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Chung JB, Brudno JN, Borie D, Kochenderfer JN. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01035-3. [PMID: 38831163 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Infusion of T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that target B cells has proven to be a successful treatment for B cell malignancies. This success inspired the development of CAR T cells to selectively deplete or modulate the aberrant immune responses that underlie autoimmune disease. Promising results are emerging from clinical trials of CAR T cells targeting the B cell protein CD19 in patients with B cell-driven autoimmune diseases. Further approaches are being designed to extend the application and improve safety of CAR T cell therapy in the setting of autoimmunity, including the use of chimeric autoantibody receptors to selectively deplete autoantigen-specific B cells and the use of regulatory T cells engineered to express antigen-specific CARs for targeted immune modulation. Here, we highlight important considerations, such as optimal target cell populations, CAR construct design, acceptable toxicities and potential for lasting immune reset, that will inform the eventual safe adoption of CAR T cell therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer N Brudno
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - James N Kochenderfer
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Yeapuri P, Machhi J, Lu Y, Abdelmoaty MM, Kadry R, Patel M, Bhattarai S, Lu E, Namminga KL, Olson KE, Foster EG, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Amyloid-β specific regulatory T cells attenuate Alzheimer's disease pathobiology in APP/PS1 mice. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:97. [PMID: 38111016 PMCID: PMC10729469 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune tolerance. While Treg-mediated neuroprotective activities are now well-accepted, the lack of defined antigen specificity limits their therapeutic potential. This is notable for neurodegenerative diseases where cell access to injured brain regions is required for disease-specific therapeutic targeting and improved outcomes. To address this need, amyloid-beta (Aβ) antigen specificity was conferred to Treg responses by engineering the T cell receptor (TCR) specific for Aβ (TCRAβ). The TCRAb were developed from disease-specific T cell effector (Teff) clones. The ability of Tregs expressing a transgenic TCRAβ (TCRAβ -Tregs) to reduce Aβ burden, transform effector to regulatory cells, and reverse disease-associated neurotoxicity proved beneficial in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS TCRAβ -Tregs were generated by CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of endogenous TCR and consequent incorporation of the transgenic TCRAb identified from Aβ reactive Teff monoclones. Antigen specificity was confirmed by MHC-Aβ-tetramer staining. Adoptive transfer of TCRAβ-Tregs to mice expressing a chimeric mouse-human amyloid precursor protein and a mutant human presenilin-1 followed measured behavior, immune, and immunohistochemical outcomes. RESULTS TCRAβ-Tregs expressed an Aβ-specific TCR. Adoptive transfer of TCRAβ-Tregs led to sustained immune suppression, reduced microglial reaction, and amyloid loads. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose radiolabeled TCRAβ-Treg homed to the brain facilitating antigen specificity. Reduction in amyloid load was associated with improved cognitive functions. CONCLUSIONS TCRAβ-Tregs reduced amyloid burden, restored brain homeostasis, and improved learning and memory, supporting the increased therapeutic benefit of antigen specific Treg immunotherapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Yeapuri
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Mai Mohamed Abdelmoaty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Rana Kadry
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Milankumar Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Shaurav Bhattarai
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Eugene Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Krista L Namminga
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Emma G Foster
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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3
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Jamison BL, Lawrance M, Wang CJ, DeBerg HA, Sansom DM, Gavin MA, Walker LS, Campbell DJ. An IL-2 mutein increases IL-10 and CTLA-4-dependent suppression of dendritic cells by regulatory T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569613. [PMID: 38106196 PMCID: PMC10723345 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) variants with increased CD25 dependence that selectively expand Foxp3+ regulatory T (TR) cells are in clinical trials for treating inflammatory diseases. Using an Fc-fused IL-2 mutein (Fc.IL-2 mutein) we developed that prevents diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, we show that Fc.IL-2 mutein induced an activated TR population with elevated proliferation, a transcriptional program associated with Stat5- and TCR-dependent gene modules, and high IL-10 and CTLA-4 expression. Increased IL-10 signaling limited surface MHC class II upregulation during conventional dendritic cell (cDC) maturation, while increased CTLA-4-dependent transendocytosis led to the transfer of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory ligands from maturing cDCs to TR cells. In NOD mice, Fc.IL-2 mutein treatment promoted the suppression of cDCs in the inflamed pancreas and pancreatic lymph nodes resulting in T cell anergy. Thus, IL-2 mutein-expanded TR cells have enhanced functional properties and restrict cDC function, offering promise for targeted immunotherapy use in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braxton L. Jamison
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Chun Jing Wang
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | | | - David M. Sansom
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | | | - Lucy S.K. Walker
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | - Daniel J. Campbell
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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4
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Avery D, Morandini L, Gabriec M, Sheakley L, Peralta M, Donahue HJ, Martin RK, Olivares-Navarrete R. Contribution of αβ T cells to macrophage polarization and MSC recruitment and proliferation on titanium implants. Acta Biomater 2023; 169:605-624. [PMID: 37532133 PMCID: PMC10528595 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Physiochemical cues like topography and wettability can impact the inflammatory response and tissue integration after biomaterial implantation. T cells are essential for immunomodulation of innate immune cells and play an important role in the host response to biomaterial implantation. This study aimed to understand how CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, members of the αβ T cell family, polarize in response to smooth, rough, or rough-hydrophilic titanium (Ti) implants and whether their presence modulates immune cell crosstalk and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) recruitment following biomaterial implantation. Post-implantation in mice, we found that CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets polarized differentially in response to modified Ti surfaces. Additionally, mice lacking αβ T cells had significantly more pro-inflammatory macrophages, fewer anti-inflammatory macrophages, and reduced MSC recruitment in response to modified Ti post-implantation than αβ T cell -competent mice. Our results demonstrate that T cell activation plays a significant role during the inflammatory response to implanted biomaterials, contributing to macrophage polarization and MSC recruitment and proliferation, and the absence of αβ T cells compromises new bone formation at the implantation site. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: T cells are essential for immunomodulation and play an important role in the host response to biomaterial implantation. Our results demonstrate that T cells actively participate during the inflammatory response to implanted biomaterials, controlling macrophage phenotype and recruitment of MSCs to the implantation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Avery
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Lais Morandini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Melissa Gabriec
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luke Sheakley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Matthieu Peralta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Rebecca K Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Rene Olivares-Navarrete
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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5
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Műzes G, Sipos F. CAR-Based Therapy for Autoimmune Diseases: A Novel Powerful Option. Cells 2023; 12:1534. [PMID: 37296654 PMCID: PMC10252902 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The pervasive application of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based cellular therapies in the treatment of oncological diseases has long been recognized. However, CAR T cells can target and eliminate autoreactive cells in autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases. By doing so, they can contribute to an effective and relatively long-lasting remission. In turn, CAR Treg interventions may have a highly effective and durable immunomodulatory effect via a direct or bystander effect, which may have a positive impact on the course and prognosis of autoimmune diseases. CAR-based cellular techniques have a complex theoretical foundation and are difficult to implement in practice, but they have a remarkable capacity to suppress the destructive functions of the immune system. This article provides an overview of the numerous CAR-based therapeutic options developed for the treatment of immune-mediated and autoimmune diseases. We believe that well-designed, rigorously tested cellular therapies could provide a promising new personalized treatment strategy for a significant number of patients with immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Györgyi Műzes
- Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary;
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6
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Fiyouzi T, Pelaez-Prestel HF, Reyes-Manzanas R, Lafuente EM, Reche PA. Enhancing Regulatory T Cells to Treat Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097797. [PMID: 37175505 PMCID: PMC10177847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) control immune responses and are essential to maintain immune homeostasis and self-tolerance. Hence, it is no coincidence that autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders are associated with defects in Tregs. These diseases have currently no cure and are treated with palliative drugs such as immunosuppressant and immunomodulatory agents. Thereby, there is a great interest in developing medical interventions against these diseases based on enhancing Treg cell function and numbers. Here, we give an overview of Treg cell ontogeny and function, paying particular attention to mucosal Tregs. We review some notable approaches to enhance immunomodulation by Tregs with therapeutic purposes including adoptive Treg cell transfer therapy and discuss relevant clinical trials for inflammatory bowel disease. We next introduce ways to expand mucosal Tregs in vivo using microbiota and dietary products that have been the focus of clinical trials in various autoimmune and chronic-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Fiyouzi
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector F Pelaez-Prestel
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Reyes-Manzanas
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther M Lafuente
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro A Reche
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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7
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McCallion O, Bilici M, Hester J, Issa F. Regulatory T-cell therapy approaches. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 211:96-107. [PMID: 35960852 PMCID: PMC10019137 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have enormous therapeutic potential to treat a variety of immunopathologies characterized by aberrant immune activation. Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous Tregs continues to progress through mid- to late-phase clinical trials in several disease spaces and has generated promising preliminary safety and efficacy signals to date. However, the practicalities of this strategy outside of the clinical trial setting remain challenging. Here, we review the current landscape of regulatory T-cell therapy, considering emergent approaches and technologies presenting novel ways to engage Tregs, and reflect on the progress necessary to deliver their therapeutic potential to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver McCallion
- Translational Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Merve Bilici
- Translational Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanna Hester
- Translational Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fadi Issa
- Correspondence. Fadi Issa, Translational Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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8
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Xu X, Wang X, Liao YP, Luo L, Xia T, Nel AE. Use of a Liver-Targeting Immune-Tolerogenic mRNA Lipid Nanoparticle Platform to Treat Peanut-Induced Anaphylaxis by Single- and Multiple-Epitope Nucleotide Sequence Delivery. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4942-4957. [PMID: 36853930 PMCID: PMC10019335 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
While oral desensitization is capable of alleviating peanut allergen anaphylaxis, long-term immune tolerance is the sought-after goal. We developed a liver-targeting lipid nanoparticle (LNP) platform to deliver mRNA-encoded peanut allergen epitopes to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), which function as robust tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells that induce FoxP3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs). The mRNA strand was constructed by including nucleotide sequences encoding for nonallergenic MHC-II binding T-cell epitopes, identified in the dominant peanut allergen, Ara h2. These epitopes were inserted in the mRNA strand downstream of an MHC-II targeting sequence, further endowed in vitro with 5' and 3' capping sequences, a PolyA tail, and uridine substitution. Codon-optimized mRNA was used for microfluidics synthesis of LNPs with an ionizable cationic lipid, also decorated with a lipid-anchored mannose ligand for LSEC targeting. Biodistribution to the liver was confirmed by in vivo imaging, while ELISpot assays demonstrated an increase in IL-10-producing Tregs in the spleen. Prophylactic administration of tandem-repeat or a combination of encapsulated Ara h2 epitopes induced robust tolerogenic effects in C3H/HeJ mice, sensitized to and subsequently challenged with crude peanut allergen extract. In addition to alleviating physical manifestations of anaphylaxis, there was suppression of Th2-mediated cytokine production, IgE synthesis, and mast cell release, accompanied by increased IL-10 and TGF-β production in the peritoneum. Similar efficacy was demonstrated during LNP administration postsensitization. While nondecorated particles had lesser but significant effects, PolyA/LNP-Man lacked protective effects. These results demonstrate an exciting application of mRNA/LNP for treatment of food allergen anaphylaxis, with the promise to be widely applicable to the allergy field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Division
