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Horvat Mercnik M, Schliefsteiner C, Sanchez-Duffhues G, Wadsack C. TGFβ signalling: a nexus between inflammation, placental health and preeclampsia throughout pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update 2024; 30:442-471. [PMID: 38519450 PMCID: PMC11215164 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The placenta is a unique and pivotal organ in reproduction, controlling crucial growth and cell differentiation processes that ensure a successful pregnancy. Placental development is a tightly regulated and dynamic process, in which the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily plays a central role. This family of pleiotropic growth factors is heavily involved in regulating various aspects of reproductive biology, particularly in trophoblast differentiation during the first trimester of pregnancy. TGFβ signalling precisely regulates trophoblast invasion and the cell transition from cytotrophoblasts to extravillous trophoblasts, which is an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-like process. Later in pregnancy, TGFβ signalling ensures proper vascularization and angiogenesis in placental endothelial cells. Beyond its role in trophoblasts and endothelial cells, TGFβ signalling contributes to the polarization and function of placental and decidual macrophages by promoting maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic foetus. Disturbances in early placental development have been associated with several pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia (PE) which is one of the severe complications. Emerging evidence suggests that TGFβ is involved in the pathogenesis of PE, thereby offering a potential target for intervention in the human placenta. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This comprehensive review aims to explore and elucidate the roles of the major members of the TGFβ superfamily, including TGFβs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), activins, inhibins, nodals, and growth differentiation factors (GDFs), in the context of placental development and function. The review focusses on their interactions within the major cell types of the placenta, namely trophoblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells, in both normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by PE throughout pregnancy. SEARCH METHODS A literature search was carried out using PubMed and Google Scholar, searching terms: 'TGF signalling preeclampsia', 'pregnancy TGF signalling', 'preeclampsia tgfβ', 'preeclampsia bmp', 'preeclampsia gdf', 'preeclampsia activin', 'endoglin preeclampsia', 'endoglin pregnancy', 'tgfβ signalling pregnancy', 'bmp signalling pregnancy', 'gdf signalling pregnancy', 'activin signalling pregnancy', 'Hofbauer cell tgfβ signalling', 'placental macrophages tgfβ', 'endothelial cells tgfβ', 'endothelium tgfβ signalling', 'trophoblast invasion tgfβ signalling', 'trophoblast invasion Smad', 'trophoblast invasion bmp', 'trophoblast invasion tgfβ', 'tgfβ preeclampsia', 'tgfβ placental development', 'TGFβ placental function', 'endothelial dysfunction preeclampsia tgfβ signalling', 'vascular remodelling placenta TGFβ', 'inflammation pregnancy tgfβ', 'immune response pregnancy tgfβ', 'immune tolerance pregnancy tgfβ', 'TGFβ pregnancy NK cells', 'bmp pregnancy NK cells', 'bmp pregnancy tregs', 'tgfβ pregnancy tregs', 'TGFβ placenta NK cells', 'TGFβ placenta tregs', 'NK cells preeclampsia', 'Tregs preeclampsia'. Only articles published in English until 2023 were used. OUTCOMES A comprehensive understanding of TGFβ signalling and its role in regulating interconnected cell functions of the main placental cell types provides valuable insights into the processes essential for successful placental development and growth of the foetus during pregnancy. By orchestrating trophoblast invasion, vascularization, immune tolerance, and tissue remodelling, TGFβ ligands contribute to the proper functioning of a healthy maternal-foetal interface. However, dysregulation of TGFβ signalling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PE, where the shallow trophoblast invasion, defective vascular remodelling, decreased uteroplacental perfusion, and endothelial cell and immune dysfunction observed in PE, are all affected by an altered TGFβ signalling. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The dysregulation of TGFβ signalling in PE has important implications for research and clinical practice. Further investigation is required to understand the underlying mechanisms, including the role of different ligands and their regulation under pathophysiological conditions, in order to discover new therapeutic targets. Distinguishing between clinically manifested subtypes of PE and studying TGFβ signalling in different placental cell types holistically is an important first step. To put this knowledge into practice, pre-clinical animal models combined with new technologies are needed. This may also lead to improved human research models and identify potential therapeutic targets, ultimately improving outcomes for affected pregnancies and reducing the burden of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gonzalo Sanchez-Duffhues
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Tissue-Specific BMP Signalling ISPA-HUCA, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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Dorry S, Perla S, Bennett AM. MAPK Phosphatase-5 is required for TGF-β signaling through a JNK-dependent pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.27.600976. [PMID: 38979264 PMCID: PMC11230413 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.27.600976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatases (MKPs) constitute members of the dual-specificity family of protein phosphatases that dephosphorylate the MAPKs. MKP-5 dephosphorylates the stress-responsive MAPKs, p38 MAPK and JNK, and has been shown to promote tissue fibrosis. Here, we provide insight into how MKP-5 regulates the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway, a well-established driver of fibrosis. We show that MKP-5-deficient fibroblasts in response to TGF-β are impaired in SMAD2 phosphorylation at canonical and non-canonical sites, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activation of fibrogenic genes. Consistent with this, pharmacological inhibition of MKP-5 is sufficient to block TGF-β signaling, and that this regulation occurs through a JNK-dependent pathway. By utilizing RNA sequencing and transcriptomic analysis, we identify TGF-β signaling activators regulated by MKP-5 in a JNK-dependent manner, providing mechanistic insight into how MKP-5 promotes TGF-β signaling. This study elucidates a novel mechanism whereby MKP-5-mediated JNK inactivation is required for TGF-β signaling and provides insight into the role of MKP-5 in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Dorry
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sravan Perla
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anton M. Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Yan W, Rao D, Fan F, Liang H, Zhang Z, Dong H. Hepatitis B virus X protein and TGF-β: partners in the carcinogenic journey of hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1407434. [PMID: 38962270 PMCID: PMC11220127 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1407434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B infection is substantially associated with the development of liver cancer globally, with the prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases exceeding 50%. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) encodes the Hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein, a pleiotropic regulatory protein necessary for the transcription of the HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) microchromosome. In previous studies, HBV-associated HCC was revealed to be affected by HBx in multiple signaling pathways, resulting in genetic mutations and epigenetic modifications in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In addition, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has dichotomous potentials at various phases of malignancy as it is a crucial signaling pathway that regulates multiple cellular and physiological processes. In early HCC, TGF-β has a significant antitumor effect, whereas in advanced HCC, it promotes malignant progression. TGF-β interacts with the HBx protein in HCC, regulating the pathogenesis of HCC. This review summarizes the respective and combined functions of HBx and TGB-β in HCC occurrence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dean Rao
