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Morgan NG. Insulitis in human type 1 diabetes: lessons from an enigmatic lesion. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:lvae002. [PMID: 38231086 PMCID: PMC10824273 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is caused by a deficiency of insulin secretion which has been considered traditionally as the outcome of a precipitous decline in the viability of β-cells in the islets of Langerhans, brought about by autoimmune-mediated attack. Consistent with this, various classes of lymphocyte, as well as cells of the innate immune system have been found in association with islets during disease progression. However, analysis of human pancreas from subjects with type 1 diabetes has revealed that insulitis is often less intense than in equivalent animal models of the disease and can affect many fewer islets than expected, at disease onset. This is especially true in subjects developing type 1 diabetes in, or beyond, their teenage years. Such studies imply that both the phenotype and the number of immune cells present within insulitic lesions can vary among individuals in an age-dependent manner. Additionally, the influent lymphocytes are often mainly arrayed peripherally around islets rather than gaining direct access to the endocrine cell core. Thus, insulitis remains an enigmatic phenomenon in human pancreas and this review seeks to explore the current understanding of its likely role in the progression of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel G Morgan
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, Islet Biology Exeter (IBEx), Exeter Centre of Excellence in Diabetes (EXCEED), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
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2
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Sionov RV, Ahdut-HaCohen R. A Supportive Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Insulin-Producing Langerhans Islets with a Specific Emphasis on The Secretome. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2558. [PMID: 37761001 PMCID: PMC10527322 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a gradual destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the endocrine pancreas due to innate and specific immune responses, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. T1D patients usually require regular insulin injections after meals to maintain normal serum glucose levels. In severe cases, pancreas or Langerhans islet transplantation can assist in reaching a sufficient β-mass to normalize glucose homeostasis. The latter procedure is limited because of low donor availability, high islet loss, and immune rejection. There is still a need to develop new technologies to improve islet survival and implantation and to keep the islets functional. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent non-hematopoietic progenitor cells with high plasticity that can support human pancreatic islet function both in vitro and in vivo and islet co-transplantation with MSCs is more effective than islet transplantation alone in attenuating diabetes progression. The beneficial effect of MSCs on islet function is due to a combined effect on angiogenesis, suppression of immune responses, and secretion of growth factors essential for islet survival and function. In this review, various aspects of MSCs related to islet function and diabetes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Ronit Ahdut-HaCohen
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
- Department of Science, The David Yellin Academic College of Education, Jerusalem 9103501, Israel
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3
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Liu X, Liu H, Deng Y. Efferocytosis: An Emerging Therapeutic Strategy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Complications. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:2801-2815. [PMID: 37440994 PMCID: PMC10335275 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s418334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that chronic, low-grade inflammation is a significant contributor to the fundamental pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Efferocytosis, an effective way to eliminate apoptotic cells (ACs), plays a critical role in inflammation resolution. Massive accumulation of ACs and the proliferation of persistent inflammation caused by defective efferocytosis have been proven to be closely associated with pancreatic islet β cell destruction, adipose tissue inflammation, skeletal muscle dysfunction, and liver metabolism abnormalities, which together are considered the most fundamental pathological mechanism underlying T2DM. Therefore, here we outline the association between the molecular mechanisms of efferocytosis in glucose homeostasis, T2DM, and its complications, and we analyzed the present constraints and potential future prospects for therapeutic targets in T2DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Liu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Liu
- Southern Theater General Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510010, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yihui Deng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People’s Republic of China
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Khalid W, Maqbool Z, Arshad MS, Kousar S, Akram R, Siddeeg A, Ali A, Qin H, Aziz A, Saeed A, Rahim MA, Zubair Khalid M, Ali H. Plant-derived functional components: prevent from various disorders by regulating the endocrine glands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2070643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Khalid
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Maqbool
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Safura Kousar
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ramish Akram
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhari Siddeeg
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Anwar Ali
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, China
| | - Hong Qin
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, China
| | - Afifa Aziz
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Saeed
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Hina Ali
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Garavelli S, Prattichizzo F, Ceriello A, Galgani M, de Candia P. Type 1 Diabetes and Associated Cardiovascular Damage: Contribution of Extracellular Vesicles in Tissue Crosstalk. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:631-651. [PMID: 34407376 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin secreting β-cells, with consequent aberrant blood glucose levels. Hyperglycemia is the common denominator for most of the chronic diabetic vascular complications, which represent the main cause of life reduction in T1D patients. For this disease, three interlaced medical needs remain: understanding the underlying mechanisms involved in pancreatic β-cell loss; identifying biomarkers able to predict T1D progression and its related complications; recognizing novel therapeutic targets. Recent Advances: Extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by most cell types, were discovered to contain a plethora of different molecules (including microRNAs) with regulatory properties, which are emerging as mediators of cell-to-cell communication at the paracrine and endocrine level. Recent knowledge suggests that EVs may act as pathogenic factors, and be developed into disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the context of several human diseases. Critical Issues: EVs have been recently shown to sustain a dysregulated cellular crosstalk able to exacerbate the autoimmune response in the pancreatic islets of T1D; moreover, EVs were shown to be able to monitor and/or predict the progression of T1D and the insurgence of vasculopathies. Future Directions: More mechanistic studies are needed to investigate whether the dysregulation of EVs in T1D patients is solely reflecting the progression of diabetes and related complications, or EVs also directly participate in the disease process, thus pointing to a potential use of EVs as therapeutic targets/tools in T1D. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 631-651.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Garavelli
- Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology "G. Salvatore," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Galgani
- Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology "G. Salvatore," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II," Italy
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6
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Giovenzana A, Carnovale D, Phillips B, Petrelli A, Giannoukakis N. Neutrophils and their role in the aetiopathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2022; 38:e3483. [PMID: 34245096 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple and complex aetiological processes underlie diabetes mellitus, which invariably result in the development of hyperglycaemia. Although there are two prevalent distinct forms of the disease, that is, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, accumulating evidence indicates that these syndromes share more aetiopathological mechanisms than originally thought. This compels a rethinking of the approaches to prevent and treat the different manifestations of what eventually becomes a hyperglycaemic state. This review aims to address the involvement of neutrophils, the most abundant type of granulocytes involved in the initiation of the acute phase of inflammation, in the aetiopathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, with a focus on type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We review the evidence that neutrophils are the first leucocytes to react to and accumulate inside target tissues of diabetes, such as the pancreas and insulin-sensitive tissues. We then review available data on the role of neutrophils and their functional alteration, with a focus on NETosis, in the progression towards clinical disease. Finally, we review potential approaches as secondary and adjunctive treatments to limit neutrophil-mediated damage in the prevention of the progression of subclinical disease to clinical hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Giovenzana
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Debora Carnovale
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Brett Phillips
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alessandra Petrelli
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Brodnicki TC. A Role for lncRNAs in Regulating Inflammatory and Autoimmune Responses Underlying Type 1 Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1363:97-118. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92034-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Pancreatic islets are the body's central rheostat that regulates glucose homeostasis through the production of different hormones, including β cell-derived insulin. During obesity-induced type 2 diabetes (T2D), islet β cells become dysfunctional and inadequate insulin secretion no longer ensures glycemic control. T2D is associated with a chronic low-grade inflammation that manifests in several metabolic organs including the pancreatic islets. Growing evidence suggests that components of the innate immune system, and especially macrophages, play a crucial role in regulating islet homeostasis. Yet, the phenotypes and functions of islet macrophages in physiology and during T2D have only started to attract attention and remain unclear. In this review, the current knowledge about islet inflammation and macrophages will be summarized in humans and rodent models. Recent findings on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in islet remodeling and β cell function during obesity and T2D will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyceline Cuenco
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Elise Dalmas
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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Charles MA, Leslie RD. Diabetes: Concepts of β-Cell Organ Dysfunction and Failure Would Lead to Earlier Diagnoses and Prevention. Diabetes 2021; 70:2444-2456. [PMID: 34711669 PMCID: PMC8564410 DOI: 10.2337/dbi21-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As the world endures a viral pandemic superimposed on a diabetes pandemic, the latter incorporates most of the comorbidities associated with the former, thereby exacerbating risk of death in both. An essential approach to both pandemics is prevention and unrealized earlier treatment. Thus, in this Perspective relating to diabetes, we emphasize a paradigm of, first, reversible β-cell organ dysfunction and then irreversible β-cell organ failure, which directly indicate the potential for earlier prevention, also unrealized in current guidelines. Four pillars support this paradigm: epidemiology, pathophysiology, molecular pathology, and genetics. A substantial worldwide knowledge base defines each pillar and informs a more aggressive preventive approach to most forms of the disorder. This analysis seeks to clarify the temporal and therapeutic relationships between lost β-cell function and content, illuminating the potential for earlier diagnoses and, thus, prevention. We also propose that myriad pathways leading to most forms of diabetes converge at the endoplasmic reticulum, where stress can result in β-cell death and content loss. Finally, genetic and nongenetic origins common to major types of diabetes can inform earlier diagnosis and, potentially, prevention, with the aim of preserving β-cell mass.
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Bogdani M, Faxius L, Fex M, Ramelius A, Wernersson A, Mordes JP, Blankenhorn EP, Lernmark Å. The Vbeta13 T Cell Receptor Monoclonal Antibody Reduces Hyaluronan and CD68+, CD3+, and CD8+ Cell Infiltrations to Delay Diabetes in Congenic BB DR Lyp/Lyp Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:629242. [PMID: 33815287 PMCID: PMC8010654 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.629242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The depleting Vβ13a T cell receptor monoclonal antibody (mAb) 17D5 prevents both induced and spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in BB rats. Here it was tested in congenic DRLyp/Lyp rats, all of which spontaneously developed diabetes. Starting at 40 days of age, rats were injected once weekly with either saline, His42 Vβ16 mAb, or 17D5 mAb and monitored for hyperglycemia. Diabetes occurred in 100% (n = 5/5) of saline-treated rats (median age, 66 days; range 55-73), and in 100% (n = 6/6) of His42-treated rats (median age, 69 days; range 59-69). Diabetes occurred in fewer (n = 8/11, 73%) 17D5-treated rats at a later age (median 76 days, range 60-92). Three (27%) of the 17D5-treated rats were killed at 101-103 days of age without diabetes (17D5 no-diabetes rats). Survival analysis demonstrated that 17D5 mAb delayed diabetes onset. Saline- and His42-treated rats had severely distorted islets with substantial loss of insulin-positive cells. These rats exhibited prominent hyaluronan (HA) staining, with the intra-islet HA+ accumulations measuring 5,000 ± 2,400 µm2 and occupying 36 ± 12% of islet area, and severe (grade 4) insulitis with abundant infiltration by CD68+, CD3+, and CD8+ cells. The 17D5 mAb-treated rats with delayed diabetes onset exhibited less severe insulitis (predominantly grade 3). In contrast, the 17D5 no-diabetes rats had mostly normal islets, with insulin+ cells representing 76 ± 3% of islet cells. In these rats, the islet HA deposits were significantly smaller than in the diabetic rats; the intra-islet HA+ areas were 1,200 ± 300 µm2 and accounted for 8 ± 1% of islet area. Also, islet-associated CD68+ and CD3+ cells occurred less frequently (on average in 60 and 3% of the islets, respectively) than in the diabetes rats (present in >95% of the islets). No CD8+ cells were detected in islets in all 17D5 no-diabetes rats. We conclude that mAb 17D5 delayed diabetes in DRLyp/Lyp rats and markedly reduced expression of HA and concomitant infiltration of CD68+, CD3+, and CD8+ cells. Our findings underscore the importance of refining immune suppression in prevention or intervention clinical trials to use mAb reagents that are directed against specific T cell receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/prevention & control
