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Gülersoy E, Balıkçı C, Şahan A, Günal İ, Atlı MO. NMR-based metabolomic investigation of dogs with acute flaccid paralysis due to tick paralysis. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1528. [PMID: 38952268 PMCID: PMC11217601 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is a complex clinical syndrome with various aetiologies. If untreated, AFP may lead to death due to failure of respiratory muscles. Tick paralysis, which is a noninfectious neurologic syndrome of AFP, occurs following tick attachment, engorgement, and injection of tick saliva toxins. There is no specific diagnostic test for tick paralysis, and mortality increases as definitive diagnosis is delayed. Although metabolomic investigation of tick saliva was conducted, there is a lack of research on metabolomic evaluation of hosts affected by tick paralysis. OBJECTIVES Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate metabolomic changes in serum samples of dogs with tick paralysis due to Rhipicephalus sanguineus using NMR-based metabolomics and to identify potential diagnostic/prognostic markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty dogs infested with R. sanguineus, with clinical findings compatible with AFP and with a confirmed tick paralysis diagnosis ex juvantibus, constituted the Paralysis Group. Ten healthy dogs, which were admitted either for vaccination and/or check-up purposes, constituted the Control Group. After the confirmation tick paralysis, medical history, vaccination and nutritional status, body surface area and estimated tick numbers of all the dogs were noted. Physical examination included body temperature, heart and respiratory rate, capillary refill time evaluation and Modified Glasgow Coma Scale calculation. Serum samples were extracted from venous blood samples of all the dogs and were prepared for NMR analysis, and NMR-based metabolomics identification and quantification were performed. RESULTS NMR-based serum metabolomics of the present study revealed distinct up/down-regulated expressions, presenting a promising avenue. Moreover, it was observed that energy metabolism and especially liver functions were impaired in dogs with tick paralysis, and not only the respiratory system but also the kidneys were affected. CONCLUSION It was concluded that the present approach may help to better understand the pathological mechanisms developing in cases of AFP due to tick paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Gülersoy
- Veterinary FacultyDepartment of Internal MedicineHarran UniversityŞanlıurfaTurkey
| | - Canberk Balıkçı
- Veterinary FacultyDepartment of Internal MedicineHarran UniversityŞanlıurfaTurkey
| | - Adem Şahan
- Veterinary FacultyDepartment of Internal MedicineHarran UniversityŞanlıurfaTurkey
| | - İsmail Günal
- Veterinary FacultyDepartment of Internal MedicineHarran UniversityŞanlıurfaTurkey
| | - Mehmet Osman Atlı
- Veterinary FacultyDepartment of Reproduction and Artificial InseminationHarran UniversityŞanlıurfaTurkey
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2
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Romer SH, Miller KM, Sonner MJ, Ethridge VT, Gargas NM, Rohan JG. Changes in motor behavior and lumbar motoneuron morphology following repeated chlorpyrifos exposure in rats. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305173. [PMID: 38875300 PMCID: PMC11178230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide associated with numerous health effects including motor performance decrements. While many studies have focused on the health effects following acute chlorpyrifos poisonings, almost no studies have examined the effects on motoneurons following occupational-like exposures. The main objective of this study was to examine the broad effects of repeated occupational-like chlorpyrifos exposures on spinal motoneuron soma size relative to motor activity. To execute our objective, adult rats were exposed to chlorpyrifos via oral gavage once a day, five days a week for two weeks. Chlorpyrifos exposure effects were assessed either three days or two months following the last exposure. Three days following the last repeated chlorpyrifos exposure, there were transient effects in open-field motor activity and plasma cholinesterase activity levels. Two months following the chlorpyrifos exposures, there were delayed effects in sensorimotor gating, pro-inflammatory cytokines and spinal lumbar motoneuron soma morphology. Overall, these results offer support that subacute repeated occupational-like chlorpyrifos exposures have both short-term and longer-term effects in motor activity, inflammation, and central nervous system mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon H Romer
- Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States of America
- Leidos, Reston, VA, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn M Miller
- Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | - Martha J Sonner
- Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States of America
- Leidos, Reston, VA, United States of America
| | - Victoria T Ethridge
- Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States of America
- Leidos, Reston, VA, United States of America
| | - Nathan M Gargas
- Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | - Joyce G Rohan
- Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States of America
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3
