrenia, shows that T- and A-allele frequencies were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the case group that has a history of schizophrenia in their family. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results do not support the hypothesis that the T102C and 1438 A/G polymorphisms in the 5-HT2A receptor gene are associated with schizophrenia, but further studies in a larger sample are needed.
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Rajkumar AP, Poonkuzhali B, Kuruvilla A, Srivastava A, Jacob M, Jacob KS. Association between CYP1A2 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and clinical responses to clozapine in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2013; 25:2-11. [PMID: 26953068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2012.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite clozapine's superior clinical efficacy in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), its adverse effects, need for periodic leukocyte monitoring, cost and variable clinical outcomes mandate a clinical need to predict its treatment response. Although cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is the principal determinant of metabolism of clozapine, the role of CYP1A2 gene in the clinical response to clozapine is uncertain. Hence, we investigated its association with treatment responses and adverse events of clozapine in TRS. METHODS We evaluated four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the CYP1A2 gene, clinical responses and serum clozapine levels in 101 consecutive patients with TRS on stable doses of clozapine. We defined clozapine response a priori and investigated allelic and genotypic associations. We assessed the socio-demographic and clinical profiles, premorbid adjustment, traumatic life events, cognition and disability of the participants, using standard assessment schedules for appropriate multivariate analyses. RESULTS Our results revealed that CYP1A2 gene SNP (*1C, *1D, *1E and *1F) were not associated with clozapine treatment response, adverse effects, serum clozapine levels or with disability (p values > 0.10). CONCLUSION As CYP1A2 gene SNP do not help to predict the clinical response to clozapine, routine screening for them prior to start clozapine is currently unwarranted. We suggest future longitudinal genome-wide association studies investigating clinical and pharmacogenetic variables together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anto P Rajkumar
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, India
| | - B Poonkuzhali
- 3 Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, India
| | - Anju Kuruvilla
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, India
| | - Alok Srivastava
- 3 Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, India
| | - Molly Jacob
- 4 Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, India
| | - K S Jacob
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, India
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Betcheva ET, Yosifova AG, Mushiroda T, Kubo M, Takahashi A, Karachanak SK, Zaharieva IT, Hadjidekova SP, Dimova II, Vazharova RV, Stoyanov DS, Milanova VK, Tolev T, Kirov G, Kamatani N, Toncheva DI, Nakamura Y. Whole-genome-wide association study in the Bulgarian population reveals HHAT as schizophrenia susceptibility gene. Psychiatr Genet 2013; 23:11-9. [PMID: 23142968 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3283586343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia, the most common major psychiatric disorder (or group of disorders), entails severe decline of higher functions, principally with alterations in cognitive functioning and reality perception. Both genetic and environmental factors are involved in its pathogenesis; however, its genetic background still needs to be clarified. The objective of the study was to reveal genetic markers associated with schizophrenia in the Bulgarian population. METHODS We have conducted a genome-wide association study using 554 496 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 188 affected and 376 unaffected Bulgarian individuals. Subsequently, the 100 candidate SNPs that revealed the smallest P-values were further evaluated in an additional set of 99 case and 328 control samples. RESULTS We found a significant association between schizophrenia and the intronic SNP rs7527939 in the HHAT gene (P-value of 6.49×10 with an odds ratio of 2.63, 95% confidence interval of 1.89-3.66). We also genotyped additional SNPs within a 58-kb linkage disequilibrium block surrounding the landmark SNP. CONCLUSION We suggest rs7527939 to be the strongest indicator of susceptibility to schizophrenia in the Bulgarian population within the HHAT locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elitza T Betcheva
- Laboratory for International Alliance, RIKEN Center for Genomic Medicine, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, UK
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Rajkumar AP, Poonkuzhali B, Kuruvilla A, Srivastava A, Jacob M, Jacob KS. Outcome definitions and clinical predictors influence pharmacogenetic associations between HTR3A gene polymorphisms and response to clozapine in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 224:441-9. [PMID: 22700043 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pharmacogenetics of schizophrenia has not yet delivered anticipated clinical dividends. Clinical heterogeneity of schizophrenia contributes to the poor replication of the findings of pharmacogenetic association studies. Functionally important HTR3A gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were reported to be associated with response to clozapine. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate how the association between HTR3A gene SNP and response to clozapine is influenced by various clinical predictors and by differing outcome definitions in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). METHODS We recruited 101 consecutive patients with TRS, on stable doses of clozapine, and evaluated their HTR3A gene SNP (rs1062613 and rs2276302), psychopathology, and serum clozapine levels. We assessed their socio-demographic and clinical profiles, premorbid adjustment, traumatic events, cognition, and disability using standard assessment schedules. We evaluated their response to clozapine, by employing six differing outcome definitions. We employed appropriate multivariate statistics to calculate allelic and genotypic association, accounting for the effects of various clinical variables. RESULTS T allele of rs1062613 and G allele of rs2276302 were significantly associated with good clinical response to clozapine (p = 0.02). However, varying outcome definitions make these associations inconsistent. rs1062613 and rs2276302 could explain only 13.8 % variability in the responses to clozapine, while combined clinical predictors and HTR3A pharmacogenetic association model could explain 38 % variability. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the results of pharmacogenetic studies in schizophrenia depend heavily on their outcome definitions and that combined clinical and pharmacogenetic models have better predictive values. Future pharmacogenetic studies should employ multiple outcome definitions and should evaluate associated clinical variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Rajkumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, India