of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- Division
of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Center
of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Division
of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lijia Luo
- Division
of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tian Xia
- Division
of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Center
of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Andre E. Nel
- Division
of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Center
of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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9
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Regulatory T Cells: Liquid and Living Precision Medicine for the Future of VCA. Transplantation 2023; 107:86-97. [PMID: 36210500 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transplant rejection remains a challenge especially in the field of vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). To blunt the alloreactive immune response' stable levels of maintenance immunosupression are required. However' the need for lifelong immunosuppression poses the risk of severe side effects, such as increased risk of infection, metabolic complications, and malignancies. To balance therapeutic efficacy and medication side effects, immunotolerance promoting immune cells (especially regulatory T cells [Treg]) have become of great scientific interest. This approach leverages immune system mechanisms that usually ensure immunotolerance toward self-antigens and prevent autoimmunopathies. Treg can be bioengineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor or a T-cell receptor. Such bioengineered Treg can target specific antigens and thereby reduce unwanted off-target effects. Treg have demonstrated beneficial clinical effects in solid organ transplantation and promising in vivo data in VCAs. In this review, we summarize the functional, phenotypic, and immunometabolic characteristics of Treg and outline recent advancements and current developments regarding Treg in the field of VCA and solid organ transplantation.
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Ghobadinezhad F, Ebrahimi N, Mozaffari F, Moradi N, Beiranvand S, Pournazari M, Rezaei-Tazangi F, Khorram R, Afshinpour M, Robino RA, Aref AR, Ferreira LMR. The emerging role of regulatory cell-based therapy in autoimmune disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1075813. [PMID: 36591309 PMCID: PMC9795194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1075813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune disease, caused by unwanted immune responses to self-antigens, affects millions of people each year and poses a great social and economic burden to individuals and communities. In the course of autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and multiple sclerosis, disturbances in the balance between the immune response against harmful agents and tolerance towards self-antigens lead to an immune response against self-tissues. In recent years, various regulatory immune cells have been identified. Disruptions in the quality, quantity, and function of these cells have been implicated in autoimmune disease development. Therefore, targeting or engineering these cells is a promising therapeutic for different autoimmune diseases. Regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, regulatory dendritic cells, myeloid suppressor cells, and some subsets of innate lymphoid cells are arising as important players among this class of cells. Here, we review the roles of each suppressive cell type in the immune system during homeostasis and in the development of autoimmunity. Moreover, we discuss the current and future therapeutic potential of each one of these cell types for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farbod Ghobadinezhad
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nasim Ebrahimi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mozaffari
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Neda Moradi
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Nourdanesh Institute of Higher Education, University of Meymeh, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sheida Beiranvand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mehran Pournazari
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei-Tazangi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Roya Khorram
- Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maral Afshinpour
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Rob A. Robino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Xsphera Biosciences, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Leonardo M. R. Ferreira, ; Amir Reza Aref,
| | - Leonardo M. R. Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,*Correspondence: Leonardo M. R. Ferreira, ; Amir Reza Aref,
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11
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Riet T, Chmielewski M. Regulatory CAR-T cells in autoimmune diseases: Progress and current challenges. Front Immunol 2022; 13:934343. [PMID: 36032080 PMCID: PMC9399761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.934343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) T-cell therapy has revolutionized the field of oncology in recent years. This innovative shift in cancer treatment also provides the opportunity to improve therapies for many patients suffering from various autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have confirmed the therapeutic suppressive potential of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to modulate immune response in autoimmune diseases. However, the polyclonal character of regulatory T cells and their unknown TCR specificity impaired their therapeutic potency in clinical implementation. Genetical engineering of these immune modulating cells to express antigen-specific receptors and using them therapeutically is a logical step on the way to overcome present limitations of the Treg strategy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Encouraging preclinical studies successfully demonstrated immune modulating properties of CAR Tregs in various mouse models. Still, there are many concerns about targeted Treg therapies relating to CAR target selectivity, suppressive functions, phenotype stability and safety aspects. Here, we summarize recent developments in CAR design, Treg biology and future strategies and perspectives in CAR Treg immunotherapy aiming at clinical translation.
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12
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Feng J, Wu Y. Interleukin-35 ameliorates cardiovascular disease by suppressing inflammatory responses and regulating immune homeostasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108938. [PMID: 35759811 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The immune response is of great significance in the initiation and progression of a diversity of cardiovascular diseases involving pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin-35 (IL-35), a cytokine of the interleukin-12 family, is a novel anti-inflammation and immunosuppressive cytokine, maintaining inflammatory suppression and regulating immune homeostasis. The role of IL-35 in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has aroused enthusiastic attention, a diversity of experimental or clinical evidence has indicated that IL-35 potentially has a pivot role in protecting against cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis and myocarditis. In this review, we initiate an overview of the relationship between Interleukin-35 and cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, abdominal aortic aneurysm, heart failure, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, aortic dissection and myocarditis. Although the specific molecular mechanisms entailing the protective effects of IL-35 remain an unsolved issue, targeted therapies with IL-35 might provide a promising and effective solution to prevent and cure cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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13
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Rezaei Kahmini F, Shahgaldi S, Azimi M, Mansourabadi AH. Emerging therapeutic potential of regulatory T (Treg) cells for rheumatoid arthritis: New insights and challenges. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108858. [PMID: 35597122 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune-related disorder characterized by chronic inflammation. Although the etiopathogenesis of RA still remains to be clarified, it is supposed that the breakdown of immune self-tolerance may contribute to the development of RA. Thus, restoring of immune tolerance at the site of inflammation is the ultimate goal of RA treatment. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are the main suppressive cells that maintain tolerance and inhibit immunity against auto-antigen. Of note, recent studies demonstrated the efficacy of adoptive transfer of Treg cells in the modulation of the unwanted immune response, which makes them an ideal candidate to maintain immune homeostasis and restore antigen-specific tolerance in the case of RA and other autoimmune diseases. This review intends to submit recent finding of Treg cells-based therapies in RA with a focus on strategies applied to improve the therapeutic value of Treg cells to restore immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rezaei Kahmini
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Shahab Shahgaldi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Azimi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mansourabadi
- Department of Immunology, School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunogenetics Research Network (IgReN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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14
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Marfil-Garza BA, Pawlick RL, Szeto J, Kroger C, Tahiliani V, Hefler J, Dadheech N, Seavey MM, Wolf J, Jasuja RR, James Shapiro AM. Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 25 (TNFRSF25) agonists in islet transplantation: Endogenous in vivo regulatory T cell expansion promotes prolonged allograft survival. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:1101-1114. [PMID: 34965021 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) modulate alloimmune responses and may facilitate minimization or withdrawal of immunosuppression posttransplant. Current approaches, however, rely on complex ex vivo Treg expansion protocols. Herein, we explore endogenous in vivo Treg expansion through antibody-mediated agonistic stimulation of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 25 (TNFRSF25) pathway and its potential to prolong graft survival in a mouse model of islet allotransplantation. C57BL/6 male mice were treated with a single dose of TNFRSF25 agonistic antibodies (4C12 or mPTX-35) or IgG control. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin. Four days later, flow cytometry was completed to corroborate Treg expansion, and 500 islets (CBA/J male mice) were transplanted. Glycemia was assessed thrice weekly until rejection/endpoint. Early intra-graft Treg infiltration was assessed 36 h posttransplant. TNFRSF25 antibodies enabled pronounced Treg expansion and treated mice had significantly prolonged graft survival compared with controls (p < .001). Additionally, the degree of Treg expansion significantly correlated with graft survival (p < .001). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated marked Treg infiltration in long-term surviving grafts; intra-graft Treg infiltration occurred early posttransplant. In conclusion, a single dose of TNFRSF25 antibodies enabled in vivo Treg expansion, which promotes prolonged graft survival. TNFRSF25-mediated in vivo Treg expansion could contribute to achieving lasting immunological tolerance in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio A Marfil-Garza
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico.,CHRISTUS-LatAm Hub - Excellence and Innovation Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Rena L Pawlick
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jake Szeto
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Charles Kroger
- Heat Biologics, Inc./Pelican Therapeutics, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Vikas Tahiliani
- Heat Biologics, Inc./Pelican Therapeutics, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Joshua Hefler
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Mathew M Seavey
- Heat Biologics, Inc./Pelican Therapeutics, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey Wolf
- Heat Biologics, Inc./Pelican Therapeutics, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Rahul R Jasuja
- Heat Biologics, Inc./Pelican Therapeutics, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - A M James Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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15
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Janssens I, Campillo Davó D, Van den Bos J, De Reu H, Berneman ZN, Wens I, Cools N. Engineering of regulatory T cells by means of mRNA electroporation in a GMP-compliant manner. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:659-672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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CAR-T Regulatory (CAR-Treg) Cells: Engineering and Applications. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020287. [PMID: 35203496 PMCID: PMC8869296 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells are critical for maintaining immune tolerance. Recent studies have confirmed their therapeutic suppressive potential to modulate immune responses in organ transplant and autoimmune diseases. However, the unknown and nonspecific antigen recognition of polyclonal Tregs has impaired their therapeutic potency in initial clinical findings. To address this limitation, antigen specificity can be conferred to Tregs by engineering the expression of transgenic T-cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). In contrast to TCR Tregs, CAR Tregs are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) independent and less dependent on interleukin-2 (IL-2). Furthermore, CAR Tregs maintain Treg phenotype and function, home to the target tissue and show enhanced suppressive efficacy compared to polyclonal Tregs. Additional development of engineered CAR Tregs is needed to increase Tregs’ suppressive function and stability, prevent CAR Treg exhaustion, and assess their safety profile. Further understanding of Tregs therapeutic potential will be necessary before moving to broader clinical applications. Here, we summarize recent studies utilizing CAR Tregs in modulating immune responses in autoimmune diseases, transplantation, and gene therapy and future clinical applications.
