1
|
Cao C, Fu G, Xu R, Li N. Coupling of Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Risk Factors with Viral Susceptibility and Inflammation. Aging Dis 2024; 15:2028-2050. [PMID: 37962454 PMCID: PMC11346407 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by persistent cognitive decline. Amyloid plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangles are the main pathological features of AD brain, though mechanisms leading to the formation of lesions remain to be understood. Genetic efforts through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified dozens of risk genes influencing the pathogenesis and progression of AD, some of which have been revealed in close association with increased viral susceptibilities and abnormal inflammatory responses in AD patients. In the present study, we try to present a list of AD candidate genes that have been shown to affect viral infection and inflammatory responses. Understanding of how AD susceptibility genes interact with the viral life cycle and potential inflammatory pathways would provide possible therapeutic targets for both AD and infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kong F, Wu T, Dai J, Cai J, Zhai Z, Zhu Z, Xu Y, Sun T. Knowledge domains and emerging trends of Genome-wide association studies in Alzheimer's disease: A bibliometric analysis and visualization study from 2002 to 2022. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295008. [PMID: 38241287 PMCID: PMC10798548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive and behavioral function. Studies have shown that genetic factors are one of the main causes of AD risk. genome-wide association study (GWAS), as a novel and effective tool for studying the genetic risk of diseases, has attracted attention from researchers in recent years and a large number of studies have been conducted. This study aims to summarize the literature on GWAS in AD by bibliometric methods, analyze the current status, research hotspots and future trends in this field. METHODS We retrieved articles on GWAS in AD published between 2002 and 2022 from Web of Science. CiteSpace and VOSviewer software were applied to analyze the articles for the number of articles published, countries/regions and institutions of publication, authors and cited authors, highly cited literature, and research hotspots. RESULTS We retrieved a total of 2,751 articles. The United States had the highest number of publications in this field, and Columbia University was the institution with the most published articles. The identification of AD-related susceptibility genes and their effects on AD is one of the current research hotspots. Numerous risk genes have been identified, among which APOE, CLU, CD2AP, CD33, EPHA1, PICALM, CR1, ABCA7 and TREM2 are the current genes of interest. In addition, risk prediction for AD and research on other related diseases are also popular research directions in this field. CONCLUSION This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of GWAS in AD and identified the current research hotspots and research trends. In addition, we also pointed out the shortcomings of current research and suggested future research directions. This study can provide researchers with information about the knowledge structure and emerging trends in the field of GWAS in AD and provide guidance for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanjing Kong
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianyu Wu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyi Dai
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Cai
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenwei Zhai
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhishan Zhu
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Sun
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cetinsoy O, Anyanwu I, Krishnanand H, Natarajan G, Ramachandran N, Thomas A, Brookes KJ. Gene Association Study of the Urokinase Plasminogen Activator and Its Receptor Gene in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:241-250. [PMID: 38669542 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background The role of the innate immune system has long been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is now accumulating evidence that the soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor pathway, and its genes, PLAU and PLAUR may be important in AD, and yet there have been few genetic association studies to explore this. Objective This study utilizes the DNA bank of the Brains for Dementia Research cohort to investigate the genetic association of common polymorphisms across the PLAU and PLAUR genes with AD. Methods TaqMan genotyping assays were used with standard procedures followed by association analysis in PLINK. Results No association was observed between the PLAU gene and AD; however, two SNPs located in the PLAUR gene were indicative of a trend towards association but did not surpass multiple testing significance thresholds. Conclusions Further genotyping studies and exploration of the consequences of these SNPs on gene expression and alternative splicing are warranted to fully uncover the role this system may have in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozde Cetinsoy
- Biosciences, Clifton Campus, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ijeoma Anyanwu
- Biosciences, Clifton Campus, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Alan Thomas
- Brains for Dementia Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Keeley J Brookes
- Biosciences, Clifton Campus, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yeoh WJ, Krebs P. SHIP1 and its role for innate immune regulation-Novel targets for immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350446. [PMID: 37742135 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT (PI3K/AKT) signaling plays key roles in the regulation of cellular activity in both health and disease. In immune cells, this PI3K/AKT pathway is critically regulated by the phosphoinositide phosphatase SHIP1, which has been reported to modulate the function of most immune subsets. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of SHIP1 with a focus on innate immune cells, where we reflect on the most pertinent aspects described in the current literature. We also present several small-molecule agonists and antagonists of SHIP1 developed over the last two decades, which have led to improved outcomes in several preclinical models of disease. We outline these promising findings and put them in relation to human diseases with unmet medical needs, where we discuss the most attractive targets for immune therapies based on SHIP1 modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jie Yeoh
- Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Krebs
- Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cho K. Neutrophil-Mediated Progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14795. [PMID: 37834242 PMCID: PMC10572848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a serious condition that begins with amnesia and progresses to cognitive decline, behavioral dysfunction, and neuropsychiatric impairment. In the final stage, dysphagia and incontinence occur. There are numerous studies and developed drugs for cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, their clinical effectiveness remains equivocal. To date, attempts have been made to overcome cognitive dysfunction and understand and delay the aging processes that lead to degenerative and chronic diseases. Cognitive dysfunction is involved in aging and the disruption of inflammation and innate immunity. Recent reports have indicated that the innate immune system is prevalent in patients with AD, and that peripheral neutrophil markers can predict a decline in executive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Furthermore, altered levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins have been reported in MCI, which have been suggested to play a role in the peripheral immune system during the process from early MCI to dementia. Neutrophils are the first responders of the innate immune system. Neutrophils eliminate harmful cellular debris via phagocytosis, secrete inflammatory factors to activate host defense systems, stimulate cytokine production, kill pathogens, and regulate extracellular proteases and inhibitors. This review investigated and summarized the regulation of neutrophil function during cognitive impairment caused by various degenerative diseases. In addition, this work elucidates the cellular mechanism of neutrophils in cognitive impairment and what is currently known about the effects of activated neutrophils on cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- KyoungJoo Cho
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Szigeti K, Ihnatovych I, Rosas N, Dorn RP, Notari E, Cortes Gomez E, He M, Maly I, Prasad S, Nimmer E, Heo Y, Fuchsova B, Bennett DA, Hofmann WA, Pralle A, Bae Y, Wang J. Neuronal actin cytoskeleton gain of function in the human brain. EBioMedicine 2023; 95:104725. [PMID: 37517100 PMCID: PMC10404607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While advancements in imaging techniques have led to major strides in deciphering the human brain, successful interventions are elusive and represent some of the most persistent translational gaps in medicine. Human restricted CHRFAM7A has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. METHODS The physiological role of CHRFAM7A in human brain is explored using multiomics approach on 600 post mortem human brain tissue samples. The emerging pathways and mechanistic hypotheses are tested and validated in an isogenic hiPSC model of CHRFAM7A knock-in medial ganglionic eminence progenitors and neurons. FINDINGS CHRFAM7A is identified as a modulator of intracellular calcium dynamics and an upstream regulator of Rac1. Rac1 activation re-designs the actin cytoskeleton leading to dynamic actin driven remodeling of membrane protrusion and a switch from filopodia to lamellipodia. The reinforced cytoskeleton leads to an advantage to tolerate stiffer mechanical properties of the extracellular environment. INTERPRETATION CHRFAM7A modifies the actin cytoskeleton to a more dynamic and stiffness resistant state in an α7nAChR dependent manner. CHRFAM7A may facilitate neuronal adaptation to changes in the brain environment in physiological and pathological conditions contributing to risk or recovery. Understanding how CHRFAM7A affects human brain requires human studies in the areas of memory formation and erasure, cognitive reserve, and neuronal plasticity. FUNDING This work is supported in part by the Community Foundation for Greater Buffalo (Kinga Szigeti). Also, in part by the International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) and The Company of Biologists (Nicolas Rosas). ROSMAP is supported by NIA grants P30AG10161, P30AG72975, R01AG15819, R01AG17917. U01AG46152, and U01AG61356.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Szigeti
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
| | - Ivanna Ihnatovych
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Nicolás Rosas
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de, Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ryu P Dorn
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Emily Notari
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | | | - Muye He
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Ivan Maly
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Shreyas Prasad
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Erik Nimmer
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Yuna Heo
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Beata Fuchsova
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de, Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wilma A Hofmann
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Arnd Pralle
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Yongho Bae
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, 665 Elm St, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang A, Guan C, Wang T, Mu G, Tuo Y. Changes in Intracellular and Extracellular Metabolites of Mixed Lactobacillus Strains Enhance Inhibition of Pathogenic Bacterial Growth and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Alleviation of RAW264.7 Cellular Inflammation. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10132-z. [PMID: 37632677 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
It is important to explore whether there are antagonistic and synergistic effects between different strains of Lactobacillus when developing mixed Lactobacillus strain products. In this study, we investigated the antagonistic and symbiotic effects of co-cultured Lactobacillus strains, as well as their amelioratory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. The Lactobacillus strains tested in this paper showed no antagonism. Co-culture of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Y44 and L. plantarum AKS-WS9 was found to show inhibiting effects on the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, the co-cultured Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Y44 and L. plantarum AKS-WS9 relieved inflammation in RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and P38 signaling pathways and down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines NO, ROS, iNOs and TNF-α. And the co-cultured Lactobacillus strains activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells to promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes in response to oxidative stress. There was a difference in intracellular and extracellular metabolites between single or co-cultured Lactobacillus strains, and the co-cultured Lactobacillus strains significantly increased extracellular metabolites 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, psoromic acid, and 2-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and intracellular metabolites 9(S)-HODE, pyocyanin, and LysoPA. We inferred that the better antibacterial and anti-inflammatory ability of the co-cultured Lactobacillus strains were related to the changes in the metabolites of the co-cultured Lactobacillus strains. The co-cultured L. plantarum Y44 and L. plantarum AKS-WS9 strains exhibited better anti-inflammatory abilities and had the potential to alleviate the symptoms of inflammatory diseases as mixed probiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arong Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Probiotics, Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Guan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Probiotics, Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Tieqi Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Probiotics, Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangqing Mu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Probiotics, Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Tuo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China.