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Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a common disorder that runs in families. It has a relatively high heritability, i.e., inherited factors account for the major proportion of its etiology. The high heritability has motivated gene mapping studies that have improved in sophistication through the past two decades. Belying earlier expectations, it is now becoming increasingly clear that the cause of SZ does not reside in a single mutation, or even in a single gene. Rather, there are multiple DNA variants, not all of which have been identified. Additional risk may be conferred by interactions between individual DNA variants, as well as 'gene-environment' interactions. We review studies that have accounted for a fraction of the heritability. Their relevance to the practising clinician is discussed. We propose that continuing research in DNA variation, in conjunction with rapid ongoing advances in allied fields, will yield dividends from the perspective of diagnosis, treatment prediction through pharmacogenetics, and rational treatment through discoveries in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Kukshal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - B. K. Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Smita N. Deshpande
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Chen J, Levant B, Wang S. High-affinity and selective dopamine D₃ receptor full agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5612-7. [PMID: 22871578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have designed, synthesized and evaluated a series of new compounds with the goal to identify potent and selective D(3) ligands. The two most potent and selective new D(3) ligands are compounds 38 and 52, which bind to the D(3) receptors with a K(i) value of <nM and display a selectivity of 450-494 times over the D(2) receptors and >10,000 times over the D(1) receptors. Both 38 and 52 are full agonists with high potency at the D(3) receptor in a D(3) functional assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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OPCML gene as a schizophrenia susceptibility locus in Thai population. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 46:373-7. [PMID: 21833655 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Opioid-binding protein/cell adhesion molecule (OPCML) gene has been recently identified as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia in Europeans. This study aims to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the OPCML gene and risk of schizophrenia in a Thai population. DNA samples of 115 schizophrenia patients and 173 normal controls were genotyped using high-resolution melting analysis and analyzed by chi-square test of SPSS software. We observed a strong association between an intronic SNP of the OPCML gene (rs1784519) and the risk of schizophrenia in the Thai population [P = 0.00036; odds ratio for the minor A allele, 2.11(1.57-2.84)]. The previously discovered SNP associated with schizophrenia in Europeans, rs3016384, also showed significant association with schizophrenia in the Thai population [P = 0.01; odds ratio of the minor T allele, 0.59 (0.44-0.79)]. Therefore, the OPCML gene is considered to be a schizophrenia-susceptible gene in the Thai population.
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Athanasiu L, Mattingsdal M, Kähler AK, Brown A, Gustafsson O, Agartz I, Giegling I, Muglia P, Cichon S, Rietschel M, Pietiläinen OP, Peltonen L, Bramon E, Collier D, St. Clair D, Sigurdsson E, Petursson H, Rujescu D, Melle I, Steen VM, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA. Gene variants associated with schizophrenia in a Norwegian genome-wide study are replicated in a large European cohort. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:748-53. [PMID: 20185149 PMCID: PMC3224994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of schizophrenia in a Norwegian discovery sample of 201 cases and 305 controls (TOP study) with a focused replication analysis in a larger European sample of 2663 cases and 13,780 control subjects (SGENE-plus study). Firstly, the discovery sample was genotyped with Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 and 572,888 markers were tested for schizophrenia association. No SNPs in the discovery sample attained genome-wide significance (P<8.7 x 10(-8)). Secondly, based on the GWAS data, we selected 1000 markers with the lowest P values in the discovery TOP sample, and tested these (or HapMap-based surrogates) for association in the replication sample. Sixteen loci were associated with schizophrenia (nominal P value<0.05 and concurring OR) in the replication sample. As a next step, we performed a combined analysis of the findings from these two studies, and the strongest evidence for association with schizophrenia was provided for markers rs7045881 on 9p21, rs433598 on 16p12 and rs10761482 on 10q21. The markers are located in PLAA, ACSM1 and ANK3, respectively. PLAA has not previously been described as a susceptibility gene, but 9p21 is implied as a schizophrenia linkage region. ACSM1 has been identified as a susceptibility gene in a previous schizophrenia GWAS study. The association of ANK3 with schizophrenia is intriguing in light of recent associations of ANK3 with bipolar disorder, thereby supporting the hypothesis of an overlap in genetic susceptibility between these psychopathological entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Athanasiu
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, P.O. 1130, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval, Kirkeveien 166, N-0407 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval, Kirkeveien 166, N-0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Mattingsdal
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, P.O. 1130, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Institute of Medical Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello 0310, Norway
| | - Anna K. Kähler
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, P.O. 1130, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval, Kirkeveien 166, N-0407 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval, Kirkeveien 166, N-0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew Brown
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, P.O. 1130, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Omar Gustafsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval, Kirkeveien 166, N-0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, P.O. 1130, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Postboks 85, Vinderen, N-0319 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ina Giegling
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Centre, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Juelich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Olli P.H. Pietiläinen
- Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
| | - David Collier
- Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
| | - David St. Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hannes Petursson
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, P.O. 1130, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval, Kirkeveien 166, N-0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vidar M. Steen
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, P.O. 1130, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval, Kirkeveien 166, N-0407 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval, Kirkeveien 166, N-0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, P.O. 1130, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval, Kirkeveien 166, N-0407 Oslo, Norway