- Hyaluronic Acid/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Rats, Inbred BB
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Linda Faxius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Clinical Research Center (CRC), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Malin Fex
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Clinical Research Center (CRC), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anita Ramelius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Clinical Research Center (CRC), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anya Wernersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Clinical Research Center (CRC), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - John P. Mordes
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth P. Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Clinical Research Center (CRC), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Bilak JM, Gulsin GS, McCann GP. Cardiovascular and systemic determinants of exercise capacity in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2021; 12:2042018820980235. [PMID: 33552463 PMCID: PMC7844448 DOI: 10.1177/2042018820980235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of heart failure (HF) is on the rise owing to an increasing incidence of lifestyle related diseases, predominantly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Diabetes is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and up to 75% of those with T2D develop HF in their lifetime. T2D leads to pathological alterations within the cardiovascular system, which can progress insidiously and asymptomatically in the absence of conventional risk factors. Reduced exercise tolerance is consistently reported, even in otherwise asymptomatic individuals with T2D, and is the first sign of a failing heart. Because aggressive modification of cardiovascular risk factors does not eliminate the risk of HF in T2D, it is likely that other factors play a role in the pathogenesis of HF. Early identification of individuals at risk of HF is advantageous, as it allows for modification of the reversible risk factors and early initiation of treatment with the aim of improving clinical outcomes. In this review, cardiac and extra-cardiac contributors to reduced exercise tolerance in people with T2D are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M. Bilak
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Gaurav S. Gulsin
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Gerry P. McCann
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE39QP, UK
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Garciafigueroa Y, Phillips BE, Engman C, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. Neutrophil-Associated Inflammatory Changes in the Pre-Diabetic Pancreas of Early-Age NOD Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:565981. [PMID: 33776903 PMCID: PMC7988208 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.565981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that neutrophils are the first major leukocyte population accumulating inside the pancreas even before the onset of a lymphocytic-driven impairment of functional beta cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). In humans, pancreata from T1D deceased donors exhibit significant neutrophil accumulation. We present a time course of previously unknown inflammatory changes that accompany neutrophil and neutrophil elastase accumulation in the pancreas of the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain as early as 2 weeks of age. We confirm earlier findings in NOD mice that neutrophils accumulate as early as 2 weeks of age. We also observe a concurrent increase in the expression of neutrophil elastase in this time period. We also detect components of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) mainly in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas during this time as well as markers of vascular pathology as early as 2 weeks of age. Age- and sex-matched C57BL/6 mice do not exhibit these features inside the pancreas. When we treated NOD mice with inhibitors of myeloperoxidase and neutrophil elastase, two key effectors of activated neutrophil activity, alone or in combination, we were unable to prevent the progression to hyperglycemia in any manner different from untreated control mice. Our data confirm and add to the body of evidence demonstrating neutrophil accumulation inside the pancreas of mice genetically susceptible to T1D and also offer novel insights into additional pathologic mechanisms involving the pancreatic vasculature that have, until now, not been discovered inside the pancreata of these mice. However, inhibition of key neutrophil enzymes expressed in activated neutrophils could not prevent diabetes. These findings add to the body of data supporting a role for neutrophils in the establishment of early pathology inside the pancreas, independently of, and earlier from the time at onset of lymphocytic infiltration. However, they also suggest that inhibition of neutrophils alone, acting via myeloperoxidase and neutrophil elastase only, in the absence of other other effector cells, is insufficient to alter the natural course of autoimmune diabetes, at least in the NOD model of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesica Garciafigueroa
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brett E. Phillips
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Carl Engman
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Nick Giannoukakis,
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Zhao B, Wu F, Han X, Zhou W, Shi Q, Wang H. Protective effects of acarbose against insulitis in multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Life Sci 2020; 263:118490. [PMID: 32979357 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The development of type 1 diabetes is associated with inflammatory lesion of the pancreatic islets, known as insulitis. In this study, we focused on the protective effects of acarbose against insulitis in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and the underlying mechanisms. MAIN METHODS The mouse models were established via intraperitoneal injection of multiple low-dose STZ. Blood glucose level and body weight were measured. The severity of insulitis and inflammatory parameters in pancreatic tissues were evaluated. Insulin levels in pancreas and serum were also assessed. In vitro, MIN6 β cells were exposed to pro-inflammatory cytokines to assess the protective effects of acarbose. Cell function and apoptosis were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS We found that acarbose administration by gavage reduced the severity of insulitis and improved insulin levels in the experimental diabetic mice. ELISA revealed decreased levels of the inflammatory response markers IL-1β and TNF-α in mouse pancreatic tissues following acarbose treatment. In vitro, acarbose increased cell viability, decreased cell apoptosis, and improved GSIS in MIN6 β cells exposed to pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, caspase-3 level and p-p53/p53 ratio in β cells were reduced by acarbose treatment. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these results revealed a novel function of acarbose in attenuating insulitis. The protective effects of acarbose elicited in vitro and in vivo were shown to be mediated, at least in part, through its anti-inflammatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Feifei Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou 311200, PR China; School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311123, PR China
| | - Xue Han
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou 311200, PR China
| | - Wenwei Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Qiaojuan Shi
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, PR China.