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17
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Simon N, Shallat J, Houck J, Jagannathan P, Prahl M, Muhindo MK, Kakuru A, Olwoch P, Feeney ME, Harrington WE. Peripheral Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Early Pregnancy Is Associated With Increased Maternal Microchimerism in the Offspring. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:2105-2112. [PMID: 34010401 PMCID: PMC8672744 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placental malaria has been associated with increased cord blood maternal microchimerism (MMc), which in turn may affect susceptibility to malaria in the offspring. We sought to determine the impact of maternal peripheral Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia during pregnancy on MMc and to determine whether maternal cells expand during primary parasitemia in the offspring. METHODS We conducted a nested cohort study of maternal-infant pairs from a prior pregnancy malaria chemoprevention study. Maternal microchimerism was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeting a maternal-specific marker in genomic DNA from cord blood, first P falciparum parasitemia, and preparasitemia. Logistic and negative binomial regression were used to assess the impact of maternal peripheral parasitemia, symptomatic malaria, and placental malaria on cord blood MMc. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess predictors of MMc during infancy. RESULTS Early maternal parasitemia was associated with increased detection of cord blood MMc (adjusted odds ratio = 3.91, P = .03), whereas late parasitemia, symptomatic malaria, and placental malaria were not. The first parasitemia episode in the infant was not associated with increased MMc relative to preparasitemia. CONCLUSIONS Maternal parasitemia early in pregnancy may increase the amount of MMc acquired by the fetus. Future work should investigate the impact of this MMc on immune responses in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Simon
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jaclyn Shallat
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John Houck
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Mary Prahl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mary K Muhindo
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Abel Kakuru
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Olwoch
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E Feeney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Whitney E Harrington
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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18
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Tabares-Guevara JH, Jaramillo JC, Ospina-Quintero L, Piedrahíta-Ochoa CA, García-Valencia N, Bautista-Erazo DE, Caro-Gómez E, Covián C, Retamal-Díaz A, Duarte LF, González PA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM, Ramírez-Pineda JR. IL-10-Dependent Amelioration of Chronic Inflammatory Disease by Microdose Subcutaneous Delivery of a Prototypic Immunoregulatory Small Molecule. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708955. [PMID: 34305950 PMCID: PMC8297659 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the interventional strategies to reestablish the immune effector/regulatory balance, that is typically altered in chronic inflammatory diseases (CID), is the reinforcement of endogenous immunomodulatory pathways as the one triggered by interleukin (IL)-10. In a recent work, we demonstrated that the subcutaneous (sc) administration of an IL-10/Treg-inducing small molecule-based formulation, using a repetitive microdose (REMID) treatment strategy to preferentially direct the effects to the regional immune system, delays the progression of atherosclerosis. Here we investigated whether the same approach using other IL-10-inducing small molecule, such as the safe, inexpensive, and widely available polyphenol curcumin, could induce a similar protective effect in two different CID models. We found that, in apolipoprotein E deficient mice, sc treatment with curcumin following the REMID strategy induced atheroprotection that was not consequence of its direct systemic lipid-modifying or antioxidant activity, but instead paralleled immunomodulatory effects, such as reduced proatherogenic IFNγ/TNFα-producing cells and increased atheroprotective FOXP3+ Tregs and IL-10-producing dendritic and B cells. Remarkably, when a similar strategy was used in the neuroinflammatory model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), significant clinical and histopathological protective effects were evidenced, and these were related to an improved effector/regulatory cytokine balance in restimulated splenocytes. The essential role of curcumin-induced IL-10 for neuroprotection was confirmed by the complete abrogation of the clinical effects in IL-10-deficient mice. Finally, the translational therapeutic prospection of this strategy was evidenced by the neuroprotection observed in mice starting the treatment one week after disease triggering. Collectively, results demonstrate the power of a simple natural IL-10-inducing small molecule to tackle chronic inflammation, when its classical systemic and direct pharmacological view is shifted towards the targeting of regional immune cells, in order to rationally harness its immunopharmacological potential. This shift implies that many well-known IL-10-inducing small molecules could be easily reformulated and repurposed to develop safe, innovative, and accessible immune-based interventions for CID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge H Tabares-Guevara
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Julio C Jaramillo
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Laura Ospina-Quintero
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Christian A Piedrahíta-Ochoa
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia García-Valencia
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - David E Bautista-Erazo
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Erika Caro-Gómez
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Camila Covián
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angello Retamal-Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luisa F Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José R Ramírez-Pineda
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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19
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Prangtaworn P, Mahasongkram K, Saeung A, Chaisri U, Seesuay W, Reamtong O, Tungtrongchitr A, Chaicumpa W, Sookrung N. A Component-Resolved Therapeutic Vaccine for Cockroach Allergy Made of Per a 9 and Transforming Growth Factor-β Homologue, an Immunosuppressive Protein of Brugia malayi. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676558. [PMID: 34135902 PMCID: PMC8201610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergen-specific-immunotherapy (ASIT) can cause long-term resolution of allergic diseases, reduces drug use and chances of new allergen sensitization. Nevertheless, therapeutic vaccine and data on ASIT efficacy for cockroach (CR) allergy are relatively scarce. In this study, efficacy and mechanism of a novel intranasal vaccine consisting of liposome (L)-entrapped mixture of American CR (Periplaneta americana) major allergen (Per a 9) and immunosuppressive protein of Brugia malayi nematode named transforming growth factor-beta homologue (TGH) in treatment of CR allergy were investigated along with two other vaccines (L-Per a 9 alone and L-TGH alone). All three vaccines could reduce pathogenic type 2 response and lung immunopathology in the vaccines-treated CR-allergic mice, but by different mechanisms. L-Per a 9 caused a deviation of the pathogenic type 2 to type 1 response (IFN-γ-upregulation), whereas the L-(TGH + Per a 9) and L-TGH generated regulatory immune responses including up-expression of immunosuppressive cytokine genes and increment of serum adenosine and lung indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 which are signatures of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and tolerogenic dendritic cells, respectively. The L-(TGH + Per a 9) should be further evaluated towards clinical application, as this vaccine has a propensity to induce broadly effective therapeutic effects for inhalant allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pannathee Prangtaworn
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kodchakorn Mahasongkram
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atiporn Saeung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang-Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Urai Chaisri
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watee Seesuay
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Tropical Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tungtrongchitr
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Biomedical Research Incubation Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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20