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feimu Fan
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huifang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hanhua Dong
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Melzer M, Niebert S, Heimann M, Ullm F, Pompe T, Scheiner-Bobis G, Burk J. Differential Smad2/3 linker phosphorylation is a crosstalk mechanism of Rho/ROCK and canonical TGF-β3 signaling in tenogenic differentiation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10393. [PMID: 38710741 PMCID: PMC11074336 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3 is a well-known inducer for tenogenic differentiation, signaling via the Smad2/3 pathway. Furthermore, other factors like extracellular matrix or mechanical force can induce tenogenic differentiation and possibly alter the response to TGF-β3 by signaling via the Rho/ROCK pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the interplay of Rho/ROCK and TGF-β3/Smad signaling in tenogenic differentiation, with the Smad2/3 molecule hypothesized as a possible interface. Cultured as monolayers or on collagen I matrices, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) were treated with the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 (10 µM), TGF-β3 (10 ng/ml) or both combined. Control cells were cultured accordingly, without Y-27632 and/or without TGF-β3. At different time points, MSC were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and Western blot. Cultivation of MSC on collagen matrices and ROCK inhibition supported tenogenic differentiation and fostered the effect of TGF-β3. The phosphorylation of the linker region of Smad2 was reduced by cultivation on collagen matrices, but not by ROCK inhibition. The latter, however, led to increased phosphorylation of the linker region of Smad3. In conclusion, collagen matrices and the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway influence the TGF-β3/Smad2/3 pathway by regulating different phosphorylation sites of the Smad linker region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Melzer
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Niebert
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Heimann
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Franziska Ullm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Science, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- FILK Freiberg Institute GmbH, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Tilo Pompe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Science, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georgios Scheiner-Bobis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Endocrinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Janina Burk
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Wang Y, Gao M, Zhang M, Pang Y, Xu Z, Zeng L, Yuan S. Tgfb1 deficiency impairs the self-renewal capacity of murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 703:149686. [PMID: 38367513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1) refers to a pleiotropic cytokine exerting contrasting roles in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) functions in vitro and in vivo. However, the understanding of hematopoiesis in vivo, when TGFB1 is constantly deactivated, is still unclear, mainly due to significant embryonic lethality and the emergence of a fatal inflammatory condition, which makes doing these investigations challenging. Our study aims to find the specific role of TGFB1 in regulating hematopoiesis in vivo. We engineered mice strains (Vav1 or Mx1 promoter-driven TGFB1 knockout) with conditional knockout of TGFB1 to study its role in hematopoiesis in vivo. In fetal and adult hematopoiesis, TGFB1 KO mice displayed deficiency and decreased self-renewal capacity of HSCs with myeloid-biased differentiation. The results were different from the regulating role of TGFB1 in vitro. Additionally, our results showed that TGFB1 deficiency from fetal hematopoiesis stage caused more severe defect of HSCs than in the adult stage. Mechanistically, our findings identified TGFB1-SOX9-FOS/JUNB/TWIST1 signal axis as an essential regulating pathway in HSCs homeostasis. Our study may provide a scientific basis for clinical HSC transplantation and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Wang
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingming Gao
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Ye Pang
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zihan Xu
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingyu Zeng
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shengnan Yuan
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhang L, Zhang H, Xie Q, Feng H, Li H, Li Z, Yang K, Ding J, Gao G. LncRNA-mediated cartilage homeostasis in osteoarthritis: a narrative review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1326843. [PMID: 38449881 PMCID: PMC10915071 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1326843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of cartilage that affects the quality of life and has increased in morbidity and mortality in recent years. Cartilage homeostasis and dysregulation are thought to be important mechanisms involved in the development of OA. Many studies suggest that lncRNAs are involved in cartilage homeostasis in OA and that lncRNAs can be used to diagnose or treat OA. Among the existing therapeutic regimens, lncRNAs are involved in drug-and nondrug-mediated therapeutic mechanisms and are expected to improve the mechanism of adverse effects or drug resistance. Moreover, targeted lncRNA therapy may also prevent or treat OA. The purpose of this review is to summarize the links between lncRNAs and cartilage homeostasis in OA. In addition, we review the potential applications of lncRNAs at multiple levels of adjuvant and targeted therapies. This review highlights that targeting lncRNAs may be a novel therapeutic strategy for improving and modulating cartilage homeostasis in OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The First Clinical Medicine School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hejin Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medicine School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qian Xie
- The Third Clinical Medicine School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haiqi Feng
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haoying Li
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zelin Li