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Horii T, Fujita Y, Ishibashi C, Fukui K, Eguchi H, Kozawa J, Shimomura I. Islet inflammation is associated with pancreatic fatty infiltration and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e001508. [PMID: 32784249 PMCID: PMC7418663 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic inflammation is observed in type 2 diabetes islets, and fat deposition in the pancreas affects insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. However, the relationship between this inflammation and pancreatic fat deposition has not been elucidated. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined pancreatic sections from 60 Japanese patients obtained by pancreatectomy. We evaluated pancreatic fat-cell area (%) and CD68-positive (CD68+) cells per islet histologically and examined the relationships between these histological findings and various clinical parameters. RESULTS The number of CD68+ cells per islet in the diabetes group was significantly higher than that in the normal glucose tolerance group (p=0.026). Moreover, CD68+ cells per islet were significantly correlated with body mass index (r=0.33, p=0.0080), fasting C-peptide immunoreactivity (r=0.46, p=0.0042), homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (r=0.38, p=0.016), C-peptide index (r=0.38, p=0.018), the area under the glucose concentration curve (AUCglucose) at the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (r=0.49, p=0.0065) and fat-cell area (r=0.51, p<0.0001). In multiple regression analyses, fat-cell area (β=0.600, p=0.0027) and AUCglucose (β=0.453, p=0.0042) were the independent and significant determinants of CD68+ cells per islet. CONCLUSION The inflammation of islets is associated with pancreatic fatty infiltration and hyperglycemia, which may further aggravate glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Horii
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukari Fujita
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Community Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chisaki Ishibashi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukui
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junji Kozawa
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Diabetes Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Anti-Inflammatory Strategies Targeting Metaflammation in Type 2 Diabetes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092224. [PMID: 32397353 PMCID: PMC7249034 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the concepts explaining the coincidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the metaflammation theory. This chronic, low-grade inflammatory state originating from metabolic cells in response to excess nutrients, contributes to the development of T2D by increasing insulin resistance in peripheral tissues (mainly in the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue) and by targeting pancreatic islets and in this way impairing insulin secretion. Given the role of this not related to infection inflammation in the development of both: insulin resistance and insulitis, anti-inflammatory strategies could be helpful not only to control T2D symptoms but also to treat its causes. This review presents current concepts regarding the role of metaflammation in the development of T2D in obese individuals as well as data concerning possible application of different anti-inflammatory strategies (including lifestyle interventions, the extra-glycemic potential of classical antidiabetic compounds, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, immunomodulatory therapies, and bariatric surgery) in the management of T2D.
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16
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Rolandsson O, Hampe CS, Sharp SJ, Ardanaz E, Boeing H, Fagherazzi G, Mancini FR, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Chirlaque MD, Dorronsoro M, Gunter MJ, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Krogh V, Kühn T, Palli D, Panico S, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Severi G, Spijkerman AMW, Tumino R, van der Schouw YT, Riboli E, Forouhi NG, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ. Autoimmunity plays a role in the onset of diabetes after 40 years of age. Diabetologia 2020; 63:266-277. [PMID: 31713011 PMCID: PMC6946728 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-05016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 1 and type 2 diabetes differ with respect to pathophysiological factors such as beta cell function, insulin resistance and phenotypic appearance, but there may be overlap between the two forms of diabetes. However, there are relatively few prospective studies that have characterised the relationship between autoimmunity and incident diabetes. We investigated associations of antibodies against the 65 kDa isoform of GAD (GAD65) with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes genetic risk scores and incident diabetes in adults in European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct, a case-cohort study nested in the EPIC cohort. METHODS GAD65 antibodies were analysed in EPIC participants (over 40 years of age and free of known diabetes at baseline) by radioligand binding assay in a random subcohort (n = 15,802) and in incident diabetes cases (n = 11,981). Type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes genetic risk scores were calculated. Associations between GAD65 antibodies and incident diabetes were estimated using Prentice-weighted Cox regression. RESULTS GAD65 antibody positivity at baseline was associated with development of diabetes during a median follow-up time of 10.9 years (HR for GAD65 antibody positive vs negative 1.78; 95% CI 1.43, 2.20) after adjustment for sex, centre, physical activity, smoking status and education. The genetic risk score for type 1 diabetes but not type 2 diabetes was associated with GAD65 antibody positivity in both the subcohort (OR per SD genetic risk 1.24; 95% CI 1.03, 1.50) and incident cases (OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.72, 2.26) after adjusting for age and sex. The risk of incident diabetes in those in the top tertile of the type 1 diabetes genetic risk score who were also GAD65 antibody positive was 3.23 (95% CI 2.10, 4.97) compared with all other individuals, suggesting that 1.8% of incident diabetes in adults was attributable to this combination of risk factors. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study indicates that incident diabetes in adults has an element of autoimmune aetiology. Thus, there might be a reason to re-evaluate the present subclassification of diabetes in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Christiane S Hampe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Publica), Madrid, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- CESP, Faculty of Medicine - University Paris-South, Faculty of Medicine Inserm U1018, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Francesca Romana Mancini
- CESP, Faculty of Medicine - University Paris-South, Faculty of Medicine Inserm U1018, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Peter M Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Maria-Dolores Chirlaque
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Publica), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miren Dorronsoro
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Publica), Madrid, Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain
- Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marc J Gunter
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Tilman Kühn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Domenico Palli
- Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network - ISPRO, Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) Citta' della Salute e della Scienza Hospital-University of Turin and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Torino, Italy
| | - Maria-José Sánchez
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Publica), Madrid, Spain
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Inserm, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Facultés de Medicine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, 'Civic - M.P. Arezzo' Hospital, Ragusa, Italy
- Associazone Iblea per la Ricerca Epidemiologica - Organizazione Non Lucrativa di Utilità Sociale, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Nackiewicz D, Dan M, Speck M, Chow SZ, Chen YC, Pospisilik JA, Verchere CB, Ehses JA. Islet Macrophages Shift to a Reparative State following Pancreatic Beta-Cell Death and Are a Major Source of Islet Insulin-like Growth Factor-1. iScience 2019; 23:100775. [PMID: 31962237 PMCID: PMC6971395 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a dynamic role in tissue repair following injury. Here we found that following streptozotocin (STZ)-induced beta-cell death, mouse islet macrophages had increased Igf1 expression, decreased proinflammatory cytokine expression, and transcriptome changes consistent with macrophages undergoing efferocytosis and having an enhanced state of metabolism. Macrophages were the major, if not sole, contributors to islet insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) production. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that macrophages can maintain insulin secretion in vivo following beta-cell death with no effects on islet cell turnover. IGF-1 neutralization during STZ treatment decreased insulin secretion without affecting islet cell apoptosis or proliferation. Interestingly, high-fat diet (HFD) combined with STZ further skewed islet macrophages to a reparative state. Finally, islet macrophages from db/db mice also expressed decreased proinflammatory cytokines and increased Igf1 mRNA. These data have important implications for islet biology and pathology and show that islet macrophages preserve their reparative state following beta-cell death even during HFD feeding and severe hyperglycemia. Macrophages are a major source of IGF-1 protein within mouse pancreatic islets Post-beta-cell death islet macrophages shift to a reparative state Beta-cell death causes macrophage transcriptome changes consistent with efferocytosis This change can occur even in the presence of HFD feeding or severe hyperglycemia
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Nackiewicz
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28 Avenue, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Meixia Dan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28 Avenue, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Madeleine Speck
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28 Avenue, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Samuel Z Chow
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28 Avenue, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28 Avenue, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - J Andrew Pospisilik
- Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28 Avenue, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28 Avenue, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Jan A Ehses
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28 Avenue, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach CH-8603, Switzerland.