- Dalian Probiotics, Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Woo YR, Cho M, Han KD, Cho SH, Lee JH. Increased Risk of Dementia in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Acta Derm Venereol 2023; 103:adv4557. [PMID: 37186168 PMCID: PMC10158831 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v103.4557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with bimodal incidence peaks in early childhood and middle-aged and older adults. Few studies have focused on the risk of dementia in AD. The aims of this study were to analyse the incidence, and risk factors for dementia in patients with AD. This nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study enrolled 38,391 adults ≥ 40 years of age with AD and 2,643,602 controls without AD from the Korean National Health Insurance System (NHIS) database from 2009 to 2016. The cumulative incidence probability of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease, or vascular dementia at 8 years was 50, 39, and 7 per 1,000 person-years in patients with AD, respectively. The adjusted risks of all-cause dementia (hazard ratio (HR), 1.072; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.026-1.120), and Alzheimer's disease (HR 1.051; 95% CI 1.000-1.104) were increased in patients with AD. The effect of AD on the development of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's dementia varied according to age and diabetes mellitus (all p for interaction, < 0.05). The risks of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's disease were increased in patients with AD. Management of modifiable risk factors is important for preventing dementia in patients with AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ri Woo
- Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minah Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Do Han
- Department of Statistics and Artuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang H, Yu G, Li J, Tu C, Hui Y, Liu D, Chen M, Zhang J, Gong X, Guo G. Overexpressing lnc240 Rescues Learning and Memory Dysfunction in Hepatic Encephalopathy Through miR-1264-5p/MEF2C Axis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2277-2294. [PMID: 36645630 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a nervous system disease caused by severe liver diseases and different degrees of learning and memory dysfunction. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is highly expressed in the brain and plays important roles in central nervous system diseases like Alzheimer's disease. In the present work, we found that the expression of lnc240 in the hippocampus of HE mice was significantly downregulated, but its pathogenesis in HE has not been clarified. This study aimed to explore the effects of lnc240 on the cognitive function of HE. The expression of lnc240, miR-1264-5p, and MEF2C was analyzed with RNA-seq and further determined by qRT-PCR in HE mouse. Double luciferase reporter gene testing confirmed the relationship between lnc240, MEF2C, and miR-1264-5p. The functional role of lnc240 and MEF2C in vitro and in vivo was evaluated by qRT-PCR, western blot analysis, immunofluorescence staining, Golgi staining, electrophysiology, and Morris water maze. The expression of lnc240 was decreased in HE mice. The overexpression of lnc240 could significantly downregulate miR-1264-5p and upregulate MEF2C, also increasing the amplitude and frequency of mEPSC in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. The overexpression of miR-1264-5p reversed the effect of lnc240 on MEF2C. Moreover, in vivo experiments have shown that the overexpression of lnc240 could improve HE mice's spatial learning and memory functions. Golgi staining suggested that overexpression of lnc240 could increase the density and maturity of dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons of HE mice. Lnc240 can regulate the expression of MEF2C through miR-1264-5p and regulate the synaptic plasticity of hippocampal neurons, thereby saving the learning and memory dysfunction in HE mice, suggesting that lnc240 might be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of HE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhang
- Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangyin Yu
- Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiong Li
- Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunyi Tu
- Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqing Hui
- Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Danlei Liu
- Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiying Chen
- Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaobing Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guoqing Guo
- Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Andrade-Guerrero J, Santiago-Balmaseda A, Jeronimo-Aguilar P, Vargas-Rodríguez I, Cadena-Suárez AR, Sánchez-Garibay C, Pozo-Molina G, Méndez-Catalá CF, Cardenas-Aguayo MDC, Diaz-Cintra S, Pacheco-Herrero M, Luna-Muñoz J, Soto-Rojas LO. Alzheimer's Disease: An Updated Overview of Its Genetics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043754. [PMID: 36835161 PMCID: PMC9966419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. It is classified as familial and sporadic. The dominant familial or autosomal presentation represents 1-5% of the total number of cases. It is categorized as early onset (EOAD; <65 years of age) and presents genetic mutations in presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), or the Amyloid precursor protein (APP). Sporadic AD represents 95% of the cases and is categorized as late-onset (LOAD), occurring in patients older than 65 years of age. Several risk factors have been identified in sporadic AD; aging is the main one. Nonetheless, multiple genes have been associated with the different neuropathological events involved in LOAD, such as the pathological processing of Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and Tau protein, as well as synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunctions, neurovascular alterations, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, among others. Interestingly, using genome-wide association study (GWAS) technology, many polymorphisms associated with LOAD have been identified. This review aims to analyze the new genetic findings that are closely related to the pathophysiology of AD. Likewise, it analyzes the multiple mutations identified to date through GWAS that are associated with a high or low risk of developing this neurodegeneration. Understanding genetic variability will allow for the identification of early biomarkers and opportune therapeutic targets for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Andrade-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Alberto Santiago-Balmaseda
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Paola Jeronimo-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Isaac Vargas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ana Ruth Cadena-Suárez
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad-Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuatitlan 53150, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Garibay
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico
| | - Glustein Pozo-Molina
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Claudia Fabiola Méndez-Catalá
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Maria-del-Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo
- Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Sofía Diaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mar Pacheco-Herrero
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros 51000, Dominican Republic
| | - José Luna-Muñoz
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad-Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuatitlan 53150, Edomex, Mexico
- National Brain Bank-UNPHU, Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, Santo Domingo 1423, Dominican Republic
- Correspondence: (J.L.-M.); (L.O.S.-R.); Tel.: +52-55-45-23-41-20 (J.L.-M.); +52-55-39-37-94-30 (L.O.S.-R.)