- The First Clinical Medicine School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kangping Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Second Clinical Medicine School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiatong Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Second Clinical Medicine School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guicheng Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Li BZ, Lin CY, Xu WB, Zhang YM, Shao QJ, Dong WR, Shu MA. The first identification and functional analysis of two drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein genes (SpSmad1 and SpSmad2/3) and their involvement in the innate immune response in Scylla paramamosain. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:109183. [PMID: 37884105 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Smad,a member of the TGF-β superfamily,controls cell proliferation,growth and guiding cell differentiation, thus playing a crucial role in diseases. However, the presence as well as specific function of Smad in crabs is still unknown. In this study, two Smads (Smad1 and Smad2/3) were identified for the first time from the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. The complete open reading frames of SpSmad1 and SpSmad2/3 were 1,497bp and 1,338bp, encoding deduced proteins of 498 and 445 amino acids respectively. Moreover, under the administration of Vibrio alginolyticus and WSSV, the relative expression levels of SpSmad1 and SpSmad2/3 were significantly increased, indicating their involvement in the innate immune response of mud crabs. Knockdown of SpSmad1 and SpSmad2/3 in vivo not only led to the increasement of the expressions of NF-κB signaling genes and antimicrobial peptides genes, but also significantly affected the bacterial clearance process of mud crabs. Additionally, overexpression of SpSmad1 and SpSmad2/3 in HEK293T cells could markedly activate NF-κB signaling. These results indicated that Smad1 and Smad2/3 participated in the innate immunity of Scylla paramamosain, and might provide a better understanding of the presence and immune regulatory functions of Smad1 and Smad2/3 in crabs and even invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Ze Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen-Yang Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen-Bin Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan-Mei Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qing-Jun Shao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Qiu Y, Kang N, Wang X, Yao Y, Cui J, Zhang X, Zheng L. Loss of Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) accelerates dysregulated glucose and renal injury in db/db mice. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16155. [PMID: 37790634 PMCID: PMC10544308 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background End-stage renal disease is primarily caused by diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, has anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering and hypoglycemic properties. It also inhibits renal fibrosis. Although its physiological role is not fully understood, it also plays a role in the control of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods In the present study, we examined male FXR & leptin receptor double knockout mice, in which weight, blood glucose, body fat, and other indicators were monitored. After 6 months of rearing, blood and urine samples were collected and biochemical parameters were measured. Fibrosis was assessed by Masson's stain, while the assessment of the resuscitation case's condition was performed using succinate dehydrogenase (SDHA) stain immunohistochemistry, which measures aerobic respiration. Expression of molecules such as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), SMAD family members 3 (Smad3) and 7 (Smad7), and small heterodimer partner were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting as part of the application. Results FXR knockout decreased body weight and body fat in db/db mice, but increased blood glucose, urine output, and renal fibrosis. Primary mesangial cells (P-MCs) from FXR+/ + mice stimulated with transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) showed significantly higher levels of related fibrosis factors, TGFβ1 and Smad3 mRNA and protein, and significantly reduced levels of Smad7. These effects were reversed by the action of FXR agonist chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). P-MCs from FXR-/ - mice stimulated with TGFβ1 resulted in an increase in the expression and protein levels of collagen I and TGFβ1, and the addition of CDCA had no significant effect on TGFβ1 stimulation. However, compared with FXR+/ +db/db mice, the rate of oxygen consumption, the rate of carbon dioxide production, and the rate of energy conversion were increased in FXR-/ -db/db mice, whereas the SDHA succinate dehydrogenase, a marker enzyme for aerobic respiration, was significantly decreased. Conclusions These results provide evidence that FXR plays a critical role in the regulation of mesangial cells in DN. The likely mechanism is that aberrant FXR expression activates TGFβ1, which induces extracellular matrix accumulation through the classical Smad signaling pathway, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Qiu
- Department of Nephropathy, Nantong Third People’s Hospital, Nantong, China
- Department of Nephropathy, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ningsu Kang
- Department of Nephropathy, Nantong Third People’s Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Nephropathy, Nantong Third People’s Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Nephropathy, Affiliated Hospitaland Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jun Cui
- Department of Nephropathy, Nantong Third People’s Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Department of Nephropathy, Nantong Third People’s Hospital, Nantong, China
- Department of Nephropathy, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Zafar S, Khan K, Badshah Y, Shahid K, Trembley JH, Hafeez A, Ashraf NM, Arslan H, Shabbir M, Afsar T, Almajwal A, Razak S. Exploring the prognostic significance of PKCε variants in cervical cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:819. [PMID: 37667176 PMCID: PMC10476323 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein Kinase C-epsilon (PKCε) is a member of the novel subfamily of PKCs (nPKCs) that plays a role in cancer development. Studies have revealed that its elevated expression levels are associated with cervical cancer. Previously, we identified pathogenic variations in its different domains through various bioinformatics tools and molecular dynamic simulation. In the present study, the aim was to find the association of its variants rs1553369874 and rs1345511001 with cervical cancer and to determine the influence of these variants on the protein-protein interactions of PKCε, which can lead towards cancer development and poor survival rates. METHODS The association of the variants with cervical cancer and its clinicopathological features was determined through genotyping analysis. Odds ratio and relative risk along with Fisher exact test were calculated to evaluate variants significance and disease risk. Protein-protein docking was performed and docked complexes were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation to gauge the variants impact on PKCε's molecular interactions. RESULTS This study revealed that genetic variants rs1553369874 and rs1345511001 were associated with cervical cancer. Smad3 interacts with PKCε and this interaction promotes cervical cancer angiogenesis; therefore, Smad3 was selected for protein-protein docking. The analysis revealed PKCε variants promoted aberrant interactions with Smad3 that might lead to the activation of oncogenic pathways. The data obtained from this study suggested the prognostic significance of PRKCE gene variants rs1553369874 and rs1345511001. CONCLUSION Through further in vitro and in vivo validation, these variants can be used at the clinical level as novel prognostic markers and therapeutic targets against cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameen Zafar
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khushbukhat Khan
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasmin Badshah
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Kanza Shahid
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Janeen H Trembley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System Research Service, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Amna Hafeez
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Mahmood Ashraf
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Arslan
- University of Bonn, LIMES Institute (AG-Netea), Carl-Troll-Str. 31, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria Shabbir