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18
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Ludvigsson J. No acute pancreatitis but reduced exocrine pancreatic function at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children. Pediatr Diabetes 2019; 20:915-919. [PMID: 31392817 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulitis in type 1 diabetes (T1D) seems to be both mild and rather rare, and immune cells are found also in the exocrine pancreas, which often is small. We wanted to see whether clinical pancreatitis at diagnosis of T1D in children is a commonly missed diagnosis. METHODS Clinical symptoms suggesting pancreatitis were investigated in a retrospective case-control study in 191 newly diagnosed T1D patients (105 boys, 86 girls) with age at onset 0.2 to 18 (mean = 10.05, SD = 4.71, median = 10.36) years, 23/191 (12%) with ketoacidosis at diagnosis. Blood samples were taken on day 4 and stored at -20°C until analyses for P-amylase and C-reactive protein (CRP), and compared with 100 age-matched healthy control children with plasma stored at -80°C, and 46 with plasma stored at -20°C. RESULTS At diagnosis, 23/191 (12%) patients had mild transient abdominal pain, 2/23 with obstipation, and 5/23 also transient mild diarrhea. Five of 23 patients with abdominal pain had pH < 7.30. None had clinical acute pancreatitis. One diabetic patient had P-amylase 1.3 μkat/L (normal range = 0.15-1.1 μkat/L), while 62/191 (32.4%) diabetic children had P-amylase below the normal range. None (0/100) of the -80-controls and only 1/46 (0.14 μkat/L) of the -20-controls had the P-amylase level in the normal range. Five diabetic children, but no controls, had increased CRP, but not related to P-amylase or to gastrointestinal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Acute pancreatitis seems to be very rare at diagnosis of T1D, but decreased exocrine function quite common, which supports that T1D sometimes is part of a more generalized pancreatic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Ludvigsson
- Division of Pediatrics, Region Östergötland, Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.,Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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19
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Böni-Schnetzler M, Meier DT. Islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:501-513. [PMID: 30989320 PMCID: PMC6592966 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes are associated with meta-inflammation. β-Cell failure is a major component of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. It is now well established that increased numbers of innate immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines have detrimental effects on islets in these chronic conditions. Recently, evidence emerged which points to initially adaptive and restorative functions of inflammatory factors and immune cells in metabolism. In the following review, we provide an overview on the features of islet inflammation in diabetes and models of prediabetes. We separately emphasize what is known on islet inflammation in humans and focus on in vivo animal models and how they are used to elucidate mechanistic aspects of islet inflammation. Further, we discuss the recently emerging physiologic signaling role of cytokines during adaptation and normal function of islet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Böni-Schnetzler
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel T Meier
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Jansson L, Carlsson PO. Pancreatic Blood Flow with Special Emphasis on Blood Perfusion of the Islets of Langerhans. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:799-837. [PMID: 30892693 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic islets are more richly vascularized than the exocrine pancreas, and possess a 5- to 10-fold higher basal and stimulated blood flow, which is separately regulated. This is reflected in the vascular anatomy of the pancreas where islets have separate arterioles. There is also an insulo-acinar portal system, where numerous venules connect each islet to the acinar capillaries. Both islets and acini possess strong metabolic regulation of their blood perfusion. Of particular importance, especially in the islets, is adenosine and ATP/ADP. Basal and stimulated blood flow is modified by local endothelial mediators, the nervous system as well as gastrointestinal hormones. Normally the responses to the nervous system, especially the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, are fairly similar in endocrine and exocrine parts. The islets seem to be more sensitive to the effects of endothelial mediators, especially nitric oxide, which is a permissive factor to maintain the high basal islet blood flow. The gastrointestinal hormones with pancreatic effects mainly influence the exocrine pancreatic blood flow, whereas islets are less affected. A notable exception is incretin hormones and adipokines, which preferentially affect islet vasculature. Islet hormones can influence both exocrine and endocrine blood vessels, and these complex effects are discussed. Secondary changes in pancreatic and islet blood flow occur during several conditions. To what extent changes in blood perfusion may affect the pathogenesis of pancreatic diseases is discussed. Both type 2 diabetes mellitus and acute pancreatitis are conditions where we think there is evidence that blood flow may contribute to disease manifestations. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:799-837, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Jansson
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Carlsson
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala, Sweden.,Uppsala University, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Guay C, Kruit JK, Rome S, Menoud V, Mulder NL, Jurdzinski A, Mancarella F, Sebastiani G, Donda A, Gonzalez BJ, Jandus C, Bouzakri K, Pinget M, Boitard C, Romero P, Dotta F, Regazzi R. Lymphocyte-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs Promote Pancreatic β Cell Death and May Contribute to Type 1 Diabetes Development. Cell Metab 2019; 29:348-361.e6. [PMID: 30318337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease initiated by the invasion of pancreatic islets by immune cells that selectively kill the β cells. We found that rodent and human T lymphocytes release exosomes containing the microRNAs (miRNAs) miR-142-3p, miR-142-5p, and miR-155, which can be transferred in active form to β cells favoring apoptosis. Inactivation of these miRNAs in recipient β cells prevents exosome-mediated apoptosis and protects non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice from diabetes development. Islets from protected NOD mice display higher insulin levels, lower insulitis scores, and reduced inflammation. Looking at the mechanisms underlying exosome action, we found that T lymphocyte exosomes trigger apoptosis and the expression of genes involved in chemokine signaling, including Ccl2, Ccl7, and Cxcl10, exclusively in β cells. The induction of these genes may promote the recruitment of immune cells and exacerbate β cell death during the autoimmune attack. Our data point to exosomal-miRNA transfer as a communication mode between immune and insulin-secreting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiane Guay
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Janine K Kruit
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie Rome
- CarMeN Laboratory (INSERM 1060, INRA 1362, INSA), University of Lyon, Faculté de Médecine de Lyon Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Menoud
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niels L Mulder
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Angelika Jurdzinski
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Francesca Mancarella
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Umberto Di Mario ONLUS Foundation - Toscana Life Science Park, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Sebastiani