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Moorman CD, Sohn SJ, Phee H. Emerging Therapeutics for Immune Tolerance: Tolerogenic Vaccines, T cell Therapy, and IL-2 Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:657768. [PMID: 33854514 PMCID: PMC8039385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect roughly 5-10% of the total population, with women affected more than men. The standard treatment for autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases had long been immunosuppressive agents until the advent of immunomodulatory biologic drugs, which aimed at blocking inflammatory mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines. At the frontier of these biologic drugs are TNF-α blockers. These therapies inhibit the proinflammatory action of TNF-α in common autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. TNF-α blockade quickly became the "standard of care" for these autoimmune diseases due to their effectiveness in controlling disease and decreasing patient's adverse risk profiles compared to broad-spectrum immunosuppressive agents. However, anti-TNF-α therapies have limitations, including known adverse safety risk, loss of therapeutic efficacy due to drug resistance, and lack of efficacy in numerous autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis. The next wave of truly transformative therapeutics should aspire to provide a cure by selectively suppressing pathogenic autoantigen-specific immune responses while leaving the rest of the immune system intact to control infectious diseases and malignancies. In this review, we will focus on three main areas of active research in immune tolerance. First, tolerogenic vaccines aiming at robust, lasting autoantigen-specific immune tolerance. Second, T cell therapies using Tregs (either polyclonal, antigen-specific, or genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to establish active dominant immune tolerance or T cells (engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to delete pathogenic immune cells. Third, IL-2 therapies aiming at expanding immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyewon Phee
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
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21
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Marfil-Garza BA, Hefler J, Bermudez De Leon M, Pawlick R, Dadheech N, Shapiro AMJ. Progress in Translational Regulatory T Cell Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes and Islet Transplantation. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:198-218. [PMID: 33247733 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have become highly relevant in the pathophysiology and treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). As these cells are known to be defective in T1D, recent efforts have explored ex vivo and in vivo Treg expansion and enhancement as a means for restoring self-tolerance in this disease. Given their capacity to also modulate alloimmune responses, studies using Treg-based therapies have recently been undertaken in transplantation. Islet transplantation provides a unique opportunity to study the critical immunological crossroads between auto- and alloimmunity. This procedure has advanced greatly in recent years, and reports of complete abrogation of severe hypoglycemia and long-term insulin independence have become increasingly reported. It is clear that cellular transplantation has the potential to be a true cure in T1D, provided the remaining barriers of cell supply and abrogated need for immune suppression can be overcome. However, the role that Tregs play in islet transplantation remains to be defined. Herein, we synthesize the progress and current state of Treg-based therapies in T1D and islet transplantation. We provide an extensive, but concise, background to understand the physiology and function of these cells and discuss the clinical evidence supporting potency and potential Treg-based therapies in the context of T1D and islet transplantation. Finally, we discuss some areas of opportunity and potential research avenues to guide effective future clinical application. This review provides a basic framework of knowledge for clinicians and researchers involved in the care of patients with T1D and islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua Hefler
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mario Bermudez De Leon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Rena Pawlick
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - A M James Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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22
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Ness S, Lin S, Gordon JR. Regulatory Dendritic Cells, T Cell Tolerance, and Dendritic Cell Therapy for Immunologic Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633436. [PMID: 33777019 PMCID: PMC7988082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are antigen-presenting cells that can communicate with T cells both directly and indirectly, regulating our adaptive immune responses against environmental and self-antigens. Under some microenvironmental conditions DC develop into anti-inflammatory cells which can induce immunologic tolerance. A substantial body of literature has confirmed that in such settings regulatory DC (DCreg) induce T cell tolerance by suppression of effector T cells as well as by induction of regulatory T cells (Treg). Many in vitro studies have been undertaken with human DCreg which, as a surrogate marker of antigen-specific tolerogenic potential, only poorly activate allogeneic T cell responses. Fewer studies have addressed the abilities of, or mechanisms by which these human DCreg suppress autologous effector T cell responses and induce infectious tolerance-promoting Treg responses. Moreover, the agents and properties that render DC as tolerogenic are many and varied, as are the cells’ relative regulatory activities and mechanisms of action. Herein we review the most current human and, where gaps exist, murine DCreg literature that addresses the cellular and molecular biology of these cells. We also address the clinical relevance of human DCreg, highlighting the outcomes of pre-clinical mouse and non-human primate studies and early phase clinical trials that have been undertaken, as well as the impact of innate immune receptors and symbiotic microbial signaling on the immunobiology of DCreg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ness
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Shiming Lin
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John R Gordon
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Division of Respirology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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23
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Rodriguez-Fernandez S, Almenara-Fuentes L, Perna-Barrull D, Barneda B, Vives-Pi M. A century later, still fighting back: antigen-specific immunotherapies for type 1 diabetes. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:461-474. [PMID: 33483995 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic metabolic disease caused by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. Ever since the 1920s, the fate of patients suffering from T1D was dramatically improved owing to the isolation and production of insulin, and the scientific field has largely progressed as a result of the evidence gathered about its underpinnings and mechanisms. The last years have seen this knowledge transformed into actual antigen-specific immunotherapies with potential to restore selectively the breach of tolerance to β-cell autoantigens and halt the autoimmune aggression. However, so far, the results of both prevention and reversion trials in T1D have been rather discouraging, so there is still an urgent need to optimize those immunotherapies and their associated factors, for example, posology and administration patterns, route and timing. In this review, we look back on what has been achieved in the last century and identify the main autoantigens driving the autoimmune attack in T1D. Then, we take a deep dive into the numerous antigen-specific immunotherapies trialed and the ones still at a preclinical phase, ranging from peptides, proteins and agent combinations to gene transfer, nanoparticles, cell-based strategies and novel approaches exploiting naturally occurring tolerogenic processes. Finally, we provide insight into the several features to be considered in a T1D clinical trial, the ideal time point for intervention and the biomarkers needed for monitoring the successful regulatory effect of the antigen-specific immunotherapy. Although further research and optimization remain imperative, the development of a therapeutic armamentarium against T1D autoimmunity is certainly advancing with a confident step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Ahead Therapeutics SL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Almenara-Fuentes
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Ahead Therapeutics SL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Perna-Barrull
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Ahead Therapeutics SL, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Arneth B. Contributions of T cells in multiple sclerosis: what do we currently know? J Neurol 2020; 268:4587-4593. [PMID: 33083867 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by neurologic dysfunction. The symptoms worsen as the disease progresses to the relapsing stage. AIM This study aimed to examine the role of T cells in MS pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The review was performed based on articles obtained from PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL. Search terms and phrases, such as "multiple sclerosis," "MS," "T cells," "development," "Dysregulated T cells," and "Effector T cells", were used to identify articles that could help explore the research topic. RESULTS The pathogenesis of MS is linked to the regulatory, inflammatory, suppressive, and effector roles of T cells. However, the actual roles of specific T cell subsets in MS development are not well understood. DISCUSSION The study revealed a significant link between MS and T cell activity. Targeting T cells is a potential strategy for the development of new therapies to manage MS. CONCLUSION MS is a complex demyelinating condition that affects several million people around the world. Research has revealed that various classes of T cells, including effector T cells and regulatory T cells, influence the development and progression of MS. Further investigations are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which specific T cell populations influence MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borros Arneth
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Hospital of the Universities of Giessen and Marburg UKGM, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Feulgenstr 12, 35440, Giessen, Germany.