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14
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Vallender EJ, Lynch L, Novak MA, Miller GM. Polymorphisms in the 3' UTR of the serotonin transporter are associated with cognitive flexibility in rhesus macaques. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:467-75. [PMID: 18655075 PMCID: PMC2702718 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin system is an important neurophysiological mediator of many behavioral phenotypes. Genetic variation within this system is thought to contribute not only to the natural range of behavioral differences, but also to neuropsychiatric pathologies. Cognitive flexibility, the ability to change patterns of response as reward context shifts, is an important trait that underlies many complex social interactions. Environmental manipulations of the serotonin system have been shown to alter performance on tests measuring cognitive flexibility. Variation at the serotonin transporter promoter region (5HTTLPR) has recently been shown to associate with the performance of rhesus monkeys on an object discrimination reversal learning task [Izquierdo et al., 2007]. Here, we demonstrate that functional genetic variation at the serotonin transporter 3' untranslated region, independent of 5HTTLPR, also associates with performance in an object discrimination reversal learning task in rhesus macaques. The polymorphisms comprising the T:G:T haplotype (T1970, G1991, and T2327) were associated with fewer errors on a reversal learning test and greater levels of cognitive flexibility. We have previously demonstrated that the T:G:T haplotype renders lower levels of gene expression in vitro, paralleling the functionality of human 3' UTR haplotypes, as well as the short allele of 5HTTLPR found in both macaques and humans. The 3' UTR haplotypes are independent and in linkage equilibrium with the 5HTTLPR locus. Together, these data lead to the intriguing possibility that differences observed in human cognitive flexibility, whether naturally or in pathological states, may be associated with genetic variation in the serotonin transporter 3' untranslated region also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Vallender
- Division of Neurochemistry, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
| | - Laurie Lynch
- Division of Neurochemistry, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
| | - Melinda A. Novak
- Division of Behavioral Biology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
| | - Gregory M. Miller
- Division of Neurochemistry, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA,Correspondence to G. M. Miller, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772. email:
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15
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Olgiati P, Mandelli L, Lorenzi C, Marino E, Adele P, Ferrari B, De Ronchi D, Serretti A. Schizophrenia: genetics, prevention and rehabilitation. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2009; 21:109-20. [PMID: 26953749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2009.00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic factors are largely implicated in predisposing to schizophrenia. Environmental factors contribute to the onset of the disorder in individuals at increased genetic risk. Cognitive deficits have emerged as endophenotypes and potential therapeutic targets for schizophrenia because of their association with functional outcome. The aims of this review were to analyse the joint effect of genetic and environmental (G×E) factors on liability to schizophrenia and to investigate relationships between genes and cognitive endophenotypes focusing on practical applications for prevention and rehabilitation. METHODS Medline search of relevant studies published between 1990 and 2008. RESULTS In schizophrenia, examples of G×E interaction include the catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) (Val158Met) polymorphism, which was found to moderate the onset of psychotic manifestations in response to stress and to increase the risk for psychosis related to cannabis use, and neurodevelopmental genes such as AKT1 (serine-threonine kinase), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), DTNBP1 (dysbindin) and GRM3 (metabotropic glutamate receptor 3), which were associated with development of schizophrenia in adulthood after exposure to perinatal obstetric complications. Neurocognitive deficits are recognised as core features of schizophrenia that facilitate the onset of the disorder and have a great impact on functional outcome. Neurocognitive deficits are also endophenotypes that have been linked to a variety of genes [COMT, neuregulin (NRG1), BDNF, Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and dysbindin] conferring susceptibility to schizophrenia. Recently, it has emerged that cognitive improvement during rehabilitation therapy was under control of COMT (Val158Met) polymorphism. CONCLUSION This review could indicate a pivotal role of psychiatric genetics in prevention and rehabilitation of schizophrenic psychoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Olgiati
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Bologna University, Italy
| | - Laura Mandelli
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Bologna University, Italy
| | - Cristina Lorenzi
- 2Department of Psychiatry, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Marino
- 2Department of Psychiatry, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Pirovano Adele
- 2Department of Psychiatry, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Ferrari
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Bologna University, Italy
| | - Diana De Ronchi
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Bologna University, Italy
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Bologna University, Italy
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16
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Hattori E, Nakajima M, Yamada K, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Saitou N, Yoshikawa T. Variable number of tandem repeat polymorphisms of DRD4: re-evaluation of selection hypothesis and analysis of association with schizophrenia. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 17:793-801. [PMID: 19092778 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations have been reported between the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in the exon 3 of dopamine D4 receptor gene gene and multiple psychiatric illnesses/traits. We examined the distribution of VNTR alleles of different length in a Japanese cohort and found that, as reported earlier, the size of allele '7R' was much rarer (0.5%) in Japanese than in Caucasian populations (approximately 20%). This presents a challenge to an earlier proposed hypothesis that positive selection favoring the allele 7R has contributed to its high frequency. To further address the issue of selection, we carried out sequencing of the VNTR region not only from human but also from chimpanzee samples, and made inference on the ancestral repeat motif and haplotype by use of a phylogenetic analysis program. The most common 4R variant was considered to be the ancestral haplotype as earlier proposed. However, in a gene tree of VNTR constructed on the basis of this inferred ancestral haplotype, the allele 7R had five descendent haplotypes in relatively long lineage, where genetic drift can have major influence. We also tested this length polymorphism for association with schizophrenia, studying two Japanese sample sets (one with 570 cases and 570 controls, and the other with 124 pedigrees). No evidence of association between the allele 7R and schizophrenia was found in any of the two data sets. Collectively, this study suggests that the VNTR variation does not have an effect large enough to cause either selection or a detectable association with schizophrenia in a study of samples of moderate size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Hattori