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Umberto Di Mario ONLUS Foundation - Toscana Life Science Park, Siena, Italy
| | - Alena Donda
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bryan J Gonzalez
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Jandus
- Department of Oncology, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karim Bouzakri
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Pinget
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Boitard
- Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale U1016, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Romero
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Dotta
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Umberto Di Mario ONLUS Foundation - Toscana Life Science Park, Siena, Italy
| | - Romano Regazzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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22
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Abstract
The gut microbiota can play a role in pancreatitis and, likely, in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Anti-microbial peptides and secretory proteins are important mediators of the innate immune response against bacteria but their expression in the human pancreas is not fully known. In this study, immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the expression of seven anti-microbial peptides (Defensin α1, α4, β1-4 and Cathelicidin) and two secretory proteins with known antimicrobial properties (REG3A and GP2) in pancreatic and duodenal biopsies from 10 non-diabetic organ donors and one organ donor that died at onset of T1D. Immunohistochemical data was compared with previously published whole-transcriptome data sets. Seven (Defensin α1, β2, β3, α4, GP2, Cathelicidin, and REG3A) host defense molecules showed positive staining patterns in most non-diabetic organ donors, whereas two (Defensin β1 and β4) were negative in all non-diabetic donors. Two molecules (Defensin α1 and GP2) were restricted to the exocrine pancreas whereas two (Defensin β3, α4) were only expressed in islet tissue. Cathelicidin, β2, and REG3A were expressed in both islets and exocrine tissue. The donor that died at onset of T1D had generally less positivity for the host defense molecules, but, notably, this pancreas was the only one where defensin β1 was found. Neither donor age, immune-cell infiltration, nor duodenal expression correlated to the pancreatic expression of host defense molecules. In conclusion, these findings could have important implications for the inflammatory processes in diabetes and pancreatitis as we find several host defense molecules expressed by the pancreatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Stenwall
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- CONTACT Anton Stenwall Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory C11, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofie Ingvast
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oskar Skog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Morgan NG, Richardson SJ. Fifty years of pancreatic islet pathology in human type 1 diabetes: insights gained and progress made. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2499-2506. [PMID: 30255378 PMCID: PMC6223849 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is increasing in incidence in many parts of the world and it might be imagined that the pathological processes that underlie disease progression are firmly understood. However, this is not the case; rather, our collective understanding is still surprisingly rudimentary. There are various reasons for this but one of the most important is that the target organ (the pancreas) has been examined at, or soon after, diagnosis in only a small number of cases worldwide over the past half a century. This review provides a summary of some of the insights gained from these studies and highlights areas of ongoing uncertainty. In particular, it considers the process of insulitis (a form of islet inflammation that occurs characteristically in type 1 diabetes) and discusses the factors that may influence the access of immune cells to the beta cells. Attention is also drawn to recent evidence implying that two distinct profiles of insulitis exist, which occur differentially in people who develop type 1 diabetes at increasing ages. Emphasis is also placed on the emerging (and somewhat surprising) consensus that the extent of beta cell loss is variable among people with type 1 diabetes and that many (especially those who are older at onset) retain significant numbers of insulin-producing cells long after diagnosis. We conclude by emphasising the importance of renewed efforts to study the human pancreas at disease onset and consider how the current insights may inform the design of future strategies to slow or halt the rate of beta cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel G. Morgan
- Islet Biology Exeter (IBEx), Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW UK
| | - Sarah J. Richardson
- Islet Biology Exeter (IBEx), Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW UK
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Salami F, Lee HS, Freyhult E, Elding Larsson H, Lernmark Å, Törn C. Reduction in White Blood Cell, Neutrophil, and Red Blood Cell Counts Related to Sex, HLA, and Islet Autoantibodies in Swedish TEDDY Children at Increased Risk for Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2018; 67:2329-2336. [PMID: 30104249 PMCID: PMC6198343 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Islet autoantibodies (IAs) precede the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D); however, the knowledge is limited about whether the prodrome affects complete blood counts (CBCs) in 4- to 12-year-old children with increased genetic risk for T1D. This study tested whether CBCs were altered in 4- to 12-year-old children without (n = 376) or with one or several IAs against insulin, GAD65, or IA-2 (n = 72). CBC was analyzed during longitudinal follow-up in 448 Swedish children enrolled in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. A linear mixed-effects model was used to assess potential association between IA and CBC measurements over time. The white blood cell and neutrophil counts were reduced in children with IAs, primarily in boys. In contrast, girls had lower levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit. Positivity for multiple IAs showed the lowest counts in white blood cells and neutrophils in boys and red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit in girls. These associations were primarily observed in children with the HLA-DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8 genotype. We conclude that the reduction in neutrophils and red blood cells in children with multiple IAs and HLA-DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8 genotype may signal a sex-dependent islet autoimmunity detected in longitudinal CBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falastin Salami
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hye-Seung Lee