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.L.-M.); (L.O.S.-R.); Tel.: +52-55-45-23-41-20 (J.L.-M.); +52-55-39-37-94-30 (L.O.S.-R.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tetlow AM, Jackman BM, Alhadidy MM, Perumal V, Morgan DG, Gordon MN. Influence of Host Age on Intracranial AAV9 TauP301L Induced Tauopathy. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:365-378. [PMID: 36970910 PMCID: PMC10540220 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced age is the greatest risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This implies that some aspect of the aged milieu is possibly accelerating the development of AD related pathologies. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that intracranially injected with AAV9 tauP301L may cause a greater degree of pathology in old versus young mice. METHODS Animals were injected with viral vectors overexpressing the mutant tauP301L or control protein (green fluorescent protein, GFP) into the brains of mature, middle-aged, and old C57BL/6Nia mice. The tauopathy phenotype was monitored four months after injection using behavioral, histological, and neurochemical measures. RESULTS Phosphorylated-tau immunostaining (AT8) or Gallyas staining of aggregated tau increased with age, but other measures of tau accumulation were not significantly affected. Overall, AAV-tau injected mice had impaired radial arm water maze performance, increased microglial activation, and showed evidence of hippocampal atrophy. Aging impaired open field and rotarod performance in both AAV-tau and control mice. The efficiency of viral transduction and gene expression were the same at all animal ages. CONCLUSION We conclude that tauP301L over expression results in a tauopathy phenotype with memory impairment and accumulation of aggregated tau. However, the effects of aging on this phenotype are modest and not detected by some markers of tau accumulation, similar to prior work on this topic. Thus, although age does influence the development of tauopathy, it is likely that other factors, such as ability to compensate for tau pathology, are more responsible for the increased risk of AD with advanced age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber M. Tetlow
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brianna M. Jackman
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Mohammed M. Alhadidy
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Varshini Perumal
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - David G. Morgan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Marcia N. Gordon
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dewanjee S, Chakraborty P, Bhattacharya H, Chacko L, Singh B, Chaudhary A, Javvaji K, Pradhan SR, Vallamkondu J, Dey A, Kalra RS, Jha NK, Jha SK, Reddy PH, Kandimalla R. Altered glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: Role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 193:134-157. [PMID: 36206930 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that abnormal cerebral glucose metabolism is largely present in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The brain utilizes glucose as its main energy source and a decline in its metabolism directly reflects on brain function. Weighing on recent evidence, here we systematically assessed the aberrant glucose metabolism associated with amyloid beta and phosphorylated tau accumulation in AD brain. Interlink between insulin signaling and AD highlighted the involvement of the IRS/PI3K/Akt/AMPK signaling, and GLUTs in the disease progression. While shedding light on the mitochondrial dysfunction in the defective glucose metabolism, we further assessed functional consequences of AGEs (advanced glycation end products) accumulation, polyol activation, and other contributing factors including terminal respiration, ROS (reactive oxygen species), mitochondrial permeability, PINK1/parkin defects, lysosome-mitochondrial crosstalk, and autophagy/mitophagy. Combined with the classic plaque and tangle pathologies, glucose hypometabolism with acquired insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction potentiate these factors to exacerbate AD pathology. To this end, we further reviewed AD and DM (diabetes mellitus) crosstalk in disease progression. Taken together, the present work discusses the emerging role of altered glucose metabolism, contributing impact of insulin signaling, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the defective cerebral glucose utilization in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, West Bengal, India
| | - Pratik Chakraborty
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, West Bengal, India
| | - Hiranmoy Bhattacharya
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, West Bengal, India
| | - Leena Chacko
- BioAnalytical Lab, Meso Scale Discovery, 1601 Research Blvd, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Birbal Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Station, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anupama Chaudhary
- Orinin-BioSystems, LE-52, Lotus Road 4, CHD City, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Kalpana Javvaji
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, India
| | | | | | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Rajkumar Singh Kalra
- Immune Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 9040495, Japan
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, UP, 201310, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, UP, 201310, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Neurology Departments School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, India; Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aczél T, Benczik B, Ágg B, Körtési T, Urbán P, Bauer W, Gyenesei A, Tuka B, Tajti J, Ferdinandy P, Vécsei L, Bölcskei K, Kun J, Helyes Z. Disease- and headache-specific microRNA signatures and their predicted mRNA targets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in migraineurs: role of inflammatory signalling and oxidative stress. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:113. [PMID: 36050647 PMCID: PMC9438144 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01478-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a primary headache with genetic susceptibility, but the pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood, and it remains an unmet medical need. Earlier we demonstrated significant differences in the transcriptome of migraineurs' PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells), suggesting the role of neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunctions. Post-transcriptional gene expression is regulated by miRNA (microRNA), a group of short non-coding RNAs that are emerging biomarkers, drug targets, or drugs. MiRNAs are emerging biomarkers and therapeutics; however, little is known about the miRNA transcriptome in migraine, and a systematic comparative analysis has not been performed so far in migraine patients. METHODS We determined miRNA expression of migraineurs' PBMC during (ictal) and between (interictal) headaches compared to age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Small RNA sequencing was performed from the PBMC, and mRNA targets of miRNAs were predicted using a network theoretical approach by miRNAtarget.com™. Predicted miRNA targets were investigated by Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and validated by comparing network metrics to differentially expressed mRNA data. RESULTS In the interictal PBMC samples 31 miRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) in comparison to healthy controls, including hsa-miR-5189-3p, hsa-miR-96-5p, hsa-miR-3613-5p, hsa-miR-99a-3p, hsa-miR-542-3p. During headache attacks, the top DE miRNAs as compared to the self-control samples in the interictal phase were hsa-miR-3202, hsa-miR-7855-5p, hsa-miR-6770-3p, hsa-miR-1538, and hsa-miR-409-5p. MiRNA-mRNA target prediction and pathway analysis indicated several mRNAs related to immune and inflammatory responses (toll-like receptor and cytokine receptor signalling), neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, also confirmed by mRNA transcriptomics. CONCLUSIONS We provide here the first evidence for disease- and headache-specific miRNA signatures in the PBMC of migraineurs, which might help to identify novel targets for both prophylaxis and attack therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timea Aczél
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bettina Benczik
- Cardiometabolic and MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bence Ágg
- Cardiometabolic and MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Körtési
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Urbán
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Witold Bauer
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Tuka
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Tajti
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Cardiometabolic and MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kata Bölcskei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Kun
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary. .,PharmInVivo Ltd., Pécs, Hungary. .,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huo C, Chen MH, Hour TC, Huang LC, Fong YO, Kuo YY, Yang YH, Chuu CP. Application of Micro-Western Array for Identifying Different Serum Protein Expression Profile among Healthy Control, Alzheimer’s Disease Patients and Patients’ Adult Children. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091134. [PMID: 36138870 PMCID: PMC9496696 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Increased levels of inflammatory proteins have been observed in brain and plasma samples of AD patients; however, it is not clear if other serum proteins correlate to the development or disease progression of AD. (2) Methods: Micro-Western Array (MWA) is a high-throughput antibody-based proteomics system which allows detection of the expression levels of 24–96 different proteins within 6–30 samples simultaneously. We applied MWA to explore potential serum protein biomarkers correlated to the development and progression of AD by examining the difference in serum protein profile of 31 healthy control (HC), 30 patients with AD and 30 patients’ adult children (ACS). (3) Results: Compared to HC, AD and ACS express similar pattern of serum proteins, including higher protein levels of ABCA1, ABCG1, SREBP1 and LXRβ but lower protein levels of ApoD, ApoE, ApoH, c_Myc, COX2 and Hippo-YAP signaling proteins. AD patients had higher serum levels of ABCG1, ApoD, ApoH, COX2, LXRα and YAP, but lower levels of ABCA1, ApoE, c_Myc, LATS1, MST1, MST2, Nanog, NFκB_p50, PPARγ and SREBP2, as compared to ACS. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that the protein expression level of ApoE, c_Myc, LATS1, MST2, NFκB p50, PPARγ and SREBP1 was negatively correlated to age, while that of ApoE, c_Myc, LATS1, MST1, MST2, Nanog, NFκB p50 and PPARγ was positively correlated to age. (4) Conclusions: We identified a group of serum proteins which may correlate to disease progression of AD and can be potential diagnostic serum protein biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh Huo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hui Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Tzyh-Chyuan Hour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chun Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80145, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City 80756, Taiwan
| | - Yi-On Fong
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City 80756, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yu Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Han Yang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80145, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City 80756, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.Y.); (C.-P.C.); Tel.: +886-7-3162-158 (Y.-H.Y.); +886-37-206-166 (ext. 37300) (C.-P.C.)
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32031, Taiwan
- PhD Program for Aging, Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.Y.); (C.-P.C.); Tel.: +886-7-3162-158 (Y.-H.Y.); +886-37-206-166 (ext. 37300) (C.-P.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao J, Zhao D, Wang J, Luo X, Guo R. Inflammation—Cause or consequence of late onset Alzheimer’s disease or both? A review of the evidence. EUR J INFLAMM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x221095383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation is involved in the development of late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). However, it is not clear whether inflammation is a cause or consequence, or both. The aim of this paper is to review the relationship between inflammation and LOAD. We also review the effect of anti-inflammation on the risk of LOAD to further elucidate the relationship between inflammation and LOAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Zhao
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Jinpei Wang
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoe Luo
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Inflammation in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
17
|
Zhang Z, Zhao Y. Progress on the roles of MEF2C in neuropsychiatric diseases. Mol Brain 2022; 15:8. [PMID: 34991657 PMCID: PMC8740500 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 C (MEF2C), one of the transcription factors of the MADS-BOX family, is involved in embryonic brain development, neuronal formation and differentiation, as well as in the growth and pruning of axons and dendrites. MEF2C is also involved in the development of various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), epilepsy, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we review the relationship between MEF2C and neuropsychiatric disorders, and provide further insights into the mechanism of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Zhang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.,Department of Mental Health, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Limorenko G, Lashuel HA. Revisiting the grammar of Tau aggregation and pathology formation: how new insights from brain pathology are shaping how we study and target Tauopathies. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:513-565. [PMID: 34889934 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00127b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence continues to point towards Tau aggregation and pathology formation as central events in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and other Tauopathies. Despite significant advances in understanding the morphological and structural properties of Tau fibrils, many fundamental questions remain about what causes Tau to aggregate in the first place. The exact roles of cofactors, Tau post-translational modifications, and Tau interactome in regulating Tau aggregation, pathology formation, and toxicity remain unknown. Recent studies have put the spotlight on the wide gap between the complexity of Tau structures, aggregation, and pathology formation in the brain and the simplicity of experimental approaches used for modeling these processes in research laboratories. Embracing and deconstructing this complexity is an essential first step to understanding the role of Tau in health and disease. To help deconstruct this complexity and understand its implication for the development of effective Tau targeting diagnostics and therapies, we firstly review how our understanding of Tau aggregation and pathology formation has evolved over the past few decades. Secondly, we present an analysis of new findings and insights from recent studies illustrating the biochemical, structural, and functional heterogeneity of Tau aggregates. Thirdly, we discuss the importance of adopting new experimental approaches that embrace the complexity of Tau aggregation and pathology as an important first step towards developing mechanism- and structure-based therapies that account for the pathological and clinical heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease and Tauopathies. We believe that this is essential to develop effective diagnostics and therapies to treat these devastating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Limorenko
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Federal de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Federal de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Autophagy in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: Therapeutic potential and future perspectives. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101464. [PMID: 34551326 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease in the elderly and the most common cause of human dementia. AD is characterized by accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates including amyloid plaques (composed of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides) and neurofibrillary tangles (formed by hyper-phosphorylated tau protein). Synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, calcium signaling etc. also show dysfunction in AD patients. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosome-dependent cellular event in eukaryotes. It is closely linked to modulation of protein metabolism, through which damaged organelles and mis-folded proteins are degraded and then recycled to maintain protein homeostasis. Accumulating evidence has shown that impaired autophagy also contributes to AD pathogenesis. In the present review, we highlight the role of autophagy, including bulk and selective autophagy, in regulating metabolic circuits in AD pathogenesis. We also discuss the potential and future perspectives of autophagy-inducing strategies in AD therapeutics.