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Afsar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Almajwal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Shim MS, Dixon A, Nettesheim A, Perkumas KM, Stamer WD, Sun Y, Liton PB. Shear stress induces autophagy in Schlemm's canal cells via primary cilia-mediated SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2236519. [PMID: 37637387 PMCID: PMC10448710 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2023.2236519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The Schlemm's canal (SC) is a circular, lymphatic-like vessel located at the limbus of the eye that participates in the regulation of aqueous humor drainage to control intraocular pressure (IOP). Circumferential flow of aqueous humor within the SC lumen generates shear stress, which regulates SC cell behaviour. Using biochemical analysis and real-time live cell imaging techniques, we have investigated the activation of autophagy in SC cells by shear stress. We report, for the first time, the primary cilium (PC)-dependent activation of autophagy in SC cells in response to shear stress. Moreover, we identified PC-dependent shear stress-induced autophagy to be positively regulated by phosphorylation of SMAD2 in its linker and C-terminal regions. Additionally, SMAD2/3 signaling was found to transcriptionally activate LC3B, ATG5 and ATG7 in SC cells. Intriguingly, concomitant to SMAD2-dependent activation of autophagy, we also report here the activation of mTOR pathway, a classical autophagy inhibitor, in SC cells by shear stress. mTOR activation was found to also be dependent on the PC. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of class I PI3K increased phosphorylation of SMAD2 at the linker and activated autophagy. Together, our data indicates an interplay between PI3K and SMAD2/3 signaling pathways in the regulation of PC-dependent shear stress-induced autophagy in SC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Sup Shim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Angela Dixon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - April Nettesheim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kristin M. Perkumas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Paloma B. Liton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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11
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3D collagen migration patterns reveal a SMAD3-dependent and TGF-β1-independent mechanism of recruitment for tumour-associated fibroblasts in lung adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:967-981. [PMID: 36572730 PMCID: PMC10006167 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TGF-β1 transcription factor SMAD3 is epigenetically repressed in tumour-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) from lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) but not adenocarcinoma (ADC) patients, which elicits a compensatory increase in SMAD2 that renders SCC-TAFs less fibrotic. Here we examined the effects of altered SMAD2/3 in fibroblast migration and its impact on the desmoplastic stroma formation in lung cancer. METHODS We used a microfluidic device to examine descriptors of early protrusions and subsequent migration in 3D collagen gels upon knocking down SMAD2 or SMAD3 by shRNA in control fibroblasts and TAFs. RESULTS High SMAD3 conditions as in shSMAD2 fibroblasts and ADC-TAFs exhibited a migratory advantage in terms of protrusions (fewer and longer) and migration (faster and more directional) selectively without TGF-β1 along with Erk1/2 hyperactivation. This enhanced migration was abrogated by TGF-β1 as well as low glucose medium and the MEK inhibitor Trametinib. In contrast, high SMAD2 fibroblasts were poorly responsive to TGF-β1, high glucose and Trametinib, exhibiting impaired migration in all conditions. CONCLUSIONS The basal migration advantage of high SMAD3 fibroblasts provides a straightforward mechanism underlying the larger accumulation of TAFs previously reported in ADC compared to SCC. Moreover, our results encourage using MEK inhibitors in ADC-TAFs but not SCC-TAFs.
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12
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Geiger F, Zeitlmayr S, Staab-Weijnitz CA, Rajan S, Breit A, Gudermann T, Dietrich A. An Inhibitory Function of TRPA1 Channels in TGF-β1-driven Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Differentiation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 68:314-325. [PMID: 36378826 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0159oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPA1 (transient receptor potential ankyrin 1) is a nonselective Ca2+-permeable cation channel, which was originally cloned from human lung fibroblasts (HLFs). TRPA1-mediated Ca2+ entry is evoked by exposure to several chemicals, including allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), and a protective effect of TRPA1 activation in the development of cardiac fibrosis has been proposed. Yet the function of TRPA1 in TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1)-driven fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation and the development of pulmonary fibrosis remains elusive. TRPA1 expression and function were analyzed in cultured primary HLFs, and mRNA concentrations were significantly reduced after adding TGF-β1. Expression of genes encoding fibrosis markers (e.g., ACTA2, SERPINE1 [plasminogen activator inhibitor 1], FN1 [fibronectin], COL1A1 [type I collagen]) was increased after siRNA-mediated downregulation of TRPA1 mRNA in HLFs. Moreover, AITC-induced Ca2+ entry in HLFs was decreased after TGF-β1 treatment and by application of TRPA1 siRNAs, while AITC treatment alone did not reduce cell viability or enhance apoptosis. Most interestingly, AITC-induced TRPA1 activation augmented ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and SMAD2 linker phosphorylation, which might inhibit TGF-β-receptor signaling. Our results suggest an inhibitory function of TRPA1 channels in TGF-β1-driven fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation. Therefore, activation of TRPA1 channels might be protective during the development of pulmonary fibrosis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Geiger
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany, and
| | - Sarah Zeitlmayr
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany, and
| | - Claudia A Staab-Weijnitz
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M BioArchive and Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Suhasini Rajan
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany, and
| | - Andreas Breit
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany, and
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany, and
| | - Alexander Dietrich
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany, and
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13
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Lee-Rivera I, López E, López-Colomé AM. Diversification of PAR signaling through receptor crosstalk. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:77. [PMID: 36088291 PMCID: PMC9463773 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are among the first receptors shown to transactivate other receptors: noticeably, these interactions are not limited to members of the same family, but involve receptors as diverse as receptor kinases, prostanoid receptors, purinergic receptors and ionic channels among others. In this review, we will focus on the evidence for PAR interactions with members of their own family, as well as with other types of receptors. We will discuss recent evidence as well as what we consider as emerging areas to explore; from the signalling pathways triggered, to the physiological and pathological relevance of these interactions, since this additional level of molecular cross-talk between receptors and signaling pathways is only beginning to be explored and represents a novel mechanism providing diversity to receptor function and play important roles in physiology and disease.