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
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17
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Vallender EJ, Priddy CM, Hakim S, Yang H, Chen GL, Miller GM. Functional variation in the 3′ untranslated region of the serotonin transporter in human and rhesus macaque. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2008; 7:690-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2008.00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Zaboli G, Jönsson EG, Gizatullin R, De Franciscis A, Asberg M, Leopardi R. Haplotype analysis confirms association of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene with schizophrenia but not with major depression. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147:301-7. [PMID: 17886257 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). The serotonin transporter (5-HTT) is a major regulator of 5-HT function. 5-HTT gene polymorphic variants have been associated with both MDD and SCZ. A case-control design was used for candidate gene-disease association in 194 MDD patients, 155 schizophrenic psychosis patients, and 246 healthy controls, all North European Caucasians. Four polymorphisms were analyzed in terms of genotype, allele, and haplotype-based associations. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis was also carried out. Bonferroni correction was used for multiple testing. Haplotype-based analyses showed significant associations between 5-HTT and SCZ but not MDD. No single locus associations were observed. In agreement with published meta-analysis our results indicate that 5-HTT associates with SCZ but not with MDD. It appears that risk for SCZ maps within a specific 5-HTT haplotype block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Zaboli
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Craig D, Donnelly C, Hart D, Carson R, Passmore P. Analysis of the 5HT-2A T102C receptor polymorphism and psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:126-8. [PMID: 16967466 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although the aetiology of psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is multi-factorial, alterations in serotonergic neurotransmission are often implicated. Polymorphisms of the serotonin receptor 5HT-2A are associated with hallucinatory symptoms and delusions in demented and non-demented cohorts. This study examined the role of the 5HT-2A T102C polymorphism in influencing psychotic symptoms in a large Northern Ireland AD population (n = 406, mean MMSE 13/30). Forty-eight percent of patients experienced delusional symptoms and 28% experienced hallucinations during the course of their dementia. No significant association was found either in frequency of genotype or allelic variation for either set of symptoms. Furthermore, the mean delusional and hallucinatory severity scores did not differ significantly among the three genotype groups. The lack of influence of the T102C polymorphism of the 5HT-2A receptor on the emergence of psychotic symptoms in AD contrasts with previous reports in other cohorts involving smaller numbers of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Craig
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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20
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Nakajima M, Hattori E, Yamada K, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Iwata Y, Tsuchiya KJ, Sugihara G, Hashimoto K, Watanabe H, Iyo M, Hoshika A, Yoshikawa T. Association and synergistic interaction between promoter variants of the DRD4 gene in Japanese schizophrenics. J Hum Genet 2006; 52:86-91. [PMID: 17089069 PMCID: PMC1705471 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-006-0084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent association studies suggest that polymorphisms in the promoter and exon 1 upstream region of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene play a functional role in the development of common psychiatric illnesses, although there are also conflicting results. In this study, we re-sequenced this region to identify all genomic variants, and tested them for association with schizophrenia. A total of 570 Japanese schizophrenic cases with matched controls were studied by genotyping all identified/validated common polymorphisms (−1106T>C, −906T>C, −809G>A, −616G>C, −521T>C, −376C>T, −291C>T and 12-bp repeat) and a known microsatellite (120-bp tandem duplication) in the upstream region. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) −809G>A in the promoter region was found to be significantly associated with disease (P=0.018 and 0.032 for allelic and genotypic comparisons, respectively), although not surviving after Bonferroni correction. Logistic regression analysis showed that a combination of the four polymorphisms, −809G>A, −616G>C, −291C>T and the 12-bp repeat, conferred a susceptibility to schizophrenia. These results suggest that the upstream variants have a primary functional effect in the etiology of schizophrenia in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Nakajima
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Paediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Eiji Hattori
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamada
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kenji J Tsuchiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Genichi Sugihara
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akinori Hoshika
- Department of Paediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
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21
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Zaboli G, Jönsson EG, Gizatullin R, Asberg M, Leopardi R. Tryptophan hydroxylase-1 gene variants associated with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:563-9. [PMID: 16806098 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HT), and as such it might be related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Two isoforms are known, TPH-1 and TPH-2. TPH-1 association with schizophrenia is debated. METHODS A case-control design was employed for gene-disease association in 155 schizophrenic psychosis patients and 253 healthy controls, all North European Caucasians. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a haplotype block structure spanning over 23 kb of the total TPH-1 29 kb were analyzed. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analyses were performed. Bonferroni correction was used for multiple testing. RESULTS Single marker association analyses showed two SNPs significantly associated with schizophrenia. Several haplotypes were associated with the disease. A "sliding window" analysis attributed the strongest disease association to a haplotype configuration localized between the promoter region and intron 3. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that TPH-1 associates with schizophrenia. It appears that specific combinations of promoter variants vis-à-vis gene transcript variants contribute to genetic predisposition to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Zaboli