Collapse
|
20
|
Si Y, Li X, Guo T, Wei W, Zhang J, Jia A, Wang Y, Zhao A, Chang J, Feng S. Isolation and characterization of phellodendronoside A, a new isoquinoline alkaloid glycoside with anti-inflammatory activity from Phellodendron chinense Schneid. Fitoterapia 2021; 154:105021. [PMID: 34403776 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bark of Phellodendron chinense Schneid. (Rutaceae), called "Huang Bai" in China, is one of the 50 most used Chinese medicines in clinical practice. In this paper, a new isoquinoline alkaloid glycoside was isolated from P. chinense, and its structure was elucidated using spectroscopic method. The compound was eventually identified as (1S, 3"S)-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-1-[(4-hydroxybenzyl) methyl]-2-methyl-8-O-isoquinolinyl-[3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl]-β-D-glucopyranoside and named as Phellodendronoside A (PDA). The results of molecular docking showed that PDA could stably bind to an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), stress-activated protein kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) proteins that are closely related to inflammation. Further, the anti-inflammatory activity of PDA was evaluated using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW264.7 macrophage model. We observed that PDA can effectively reduce the levels of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and decrease the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Moreover, we found that PDA inhibits the activation of ERK, JNK and p38MAPK proteins in the MAPK signaling pathway. Collectively, the present study demonstrates that PDA has excellent anti-inflammatory effect in vitro by inhibiting the overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators, and its mechanism of action involves suppressing the activation of MAPK pathways, suggesting that PDA may be a potential agent for the treatment of inflammatory illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanpo Si
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Wenjun Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - JuBao Zhang
- School of life science and engineering, Lanzhou university of technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - An Jia
- Medical School, Huanghe Science & Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, China
| | - Ya Wang
- School of life science and engineering, Lanzhou university of technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Aihong Zhao
- School of life science and engineering, Lanzhou university of technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jun Chang
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuying Feng
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim H, Chung JY. Pathobiolgy and Management of Alzheimer's Disease. Chonnam Med J 2021; 57:108-117. [PMID: 34123738 PMCID: PMC8167446 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2021.57.2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid and tau protein abnormalities have been identified as the main causes of Alzheimer's disease but exact mechanisms remain to be revealed. Especially, amyloid beta and tau protein coupling and neuroinflammatory and neurovascular contributions to Alzheimer disease are quite mysterious. Many animal models and basic biological research are trying to solve these puzzles. Known as aging processes, autophagy, mitochondrial degeneration with generation of reactive oxygen species, and age-related epigenetic modifications are also known to be associated with development of Alzheimer's disease. Environmental factors such as bacterial and viral infections, heavy metal ions, diet, sleep, stress, and gut microbiota are also risk factors of Alzheimer's disease. Future development of preventive and therapeutic modalities may be dependent on the pathobiology of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoowon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Chung
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shen J, Yang B, Xie Z, Wu H, Zheng Z, Wang J, Wang P, Zhang P, Li W, Ye Z, Yu C. Cell-Type-Specific Gene Modules Related to the Regional Homogeneity of Spontaneous Brain Activity and Their Associations With Common Brain Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:639527. [PMID: 33958982 PMCID: PMC8093778 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.639527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapping gene expression profiles to neuroimaging phenotypes in the same anatomical space provides opportunities to discover molecular substrates for human brain functional properties. Here, we aimed to identify cell-type-specific gene modules associated with the regional homogeneity (ReHo) of spontaneous brain activity and their associations with brain disorders. Fourteen gene modules were consistently associated with ReHo in the three datasets, five of which showed cell-type-specific expression (one neuron-endothelial module, one neuron module, one astrocyte module and two microglial modules) in two independent cell series of the human cerebral cortex. The neuron-endothelial module was mainly enriched for transporter complexes, the neuron module for the synaptic membrane, the astrocyte module for amino acid metabolism, and microglial modules for leukocyte activation and ribose phosphate biosynthesis. In enrichment analyses of cell-type-specific modules for 10 common brain disorders, only the microglial module was significantly enriched for genes obtained from genome-wide association studies of multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ReHo of spontaneous brain activity is associated with the gene expression profiles of neurons, astrocytes, microglia and endothelial cells. The microglia-related genes associated with MS and AD may provide possible molecular substrates for ReHo abnormality in both brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Shen
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bingbing Yang
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhonghua Xie
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Heng Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhanye Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Medical Imaging and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Ye
- Department of Radiology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gratuze M, Leyns CE, Sauerbeck AD, St-Pierre MK, Xiong M, Kim N, Serrano JR, Tremblay MÈ, Kummer TT, Colonna M, Ulrich JD, Holtzman DM. Impact of TREM2R47H variant on tau pathology-induced gliosis and neurodegeneration. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4954-4968. [PMID: 32544086 DOI: 10.1172/jci138179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by plaques containing amyloid-β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles composed of aggregated, hyperphosphorylated tau. Beyond tau and Aβ, evidence suggests that microglia play an important role in AD pathogenesis. Rare variants in the microglia-expressed triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) gene increase AD risk 2- to 4-fold. It is likely that these TREM2 variants increase AD risk by decreasing the response of microglia to Aβ and its local toxicity. However, neocortical Aβ pathology occurs many years before neocortical tau pathology in AD. Thus, it will be important to understand the role of TREM2 in the context of tauopathy. We investigated the impact of the AD-associated TREM2 variant (R47H) on tau-mediated neuropathology in the PS19 mouse model of tauopathy. We assessed PS19 mice expressing human TREM2CV (common variant) or human TREM2R47H. PS19-TREM2R47H mice had significantly attenuated brain atrophy and synapse loss versus PS19-TREM2CV mice. Gene expression analyses and CD68 immunostaining revealed attenuated microglial reactivity in PS19-TREM2R47H versus PS19-TREM2CV mice. There was also a decrease in phagocytosis of postsynaptic elements by microglia expressing TREM2R47H in the PS19 mice and in human AD brains. These findings suggest that impaired TREM2 signaling reduces microglia-mediated neurodegeneration in the setting of tauopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maud Gratuze
- Department of Neurology.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cheryl Eg Leyns
- Department of Neurology.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Monica Xiong
- Department of Neurology.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nayeon Kim
- Department of Neurology.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Javier Remolina Serrano
- Department of Neurology.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Marco Colonna
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jason D Ulrich
- Department of Neurology.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang YN, Hammers CM, Mao X, Jin HZ, Yuan J, Li L. Analysis of the autoimmune response against BP180 in patients with Alzheimer's disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:107. [PMID: 33569409 PMCID: PMC7867912 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Current epidemiological studies suggest a significant correlation between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and bullous pemphigoid (BP). However, the autoimmune response against BP180 in patients with AD has not been fully understood. investigated. Methods We randomly enrolled 48 patients with AD and 50 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. We detected the presence/absence and the level of anti-BP180/BP230 immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies in the patients' serum to determine whether said antibodies possess reactivity against the BP180 protein in the human brain and skin. Results The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results revealed that the positive rate of anti-BP180 autoantibodies in patients with AD (23/48, 47.9%) was significantly higher than that in controls (4/50, 8.0%; P<0.0001). These ELISA-positive patients were further examined through immunoblotting. Sera from nine patients with AD (9/23, 39.1%) and one control (1/4, 25.0%) reacted with human cutaneous recombinant full-length BP180 and BP180-noncollagenous 16A (NC16A). Sera from 11 (11/23, 47.8%) patients with AD reacted with a 180-kDa protein from the human brain extract, but none of the controls' sera recognized the corresponding protein band. The majority of the patients in the anti-BP180-positive AD group were men (14/23, 60.9%) who were older (74.0 years) compared with those in the control group (6/25, 24.0%; P<0.05) (72.2 years; P<0.01). Conclusions Anti-BP180 autoantibodies are present in AD and recognize human recombinant full-length BP180 and a 180-kDa protein from the human brain extract, suggesting that BP180 is a shared autoantigen in AD and BP and may help clarify the mechanism to explain why a high risk of BP exists in AD. Elderly male patients with AD are significantly more likely to develop BP180 serum autoreactivity compared with other patients with AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xuming Mao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hong-Zhong Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ihnatovych I, Birkaya B, Notari E, Szigeti K. iPSC-Derived Microglia for Modeling Human-Specific DAMP and PAMP Responses in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249668. [PMID: 33352944 PMCID: PMC7765962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been the focus for identifying targetable pathways for drug development. The role of amyloid beta (Aβ), a prototype of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), has been implicated in triggering an inflammatory response. As alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) binds Aβ with high affinity, α7 nAChR may play a role in Aβ-induced neuroinflammation. The conundrum of how α7 nAChR as the mediator of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory response may trigger an inflammatory response has not been resolved. CHRFAM7A, the uniquely human fusion gene between ULK4 and CHRNA7, is a negative regulator of α7 nAChR ionotropic function. To provide the human context, isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines were developed from CHRFAM7A null and carrier individuals by genome-editing the null line using TALENs to knock-in CHRFAM7A. In iPSC-derived microglia-like cells, CHRFAM7A mitigated Aβ uptake through the α7 nAChR. Despite the lower Aβ uptake, the presence of CHRFAM7A was associated with an innate immune response that was characterized by NF-κB activation and NF-κB target transcription (TNFA, IL6, and IL1B). LPS, a prototype PAMP, induced a heightened immune response in CHRFAM7A carriers. CHRFAM7A modified the dynamics of NF-κB translocation by prolonging its nuclear presence. CHRFAM7A modified the α7 nAChR metabotropic function, resulting in a human-specific innate immune response. This iPSC model provided an opportunity to elucidate the mechanism and establish high throughput screens.