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14
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Sarohi V, Chakraborty S, Basak T. Exploring the cardiac ECM during fibrosis: A new era with next-gen proteomics. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1030226. [PMID: 36483540 PMCID: PMC9722982 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in maintaining elasticity in cardiac tissues. Elasticity is required in the heart for properly pumping blood to the whole body. Dysregulated ECM remodeling causes fibrosis in the cardiac tissues. Cardiac fibrosis leads to stiffness in the heart tissues, resulting in heart failure. During cardiac fibrosis, ECM proteins get excessively deposited in the cardiac tissues. In the ECM, cardiac fibroblast proliferates into myofibroblast upon various kinds of stimulations. Fibroblast activation (myofibroblast) contributes majorly toward cardiac fibrosis. Other than cardiac fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, epithelial/endothelial cells, and immune system cells can also contribute to cardiac fibrosis. Alteration in the expression of the ECM core and ECM-modifier proteins causes different types of cardiac fibrosis. These different components of ECM culminated into different pathways inducing transdifferentiation of cardiac fibroblast into myofibroblast. In this review, we summarize the role of different ECM components during cardiac fibrosis progression leading to heart failure. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of applying mass-spectrometry-based proteomics to understand the key changes occurring in the ECM during fibrotic progression. Next-gen proteomics studies will broaden the potential to identify key targets to combat cardiac fibrosis in order to achieve precise medicine-development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sarohi
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
- BioX Center, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sanchari Chakraborty
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
- BioX Center, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Trayambak Basak
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
- BioX Center, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
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15
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Kargbo R. ALK Inhibitors for Treating Cancer, Blood, and Kidney Diseases. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1539-1541. [PMID: 36267131 PMCID: PMC9578028 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers that traditionally have been resistant to apoptosis via chemical- or radiation-based therapies may respond when the treatments are combined with ALK-5 inhibition. Disclosures in this Patent Highlight provide inhibitors of activin-receptor-like kinases such as ALK-5, compositions and methods for increasing red blood cell or hemoglobin levels, and activin antagonists to treat, prevent, or reduce the progression rate or severity of kidney disease.
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16
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Anqi Y, Saina Y, Chujie C, Yanfei Y, Xiangwei T, Jiajia M, Jiaojiao X, Maoliang R, Bin C. Regulation of DNA methylation during the testicular development of Shaziling pigs. Genomics 2022; 114:110450. [PMID: 35995261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is one of the key epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in development and spermatogenesis. However, the dynamic regulatory mechanisms of genome-wide DNA methylation during testicular development remain largely unknown. Herein, we generated a single-base resolution DNA methylome and transcriptome atlas of precocious porcine testicular tissues across three developmental stages (1, 75, and 150 days old). The results showed that the dynamic methylation patterns were directly related to the expression of the DNMT3A gene. Conjoint analysis revealed a negative regulatory pattern between promoter methylation and the positive regulation of 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) methylation. Mechanistically, the decrease in promoter methylation affected the upregulation of meiosis-related genes, such as HORMAD1, SPO11, and SYCE1. Demethylation in the 3'UTR induced the downregulation of the INHBA gene and knockdown of INHBA inhibited cell proliferation by reducing the synthesis of activin A. These findings contribute to exploring the regulatory mechanisms of DNA methylation in testicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Anqi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yan Saina
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chen Chujie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yin Yanfei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Tang Xiangwei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ma Jiajia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiang Jiaojiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ran Maoliang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Chen Bin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, Changsha 410128, China.
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17
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Zeng Y, Wang T, Liu Y, Luo T, Li Q, He Y, Fang M, He R. Wnt and Smad signaling pathways synergistically regulated the osteogenic differentiation of fibroblasts in ankylosing spondylitis. Tissue Cell 2022; 77:101852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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HDAC1 regulates inflammation and osteogenic differentiation of ankylosing spondylitis fibroblasts through the Wnt-Smad signaling pathway. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:343. [PMID: 35794630 PMCID: PMC9258155 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a refractory autoimmune disease, whose typical pathology is the development of inflammation to ossification and ankylosis. Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is considered to be a key factor involved in inflammatory gene transduction, but its role in AS remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the role and possible mechanism of HDAC1 in AS based on the Wnt-Smad pathway. Fibroblasts were isolated from hip synovial tissues of AS patients, adeno-associated virus (AAV) was used to regulate the expression of HDAC1, DKK-1 and SIS3 was used to inhibit Wnt and Smad, respectively. The expressions of Wnt-Smad pathway-related proteins were analyzed by WB, and the TRP ion channel proteins were analyzed by immunofluorescence and WB. The proliferation of AS fibroblasts was detected by CCK-8, the expression of inflammatory cytokines was detected by ELISA, and the effects of HDAC1 on osteogenic differentiation of AS fibroblasts were investigated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, intracellular calcium concentration, mineralization and osteogenic proteins expressions. Results showed that HDAC1 significantly affected the protein expressions of the Wnt-Smad pathway in AS fibroblasts, and Wnt inhibitor DKK-1 and Smad3 inhibitor SIS3 could significantly reverse the effect of HDAC1 on the Wnt-Smad pathway. In addition, HDAC1 significantly activated the TRP ion channel and promoted the proliferation, inflammatory response and osteogenic differentiation of AS fibroblasts. DKK-1 or SIS3 treatment significantly inhibit the effect of HDAC-1 on AS fibroblasts, suggesting that the Wnt-Smad pathway is involved in the regulation of AS by HDAC1. In conclusion, HDAC1 promotes the proliferation, inflammatory response and osteogenic differentiation of AS fibroblasts through the Wnt-Smad pathway.