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Li D, He L. Meta-analysis shows association between the tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) gene and schizophrenia. Hum Genet 2006; 120:22-30. [PMID: 16741719 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have suggested an association between schizophrenia and the tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) genes. On the other hand, several studies attempting to replicate these findings have produced mixed results, possibly reflecting inadequate statistical power of the individual studies as well as the heterogeneity inherent in schizophrenia. In an attempt to clarify this inconsistency our meta-analysis has combined all the studies using multiple research methods published up to February 2006 to give a comprehensive picture of the role of three hydroxylase-related genes. The TPH A218C/A779C (OR = 1.18, 95% C.I. 1.06-1.33, P = 0.004) revealed a significant association with schizophrenia. However, the evidence for the TH and phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) genes was weak. No publication bias was detected in current studies. The findings, which may implicate the involvement of TPH in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, have potentially important clinical, scientific and public health implications as well as providing a putative basis for the study of hydroxylase-related drugs. To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of association between the three genes and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Li
- Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hao Ran Building, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
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23
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Takeuchi Y, Hashizume C, Chon EMH, Momozawa Y, Masuda K, Kikusui T, Mori Y. Canine tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene and dopamine beta -hydroxylase (DBH) gene: their sequences, genetic polymorphisms, and diversities among five different dog breeds. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 67:861-7. [PMID: 16210796 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine and noradrenaline are catecholamine neurotransmitters that are produced by biosynthetic enzymes such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta -hydroxylase (DBH). As a first step to elucidate the genetic background of canine behavioral traits, we selected these genes as targets and sequenced these canine genes, and found that both were highly homologous with those of human beings. Then brain cDNAs derived from ten unrelated Beagles were used to search for polymorphisms in these genes. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (C97T, G168A, G180A and C264T), one of which (C97T) will cause amino acid substitution in the TH gene, and two SNPs (C789A and A1819G), both of which will cause amino acid substitutions in the DBH gene were identified. The allelic frequencies among five dog breeds (47 Golden Retrievers, 41 Labrador Retrievers, 40 Malteses, 26 Miniature Schnauzers, and 39 Shibas) were examined and found to have significant variation between them with regards to all these SNPs, except for C97T in the TH gene and A1819G in the DBH gene. The polymorphisms of C97T and A1819G were found only in the Shiba. The present results suggest that the polymorphisms of the genes encoding catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes may become important markers for examining the genetic background of behavioral characteristics in dogs.
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24
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Li D, Duan Y, He L. Association study of serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A) gene with schizophrenia and suicidal behavior using systematic meta-analysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 340:1006-15. [PMID: 16405867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A) gene was implicated to be associated with both schizophrenia and suicidal behavior due to its role of key neurotransmitter in many physiologic processes. Association studies were reported in different populations, however, a great number of subsequent studies have produced contrary results, possibly reflecting inadequate statistical power. With the cumulative data in recent years in both European and Asian populations, particularly in Asian populations, it was necessary to carry out a comprehensive analysis of previous findings. The meta-analysis, therefore, combined all English and Chinese studies using multiple research methods published up to July 2005 to give a new picture of the role of the 5-HT2A gene. Compared with significant results reported previously, the current large samples (73 studies in all) failed to find significant association of the T102C polymorphism with either schizophrenia or suicidal behavior. Evidence of significant association was only detected between A-1438G and suicidal behavior. The current study did not support the association of the 5-HT2A gene with either schizophrenia or suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Li
- Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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25
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Marignac VLM, Bianchi NO. Prevalence of dopamine and 5HT2C receptor polymorphisms in Amerindians and in an urban population from Argentina. Am J Hum Biol 2006; 18:822-8. [PMID: 17039480 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the frequency of DRD2A1, DRD3A1, DRD4/2R-10R, and 5HT2CA1 variants in the population of the city of La Plata (Argentina) and in Amerindians from Argentina, Paraguay, and Chile. In the Amerindian sample, the prevalence of DRD2A1 and DRD4/4R variants were, respectively, significantly lower and significantly higher than frequencies reported in other Native Americans. Comparison of average allele and genotype frequencies between La Plata and Amerindians showed significant differences for 5HT2CA1 and DRD4. As La Plata is a population with predominant European and Amerindian components, we used mtDNA and Y-specific markers to subdivide the La Plata sample into two strata: Amerindian La Plata and non-Amerindian La Plata. Significant variations between the two strata were detected for DRD2A1, DRD3A1, and DRD4/4R allele frequencies, and for the homozygous DRD4/4R/4R genotype. Several controversial reports suggest a possible association between a variant of DRD and/or 5HT2C receptor genes and the clinical expression of several psychiatric disorders. We suggest that ethnic variations in the prevalence of the allelic forms of these genes may be a confounding factor to be taken into consideration in studies of association between dopaminergic and serotonergic receptor genotypes and neuropsychiatric and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica L Martínez Marignac
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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26