Collapse
|
26
|
Serum levels of resistin and its relationship with some pro-inflammatory cytokines in a cohort of Egyptian patients with Alzheimer's disease. ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2020.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
|
27
|
Moyse E, Haddad M, Benlabiod C, Ramassamy C, Krantic S. Common Pathological Mechanisms and Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease and Type-2 Diabetes: Focus on Inflammation. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:986-1006. [PMID: 31692443 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666191106094356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is considered as a risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease, but it is yet unclear whether this pathological link is reciprocal. Although Alzheimer's disease and diabetes appear as entirely different pathological entities affecting the Central Nervous System and a peripheral organ (pancreas), respectively, they share a common pathological core. Recent evidence suggests that in the pancreas in the case of diabetes, as in the brain for Alzheimer's Disease, the initial pathological event may be the accumulation of toxic proteins yielding amyloidosis. Moreover, in both pathologies, amyloidosis is likely responsible for local inflammation, which acts as a driving force for cell death and tissue degeneration. These pathological events are all inter-connected and establish a vicious cycle resulting in the progressive character of both pathologies. OBJECTIVE To address the literature supporting the hypothesis of a common pathological core for both diseases. DISCUSSION We will focus on the analogies and differences between the disease-related inflammatory changes in a peripheral organ, such as the pancreas, versus those observed in the brain. Recent evidence suggesting an impact of peripheral inflammation on neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease will be presented. CONCLUSION We propose that it is now necessary to consider whether neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease affects inflammation in the pancreas related to diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Haddad
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Sante Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Watanabe Y, Hirao Y, Kasuga K, Tokutake T, Kitamura K, Niida S, Ikeuchi T, Nakamura K, Yamamoto T. Urinary Apolipoprotein C3 Is a Potential Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2020; 10:94-104. [PMID: 33082773 PMCID: PMC7548924 DOI: 10.1159/000509561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that can easily be measured in routine health checkups are desirable. Urine is a source of biomarkers that can be collected easily and noninvasively. We previously reported on the comprehensive profile of the urinary proteome of AD patients and identified proteins estimated to be significantly increased or decreased in AD patients by a label-free quantification method. The present study aimed to validate urinary levels of proteins that significantly differed between AD and control samples from our proteomics study (i.e., apolipoprotein C3 [ApoC3], insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 [Igfbp3], and apolipoprotein D [ApoD]). METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were performed using urine samples from the same patient and control groups analyzed in the previous proteomics study (18 AD and 18 controls, set 1) and urine samples from an independent group of AD patients and controls (13 AD, 5 mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and 32 controls) from the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Biobank (set 2). RESULTS In set 1, the crude urinary levels of ApoD, Igfbp3, and creatinine-adjusted ApoD were significantly higher in the AD group relative to the control group (p = 0.003, p = 0.002, and p = 0.019, respectively), consistent with our previous proteomics results. In set 2, however, the crude urinary levels of Igfbp3 were significantly lower in the AD+MCI group than in the control group (p = 0.028), and the levels of ApoD and ApoC3 did not differ significantly compared to the control group. Combined analysis of all samples revealed creatinine-adjusted ApoC3 levels to be significantly higher in the AD+MCI group (p = 0.015) and the AD-only group (p = 0.011) relative to the control group. CONCLUSION ApoC3 may be a potential biomarker for AD, as validated by ELISA. Further analysis of ApoC3 as a urinary biomarker for AD is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Watanabe
- aDivision of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Hirao
- bBiofluid Biomarker Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kensaku Kasuga
- cDepartment of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tokutake
- dDepartment of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kaori Kitamura
- aDivision of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shumpei Niida
- eResearch Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- cDepartment of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Nakamura
- aDivision of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- bBiofluid Biomarker Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- fDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Shinrakuen Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
A critical review of radiotracers in the positron emission tomography imaging of traumatic brain injury: FDG, tau, and amyloid imaging in mild traumatic brain injury and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 48:623-641. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-04926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
30
|
Guo T, Zhang D, Zeng Y, Huang TY, Xu H, Zhao Y. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:40. [PMID: 32677986 PMCID: PMC7364557 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder seen in age-dependent dementia. There is currently no effective treatment for AD, which may be attributed in part to lack of a clear underlying mechanism. Studies within the last few decades provide growing evidence for a central role of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau, as well as glial contributions to various molecular and cellular pathways in AD pathogenesis. Herein, we review recent progress with respect to Aβ- and tau-associated mechanisms, and discuss glial dysfunction in AD with emphasis on neuronal and glial receptors that mediate Aβ-induced toxicity. We also discuss other critical factors that may affect AD pathogenesis, including genetics, aging, variables related to environment, lifestyle habits, and describe the potential role of apolipoprotein E (APOE), viral and bacterial infection, sleep, and microbiota. Although we have gained much towards understanding various aspects underlying this devastating neurodegenerative disorder, greater commitment towards research in molecular mechanism, diagnostics and treatment will be needed in future AD research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Guo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Denghong Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuzhe Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Center of People's Liberation Army, The Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shi XL, Yan N, Cui YJ, Liu ZP. A Unique GSK-3β inhibitor B10 Has a Direct Effect on Aβ, Targets Tau and Metal Dyshomeostasis, and Promotes Neuronal Neurite Outgrowth. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030649. [PMID: 32155989 PMCID: PMC7140427 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the complicated pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the development of multitargeted agents to simultaneously interfere with multiple pathological processes of AD is a potential choice. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) plays a vital role in the AD pathological process. In this study, we discovered a novel 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine derivative B10 as a GSK-3β inhibitor that features with a quinolin-8-ol moiety to target the metal dyshomeostasis of AD. B10 potently inhibited GSK-3β with an IC50 of 66 ± 2.5 nM. At the concentration of 20 μM, B10 increased β-catenin abundance (β-catenin/GAPDH: 0.83 ± 0.086 vs. 0.30 ± 0.016), phosphorylated GSK-3β at Ser9 (p-GSK-3β/GAPDH: 0.53 ± 0.045 vs. 0.35 ± 0.012), and decreased the phosphorylated tau level (p-tau/GAPDH: 0.33 ± 0.065 vs. 0.83 ± 0.061) in SH-SY5Y cells. Unlike other GSK-3β inhibitors, B10 had a direct effect on Aβ by inhibiting Aβ1-42 aggregation and promoting the Aβ1-42 aggregate disassociation. It selectively chelated with Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, and Al3+, and targeted AD metal dyshomeostasis. Moreover, B10 effectively increased the mRNA expression of the recognized neurogenesis markers, GAP43, N-myc, and MAP-2, and promoted the differentiated neuronal neurite outgrowth, possibly through the GSK-3β and β-catenin signal pathways. Therefore, B10 is a potent and unique GSK-3β inhibitor that has a direct on Aβ and serves as a multifunctional anti-AD agent for further investigations.