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25
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Valero MA, Gironès N, Reguera-Gomez M, Pérez-Crespo I, López-García MP, Quesada C, Bargues MD, Fresno M, Mas-Coma S. Impact of fascioliasis reinfection on Fasciola hepatica egg shedding: relationship with the immune-regulatory response. Acta Trop 2020; 209:105518. [PMID: 32371223 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a disease caused by liver flukes. In human fascioliasis hyperendemic areas, reinfection and chronicity are the norm. Control strategies in humans require the use of egg count techniques to calculate the appropriate treatment dose for colic risk prevention. The present study investigates how fascioliasis reinfection affects liver fluke egg shedding and its relationship with the immune-regulatory response. The experimental design reproduced the usual reinfection/chronicity conditions in human fascioliasis endemic areas and included Fasciola hepatica primo-infected Wistar rats (PI) and rats reinfected at 4 weeks (R4), 8 weeks (R8), 12 weeks (R12), and negative control rats. In a longitudinal study (0-20 weeks post-infection, p.i.), serical IgG1 levels and eggs per gram of faeces (epg) were analyzed. In a cross-sectional study, the expression of the genes associated with Th1 (Ifng, Il12a, Il12b, Nos2), Th2 (Il4, Arg1), Treg (Foxp3, Il10, Tgfb, Ebi3), and Th17 (Il17) in the spleen and thymus was analyzed. In R8 and R12, transiently higher averages of epg and epg/worm in reinfected groups vs PI group were detected at least in the weeks following reinfection. The kinetics of IgG1 levels shows that reinfected groups followed a pattern similar to the one in the PI group, but transiently higher averages of IgG1 levels in reinfected groups vs the PI group were detected in the weeks following reinfection. Epg correlated with IgG1 levels and also with systemic Il10 and thymic Ifng, and Il10 expression levels. These results suggest that epg depends on the Th1 and Treg phenotype and that the determination of the fluke burden by epg is likely to be an overestimation in cases of recent reinfection in low burden situations. A strategy to facilitate the implementation of epg count techniques and the subsequent decision on the appropriate treatment dose for each patient to prevent colic risk is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Nuria Gironès
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Reguera-Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Pérez-Crespo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Pilar López-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Quesada
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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26
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Mannie MD, DeOca KB, Bastian AG, Moorman CD. Tolerogenic vaccines: Targeting the antigenic and cytokine niches of FOXP3 + regulatory T cells. Cell Immunol 2020; 355:104173. [PMID: 32712270 PMCID: PMC7444458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) constitute a critical barrier that enforces tolerance to both the self-peptidome and the extended-self peptidome to ensure tissue-specific resistance to autoimmune, allergic, and other inflammatory disorders. Here, we review intuitive models regarding how T cell antigen receptor (TCR) specificity and antigen recognition efficiency shape the Treg and conventional T cell (Tcon) repertoires to adaptively regulate T cell maintenance, tissue-residency, phenotypic stability, and immune function in peripheral tissues. Three zones of TCR recognition efficiency are considered, including Tcon recognition of specific low-efficiency self MHC-ligands, Treg recognition of intermediate-efficiency agonistic self MHC-ligands, and Tcon recognition of cross-reactive high-efficiency agonistic foreign MHC-ligands. These respective zones of TCR recognition efficiency are key to understanding how tissue-resident immune networks integrate the antigenic complexity of local environments to provide adaptive decisions setting the balance of suppressive and immunogenic responses. Importantly, deficiencies in the Treg repertoire appear to be an important cause of chronic inflammatory disease. Deficiencies may include global deficiencies in Treg numbers or function, subtle 'holes in the Treg repertoire' in tissue-resident Treg populations, or simply Treg insufficiencies that are unable to counter an overwhelming molecular mimicry stimulus. Tolerogenic vaccination and Treg-based immunotherapy are two therapeutic modalities meant to restore dominance of Treg networks to reverse chronic inflammatory disease. Studies of these therapeutic modalities in a preclinical setting have provided insight into the Treg niche, including the concept that intermediate-efficiency TCR signaling, high IFN-β concentrations, and low IL-2 concentrations favor Treg responses and active dominant mechanisms of immune tolerance. Overall, the purpose here is to assimilate new and established concepts regarding how cognate TCR specificity of the Treg repertoire and the contingent cytokine networks provide a foundation for understanding Treg suppressive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Mannie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
| | - Kayla B DeOca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Alexander G Bastian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Cody D Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
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27
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Sullivan JA, AlAdra DP, Olson BM, McNeel DG, Burlingham WJ. Infectious Tolerance as Seen With 2020 Vision: The Role of IL-35 and Extracellular Vesicles. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1867. [PMID: 32983104 PMCID: PMC7480133 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally identified as lymphocyte regulation of fellow lymphocytes, our understanding of infectious tolerance has undergone significant evolutions in understanding since being proposed in the early 1970s by Gershon and Kondo and expanded upon by Herman Waldman two decades later. The evolution of our understanding of infectious tolerance has coincided with significant cellular and humoral discoveries. The early studies leading to the isolation and identification of Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and cytokines including TGFβ and IL-10 in the control of peripheral tolerance was a paradigm shift in our understanding of infectious tolerance. More recently, another potential, paradigm shift in our understanding of the "infectious" aspect of infectious tolerance was proposed, identifying extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a mechanism for propagating infectious tolerance. In this review, we will outline the history of infectious tolerance, focusing on a potential EV mechanism for infectious tolerance and a novel, EV-associated form for the cytokine IL-35, ideally suited to the task of propagating tolerance by "infecting" other lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Sullivan
- Department of Surgery-Transplant Division, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - David P AlAdra
- Department of Surgery-Transplant Division, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brian M Olson
- Departments of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Urology, and Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - William J Burlingham
- Department of Surgery-Transplant Division, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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28
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Rana J, Biswas M. Regulatory T cell therapy: Current and future design perspectives. Cell Immunol 2020; 356:104193. [PMID: 32823038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune equilibrium by suppressing immune responses through various multistep contact dependent and independent mechanisms. Cellular therapy using polyclonal Tregs in transplantation and autoimmune diseases has shown promise in preclinical models and clinical trials. Although novel approaches have been developed to improve specificity and efficacy of antigen specific Treg based therapies, widespread application is currently restricted. To date, design-based approaches to improve the potency and persistence of engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) Tregs are limited. Here, we describe currently available Treg based therapies, their advantages and limitations for implementation in clinical studies. We also examine various strategies for improving CAR T cell design that can potentially be applied to CAR Tregs, such as identifying co-stimulatory signalling domains that enhance suppressive ability, determining optimal scFv affinity/avidity, and co-expression of accessory molecules. Finally, we discuss the importance of tailoring CAR Treg design to suit the individual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rana
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Moanaro Biswas
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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29
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Cezar-Dos-Santos F, Berti FCB, Okuyama NCM, Trugilo KP, Simão ANC, Watanabe MAE, Brajão de Oliveira K. FOXP3 Genetic Variants Do Not Impact Circulating and Cervical Interleukin-10 Levels in Human Papillomavirus Infection in Women. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:652-655. [PMID: 32634048 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cell (Treg) lineage plays a central role in inflammation and autoimmunity control. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been described as a pleiotropic cytokine that is mainly released by CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells and has a potent immunosuppressive activity. Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) transcription factor expression is crucial for Treg to function as a suppressor cell, and FOXP3 gene single nucleotide variants (SNVs) have already been shown to influence on viral pathogenesis. This study was conducted to evaluate the plasmatic and cervical levels of IL-10 in human papillomavirus-infected and uninfected patients and investigate whether the FOXP3 intron -1 SNVs rs3761548 and rs2232365 might alter IL-10 secretion. SNVs were genotyped by the characterization of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products based on sequence-specific enzymatic cleavage using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. IL-10 levels were determined by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In conclusion, the data indicate that there is no association between FOXP3 SNVs and circulating and cervical IL-10 levels. This finding provides a rationale that IL-10 gene activation is independent of FOXP3 transcription factor activities on Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cezar-Dos-Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Costa Brandão Berti
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Nádia Calvo Martins Okuyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Kleber Paiva Trugilo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andréa Name Colado Simão
- Research Laboratory in Applied Immunology, Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Angélica Ehara Watanabe
- Laboratory of Studies and Applications of DNA Polymorphisms and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karen Brajão de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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30
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Clough JN, Omer OS, Tasker S, Lord GM, Irving PM. Regulatory T-cell therapy in Crohn's disease: challenges and advances. Gut 2020; 69:942-952. [PMID: 31980447 PMCID: PMC7229901 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of IBD is rising in the Western world. Despite an increasing repertoire of therapeutic targets, a significant proportion of patients suffer chronic morbidity. Studies in mice and humans have highlighted the critical role of regulatory T cells in immune homeostasis, with defects in number and suppressive function of regulatory T cells seen in patients with Crohn's disease. We review the function of regulatory T cells and the pathways by which they exert immune tolerance in the intestinal mucosa. We explore the principles and challenges of manufacturing a cell therapy, and discuss clinical trial evidence to date for their safety and efficacy in human disease, with particular focus on the development of a regulatory T-cell therapy for Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie N Clough
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and Saint Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College, London, UK
| | - Omer S Omer
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and Saint Thomas' Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Scott Tasker
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Graham M Lord
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter M Irving
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and Saint Thomas' Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
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31