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Cordeiro Q, Vallada H. [Lack of association between the G681C polimorphism in the 5-HT1D(beta) autoreceptor gene and schizophrenia]. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2005; 63:380-2. [PMID: 16059583 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2005000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A major role of the serotonergic system has been hypothesized in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, mostly based on the evidence of action of atypical antipsychotics. Disturbances of serotonergic pathways have been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between schizophrenia and the G861C polymorphism in the 5-HT1D(beta) autoreceptor gene. There was conducted a case-control analysis in a sample of 196 schizophrenic patients and 143 gender, age and ethnic matched controls. No statistically differences were found in allelic or genotypic distributions between cases and controls. Thus, the results do not support an association of the G861C polymorphism in the 5-HT1D(beta) autoreceptor gene with schizophrenia in the studied sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirino Cordeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Picker JD, Coyle JT. Do maternal folate and homocysteine levels play a role in neurodevelopmental processes that increase risk for schizophrenia? Harv Rev Psychiatry 2005; 13:197-205. [PMID: 16126606 DOI: 10.1080/10673220500243372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence from many different lines of research supports the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a disorder of development with etiological factors implicated as early as the second trimester in utero. We suggest that low maternal folate, acting to increase homocysteine levels, may provide a functional link between many of the identified prenatal risk factors and the hypothesized mechanisms whereby neurodevelopmental patterning deviates toward a schizophrenic potential. METHODS PubMed was searched from the present back to 1963, when elevated homocysteine was identified as a pathogen in homocystinuria as first described by Carson and colleagues (Arch Dis Child 1963;38:425-36). All articles for homocystinuria, homocysteine, folate, and development with schizophrenia were evaluated. RESULTS The findings from this review support the hypothesis that maternal low folate and high homocysteine levels may provide a potential teratogenic mechanism that increases the risk for developing schizophrenia. CONCLUSION The potential role of maternal folate deficiency and hyperhomocystinemia in the genesis of schizophrenia would extend the range of their known teratogenic effects. Given the potential for preventive treatment offered by this hypothesis, we believe further investigation into this mechanism is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Picker
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
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Ding K, Chen J, Ji M, Wu X, Varady J, Yang CY, Lu Y, Deschamps JR, Levant B, Wang S. Enantiomerically Pure Hexahydropyrazinoquinolines as Potent and Selective Dopamine 3 Subtype Receptor Ligands. J Med Chem 2005; 48:3171-81. [PMID: 15857123 DOI: 10.1021/jm049031l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the design and synthesis of a series of enantiomerically pure hexahydropyrazinoquinolines as potent and selective ligands for the dopamine 3 subtype receptor using a newly developed synthetic method and using in vitro pharmacological evaluation. Our efforts yielded optically pure ligands with high affinities for the D(3) receptor and outstanding selectivity over closely related D(1)-like and D(2)-like receptors. For example, compound 38a has a K(i) value of 5.7 nM to the D(3) receptor and selectivity greater than 10000- and 1600-fold over the D(1)-like and D(2)-like receptors, respectively, and thus is one of the most selective D(3) ligands reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0934, USA
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Ji M, Chen J, Ding K, Wu X, Varady J, Levant B, Wang S. Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationship studies of hexahydropyrazinoquinolines as a novel class of potent and selective dopamine receptor 3 (D3) ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1701-5. [PMID: 15745825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A hexahydropyrazinoquinoline (compound 5c) was previously discovered as a novel D3 ligand with a moderate binding affinity to the D3 receptor (Ki=304 nM) but no selectivity over the D1-like and D2-like receptors. In this study, we wish to report the design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of a series of novel hexahydropyrazinoquinolines. Our efforts resulted in new compounds with improved binding affinity and selectivity. Among them, compound 12d has a Ki value of 2.6 nM for its binding affinity to the D3 receptor and has >2000- and 99-fold selectivity over the D1-like and D2-like receptors, respectively, representing a potent and selective D3 ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, CCGC/3316, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0934, USA
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Bulayeva KB, Leal SM, Pavlova TA, Kurbanov RM, Glatt SJ, Bulayev OA, Tsuang MT. Mapping genes of complex psychiatric diseases in Daghestan genetic isolates. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 132B:76-84. [PMID: 15389762 PMCID: PMC6141030 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Genetic isolates, which provide outstanding opportunities for identification of susceptibility genes for complex diseases, can be classified as primary (having an ancient demographic history in a stable environment) or secondary (having a younger demographic history) Neel [1992: Minority populations: Genetics, demography, and health, pp. 1-13]. Daghestan contains 26 out of 50 indigenous Caucasus ethnicities that have been in existence for hundreds of generations in the same highland region. The ethnic groups are subdivided into numerous primary isolates. The founder effect and gene drift in these primary isolates may have caused aggregation of specific haplotypes with limited numbers of pathogenic alleles and loci in some isolates relative to others. These are expressed as inter-population differences in lifetime prevalence and features of certain complex clinical phenotypes and in patterns of genetic linkage and linkage disequilibrium (LD). Stable highland and ethnic-cultural environments have led to increased penetrance and a reduced number of phenocopies, which typically hamper the identification of any susceptibility genes for complex diseases. Owing to these characteristics of the primary isolates, a comparative linkage study in the primary isolates allows us to define the number of susceptibility genes for any complex disease and to identify the source of variability and non-replication of linkage analysis results. As part of an ongoing study, seven extended schizophrenia and one nonspecific mental retardation kindreds have been ascertained from Daghestan isolates. Lifetime morbid risk for schizophrenia in the isolates varied from 0 to 5%. A genome scan with markers spaced 10 cM apart was carried out on these pedigrees and linkage analysis was performed using descent graph methods, as implemented in Simwalk2. To identify regions containing susceptibility genes within these kindreds, we followed up those regions with non-parametric and parametric linkage analyses, with the choice of genetic model guided by the results obtained in the NPL. While the analyses are ongoing, the most positive findings were made in different isolated pedigrees on chromosomes 17p11, 3q24, and 22q for schizophrenia and on chromosome 12q for nonspecific mental retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazima B Bulayeva
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117809 Russia.