Collapse
|
32
|
Vicente MC, Humphrey CM, Gargaglioni LH, Ostrowski TD. Decreased excitability of locus coeruleus neurons during hypercapnia is exaggerated in the streptozotocin-model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113250. [PMID: 32088169 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a pontine nucleus important for respiratory control and central chemoreception. It is affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and alteration of LC cell function may account for respiratory problems observed in AD patients. In the current study, we tested the electrophysiological properties and CO2/pH sensitivity of LC neurons in a model for AD. Sporadic AD was induced in rats by intracerebroventricular injection of 2 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ), which induces behavioral and molecular impairments found in AD. LC neurons were recorded using the patch clamp technique and tested for responses to CO2 (10% CO2, pH = 7.0). The majority (~60%) of noradrenergic LC neurons in adult rats were inhibited by CO2 exposure as indicated by a significant decrease in action potential (AP) discharge to step depolarizations. The STZ-AD rat model had a greater sensitivity to CO2 than controls. The increased CO2-sensitivity was demonstrated by a significantly stronger inhibition of activity during hypercapnia that was in part due to hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential. Reduction of AP discharge in both groups was generally accompanied by lower LC network activity, depolarized AP threshold, increased AP repolarization, and increased current through a subpopulation of voltage-gated K+ channels (KV). The latter was indicated by enhanced transient KV currents particularly in the STZ-AD group. Interestingly, steady-state KV currents were reduced under hypercapnia, a change that would favor enhanced AP discharge. However, the collective response of most LC neurons in adult rats, and particularly those in the STZ-AD group, was inhibited by CO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariane C Vicente
- Department of Physiology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO, USA; Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Chuma M Humphrey
- Department of Biology, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO, USA
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Tim D Ostrowski
- Department of Physiology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Han S, Gao H, Chen S, Wang Q, Li X, Du LJ, Li J, Luo YY, Li JX, Zhao LC, Feng J, Yang S. Procyanidin A1 Alleviates Inflammatory Response induced by LPS through NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2/HO-1 Pathways in RAW264.7 cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15087. [PMID: 31636354 PMCID: PMC6803657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex physiological process that poses a serious threat to people’s health. However, the potential molecular mechanisms of inflammation are still not clear. Moreover, there is lack of effective anti-inflammatory drugs that meet the clinical requirement. Procyanidin A1 (PCA1) is a monomer component isolated from Procyanidin and shows various pharmacological activities. This study further demonstrated the regulatory role of PCA1 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory response and oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. Our data showed that PCA1 dramatically attenuated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as NO, iNOS, IL-6, and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells administrated with LPS. PCA1 blocked IκB-α degradation, inhibited IKKα/β and IκBα phosphorylation, and suppressed nuclear translocation of p65 in RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS. PCA1 also suppressed the phosphorylation of JNK1/2, p38, and ERK1/2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, PCA1 increased the expression of HO-1, reduced the expression of Keap1, and promoted Nrf2 into the nuclear in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Cellular thermal shift assay indicated that PCA1 bond to TLR4. Meanwhile, PCA1 inhibited the production of intracellular ROS and alleviated the depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential in vitro. Collectively, our data indicated that PCA1 exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory effect, suggesting that it is a potential agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Han
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China.,Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China
| | - Hongwei Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China.,Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China
| | - Shaoru Chen
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272, USA
| | - Qinqin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China.,Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China
| | - Xinxing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China.,Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China
| | - Li-Jun Du
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Ying-Ying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Jun-Xiu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China.,Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China
| | - Li-Chun Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China. .,Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China.
| | - Jianfang Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China. .,Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China.
| | - Shilin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China.,Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
MacLean M, Derk J, Ruiz HH, Juranek JK, Ramasamy R, Schmidt AM. The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) and DIAPH1: Implications for vascular and neuroinflammatory dysfunction in disorders of the central nervous system. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:154-164. [PMID: 30902646 PMCID: PMC10976457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) is expressed by multiple cell types in the brain and spinal cord that are linked to the pathogenesis of neurovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, including neurons, glia (microglia and astrocytes) and vascular cells (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and pericytes). Mounting structural and functional evidence implicates the interaction of the RAGE cytoplasmic domain with the formin, Diaphanous1 (DIAPH1), as the key cytoplasmic hub for RAGE ligand-mediated activation of cellular signaling. In aging and diabetes, the ligands of the receptor abound, both in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the periphery. Such accumulation of RAGE ligands triggers multiple downstream events, including upregulation of RAGE itself. Once set in motion, cell intrinsic and cell-cell communication mechanisms, at least in part via RAGE, trigger dysfunction in the CNS. A key outcome of endothelial dysfunction is reduction in cerebral blood flow and increased permeability of the blood brain barrier, conditions that facilitate entry of activated leukocytes into the CNS, thereby amplifying primary nodes of CNS cellular stress. This contribution details a review of the ligands of RAGE, the mechanisms and consequences of RAGE signal transduction, and cites multiple examples of published work in which RAGE contributes to the pathogenesis of neurovascular perturbation. Insights into potential therapeutic modalities targeting the RAGE signal transduction axis for disorders of CNS vascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael MacLean
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Julia Derk
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Henry H Ruiz
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Judyta K Juranek
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Low Phytanic Acid-Concentrated DHA Prevents Cognitive Deficit and Regulates Alzheimer Disease Mediators in an ApoE -/- Mice Experimental Model. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010011. [PMID: 30577526 PMCID: PMC6356727 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia and cognitive impairment. It has been associated with a significant diminution of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in the brain. Clinical trials with DHA as a treatment in neurological diseases have shown inconsistent results. Previously, we reported that the presence of phytanic acid (PhA) in standard DHA compositions could be blunting DHA’s beneficial effects. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the effects of a low PhA-concentrated DHA and a standard PhA-concentrated DHA in Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE−/−) mice. Behavioral tests and protein expression of pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant, antioxidant factors, and AD-related mediators were evaluated. Low PhA-concentrated DHA decreased Aβ, ß-amyloid precursor protein (APP), p-tau, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII), caspase 3, and catalase, and increased brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) when compared to standard PhA-concentrated DHA. Low PhA-concentrated DHA decreased interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) protein expression in ApoE−/− mice when compared to standard PhA-concentrated DHA. No significant differences were found in p22phox, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), and tau protein expression. The positive actions of a low PhA-concentrated DHA were functionally reflected by improving the cognitive deficit in the AD experimental model. Therefore, reduction of PhA content in DHA compositions could highlight a novel pathway for the neurodegeneration processes related to AD.