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19
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Shu G, Dai C, Yusuf A, Sun H, Deng X. Limonin relieves TGF-β-induced hepatocyte EMT and hepatic stellate cell activation in vitro and CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis in mice via upregulating Smad7 and subsequent suppression of TGF-β/Smad cascade. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 107:109039. [PMID: 35533902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a pathological process as a result of intrahepatic deposition of excessive extracellular matrix. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of hepatocytes and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) both play important roles in the etiology of liver fibrosis. Here, we found that limonin repressed transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β)-induced EMT in AML-12 hepatocytes and activation of LX-2 HSCs. In both kinds of cells, limonin suppressed TGF-β-provoked Smad2/3 C-terminal phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear translocation. Transcription of Smad2/3-downstream genes was in turn reduced. However, limonin exerted few effects on Smad2/3 phosphorylation at linker region. Mechanistically, limonin increased Smad7 at mRNA level in both AML-12 and LX-2 cells. Knockdown of Smad7 abrogated inhibitory effects of limonin on TGF-β-induced EMT in AML-12 cells and activation of LX-2 cells. Further studies revealed that limonin alleviated mouse liver fibrosis induced by CCl4. In livers of model mice, limonin upregulated Smad7 and declined C-terminal phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad2/3. Transcription of Smad2/3-responsive genes was also attenuated. Our findings indicated that limonin inhibits TGF-β-induced EMT of hepatocytes and activation of HSCs in vitro and CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Upregulated Smad7 which suppresses Smad2/3-dependent gene transcription is implicated in the hepatoprotective activity of limonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Shu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chenxi Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Arslan Yusuf
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xukun Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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20
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Zieba J, Forlenza KN, Heard K, Martin JH, Bosakova M, Cohn DH, Robertson SP, Krejci P, Krakow D. Intervertebral disc degeneration is rescued by TGFβ/BMP signaling modulation in an ex vivo filamin B mouse model. Bone Res 2022; 10:37. [PMID: 35474298 PMCID: PMC9042866 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondylocarpotarsal syndrome (SCT) is a rare musculoskeletal disorder characterized by short stature and vertebral, carpal, and tarsal fusions resulting from biallelic nonsense mutations in the gene encoding filamin B (FLNB). Utilizing a FLNB knockout mouse, we showed that the vertebral fusions in SCT evolved from intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and ossification of the annulus fibrosus (AF), eventually leading to full trabecular bone formation. This resulted from alterations in the TGFβ/BMP signaling pathway that included increased canonical TGFβ and noncanonical BMP signaling. In this study, the role of FLNB in the TGFβ/BMP pathway was elucidated using in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo treatment methodologies. The data demonstrated that FLNB interacts with inhibitory Smads 6 and 7 (i-Smads) to regulate TGFβ/BMP signaling and that loss of FLNB produces increased TGFβ receptor activity and decreased Smad 1 ubiquitination. Through the use of small molecule inhibitors in an ex vivo spine model, TGFβ/BMP signaling was modulated to design a targeted treatment for SCT and disc degeneration. Inhibition of canonical and noncanonical TGFβ/BMP pathway activity restored Flnb-/- IVD morphology. These most effective improvements resulted from specific inhibition of TGFβ and p38 signaling activation. FLNB acts as a bridge for TGFβ/BMP signaling crosstalk through i-Smads and is key for the critical balance in TGFβ/BMP signaling that maintains the IVD. These findings further our understanding of IVD biology and reveal new molecular targets for disc degeneration as well as congenital vertebral fusion disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Zieba
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Kelly Heard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jorge H Martin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 65691, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel H Cohn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Stephen P Robertson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 65691, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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21
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The Bright and the Dark Side of TGF-β Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Mechanisms, Dysregulation, and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040940. [PMID: 35205692 PMCID: PMC8870127 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling is a preeminent regulator of diverse cellular and physiological processes. Frequent dysregulation of TGF-β signaling has been implicated in cancer. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer, the autocrine and paracrine effects of TGF-β have paradoxical implications. While acting as a potent tumor suppressor pathway in the early stages of malignancy, TGF-β diverts to a promoter of tumor progression in the late stages, reflecting its bright and dark natures, respectively. Within this context, targeting TGF-β represents a promising therapeutic option for HCC treatment. We discuss here the molecular properties of TGF-β signaling in HCC, attempting to provide an overview of its effects on tumor cells and the stroma. We also seek to evaluate the dysregulation mechanisms that mediate the functional switch of TGF-β from a tumor suppressor to a pro-tumorigenic signal. Finally, we reconcile its biphasic nature with the therapeutic implications. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with genetic and nongenetic aberrations that impact multiple genes and pathways, including the frequently dysregulated transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway. The regulatory cytokine TGF-β and its signaling effectors govern a broad spectrum of spatiotemporally regulated molecular and cellular responses, yet paradoxically have dual and opposing roles in HCC progression. In the early stages of tumorigenesis, TGF-β signaling enforces profound tumor-suppressive effects, primarily by inducing cell cycle arrest, cellular senescence, autophagy, and apoptosis. However, as the tumor advances in malignant progression, TGF-β functionally switches to a pro-tumorigenic signal, eliciting aggressive tumor traits, such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and immune evasion of cancer cells. On this account, the inhibition of TGF-β signaling is recognized as a promising therapeutic strategy for advanced HCC. In this review, we evaluate the functions and mechanisms of TGF-β signaling and relate its complex and pleiotropic biology to HCC pathophysiology, attempting to provide a detailed perspective on the molecular determinants underlying its functional diversion. We also address the therapeutic implications of the dichotomous nature of TGF-β signaling and highlight the rationale for targeting this pathway for HCC treatment, alone or in combination with other agents.