- Health Informatics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Eva Freyhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Elding Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Carina Törn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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No Evidence for Presence of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in the Insulitic Lesions in Patients Recently Diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1744-1748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Apostolopoulou M, Menart-Houtermans B, Ruetter R, Nowotny B, Gehrmann U, Markgraf D, Szendroedi J, Schloot NC, Roden M. Characterization of circulating leukocytes and correlation of leukocyte subsets with metabolic parameters 1 and 5 years after diabetes diagnosis. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:723-731. [PMID: 29663084 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-018-1143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Infiltration of pancreatic islets with different leukocyte subtypes likely contributes to deterioration of glycemia in diabetes mellitus. Different subsets of leukocytes have been previously associated with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. This study aimed at examining these subsets at different stages of diabetes progression and possible relationships with metabolic parameters. METHODS A total of 206 patients, 76 with type 1 and 130 with type 2 diabetes, were studied within the first year of diabetes diagnosis. In addition, 31 patients with type 1 and 73 with type 2 diabetes were examined at 5 years after diagnosis. Whole body insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps; insulin secretion by glucagon stimulation tests and white blood cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The percentage of peripheral CD8+ cells was 15% lower in patients with type 1 diabetes at 5 years than in patients at diabetes onset and correlated positively with fasting glycemia, total cholesterol and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (all r > 0.37, p < 0.05), but not with insulin secretion. Patients with type 2 diabetes had 7% higher percentages of CD4+ cells after 5 years than those at diagnosis. CD4+ cells correlated with hsCRP (r = 0.36, p < 0.05), whereas CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells did not correlate with any metabolic parameter. CONCLUSION CD8+ T-cells associate with worse glycemia, lipidemia and inflammation after 5 years of type 1 diabetes, whereas CD4+ T-cells associate with increased inflammation after 5 years upon onset of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Apostolopoulou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, c/o German Diabetes Center, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Auf dem Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara Menart-Houtermans
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ruth Ruetter
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bettina Nowotny
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gehrmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Markgraf
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, c/o German Diabetes Center, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Auf dem Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nanette C Schloot
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, c/o German Diabetes Center, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Auf dem Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Lundberg M, Stenwall A, Tegehall A, Korsgren O, Skog O. Expression profiles of stress-related genes in islets from donors with progressively impaired glucose metabolism. Islets 2018; 10:69-79. [PMID: 29446696 PMCID: PMC5895176 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2018.1433980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is currently unknown how the islet transcriptional pattern changes as glucose metabolism deteriorates and progresses to fulminant type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, we hypothesized that islets from donors with elevated HbA1c levels, but not yet diagnosed with T2D, would show signs of cell stress on a transcriptional level. Laser capture microdissection and qPCR arrays including 330 genes related to mitochondria, oxidative stress, or the unfolded protein response were used to extract and analyze islets from organ donors with HbA1c <5.5% (37 mmol/mol), elevated HbA1c (6.0-6.5% (42-48 mmol/mol)), high HbA1c (>6.5% (48 mmol/mol)) or established T2D. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering based on the expression of all 330 genes displayed no obvious separation of the four different donor groups, indicating that the inter-donor variations were larger than the differences between groups. However, 44 genes were differentially expressed (P < 0.05, false discovery rate <30%) between islets from donors with HbA1c <5.5% (37 mmol/mol) compared with islets from T2D subjects. Twelve genes were differentially expressed compared to control islets in both donors with established T2D and donors with elevated HbA1c (6.0-6.5% (42-48 mmol/mol)). Overexpressed genes were related mainly to the unfolded protein response, whereas underexpressed genes were related to mitochondria. Our data on transcriptional changes in human islets retrieved by LCM from high-quality biopsies, as pre-diabetes progresses to established T2D, increase our understanding on how islet stress contributes to the disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- CONTACT Marcus Lundberg Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory C11, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anton Stenwall
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angie Tegehall
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Skog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Masini M, Martino L, Marselli L, Bugliani M, Boggi U, Filipponi F, Marchetti P, De Tata V. Ultrastructural alterations of pancreatic beta cells in human diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33. [PMID: 28303682 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both types of diabetes are characterized by beta-cell failure and death, leading to insulin insufficiency. Very limited information is currently available about the ultrastructural alterations of beta cells in human diabetes. Our aim was to provide a comprehensive ultrastructural analysis of human pancreatic islets in type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetic patients. METHODS We performed a morphometric electron microscopy evaluation of beta cells obtained from the pancreas of 8 nondiabetic (ND), 5 T1D, and 8 T2D organ donors. RESULTS A lower amount of beta cells was found in both T1D and T2D than in ND islets, whereas alpha cells were increased only in T2D. An increased number of bi-hormonal cells (showing both insulin and glucagon granules in their cytoplasm) were found in T1D. Insulin granules were less represented in T2D than in ND beta cells, whereas no significant changes were found in T1D. Volume density of the endoplasmic reticulum was increased in T2D and unchanged in T1D; mitochondria number and volume were significantly higher in T2D than in ND beta cells, whereas no significant differences were found in T1D. In both T1D and T2D, more beta cells showed signs of apoptosis than in ND. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that in each type of diabetes, beta cells exhibit specific ultrastructural alterations, whose better understanding might improve therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Masini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Martino
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Bugliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo Boggi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Franco Filipponi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Tata
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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29