Collapse
|
36
|
Gratuze M, Leyns CEG, Holtzman DM. New insights into the role of TREM2 in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:66. [PMID: 30572908 PMCID: PMC6302500 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia. The two histopathological markers of AD are amyloid plaques composed of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, and neurofibrillary tangles of aggregated, abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The majority of AD cases are late-onset, after the age of 65, where a clear cause is still unknown. However, there are likely different multifactorial contributors including age, enviornment, biology and genetics which can increase risk for the disease. Genetic predisposition is considerable, with heritability estimates of 60-80%. Genetic factors such as rare variants of TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2) strongly increase the risk of developing AD, confirming the role of microglia in AD pathogenesis. In the last 5 years, several studies have dissected the mechanisms by which TREM2, as well as its rare variants affect amyloid and tau pathologies and their consequences in both animal models and in human studies. In this review, we summarize increases in our understanding of the involvement of TREM2 and microglia in AD development that may open new therapeutic strategies targeting the immune system to influence AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maud Gratuze
- Department of Neurology, St. Louis, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, St. Louis, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Cheryl E. G. Leyns
- Department of Neurology, St. Louis, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, St. Louis, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, St. Louis, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, St. Louis, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yoshino Y, Funahashi Y, Nakata S, Ozaki Y, Yamazaki K, Yoshida T, Mori T, Mori Y, Ochi S, Iga JI, Ueno SI. Ghrelin cascade changes in the peripheral blood of Japanese patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 107:79-85. [PMID: 30366284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect of ghrelin has recently been reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ghrelin is converted from des-acyl ghrelin to the activated form, acyl ghrelin, by membrane bound o-acyltransferase 4 (MBOAT4), and then binds to growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). We examined the levels of plasma acyl/des-acyl ghrelin in 75 AD subjects and age- and sex-matched controls, as well as the DNA methylation and mRNA expression of MBOAT4 and GHS-R in peripheral leukocytes. The acyl ghrelin concentration was significantly higher in AD subjects than in controls (2.18 ± 1.25 vs. 1.49 ± 2.3, p = 0.001). The methylation rate of MBOAT4 CpG 2 was significantly lower in AD subjects than in controls (4.0 ± 0.9 vs. 4.7 ± 1.2, p < 0.001). The mRNA expression levels of MBOAT4 and GHS-R1b were significantly higher in AD subjects than in controls (MBOAT4: 1.10 ± 0.48 vs. 1.0 ± 0.55, p = 0.049; GHS-R1b: 1.76 ± 3.18 vs. 1.0 ± 1.56, p = 0.030). These changes in the ghrelin cascade in peripheral blood may reflect those in the brain, and may be a neuroprotective biomarker in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yoshino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yu Funahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yuki Ozaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Yamazaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Taku Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yoko Mori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Iga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Shu-Ichi Ueno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Alagiakrishnan K, Mah D, Gyenes G. Cardiac rehabilitation and its effects on cognition in patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2018; 16:645-652. [PMID: 30092659 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2018.1510318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac rehabilitation program is an evidence-based intervention and established model of exercise delivery following myocardial infarction and heart failure. Although it forms an important part of recovery and helps to prevent future events and complications, there has been little focus on its potential cognitive benefits. Areas covered: Coronary artery disease and heart failure are common heart problems associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and cognitive decline is commonly seen in affected individuals. Cognitive impairment may influence patient self-management by reducing medication adherence, rendering patients unable to make lifestyle modifications and causing missed healthcare visits. Cognitive assessment in cardiac rehabilitation as an outcome measure has the potential to improve clinical, functional and behavioral domains as well as help to reduce gaps in the quality of care in these patients. Expert commentary: Limited evidence at present has shown that cardiac rehabilitation and exercise has potential in preventing cognitive decline. Cardiac prehabilitation, a rehabilitation-like program delivered before cardiac surgery, may also play a role in preventing postoperative cognitive dysfunction, but needs future research studies to support it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Darren Mah
- a Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Gabor Gyenes
- a Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Montoliu-Gaya L, Güell-Bosch J, Esquerda-Canals G, Roda AR, Serra-Mir G, Lope-Piedrafita S, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Villegas S. Differential effects of apoE and apoJ mimetic peptides on the action of an anti-Aβ scFv in 3xTg-AD mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:380-392. [PMID: 30026023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Aβ immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). The single-chain variable fragment scFv-h3D6 is an anti-Aβ antibody fragment that lacks the Fc region, which is associated with the induction of microglial reactivity by the full-length monoclonal antibody bapineuzumab. ScFv-h3D6 was previously shown to restore the levels of apolipoprotein E (apoE) and apolipoprotein J (apoJ) in a triple-transgenic-AD (3xTg-AD) mouse model. Since apoE and apoJ play an important role in the development of AD, we aimed to study the in vivo effect of the combined therapy of scFv-h3D6 with apoE and apoJ mimetic peptides (MPs). Four-and-a-half-month-old 3xTg-AD mice were treated for six weeks with scFv-h3D6, apoE-MP, apoJ-MP, or a combination of scFv-h3D6 with each of the MPs, or a vehicle, and then the results were compared to non-transgenic mice. Magnetic Resonance Imaging showed a general tendency of the different treatments to protect against the reduction in brain volume. Aβ burden decreased after treatment with scFv-h3D6, apoE-MP, or apoJ-MP, but the effect was not as evident with the combined therapies. In terms of glial reactivity, apoE-MP showed a potent anti-inflammatory effect that was eased by the presence of scFv-h3D6, whereas the combination of apoJ-MP and scFv-h3D6 was not detrimental. ScFv-h3D6 alone did not induce microglial reactivity, as full-length antibodies do; rather, it reduced it. Endogenous apoE and apoJ levels were decreased by scFv-h3D6, but the MPs lead to a simultaneous increase of both apolipoproteins. While apoE-MP and apoJ-MP demonstrated different effects in the combined therapies with scFv-h3D6, they did not improve the overall protective effect of scFv-h3D6 in reducing the Aβ burden, apolipoproteins levels or microglial reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Montoliu-Gaya
- Protein Folding and Stability Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jofre Güell-Bosch
- Protein Folding and Stability Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gisela Esquerda-Canals
- Protein Folding and Stability Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alejandro R Roda
- Protein Folding and Stability Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gabriel Serra-Mir
- Protein Folding and Stability Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Lope-Piedrafita
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Jose Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Spain.
| | - Sandra Villegas
- Protein Folding and Stability Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mise A, Yoshino Y, Yamazaki K, Ozaki Y, Sao T, Yoshida T, Mori T, Mori Y, Ochi S, Iga JI, Ueno SI. TOMM40 and APOE Gene Expression and Cognitive Decline in Japanese Alzheimer's Disease Subjects. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:1107-1117. [PMID: 28984592 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TOMM40 is located on chromosome 19, is in linkage disequilibrium with apolipoprotein E (APOE), andis reported in several genome-wide association studies to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE Assess APOE and TOM40 and mitochondrial genes as blood biomarkers for AD. METHODS We examined TOMM40, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (PARK2), and APOE mRNA expression in relation to the methylation rates of CpG sites in the upstream region of TOMM40exon 1 in peripheral leukocytes and TOMM40523 polyT genotypes in 60 AD and age- and sex-matched control subjects. RESULTS TOMM40 mRNA expression was significantly lower in AD subjects (0.87±0.18 versus 1.0±0.23, p = 0.005), and PINK1 mRNA expression was higher in AD subjects (1.5±0.61 versus 1.0±0.52, p < 0.001). TOMM40 mRNA expression was significantly correlated with the Mini-Mental State Examination total score (r = 0.290, p = 0.027). There was no expressional change in peripheral APOE mRNA in either AD or control subjects (p = 0.32). Methylation rates in the upstream region of TOMM40exon 1 were not different between AD and control subjects (average rate: 1.37±0.99 versus 1.39±1.20, p = 0.885), and TOMM40523 polyT genotypes were also not different between AD and control subjects (p = 0.67). CONCLUSION TOMM40 mRNA expression was lower in AD subjects and was correlated with cognitive decline. Significant changes in both TOMM40 and PINK1 mRNA may be related to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Mise
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuta Yoshino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Yamazaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuki Ozaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sao
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Taku Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yoko Mori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Iga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shu-Ichi Ueno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hampel H, Vergallo A, Aguilar LF, Benda N, Broich K, Cuello AC, Cummings J, Dubois B, Federoff HJ, Fiandaca M, Genthon R, Haberkamp M, Karran E, Mapstone M, Perry G, Schneider LS, Welikovitch LA, Woodcock J, Baldacci F, Lista S. Precision pharmacology for Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:331-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
42
|
King E, O'Brien JT, Donaghy P, Morris C, Barnett N, Olsen K, Martin-Ruiz C, Taylor JP, Thomas AJ. Peripheral inflammation in prodromal Alzheimer's and Lewy body dementias. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:339-345. [PMID: 29248892 PMCID: PMC5869446 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-317134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is growing evidence for the role of systemic inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases; however the systemic inflammatory profile in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) has never before been investigated. This study aimed to characterise systemic inflammatory mediators in established DLB and AD, as well as in their prodromal, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) phases. METHODS We obtained plasma samples from patients with DLB (n=37), AD (n=20), MCI with DLB profile (n=38), MCI with AD profile (n=20) and healthy control subjects (n=20). The following inflammatory biomarkers were measured using Roche cobas c702 and Meso Scale Discovery V-Plex Plus: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. RESULTS We found significantly higher levels of IL-10, IL-1beta, IL-4 and IL-2 in both MCI groups (P<0.001), while there was no significant difference in inflammatory markers between dementia groups and controls. Furthermore, increased disease severity was associated with lower levels of IL-1beta, IL-2 and IL-4 (P<0.05). INTERPRETATION We have shown for the first time that in both DLB and AD, increased peripheral inflammation occurs early at the MCI disease stages. These data support a role for inflammation early in the disease process, and have important implications for the stage of disease where trials of anti-inflammatory medication should be focused.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor King
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John Tiernan O'Brien
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul Donaghy
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicola Barnett
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kirsty Olsen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carmen Martin-Ruiz
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alan J Thomas