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22
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Afroz R, Kumarapperuma H, Nguyen QVN, Mohamed R, Little PJ, Kamato D. Lipopolysaccharide acting via toll-like receptor 4 transactivates the TGF-β receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:121. [PMID: 35122536 PMCID: PMC8817999 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognise pathogen‑associated molecular patterns, which allow the detection of microbial infection by host cells. Bacterial-derived toxin lipopolysaccharide activates TLR4 and leads to the activation of the Smad2 transcription factor. The phosphorylation of the Smad2 transcription factor is the result of the activation of the transforming growth factor-β receptor 1 (TGFBR1). Therefore, we sought to investigate LPS via TLR4-mediated Smad2 carboxy terminal phosphorylation dependent on the transactivation of the TGFBR1. The in vitro model used human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells to assess the implications of TLR4 transactivation of the TGFBR1 in vascular pathophysiology. We show that LPS-mediated Smad2 carboxy terminal phosphorylation is inhibited in the presence of TGFBR1 inhibitor, SB431542. Treatment with MyD88 and TRIF pathway antagonists does not affect LPS-mediated phosphorylation of Smad2 carboxy terminal; however, LPS-mediated Smad2 phosphorylation was inhibited in the presence of MMP inhibitor, GM6001, and unaffected in the presence of ROCK inhibitor Y27632 or ROS/NOX inhibitor DPI. LPS via transactivation of the TGFBR1 stimulates PAI-1 mRNA expression. TLRs are first in line to respond to exogenous invading substances and endogenous molecules; our findings characterise a novel signalling pathway in the context of cell biology. Identifying TLR transactivation of the TGFBR1 may provide future insight into the detrimental implications of pathogens in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Afroz
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Hirushi Kumarapperuma
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Quang V N Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Raafat Mohamed
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, China.,Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, 4575, Australia
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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Mohamed R, Shajimoon A, Afroz R, Gabr M, Thomas WG, Little PJ, Kamato D. Akt acts as a switch for GPCR transactivation of the TGF-β receptor type 1. FEBS J 2021; 289:2642-2656. [PMID: 34826189 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling commences with the engagement of TGF-β ligand to cell surface TGF-β receptors (TGFBR) stimulating Smad2 carboxyl-terminal phosphorylation (phospho-Smad2C) and downstream biological responses. In several cell models, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transactivate the TGF-β receptors type-1 (TGFBR1) leading to phospho-Smad2C, however, we have recently published that in keratinocytes thrombin did not transactivate the TGFBR1. The bulk of TGFBRs reside in the cytosol and in response to protein kinase B (Akt phosphorylation) can translocate to the cell surface increasing the cell's responsiveness to TGF-β. In this study, we investigate the role of Akt in GPCR transactivation of the TGFBR1. We demonstrate that angiotensin II and thrombin do not phosphorylate Smad2C in human vascular smooth muscle cells and in keratinocytes respectively. We used Akt agonist, SC79 to sensitise the cells to Akt and observed that Ang II and thrombin phosphorylate Smad2C via Akt/AS160-dependent pathways. We show that SC79 rapidly translocates TGFBRs to the cell surface thus increasing the cell's response to the GPCR agonist. These findings highlight novel mechanistic insight for the role of Akt in GPCR transactivation of the TGFBR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raafat Mohamed
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Aravindra Shajimoon
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Rizwana Afroz
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Mai Gabr
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Walter G Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
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24
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Thielen N, Neefjes M, Wiegertjes R, van den Akker G, Vitters E, van Beuningen H, Blaney Davidson E, Koenders M, van Lent P, van de Loo F, van Caam A, van der Kraan P. Osteoarthritis-Related Inflammation Blocks TGF-β's Protective Effect on Chondrocyte Hypertrophy via (de)Phosphorylation of the SMAD2/3 Linker Region. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158124. [PMID: 34360888 PMCID: PMC8347103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by irreversible cartilage damage, inflammation and altered chondrocyte phenotype. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling via SMAD2/3 is crucial for blocking hypertrophy. The post-translational modifications of these SMAD proteins in the linker domain regulate their function and these can be triggered by inflammation through the activation of kinases or phosphatases. Therefore, we investigated if OA-related inflammation affects TGF-β signaling via SMAD2/3 linker-modifications in chondrocytes. We found that both Interleukin (IL)-1β and OA-synovium conditioned medium negated SMAD2/3 transcriptional activity in chondrocytes. This inhibition of TGF-β signaling was enhanced if SMAD3 could not be phosphorylated on Ser213 in the linker region and the inhibition by IL-1β was less if the SMAD3 linker could not be phosphorylated at Ser204. Our study shows evidence that inflammation inhibits SMAD2/3 signaling in chondrocytes via SMAD linker (de)-phosphorylation. The involvement of linker region modifications may represent a new therapeutic target for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Thielen
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Margot Neefjes
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Renske Wiegertjes
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Guus van den Akker
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Elly Vitters
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Henk van Beuningen
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Esmeralda Blaney Davidson
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Marije Koenders
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Peter van Lent
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Fons van de Loo
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Arjan van Caam
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Peter van der Kraan
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Hussain H, Cao Y, Mohamad R, Afroz R, Zhou Y, Moyle P, Bansal N, Wattoo FH, Kamato D, Little PJ. YY-11, a camel milk-derived peptide, inhibits TGF-β-mediated atherogenic signaling in human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e13882. [PMID: 34312884 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the major underlying pathology of cardiovascular disease, commences with the binding and trapping of lipids on modified proteoglycans, with hyperelongated glycosaminoglycan chains. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β stimulates glycosaminoglycan elongation in vascular smooth muscle cells. We have recently shown that this TGF-β signaling pathway involves reactive oxygen species (ROS). YY-11 is a dodecapeptide derived from camel milk and it has antioxidant activity. We have investigated the role of YY-11 in blocking ROS signaling and downstream atherogenic responses. YY-11 inhibited TGF-β stimulated ROS production and inhibited the expression of genes for glycosaminoglycan chain elongation as a component of an in vitro model of atherosclerosis. This study provides a biochemical mechanism for the role of camel milk as a potential nutritional product to contribute to the worldwide amelioration of cardiovascular disease. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The identification of readily accessible foods with antioxidant properties would provide a convenient and cost-effective approach community wide reducing oxidative stress induced pathologies such as atherosclerosis. We demonstrate that camel milk-derived peptide is an antioxidant that can inhibit growth factor-mediated proteoglycan modification in vitro. As proteoglycan modification is being recognized as one of the earliest atherogenic responses, these data support the notion of camel milk as a suitable nutritional product to contribute to the prevention of early stage of atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Hussain
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Yingnan Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Raafat Mohamad
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Rizwana Afroz
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Feroza Hamid Wattoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Little PJ, Askew CD, Xu S, Kamato D. Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease: History and Analysis of the Clinical Utility of the Relationship. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060699. [PMID: 34203043 PMCID: PMC8234001 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is the single-cell monolayer that lines the entire vasculature. The endothelium has a barrier function to separate blood from organs and tissues but also has an increasingly appreciated role in anti-coagulation, vascular senescence, endocrine secretion, suppression of inflammation and beyond. In modern times, endothelial cells have been identified as the source of major endocrine and vaso-regulatory factors principally the dissolved lipophilic vosodilating gas, nitric oxide and the potent vascular constricting G protein receptor agonists, the peptide endothelin. The role of the endothelium can be conveniently conceptualized. Continued investigations of the mechanism of endothelial dysfunction will lead to novel therapies for cardiovascular disease. In this review, we discuss the impact of endothelial dysfunction on cardiovascular disease and assess the clinical relevance of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Little
- Sunshine Coast Health Institute, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD 4575, Australia;
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China;
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Christopher D. Askew
- Sunshine Coast Health Institute, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD 4575, Australia;
- VasoActive Research Group, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology, Hefei 230037, China;
| | - Danielle Kamato
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China;
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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27
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The phosphorylation of the Smad2/3 linker region by nemo-like kinase regulates TGF-β signaling. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100512. [PMID: 33676893 PMCID: PMC8047224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad2 and Smad3 (Smad2/3) are structurally similar proteins that primarily mediate the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling responsible for driving cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. The dynamics of the Smad2/3 phosphorylation provide the key mechanism for regulating the TGF-β signaling pathway, but the details surrounding this phosphorylation remain unclear. Here, using in vitro kinase assay coupled with mass spectrometry, we identified for the first time that nemo-like kinase (NLK) regulates TGF-β signaling via modulation of Smad2/3 phosphorylation in the linker region. TGF-β-mediated transcriptional and cellular responses are suppressed by NLK overexpression, whereas NLK depletion exerts opposite effects. Specifically, we discovered that NLK associates with Smad3 and phosphorylates the designated serine residues located in the linker region of Smad2 and Smad3, which inhibits phosphorylation at the C terminus, thereby decreasing the duration of TGF-β signaling. Overall, this work demonstrates that phosphorylation on the linker region of Smad2/3 by NLK counteracts the canonical phosphorylation in response to TGF-β signals, thus providing new insight into the mechanisms governing TGF-β signaling transduction.