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Ospina-Quintero L, Jaramillo JC, Tabares-Guevara JH, Ramírez-Pineda JR. Reformulating Small Molecules for Cardiovascular Disease Immune Intervention: Low-Dose Combined Vitamin D/Dexamethasone Promotes IL-10 Production and Atheroprotection in Dyslipidemic Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:743. [PMID: 32395119 PMCID: PMC7197409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeting of proinflammatory pathways has a prophylactic and therapeutic potential on atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD). An alternative/complementary strategy is the promotion of endogenous atheroprotective mechanisms that are impaired during atherosclerosis progression, such as the activity of tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) and regulatory T cells (Treg). There is a need to develop novel low cost, safe and effective tolDC/Treg-inducing formulations that are atheroprotective and that can be of easy translation into clinical settings. We found that apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE–/–) mice treated with a low-dose combined formulation of Vitamin D and Dexamethasone (VitD/Dexa), delivered repetitively and subcutaneously (sc) promoted interleukin-10 (IL-10) production by dendritic cells and other antigen presenting cells in the lymph nodes draining the site of injection and the spleens. Expectedly, the treatment also increased the numbers of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells. Concomitantly, the frequency of IFNγ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen, and the IFNγ response of splenocytes to polyclonal stimulation ex vivo were lower after VitD/Dexa treatment, indicating a reduced proatherogenic Th1 response. Interestingly, VitD/Dexa-treated mice had smaller atherosclerotic lesions, with reduced lipid content and lower inflammatory infiltrate of macrophages and T cells in the aortic root. No hypolipidemic or antioxidant effect could be detected, suggesting that a dominantly immunomodulatory mechanism of atheroprotection was engaged under the low-dose sc VitD/Dexa conditions used. Finally, no evidence of clinical, biochemical or immune toxicity was observed in treated ApoE–/– mice and, most importantly, C57BL/6 mice latently infected with Leishmania parasites and treated with an identical VitD/Dexa dose/scheme showed no clinical or microbiological signs of disease reactivation, suggesting the absence of general immunosuppression. Altogether, these results indicate that a non-toxic, non-immunosuppressive, low-dose of VitD/Dexa, administered subcutaneously and repetitively, exerts atheroprotective effects in dyslipidemic mice, apparently due to the induction of an IL-10-producing network of lymphoid and myeloid immune cells. These well known, widely available, and inexpensive small molecules can be easily co-formulated into a simple and accessible agent with a potential use as a prophylactic or therapeutic immune intervention for CVD and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ospina-Quintero
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Julio C Jaramillo
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Jorge H Tabares-Guevara
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - José R Ramírez-Pineda
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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32
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Song Y, Xu J, Wang X, Yang Y, Bai X, Pang J, Wang X, Yu M, Liu M, Liu X, Sun S. Regulation of host immune cells and cytokine production induced by Trichinella spiralis infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:74. [PMID: 31855175 PMCID: PMC6921962 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Trichinella spiralis can cause immunoregulation during the early phase of infection. However, previous studies are still insufficient for a full understanding of this phenomenon and its underlying mechanism. In this study, immune cells and cytokine profiles of T. spiralis infected mice were examined by Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) and flow cytometry. The MSD results of the spleen showed that Th1 immunity was inhibited from 6 h to 6 days post-infection (dpi) and the level of Th2 immune response was significantly increased at 6 dpi. The mesenteric lymph node showed a Th1/Th2 mixed immune response from 3 dpi to 6 dpi with a downtrend of Th1 at 6 dpi. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the proportion of Th1 cells of T cells was decreased significantly at 6 h after infection, the proportion of Th2 cells was markedly increased, indicating that Th1 immunity was significantly inhibited at 6 h after infection, and a hybrid immune response based on Th2 type was presented from 30 h to 6 dpi. The immunoregulation effects observed during this study have provided a better understanding of the development of the immune response induced by Trichinella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia, 028042 Tongliao, PR China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia, 028042 Tongliao, PR China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130000 Changchun, PR China
| | - Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130000 Changchun, PR China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130000 Changchun, PR China
| | - Jianda Pang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia, 028042 Tongliao, PR China - Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130000 Changchun, PR China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia, 028042 Tongliao, PR China
| | - Mingchuan Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia, 028042 Tongliao, PR China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130000 Changchun, PR China - Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130000 Changchun, PR China
| | - Shumin Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia, 028042 Tongliao, PR China - Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130000 Changchun, PR China
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33
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Duffy SS, Keating BA, Moalem-Taylor G. Adoptive Transfer of Regulatory T Cells as a Promising Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1107. [PMID: 31680840 PMCID: PMC6803619 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Duffy
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Brooke A Keating
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Gila Moalem-Taylor
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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34
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Abstract
With the advent of the concept of dominant tolerance and the subsequent discovery of CD4+ regulatory T cells expressing the transcription factor FOXP3 (Tregs), almost all productive as well as nonproductive immune responses can be compartmentalized to a binary of immune effector T cells and immune regulatory Treg populations. A beneficial immune response warrants the timely regulation by Tregs, whereas a nonproductive immune response indicates insufficient effector functions or an outright failure of tolerance. There are ample reports supporting role of Tregs in suppressing spontaneous auto-immune diseases as well as promoting immune evasion by cancers. To top up their importance, several non-immune functions like tissue homeostasis and regeneration are also being attributed to Tregs. Hence, after being in the center stage of basic and translational immunological research, Tregs are making the next jump towards clinical studies. Therefore, newer small molecules, biologics as well as adoptive cell therapy (ACT) approaches are being tested to augment or undermine Treg responses in the context of autoimmunity and cancer. In this brief review, we present the strategies to modulate Tregs towards a favorable clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Pohang , Republic of Korea.,Division of Integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang , Republic of Korea
| | - Dipayan Rudra
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Pohang , Republic of Korea.,Division of Integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang , Republic of Korea
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35
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MacDonald KN, Piret JM, Levings MK. Methods to manufacture regulatory T cells for cell therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 197:52-63. [PMID: 30913302 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cell (Treg ) therapy has shown promise in early clinical trials for treating graft-versus-host disease, transplant rejection and autoimmune disorders. A challenge has been to isolate sufficiently pure Tregs and expand them to a clinical dose. However, there has been considerable progress in the development and optimization of these methods, resulting in a variety of manufacturing protocols being tested in clinical trials. In this review, we summarize methods that have been used to manufacture Tregs for clinical trials, including the choice of cell source and protocols for cell isolation and expansion. We also discuss alternative culture or genome editing methods for modulating Treg specificity, function or stability that could be applied to future clinical manufacturing protocols to increase the efficacy of Treg therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N MacDonald
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J M Piret
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M K Levings
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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36
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Wu YY, Hsieh CT, Tsay GJ, Kao JT, Chiu YM, Shieh DC, Lee YJ. Recruitment of CCR6 + Foxp3 + regulatory gastric infiltrating lymphocytes in Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Helicobacter 2019; 24:e12550. [PMID: 30412323 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is associated with an inflammatory response in the gastric mucosa, leading to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Increased T-cell infiltration is found at sites of H. pylori infection. The CCR6+ subset of CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), a newly characterized subset of Tregs, has been reported to contribute to local immune inhibition. However, whether CCR6+ Tregs are present in H. pylori gastritis, and what their relationship is to disease prognosis, remains to be elucidated. In this study, gastric infiltrating lymphocytes were isolated from endoscopic biopsy specimens of H. pylori gastritis patients and analyzed. We found that in gastric infiltrating lymphocytes, CCR6+ CD4+ CD25high Tregs, which express high levels of CD45RO, are positively associated with more severe inflammation in gastric mucosa during H. pylori infection. Furthermore, the frequency of CCR6+ Tregs in gastric infiltrating lymphocytes, but not CCR6- Tregs, is significantly increased in inflamed gastric tissues, which is inversely correlated with significantly lower expression of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells. We also found that the frequency of CCR6+ Tregs is positively correlated with the frequency of CD4+ IFN-γ+ T cells. In addition, the frequency of CCR6+ Tregs, but not that of CCR6- Tregs, is significantly correlated with increased inflammation in H. pylori gastritis. This study demonstrates that immunosuppression in H. pylori gastritis might be related to the activity of CCR6+ Tregs, which could influence disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ying Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Tung Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, I-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Gregory J Tsay
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Ta Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ming Chiu
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Chen Shieh
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Lee
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Rodríguez-Ruiz ME, Rodríguez I, Mayorga L, Labiano T, Barbes B, Etxeberria I, Ponz-Sarvise M, Azpilikueta A, Bolaños E, Sanmamed MF, Berraondo P, Calvo FA, Barcelos-Hoff MH, Perez-Gracia JL, Melero I. TGFβ Blockade Enhances Radiotherapy Abscopal Efficacy Effects in Combination with Anti-PD1 and Anti-CD137 Immunostimulatory Monoclonal Antibodies. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:621-631. [PMID: 30683810 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy can be synergistically combined with immunotherapy in mouse models, extending its efficacious effects outside of the irradiated field (abscopal effects). We previously reported that a regimen encompassing local radiotherapy in combination with anti-CD137 plus anti-PD-1 mAbs achieves potent abscopal effects against syngeneic transplanted murine tumors up to a certain tumor size. Knowing that TGFβ expression or activation increases in irradiated tissues, we tested whether TGFβ blockade may further enhance abscopal effects in conjunction with the anti-PD-1 plus anti-CD137 mAb combination. Indeed, TGFβ blockade with 1D11, a TGFβ-neutralizing mAb, markedly enhanced abscopal effects and overall treatment efficacy against subcutaneous tumors of either 4T1 breast cancer cells or large MC38 colorectal tumors. Increases in CD8 T cells infiltrating the nonirradiated lesion were documented upon combined treatment, which intensely expressed Granzyme-B as an indicator of cytotoxic effector capability. Interestingly, tumor tissue but not healthy tissue irradiation results in the presence of higher concentrations of TGFβ in the nonirradiated contralateral tumor that showed smad2/3 phosphorylation increases in infiltrating CD8 T cells. In conclusion, radiotherapy-induced TGFβ hampers abscopal efficacy even upon combination with a potent immunotherapy regimen. Therefore, TGFβ blockade in combination with radioimmunotherapy results in greater efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Department of Oncology, University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cellular Therapy, University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lina Mayorga
- Department of Oncology, University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Tania Labiano
- Department of Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Benigno Barbes
- Department of Oncology, University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mariano Ponz-Sarvise
- Department of Oncology, University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel F Sanmamed
- Department of Oncology, University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe A Calvo