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Ambrósio AM, Kennedy JL, Macciardi F, Coelho I, Soares MJ, Oliveira CR, Pato CN. Lack of association or linkage disequilibrium between schizophrenia and polymorphisms in the 5-HT1Dalpha and 5-HT1Dbeta autoreceptor genes: family-based association study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 128B:1-5. [PMID: 15211620 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors play a major role in the etiology of schizophrenia and disturbances of serotonergic pathways have been implicated in this disorder. The aim of the present study was to examine genetic association between schizophrenia and polymorphisms in the 5-HT1Dalpha (TaqI) and 5-HT1Dbeta (T261G and G861C) autoreceptor genes in ninety trios from Portugal. No association or linkage disequilibrium was obtained between schizophrenia and 5-HT1Dalpha and 5-HT1Dbeta autoreceptor genes with both haplotype relative risk (HRR) and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT). Concerning 5-HT1Dbeta autoreceptor gene, also negative results was obtained in the analysis of the haplotypes with transmit. Thus, our data provide no support for the hypothesis that polymorphisms at 5-HT1Dalpha (TaqI) and 5-HT1Dbeta (T261G and G861C) genes contributes to susceptibility to schizophrenia in the Portuguese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alda M Ambrósio
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Department of Neurochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Dubertret C, Hanoun N, Adès J, Hamon M, Gorwood P. Family-based association studies between 5-HT5A receptor gene and schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2004; 38:371-6. [PMID: 15203288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2003] [Revised: 09/12/2003] [Accepted: 01/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological and neurodevelopmental data support the idea that the gene, which codes for the 5-HT(5A) receptor is an important candidate gene for schizophrenia susceptibility. However, previous genetic studies focusing on this gene yielded conflicting results, potentially because of: (i) stratification biases of case-control association studies, (ii) genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of schizophrenia, and (iii) variability in the loci analyzed (the 5-HT(5A) gene having many polymorphic sites). METHODS A transmission disequilibrium test was used in the present study aimed at investigating two polymorphisms in exon 1 of the 5-HT(5A) gene, the A12T silent substitution and the C43T transversion leading to a 15Pro --> Ser substitution, in 103 patients with DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia, and their 206 parents. RESULTS We found an excess of transmission of the 12T allele from the parents to their affected children (P = 0.02), with evidence for linkage disequilibrium between the 12T-43C haplotype and schizophrenia (P = 0.002). Furthermore, patients with the 12T allele had a significantly later age at onset (P = 0.003), and the Q-TDT approach confirmed that this allele was transmitted with an older age at onset (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These data provided convergent evidence for a significant role of the 5-HT(5A) gene in schizophrenia and more specifically in patients with later age at onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dubertret
- Service de Psychiatrie Adulte, Faculty of Bichat-Claude Bernard, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes Cedex, France
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Hranilovic D, Stefulj J, Schwab S, Borrmann-Hassenbach M, Albus M, Jernej B, Wildenauer D. Serotonin transporter promoter and intron 2 polymorphisms: relationship between allelic variants and gene expression. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55:1090-4. [PMID: 15158428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Revised: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two polymorphic regions of serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene: a 44 base pair (bp) insertion/deletion in the promoter region (5-HTTLPR) and a 17 bp variable number of tandem repeats in second intron (VNTR-2), seem to modulate the gene's transcription in allele-dependent manner. METHODS We have earlier demonstrated association with 5-HTT gene in families multiply affected by schizophrenia. Here, we investigated separate and combined effects of VNTR-2 and 5-HTTLPR on the rate of peripheral 5-HTT transcription in a sample of offspring from those families. Relative 5-HTT mRNA levels were determined in 53 permanent lymphoblast cell lines by semiquantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using beta-actin as reference. RESULTS Since the low-expressing alleles (short [S], 10) appeared to act dominantly, genotypes were grouped as "high-expressing" (long [L]/L, 12/12) versus "low-expressing" (S, 10). At both loci, nonsignificant differences in 5-HTT mRNA levels ( approximately 30%) were observed between "high"- and "low-expressing" genotypes. In order to search for the potential combined effect of 5-HTTLPR and VNTR-2, levels of 5-HTT mRNA were compared among three groups of samples having "low-expressing" genotype at none, one, or both loci. Increase in number of "low-expressing" genotypes significantly reduced relative 5-HTT gene expression (p <.02). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate weak individual influence, but possible combined effect, of 5-HTTLPR and VNTR-2 polymorphisms on 5-HTT gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka Hranilovic
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Michelato A, Bonvicini C, Ventriglia M, Scassellati C, Randazzo R, Bignotti S, Beneduce R, Riva MA, Gennarelli M. 3' UTR (AGG)n repeat of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene polymorphism in schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2004; 357:235-7. [PMID: 15003293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2003] [Revised: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Association studies on gene polymorphisms of neurotransmitter systems have hypothesized an involvement of dopamine receptors in susceptibility to schizophrenia. However, structural and morphological abnormalities in different brain regions of schizophrenic patients support neurodevelopmental etiology for schizophrenia and neurotrophic factor genes could be candidates for genetic studies. The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic and potential differentiation factor for dopaminergic systems. We have performed, in an Italian sample, an association study on 3' UTR (AGG)n repeat in GDNF gene. Our results have evidenced a difference in the allele frequencies between patients and controls (CLUMP (T1) chi2 = 17.365, df = 9, P = 0.043) and the (AGG)n > or = 15 alleles (Fisher Exact Test (two side) chi2 = 11.818, df = 1, P = 0.0003) were more present in the controls group. Similarity, the carriers of (AGG)n > or = 15 (OR = 0.176 95% CI: 0.060-0.520) were more present in the same group. These results support that the (AGG)n > or = 15 alleles could be protective factors against schizophrenia and thus they suggest a possible involvement of GDNF gene in the genetic liability to illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michelato