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28
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Pan S, Zhou G, Hu W, Pei H. SMAD-6, -7 and -9 are potential molecular biomarkers for the prognosis in human lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:2633-2644. [PMID: 32782581 PMCID: PMC7401007 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SMADs, a family of proteins that function as signal transducers and transcriptional regulators to regulate various signaling pathways, including the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway, are similar to the mothers against decapentaplegic family of genes and the sma gene family in Caenorhabditis elegans. SMADs generate context-dependent modulation by interacting with various sequence-specific transcription factors, such as E2F4/5, c-Fos, GATA3, YY1 and SRF, which have been found to serve a key role in lung carcinoma oncogenesis and progression. However, the prognostic values of the eight SMADs in lung cancer have not been fully understood. In the present study, the expression levels and survival data of SMADs in patients with lung carcinoma from the Oncomine, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, Kaplan-Meier plotter and cBioPortal databases were downloaded and analyzed. It was found that the mRNA expression levels of SMAD-6, -7 and -9 were decreased in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma compared with that in adjacent normal tissues, while there was no significant difference in SMADs 1-5. Survival analysis revealed that not only were low transcriptional levels of SMAD-6, -7 and -9 associated with low overall survival but they also had prognostic role for progression-free survival and post-progression survival (P<0.05) in patients with lung carcinoma. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that SMAD-6, -7 and -9 are potential biomarkers for the prognosis of patients with lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, P.R. China
| | - Guangming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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29
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Gopal U, Pizzo SV. Cell surface GRP78 signaling: An emerging role as a transcriptional modulator in cancer. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2352-2363. [PMID: 32864780 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells acquire dysregulated gene expression to establish specific transcriptional dependencies and their underlying mechanisms that are ultimately responsible for this addictions have not been fully elucidated. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a stress-inducible, multifunctional, prosurvival, endoplasmic reticulum chaperone in the heat shock protein 70 family. Expression of cell surface GRP78 (CS-GRP78) is associated with increased malignant behavior and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy by endowing various cancer cells with increased proliferative ability, altered metabolism, improved survival, and augmented invasive and metastatic potential. Emerging evidence has highlighted an unusual role of CS-GRP78 in regulating transcription factors (TFs) by mediating various signaling pathways involved in malignant transformation, metabolic reprogramming, and tumor progression. During the last decade, we targeted CS-GRP78 with C38 monoclonal antibody (C38 Mab) in numerous studies, which have highlighted the epigenetic interplay between CS-GRP78 and various TFs including c-MYC, Yes-associated protein/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif, c-Fos, and histone acetylation to potentiate subsequent modulation of tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the role of CS-GRP78 in cancer development and progression, including epigenetic regulation and sheds light on CS-GRP78 as vulnerable target for cancer therapy. Overall, this review focuses on the mechanisms of TFs that are behind the transcriptional dysregulation in cancer and lays the groundwork for rational therapeutic use of C38 Mab based on CS-GRP78 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhayakumar Gopal
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Salvatore V Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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30
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Afroz R, Zhou Y, Little PJ, Xu S, Mohamed R, Stow J, Kamato D. Toll-like Receptor 4 Stimulates Gene Expression via Smad2 Linker Region Phosphorylation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:524-534. [PMID: 32566917 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis begins in the vessel wall with the retention of low density lipoproteins to modified proteoglycans with hyperelongated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. Bacterial infections produce endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharide that exacerbate the outcome of atherosclerosis by generating a heightened state of inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via its toll-like receptor (TLR) is well-known for its role in mediating an inflammatory response in the body. Emerging evidence demonstrates that TLRs are involved in regulating vascular functions. In this study we sought to investigate the role of LPS in proteoglycan modification and GAG chain elongation, and we hypothesize that LPS will signal via Smad2 dependent pathways to regulate GAG chain elongation. The in vitro model used human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. GAG gene expression was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Western blotting was performed using whole-cell protein lysates to assess the signaling pathway. LPS via TLR4 stimulates the expression of GAG synthesizing enzymes to an equal extent to traditional cardiovascular agonists. LPS phosphorylates the Smad2 linker region via TAK-1/MAPK dependent pathways which correlated with genes associated with GAG chain initiation and elongation. The well-characterized role of LPS in inflammation and our data on GAG gene expression demonstrates that GAG chain elongation is the earliest marker of the inflammatory cascade in atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Afroz
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Raafat Mohamed
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.,Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Jennifer Stow
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
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31
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Mohamed R, Cao Y, Afroz R, Xu S, Ta HT, Barras M, Zheng W, Little PJ, Kamato D. ROS directly activates transforming growth factor β type 1 receptor signalling in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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