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang B, Bao S, Zhang Z, Zhou X, Wang J, Fan Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chen L, Jia Y, Li J, Li M, Zheng W, Mu N, Wang L, Yu Z, Wong DSM, Zhang Y, Kwan J, Ka-Fung Mak H, Ambalavanan A, Zhou S, Cai W, Zheng J, Huang S, Rouleau GA, Yang W, Rogaeva E, Ma X, St George-Hyslop P, Chu LW, Song YQ. A rare variant in MLKL confers susceptibility to ApoE ɛ4-negative Alzheimer's disease in Hong Kong Chinese population. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 68:160.e1-160.e7. [PMID: 29656768 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorders in the elderly. To identify rare genetic factors other than apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele (ApoE ɛ4) contributing to the pathogenesis of late-onset AD (LOAD), we conducted a whole-exome analysis of 246 ApoE ɛ4-negative LOAD cases and 172 matched controls in Hong Kong Chinese population. LOAD patients showed a significantly higher burden of rare loss-of-function variants in genes related to immune function than healthy controls. Among the genes involved in immune function, we identified a rare stop-gain variant (p.Q48X) in mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase (MLKL) gene present exclusively in 6 LOAD cases. MLKL is expressed in neurons, and the its expression levels in the p.Q48X carriers were significantly lower than that in age-matched wild-type controls. The ratio of Aβ42 to Aβ40 significantly increased in MLKL knockdown cells compared to scramble controls. MLKL loss-of-function mutation might contribute to late-onset ApoE ɛ4-negative AD in the Hong Kong Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Wang
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Suying Bao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xueya Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Fan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Transport Phenomena, Energy Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Luhua Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yizhen Jia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiang Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Miaoxin Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Genome Research, Center for Precision Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Nan Mu
- Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqiu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhe Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dana S M Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yalun Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Kwan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Henry Ka-Fung Mak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Sirui Zhou
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Wangwei Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jin Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shishu Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Wanling Yang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xu Ma
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leung Wing Chu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Genome Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; HKU-SIRI/ZIRI, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; HKU-SUSTech Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sao T, Yoshino Y, Yamazaki K, Ozaki Y, Mori Y, Ochi S, Yoshida T, Mori T, Iga JI, Ueno SI. MEF2C mRNA expression and cognitive function in Japanese patients with Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:160-167. [PMID: 29112298 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Despite continuing research into Alzheimer's disease (AD), its pathological mechanisms and modulating factors remain unknown. Several genes influence AD pathogenesis by affecting inflammatory pathways. Myocyte-enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) is one such candidate gene for AD. METHODS We examined MEF2C mRNA expression levels and methylation rates of CpG on its promoter region in peripheral leukocytes from Japanese AD patients compared with age- and sex-matched control subjects. RESULTS In peripheral leukocytes, MEF2C mRNA expression levels in AD subjects were significantly lower than those in control subjects (0.86 ± 0.25 vs 0.99 ± 0.27, respectively, P = 0.007) and were correlated with the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (r = -0.345, P = 0.049) and the Mini Mental State Examination (r = 0.324, P = 0.02). No significant differences were found in methylation rates between AD and control subjects. CONCLUSION MEF2C mRNA expression in leukocytes may be a biological marker for cognitive decline in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sao
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Yuta Yoshino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Yamazaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Yuki Ozaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Yoko Mori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Taku Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Iga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Shu-Ichi Ueno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hashimoto R. Blood biomarkers for neuropsychiatric diseases. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:139. [PMID: 29512285 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Hashimoto
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
INPP5D rs35349669 polymorphism with late-onset Alzheimer's disease: A replication study and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:69225-69230. [PMID: 27750211 PMCID: PMC5342472 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase (INPP5D) was reported to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) through modulating the inflammatory process and immune response. A recent genome-wide association study discovered a new locus single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs35349669) of INPP5D which was significantly associated with susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in Caucasians. In this study, we investigated the relations between the INPP5D polymorphism rs35349669 and LOAD in Han Chinese population comprising 984 LOAD cases and 1352 healthy controls being matched for age and gender. Our results showed no obvious differences in the genotypic or allelic distributions of rs35349669 polymorphism between LOAD cases and healthy controls (genotype: p = 0.167; allele: p = 0.094). Additionally, when these data were stratified by APOEε4 status, there are still no evident differences in the genotypic or allelic distributions in APOEε4 carriers (p > 0.05). Furthermore, meta-analysis of 81964 individuals confirmed that rs35349669 was significantly associated with the risk for LOAD (OR=1.08, 95%CI=1.06-1.11), but the results remained negative in Chinese subgroup (OR=0.77, 95%CI=0.53-1.13). Overall, the current evidence did not indicate that INPP5D rs35349669 polymorphism play a role in the genetic predisposition to LOAD in Chinese population.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The fundamental pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neuronal dysfunction leading to cognitive impairment. The amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), derived from amyloid precursor protein, is one driver of AD, but how it leads to neuronal dysfunction is not established. In this Review, I discuss the complexity of AD and possible cause-and-effect relationships between Aβ and the vascular and hemostatic systems. AD can be considered a multifactorial syndrome with various contributing pathological mechanisms. Therefore, as is routinely done with cancer, it will be important to classify patients with respect to their disease signature so that specific pathologies, including vascular pathways, can be therapeutically targeted.
Collapse
|
48
|
Derk J, MacLean M, Juranek J, Schmidt AM. The Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) and Mediation of Inflammatory Neurodegeneration. JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE & PARKINSONISM 2018; 8:421. [PMID: 30560011 PMCID: PMC6293973 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Derk
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 906, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Michael MacLean
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 906, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Judyta Juranek
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 906, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 906, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tang SS, Wang HF, Zhang W, Kong LL, Zheng ZJ, Tan MS, Tan CC, Wang ZX, Tan L, Jiang T, Yu JT, Tan L. MEF2C rs190982 polymorphism with late-onset Alzheimer's disease in Han Chinese: A replication study and meta-analyses. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39136-39142. [PMID: 27276684 PMCID: PMC5129919 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The myocyte enhancer factor (MEF2) family of transcription factors plays a vital role in memory and learning due to its functions in regulating synapse number and reducing dendritic spines. Myocyte enhancer factor 2 C (MEF2C) is regarded as modulator of amyloid-protein precursor (APP) proteolytic processing, in which amyloid-β (Aβ) is produced. A common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs190982) in MEF2C gene was identified to be related to late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in Caucasians in a large meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here, we recruited unrelated 984 LOAD patients and 1348 healthy controls matched for gender and age to ascertain whether the rs190982 polymorphism is related to LOAD in Han Chinese. No difference in the genotype and allele distributions of the MEF2C rs190982 polymorphism was found between LOAD cases and healthy controls (genotype: P = 0.861; allele: P = 0.862), even after stratification for APOE ε4 allele as well as statistical adjustment for age, gender and APOE ε4 status. Furthermore, the meta-analysis in 4089 Chinese individuals did not detect the association of rs190982 within MEF2C with the risk for LOAD (OR = 1.03, 95%CI = 0.90-1.18). Overall, the current evidence did not support the relation between rs190982 polymorphism within MEF2C and the LOAD risk in Northern Han Chinese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Tang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Hui-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Ling-Li Kong
- Department of Geriatric, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Zhan-Jie Zheng
- Department of Geriatric, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Meng-Shan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Zi-Xuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Lin Tan
- College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Montoliu-Gaya L, Mulder SD, Veerhuis R, Villegas S. Effects of an Aβ-antibody fragment on Aβ aggregation and astrocytic uptake are modulated by apolipoprotein E and J mimetic peptides. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188191. [PMID: 29155887 PMCID: PMC5695774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aβ-Immunotherapy has long been studied in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but not how other molecules involved in the disease can affect antibody performance. We previously designed an antibody fragment, scFv-h3D6, and showed that it precludes Aβ-induced cytotoxicity by withdrawing Aβ oligomers from the amyloid pathway towards a non-toxic, worm-like pathway. ScFv-h3D6 was effective at the behavioral, cellular, and molecular levels in the 3xTg-AD mouse model. Because scFv-h3D6 treatment restored apolipoprotein E (apoE) and J (apoJ) concentrations to non-pathological values, and Aβ internalization by glial cells was found to be decreased in the presence of these apolipoproteins, we now aimed to test the influence of scFv-h3D6 on Aβ aggregation and cellular uptake by primary human astrocytes in the presence of therapeutic apoE and apoJ mimetic peptides (MPs). Firstly, we demonstrated by CD and FTIR that the molecules used in this work were well folded. Next, interactions between apoE or apoJ-MP, scFv-h3D6 and Aβ were studied by CD. The conformational change induced by the interaction of Aβ with apoE-MP was much bigger than the induced with apoJ-MP, in line with the observed formation of protective worm-like fibrils by the scFv-h3D6/Aβ complex in the presence of apoJ-MP, but not of apoE-MP. ScFv-h3D6, apoJ-MP, and apoE-MP to a different extent reduced Aβ uptake by astrocytes, and apoE-MP partially interfered with the dramatic reduction by scFv-h3D6 while apoJ-MP had no effect on scFv-h3D6 action. As sustained Aβ uptake by astrocytes may impair their normal functions, and ultimately neuronal viability, this work shows another beneficence of scFv-h3D6 treatment, which is not further improved by the use of apoE or apoJ mimetic peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Montoliu-Gaya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra D. Mulder
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Veerhuis
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Psychiatry Department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (RV); (SV)
| | - Sandra Villegas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (RV); (SV)
| |
Collapse
|