- Department of Oncology, University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mary Helen Barcelos-Hoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jose L Perez-Gracia
- Department of Oncology, University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Department of Oncology, University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Bassagh A, Hayatbakhsh Abasi M, Larussa T, Ghazizadeh M, Nemati M, Mirkamandar E, Jafarzadeh A. Diminished circulating concentration of interleukin-35 in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients with peptic ulcer: Its association with FOXP3 gene polymorphism, bacterial virulence factor CagA, and gender of patients. Helicobacter 2018; 23:e12501. [PMID: 29938865 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-35 modulates immune and inflammatory responses during infections. Here, we investigated IL-35 levels and a single nucleotide polymorphism, rs3761548, in FOXP3 gene in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients with peptic ulcer (PU), to clarify possible associations. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study includes 100 H. pylori-infected PU patients, 100 H. pylori-infected asymptomatic subjects (AS), and 100 noninfected healthy subjects (NHSs). Serum IL-35 levels and the genotyping were determined using ELISA and RFLP-PCR methods, respectively. RESULTS In PU patients, the IL-35 levels were lower than AS and NHS groups (P < .001). The IL-35 levels in CagA+ H. pylori-infected participants from PU and AS groups were lower than individuals infected with CagA- strains (P < .02 and P < .04, respectively). Women had higher IL-35 levels than men among PU, AS, and NHS groups (P < .0001). In PU patients, AA genotype and A allele at rs3761548 were more frequent than total healthy subjects (AS + NHS groups) and associated with an increased PU risk (AA genotype: OR = 5.51, P < .0001; A allele: OR = 3.857, P < .002). In PU and AS groups, IL-35 levels were lower in subjects displaying AA genotype or A allele than subjects displaying CC genotype or C allele, respectively (P < .0001 and P < .03 for PU patients; P < .001 and P < .02 for AS group, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Decreased IL-35 levels could be involved in PU development in H. pylori-infected individuals. IL-35 levels are affected by CagA status of H. pylori, participants gender, and genetic variations at rs3761548. The AA genotype and A allele at rs3761548 could represent a risk factor for PU development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Bassagh
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Tiziana Larussa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mirkamandar
- Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Abstract
A significant characteristic of advanced gastric cancer (GC) is immune suppression, which can promote the progression of GC. Interleukin 35 (IL-35) is an immune-suppressing cytokine, and it is generally recognized that this cytokine is secreted by regulatory T (Treg) cells. Recently, studies have found that IL-35 can also be produced by B cells in mice. However, scientific studies reporting that IL-35 is secreted by B cells in humans, specifically in cancer patients, are very rare.Blood samples were collected from 30 healthy controls (HCs) and 50 untreated GC patients, and IL-35-producing B cells in the peripheral blood were investigated. Moreover, Treg cells (CD4CD25CD127), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) (CD14HLA-DR) and other lymphocyte subsets (CD3, CD4, CD8 T cells, activated and memory CD4 T cells, activated CD8 T cells, CD14 monocytes, and IL-10-producing B cells) were also examined.IL-35-producing B cells were significantly upregulated in patients with advanced GC. Furthermore, the frequency of IL-35-producing B cells was positively correlated with the frequencies of Treg cells (CD4CD25CD127), MDSCs (CD14HLA-DR), IL-10-producing B cells, and CD14 monocytes in these GC patients.In summary, the frequency of IL-35-producing B cells is significantly elevated in advanced GC; this outcome implies that this group of B cells may participate in GC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
| | - Jianming Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, JiangXi Medical College, Shangrao, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
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40
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The genetic susceptibility and dominant protection for type 1 diabetes (T1D) associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, along with minor risk variants, have long been thought to shape the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and eventual phenotype of autoreactive T cells that mediate β-cell destruction. While autoantibodies provide robust markers of disease progression, early studies tracking autoreactive T cells largely failed to achieve clinical utility. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in acquisition of pancreata and islets from T1D organ donors have facilitated studies of T cells isolated from the target tissues. Immunosequencing of TCR α/β-chain complementarity determining regions, along with transcriptional profiling, offers the potential to transform biomarker discovery. Herein, we review recent studies characterizing the autoreactive TCR signature in T1D, emerging technologies, and the challenges and opportunities associated with tracking TCR molecular profiles during the natural history of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Jacobsen
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Amanda Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Howard R Seay
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael J Haller
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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41
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Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: Is it related to cytokines and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis? Mult Scler Relat Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Fasciola hepatica reinfection potentiates a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg response and correlates with the clinical phenotypes of anemia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173456. [PMID: 28362822 PMCID: PMC5376296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fascioliasis is a severe zoonotic disease of worldwide extension caused by liver flukes. In human fascioliasis hyperendemic areas, reinfection and chronicity are the norm and anemia is the main sign. Herein, the profile of the Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg expression levels is analyzed after reinfection, correlating them with their corresponding hematological biomarkers of morbidity. Methodology/Principal findings The experimental design reproduces the usual reinfection/chronicity conditions in human fascioliasis endemic areas and included Fasciola hepatica primo-infected Wistar rats (PI) and rats reinfected at 8 weeks (R8), and at 12 weeks (R12), and negative control rats. In a cross-sectional study, the expression of the genes associated with Th1 (Ifng, Il12a, Il12b, Nos2), Th2 (Il4, Arg1), Treg (Foxp3, Il10, Tgfb, Ebi3), and Th17 (Il17) in the spleen and thymus was analyzed. After 20 weeks of primary infection, PI did not present significant changes in the expression of those genes when compared to non-infected rats (NI), but an increase of Il4, Arg1 and Ifng mRNA in the spleen was observed in R12, suggesting the existence of an active mixed Th1/Th2 systemic immune response in reinfection. Foxp3, Il10, Tgfb and Ebi3 levels increased in the spleen in R12 when compared to NI and PI, indicating that the Treg gene expression levels are potentiated in chronic phase reinfection. Il17 gene expression levels in R12 in the spleen increased when compared to NI, PI and R8. Gene expression levels of Il10 in the thymus increased when compared to NI and PI in R12. Ifng expression levels in the thymus increased in all reinfected rats, but not in PI. The clinical phenotype was determined by the fluke burden, the rat body weight and the hemogram. Multivariate mathematical models were built to describe the Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg expression levels and the clinical phenotype. In reinfection, two phenotypic patterns were detected: i) one which includes only increased splenic Ifng expression levels but no Treg expression, correlating with severe anemia; ii) another which includes increased splenic Ifng and Treg expression levels, correlating with a less severe anemia. Conclusions/Significance In animals with established F. hepatica infection a huge increase in the immune response occurs, being a mixed Th2/Treg associated gene expression together with an expression of Ifng. Interestingly, a Th17 associated gene expression is also observed. Reinfection in the chronic phase is able to activate a mixed immune response (Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg) against F. hepatica but T and B proliferation to mitogens is strongly suppressed in all infected rats vs control in the advanced chronic phase independently of reinfection The systemic immune response is different in each group, suggesting that suppression is mediated by different mechanisms in each case. Immune suppression could be due to the parasite in PI and R8 rats and the induction of suppressive cells such as Treg in R12. This is the first study to provide fundamental insight into the immune profile in fascioliasis reinfection and its relation with the clinical phenotypes of anemia.
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Sharma D, Al-Khalidi R, Edgar S, An Q, Wang Y, Young C, Nowis D, Gorecki DC. Co-delivery of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase prevents loss of expression of an antigenic transgene in dystrophic mouse muscles. Gene Ther 2016; 24:113-119. [PMID: 28004656 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A significant problem affecting gene therapy approaches aiming at achieving long-term transgene expression is the immune response against the protein product of the therapeutic gene, which can reduce or eliminate the therapeutic effect. The problem is further exacerbated when therapy involves targeting an immunogenic tissue and/or one with a pre-existing inflammatory phenotype, such as dystrophic muscles. In this proof-of-principle study, we co-expressed a model antigen, bacterial β-galactosidase, with an immunosuppressive factor, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), in muscles of the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This treatment prevented loss of expression of the transgene concomitant with significantly elevated expression of T-regulatory (Treg) markers in the IDO1-expressing muscles. Moreover, co-expression of IDO1 resulted in reduced serum levels of anti-β-gal antibodies. These data indicate that co-expression of genes encoding immunomodulatory enzymes controlling kynurenine pathways provide a viable strategy for preventing loss of transgenes targeted into dystrophic muscles with pre-existing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sharma
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - R Al-Khalidi
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - S Edgar
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Q An
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Y Wang
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - C Young
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - D Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - D C Gorecki
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Song M, Ma X. The Immunobiology of Interleukin-35 and Its Regulation and Gene Expression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 941:213-225. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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45
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Sawant DV, Hamilton K, Vignali DAA. Interleukin-35: Expanding Its Job Profile. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:499-512. [PMID: 25919641 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Counter-regulation afforded by specialized regulatory cell populations and immunosuppressive cytokines is critical for balancing immune outcome. The inhibitory potential of the established suppressive cytokines, IL-10 and TGFβ, has been well elucidated in diverse inflammatory scenarios in conjunction with their key roles in Treg development and function. Despite the early predictions for an immunomodulatory role for the Ebi3/p35 heterodimer in placental trophoblasts, IL-35 biology remained elusive until 2007 when it was established as a Treg-restricted inhibitory cytokine. Since then, Treg-derived IL-35 has been shown to exhibit its suppressive activities in a range of autoimmune diseases and cancer models. Recent studies are beginning to explore other cellular sources of IL-35, such as Bregs and CD8(+) Tregs. Despite these new cellular sources and targets, the mode of IL-35 suppression remains restricted to inhibition of proliferation and induction of an IL-35-producing induced regulatory T cell population referred to as iTr35. In this review, we explore the early beginnings, status quo, and future prospects of IL-35 biology. The unparalleled opportunity of targeting multiple immunosuppressive populations (Tregs, Bregs, CD8(+) Tregs) through IL-35 is highly exciting and offers tremendous promise from a translational standpoint, particularly for cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali V Sawant
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristia Hamilton
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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46