- Genetic Unit, I.R.C.C.S. 'San Giovanni di Dio', A.Fa.R., Fatebenefratelli, Via Pilastroni 4, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Dubertret C, Hanoun N, Adès J, Hamon M, Gorwood P. Family-based association study of the serotonin-6 receptor gene (C267T polymorphism) in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 126B:10-5. [PMID: 15048641 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The expression of serotonin type 6 receptor (5-HT(6)) in limbic and cortical regions of the brain, and its high affinity for atypical antipsychotics suggest that its encoding gene may play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We firstly performed a meta-analysis of the C267T polymorphism of the 5-HT(6) gene in schizophrenia, based on four different case/control studies, and showed that the allelic distribution is not significantly different between patients and controls, even when taking into account the role of between samples heterogeneity. We then recruited 103 trios (patients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV) diagnosis of schizophrenia and their parents), and investigated the C267T polymorphism of the 5-HT(6) receptor gene with regard to family-based association study approach (haplotype relative risk (HRR) and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT)). We found no excess of transmission of one allele from the parents to their affected children, using the HRR (P = 0.60), as well as no evidence for linkage between C267T polymorphism and schizophrenia, using the TDT (P = 0.71). Furthermore, the 267T allele frequency was comparable in the different subgroups defined on age at onset, family history of schizophrenia, treatment response, and subtypes of patients based on positive versus negative predominant symptoms. These data do not support the idea that the 5-HT(6) receptor gene plays a major role in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dubertret
- Service de Psychiatrie Adultes, Faculty of Medicine Bichat-Claude Bernard, Hôpital Louis Mourier (AP-HP), 178 rue des Renouillers, 92701 Colombes Cedex, France.
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36
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Ambrósio AM, Kennedy JL, Macciardi F, Barr C, Soares MJ, Oliveira CR, Pato CN. No evidence of association or linkage disequilibrium between polymorphisms in the 5' upstream and coding regions of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and schizophrenia in a Portuguese population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 125B:20-4. [PMID: 14755438 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in dopaminergic system have been implicated in the pathophysiology of this disease for many years, and this study was performed to assess the possible involvement of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene polymorphisms either in the 5' upstream or in the coding regions, in the etiology of schizophrenia. The approach included an association study with 90 Portuguese trios by doing the analysis of the individual alleles and the haplotypes. For the polymorphisms in the 5' upstream region (-C616G and -C521T) and in the coding region (48 bp repeat) of the DRD4 gene, negative results were obtained with both haplotype relative risk (HRR) and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), as well as transmit. These data suggest that polymorphisms (-C616G, -C521T, and 48 bp repeat) at the DRD4 gene do not have a minor effect in the susceptibility to schizophrenia in our sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alda M Ambrósio
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Department of Neurochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Lane HY, Chang YC, Huang CL, Chang WH. Refining pharmacogenetic research in schizophrenia: Control for patient-related variables. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Sivagnansundaram S, Müller D, Gubanov A, Potkin S, Kennedy J. Genetics of schizophrenia: current strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-2772(03)00014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Hafezparast M, Ahmad-Annuar A, Wood NW, Tabrizi SJ, Fisher EMC. Mouse models for neurological disease. Lancet Neurol 2002; 1:215-24. [PMID: 12849454 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(02)00100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mouse has many advantages over human beings for the study of genetics, including the unique property that genetic manipulation can be routinely carried out in the mouse genome. Most importantly, mice and human beings share the same mammalian genes, have many similar biochemical pathways, and have the same diseases. In the minority of cases where these features do not apply, we can still often gain new insights into mouse and human biology. In addition to existing mouse models, several major programmes have been set up to generate new mouse models of disease. Alongside these efforts are new initiatives for the clinical, behavioural, and physiological testing of mice. Molecular genetics has had a major influence on our understanding of the causes of neurological disorders in human beings, and much of this has come from work in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Hafezparast
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Abstract
Human monozygotic (MZ) twins estimated to occur once in 250 live births, result from an errant decision by embryonic cell(s) to develop as separate embryos. They are considered genetically identical and any phenotypic discordance between them has been used to implicate the role of environment. More recent literature, however, has questioned these assumptions but the frequency and the nature of any genetic discordance between MZ twins remains poorly understood. We will review published cases of phenotypic and genetic discordance between monozygotic twins to argue that not all discordance between such twins is due to differences in environment. The causes of reduced concordance between MZ twins remains poorly understood. They represent among the challenging aspects of the genetics of complex multi-factorial traits and diseases. A number of questions regarding the published results on MZ twins merit a re-assessment in the light of modern molecular insight of the human genome. Such an assessment is needed in directing future studies on MZ twins. In particular, we will deal with the origin, development, genetic and epigenetic factors that may have implications in discordance of the MZ twin pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Singh
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology and Division of Medical Genetics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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