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Nuñez-Durán E, Chanclón B, Sütt S, Real J, Marschall HU, Wernstedt Asterholm I, Cansby E, Mahlapuu M. Protein kinase STK25 aggravates the severity of non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease in mice. J Endocrinol 2017; 234:15-27. [PMID: 28442507 PMCID: PMC5510597 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Characterising the molecular networks that negatively regulate pancreatic β-cell function is essential for understanding the underlying pathogenesis and developing new treatment strategies for type 2 diabetes. We recently identified serine/threonine protein kinase 25 (STK25) as a critical regulator of ectopic fat storage, meta-inflammation, and fibrosis in liver and skeletal muscle. Here, we assessed the role of STK25 in control of progression of non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease in the context of chronic exposure to dietary lipids in mice. We found that overexpression of STK25 in high-fat-fed transgenic mice aggravated diet-induced lipid storage in the pancreas compared with that of wild-type controls, which was accompanied by exacerbated pancreatic inflammatory cell infiltration, stellate cell activation, fibrosis and apoptosis. Pancreas of Stk25 transgenic mice also displayed a marked decrease in islet β/α-cell ratio and alteration in the islet architecture with an increased presence of α-cells within the islet core, whereas islet size remained similar between genotypes. After a continued challenge with a high-fat diet, lower levels of fasting plasma insulin and C-peptide, and higher levels of plasma leptin, were detected in Stk25 transgenic vs wild-type mice. Furthermore, the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was impaired in high-fat-fed Stk25 transgenic mice during glucose tolerance test, in spite of higher net change in blood glucose concentrations compared with wild-type controls, suggesting islet β-cell dysfunction. In summary, this study unravels a role for STK25 in determining the susceptibility to diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease in mice in connection to obesity. Our findings highlight STK25 as a potential drug target for metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nuñez-Durán
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineLundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Belén Chanclón
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineLundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Metabolic PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Silva Sütt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineLundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joana Real
- Department of Metabolic PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineWallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Wernstedt Asterholm
- Department of Metabolic PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emmelie Cansby
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineLundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margit Mahlapuu
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineLundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Yoneda S, Imagawa A, Fukui K, Uno S, Kozawa J, Sakai M, Yumioka T, Iwahashi H, Shimomura I. A Histological Study of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Related to Human Cytomegalovirus Reactivation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2394-2400. [PMID: 28398495 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-4029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is thought to be partly caused by virus infection. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the mechanism of β cell destruction in fulminant T1DM after drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS). METHODS We determined the localization of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and viral receptors of Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), together with inflammatory cells, by immunohistochemistry of the autopsy pancreas of a patient with fulminant T1DM with DIHS and in seven subjects with normal glucose tolerance who underwent pancreatectomy. RESULTS HCMV-positive cells were detected in islets and exocrine areas in the patient with fulminant T1DM. Greater numbers of macrophages and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes had infiltrated into HCMV-positive islets than into HCMV-negative islets, and 52.6% of HCMV-positive cells were also positive for IRF3. α Cells expressed IRF3, ZBP1, or RIG-I. No HCMV-positive cells were detected in the control subjects. HHV-6-positive, but not EBV-positive, cells were present in the patient and the control subjects. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the immunoresponse caused by HCMV infection was associated with β cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Yoneda
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita "565-0871", Japan
| | - Akihisa Imagawa
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita "565-0871", Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki "569-8686", Japan
| | - Kenji Fukui
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita "565-0871", Japan
| | - Sae Uno
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita "565-0871", Japan
| | - Junji Kozawa
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita "565-0871", Japan
| | - Makoto Sakai
- Internal Medicine, Konan Hospital, Kobe "658-0064", Japan
| | | | - Hiromi Iwahashi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita "565-0871", Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita "565-0871", Japan
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Lundberg M, Lindqvist A, Wierup N, Krogvold L, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Skog O. The density of parasympathetic axons is reduced in the exocrine pancreas of individuals recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28628651 PMCID: PMC5476281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the etiology of type 1 diabetes, the affected pancreas needs to be thoroughly characterized. Pancreatic innervation has been suggested to be involved in the pathology of the disease and a reduction of sympathetic innervation of the islets was recently reported. In the present study, we hypothesized that parasympathetic innervation would be altered in the type 1 diabetes pancreas. Human pancreatic specimens were obtained from a unique cohort of individuals with recent onset or long standing type 1 diabetes. Density of parasympathetic axons was assessed by immunofluorescence and morphometry. Our main finding was a reduced density of parasympathetic axons in the exocrine, but not endocrine compartment of the pancreas in individuals with recent onset type 1 diabetes. The reduced density of parasympathetic axons in the exocrine compartment could have functional implications, e.g. be related to the exocrine insufficiency reported in type 1 diabetes patients. Further studies are needed to understand whether reduced parasympathetic innervation is a cause or consequence of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Nils Wierup
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Krogvold
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oskar Skog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Campbell-Thompson ML, Atkinson MA, Butler AE, Giepmans BN, von Herrath MG, Hyöty H, Kay TW, Morgan NG, Powers AC, Pugliese A, Richardson SJ, In't Veld PA. Re-addressing the 2013 consensus guidelines for the diagnosis of insulitis in human type 1 diabetes: is change necessary? Diabetologia 2017; 60:753-755. [PMID: 28070616 PMCID: PMC5415083 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Campbell-Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, 1395 Center Drive, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA.
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, 1395 Center Drive, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ben N Giepmans
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias G von Herrath
- Department of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Thomas W Kay
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Alvin C Powers
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Peter A In't Veld
- Department of Pathology, Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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33
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Lundberg M, Seiron P, Ingvast S, Korsgren O, Skog O. Re-addressing the 2013 consensus guidelines for the diagnosis of insulitis in human type 1 diabetes: is change necessary? Reply to Campbell-Thompson ML, Atkinson MA, Butler AE et al [letter]. Diabetologia 2017; 60:756-757. [PMID: 28111711 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Peter Seiron
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofie Ingvast
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oskar Skog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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