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Sicard A, Koenig A, Morelon E, Defrance T, Thaunat O. Cell therapy to induce allograft tolerance: time to switch to plan B? Front Immunol 2015; 6:149. [PMID: 25904913 PMCID: PMC4387960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation is widely acknowledged as the best option for end stage failure of vital organs. Long-term graft survival is however limited by graft rejection, a destructive process resulting from the response of recipient’s immune system against donor-specific alloantigens. Prevention of rejection currently relies exclusively on immunosuppressive drugs that lack antigen specificity and therefore increase the risk for infections and cancers. Induction of donor-specific tolerance would provide indefinite graft survival without morbidity and therefore represents the grail of transplant immunologists. Progresses in the comprehension of immunoregulatory mechanisms over the last decades have paved the way for cell therapies to induce allograft tolerance. The first part of the present article reviews the promising results obtained in experimental models with adoptive transfer of ex vivo-expanded regulatory CD4+ T cells (CD4+ Tregs) and discuss which source and specificity should be preferred for transferred CD4+ Tregs. Interestingly, B cells have recently emerged as potent regulatory cells, able to establish a privileged crosstalk with CD4+ T cells. The second part of the present article reviews the evidences demonstrating the crucial role of regulatory B cells in transplantation tolerance. We propose the possibility to harness B cell regulatory functions to improve cell-based therapies aiming at inducing allograft tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Koenig
- U1111, INSERM , Lyon , France ; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service de Transplantation, Néphrologie et Immunologie Clinique , Lyon , France
| | - Emmanuel Morelon
- U1111, INSERM , Lyon , France ; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service de Transplantation, Néphrologie et Immunologie Clinique , Lyon , France ; Université de Lyon , Lyon , France
| | | | - Olivier Thaunat
- U1111, INSERM , Lyon , France ; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service de Transplantation, Néphrologie et Immunologie Clinique , Lyon , France ; Université de Lyon , Lyon , France
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47
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Losikoff PT, Mishra S, Terry F, Gutierrez A, Ardito MT, Fast L, Nevola M, Martin WD, Bailey-Kellogg C, De Groot AS, Gregory SH. HCV epitope, homologous to multiple human protein sequences, induces a regulatory T cell response in infected patients. J Hepatol 2015; 62:48-55. [PMID: 25157982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Spontaneous resolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection depends upon a broad T cell response to multiple viral epitopes. However, most patients fail to clear infections spontaneously and develop chronic disease. The elevated number and function of CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (T(reg)) in HCV-infected patients suggest a role of Treg cells in impaired viral clearance. The factors contributing to increased Treg cell activity in chronic hepatitis C cases remain to be delineated. METHODS Immunoinformatics tools were used to predict promiscuous, highly-conserved HLA-DRB1-restricted immunogenic consensus sequences (ICS), each composed of multiple T cell epitopes. These sequences were synthesized and added to cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), derived from patients who resolved HCV infection spontaneously, patients with persistent infection, and non-infected individuals. The cells were collected and following 5days incubation, quantified and characterized by flow cytometry. RESULTS One immunogenic consensus sequence (ICS), HCV_G1_p7_794, induced a marked increase in Treg cells in PBMC cultures derived from infected patients, but not in patients who spontaneously cleared HCV or in non-infected individuals. An analogous human peptide (p7_794), on the other hand, induced a significant increase in Treg cells among PBMCs derived from both HCV-infected and non-infected individuals. JanusMatrix analyses determined that HCV_G1_p7_794 is comprised of Treg cell epitopes that exhibit extensive cross-reactivity with the human proteome. CONCLUSIONS A virus-encoded peptide (HCV_G1_p7_794) with extensive human homology activates cross-reactive CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) natural Treg cells, which potentially contributes to immunosuppression and to the development of chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis T Losikoff
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sasmita Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Andres Gutierrez
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Loren Fast
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Martha Nevola
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, USA; Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Stephen H Gregory
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-35, a recently identified cytokine of the IL-12 family, is a potent immunosuppressive cytokine secreted by regulatory T (Treg) cells and the newly reported regulatory B (Breg) cells. IL-35 functions as a crucial immunosuppressive factor in immune-mediated diseases, and the predominant mechanism of suppression is its ability to suppress T cell proliferation and effector functions. The pathogenic processes of the non-cytopathic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection-related liver diseases are immune-mediated, including liver damage and viral control. It has been found that IL-35 is detectable in peripheral CD4(+) T cells in chronic HBV-infected patients, whereas it is undetectable in healthy individuals. There is growing evidence that cytokine-mediated immune responses play a pivotal role in determining the clinical outcome during HBV infection. It is particularly important to investigate the effects of IL-35 in the immunopathogenesis of chronic HBV infection. In this study, the recent understanding of this issue is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gang Xiang
- Department of Infectious DiseasesRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina,Translational Laboratory of Liver DiseasesRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Infectious DiseasesRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina,Translational Laboratory of Liver DiseasesRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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49
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Jafarzadeh A, Jamali M, Mahdavi R, Ebrahimi HA, Hajghani H, Khosravimashizi A, Nemati M, Najafipour H, Sheikhi A, Mohammadi MM, Daneshvar H. Circulating levels of interleukin-35 in patients with multiple sclerosis: evaluation of the influences of FOXP3 gene polymorphism and treatment program. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:891-7. [PMID: 25326790 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0443-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory T (Treg) cells play a major role in the control of the autoimmunity and inflammation, and IL-35 has been described as an immunosuppressive cytokine that is mainly produced by CD4(+)FOXP3(+) Treg cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of IL-35 and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs3761548, in FOXP3 gene in patients with multiple sclerosis. The blood samples were collected from 140 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients (including 51 untreated and 89 treated patients) and 140 healthy subjects as a control group. The serum levels of IL-35 were measured by ELISA. The DNA was analyzed for SNP rs3761548 in FOXP3 gene using SSP-PCR. There was no significant difference between untreated MS patients and control group regarding the mean serum levels of IL-35, although this parameter was higher in untreated patients. However, the mean serum level of IL-35 in treated MS patients was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.008). The mean serum levels of IL-35 in patients who were treated with interferon-β, methylprednisolone, or with the both interferon-β and methylprednisolone were significantly higher than that in the healthy group (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, and P < 0.2, respectively). The frequencies of AA and AC genotypes at rs3761548 in the FOXP3 gene were significantly higher in MS group as compared with healthy subjects (P < 0.05). The frequency of CC genotype at rs3761548 was significantly lower in the MS group in comparison with healthy control subjects (P < 0.001). Moreover, the frequency of A allele was significantly higher whereas the frequency of C allele was significantly lower in MS patients in comparison to healthy subjects (P < 0.001). The mean serum level of IL-35 was significantly lower in MS patients or healthy subjects with AA genotype as compared with those with CC genotype at rs3761548 in FOXP3 gene (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). These results showed higher serum levels of IL-35 in treated MS patients representing that the benefit effects of treatment may in part performed through the upregulation of the IL-35 production. The SNP rs3761548 may influence the susceptibility to MS disease and the serum levels of IL-35.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jafarzadeh
- Neurology Research Center, Department of Neurology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,
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50
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Bobosha K, Wilson L, van Meijgaarden KE, Bekele Y, Zewdie M, van der Ploeg- van Schip JJ, Abebe M, Hussein J, Khadge S, Neupane KD, Hagge DA, Jordanova ES, Aseffa A, Ottenhoff THM, Geluk A. T-cell regulation in lepromatous leprosy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2773. [PMID: 24722473 PMCID: PMC3983090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are known for their role in maintaining self-tolerance and balancing immune reactions in autoimmune diseases and chronic infections. However, regulatory mechanisms can also lead to prolonged survival of pathogens in chronic infections like leprosy and tuberculosis (TB). Despite high humoral responses against Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients have the characteristic inability to generate T helper 1 (Th1) responses against the bacterium. In this study, we investigated the unresponsiveness to M. leprae in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of LL patients by analysis of IFN-γ responses to M. leprae before and after depletion of CD25+ cells, by cell subsets analysis of PBMC and by immunohistochemistry of patients' skin lesions. Depletion of CD25+ cells from total PBMC identified two groups of LL patients: 7/18 (38.8%) gained in vitro responsiveness towards M. leprae after depletion of CD25+ cells, which was reversed to M. leprae-specific T-cell unresponsiveness by addition of autologous CD25+ cells. In contrast, 11/18 (61.1%) remained anergic in the absence of CD25+ T-cells. For both groups mitogen-induced IFN-γ was, however, not affected by depletion of CD25+ cells. In M. leprae responding healthy controls, treated lepromatous leprosy (LL) and borderline tuberculoid leprosy (BT) patients, depletion of CD25+ cells only slightly increased the IFN-γ response. Furthermore, cell subset analysis showed significantly higher (p = 0.02) numbers of FoxP3+ CD8+CD25+ T-cells in LL compared to BT patients, whereas confocal microscopy of skin biopsies revealed increased numbers of CD68+CD163+ as well as FoxP3+ cells in lesions of LL compared to tuberculoid and borderline tuberculoid leprosy (TT/BT) lesions. Thus, these data show that CD25+ Treg cells play a role in M. leprae-Th1 unresponsiveness in LL. Leprosy is a curable infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) that affects the skin and peripheral nerves. It is manifested in different forms ranging from self-healing, tuberculoid leprosy (TT) with low bacillary load and high cellular immunity against M. leprae, to lepromatous leprosy (LL) with high bacillary load and high antibody titers to M. leprae antigens. However, LL patients have poor cell mediated response against M. leprae leading to delayed clearance of the bacilli. A possible explanation for this bacterial persistence could lie in the presence of more regulatory cells at infection sites and in peripheral blood. This study shows the recovery of the cell mediated response by depletion of CD25+ cells in a subset of LL patients, while another patient subset was not affected similarly. Moreover, an increased frequency of FoxP3+ T cells together with anti-inflammatory macrophages was observed in LL patients' skin biopsies. Thus, these data show that CD25+ Treg cells play a role in M. leprae-unresponsiveness in leprosy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidist Bobosha
- The Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Louis Wilson
- The Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yonas Bekele
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Zewdie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Markos Abebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Hussein
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Saraswoti Khadge
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratory, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kapil D. Neupane
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratory, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Deanna A. Hagge
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratory, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ekaterina S. Jordanova
- The Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Free University Amsterdam, Center for Gynaecologic Oncology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- The Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- The Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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