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Zhao GP, Cheng WL, Zhang ZH, Li YX, Li YQ, Yang FW, Wang YB. The use of amino acids and their derivates to mitigate against pesticide-induced toxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 276:116340. [PMID: 38636261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides induces oxidative stress and deleterious effects on various tissues in non-target organisms. Numerous models investigating pesticide exposure have demonstrated metabolic disturbances such as imbalances in amino acid levels within the organism. One potentially effective strategy to mitigate pesticide toxicity involves dietary intervention by supplementing exogenous amino acids and their derivates to augment the body's antioxidant capacity and mitigate pesticide-induced oxidative harm, whose mechanism including bolstering glutathione synthesis, regulating arginine-NO metabolism, mitochondria-related oxidative stress, and the open of ion channels, as well as enhancing intestinal microecology. Enhancing glutathione synthesis through supplementation of substrates N-acetylcysteine and glycine is regarded as a potent mechanism to achieve this. Selection of appropriate amino acids or their derivates for supplementation, and determining an appropriate dosage, are of the utmost importance for effective mitigation of pesticide-induced oxidative harm. More experimentation is required that involves large population samples to validate the efficacy of dietary intervention strategies, as well as to determine the effects of amino acids and their derivates on long-term and low-dose pesticide exposure. This review provides insights to guide future research aimed at preventing and alleviating pesticide toxicity through dietary intervention of amino acids and their derivates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ping Zhao
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wei-Long Cheng
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Inner Mongolia 013757, China
| | - Ying-Qiu Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Fang-Wei Yang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yan-Bo Wang
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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4
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Berroug L, Laaroussi M, Essaidi O, Malqui H, Anarghou H, Chaoui AA, Najimi M, Chigr F. Sex-specific neurobehavioral and biochemical effects of developmental exposure to Malathion in offspring mice. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2215-2231. [PMID: 37804342 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Malathion is an organophosphate pesticide (OP) commonly used in agriculture, industry, and veterinary medicine. Sex is a crucial factor in responding to neurotoxicants, yet the sex-specific effects of OP exposure, particularly neurological impairments following chronic low-level exposure remains limited. Our study aims to evaluate the neurobehavioral and biochemical effects of developmental exposure to Malathion across sexes. Pregnant mice were exposed to a low oral dose of Malathion from gestation up to the weaning of the pups, which were individually gavaged with a similar dose regimen until postnatal day 70. Our results show that Malathion decreased body weight and food intake, reduced locomotor activity and recognition memory. Motor coordination and special memory were only altered in females, whereas we found a male-specific effect of Malathion on social behavior and marble burying. These alterations were accompanied by increased malondialdehyde (MDA), decreased brain acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE), and disrupted brain redox homeostasis. Our findings about the effects of Malathion exposure across sexes may, in part, contribute to understanding the dimorphic susceptibilities observed in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Berroug
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Meriem Laaroussi
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Oumaima Essaidi
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hafsa Malqui
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hammou Anarghou
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Ait Chaoui
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Najimi
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Fatiha Chigr
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco.
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Golomb BA, Han JH, Fung A, Berg BK, Miller BJ, Hamilton G. Bioenergetic impairment in Gulf War illness assessed via 31P-MRS. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7418. [PMID: 38548808 PMCID: PMC10979028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Time for post-exercise phosphocreatine-recovery (PCr-R), deemed a robust index of mitochondrial function in vivo, was previously reported to be elevated (signifying impaired ATP production) in veterans with Gulf War illness (GWI). Here we sought to replicate the finding and assess the impact of contravening previous eligibility requirements. The replication sample comprised white males. Cases reported ≥ moderate muscle-weakness to match the organ assessed to an organ affected; controls lacked recent headache or multiple symptoms. The expansion sample added cases without muscle-weakness, controls with recent headache, females, nonwhites. PCr-R, following pedal-depression-exercise, was compared in veterans with GWI versus controls (sample N = 38). In the replication sample, PCr-R results closely matched the prior report: PCr-R veterans with GWI mean(SD) = 47.7(16.5); control mean(SD) = 30.3(9.2), p = 0.017. (Prior-study PCr-R veterans with GWI mean(SD) = 46.1(17.9), control mean(SD) = 29.0(8.7), p = 0.023. Combined replication + prior samples: p = 0.001.) No case-control difference was observed in the expansion sample. In cases, PCr-R related to muscle-weakness: PCr-R = 29.9(7.1), 38.2(8.9), 47.8(15.2) for muscle-weakness rated none/low, intermediate, and high respectively (p for trend = 0.02), validating desirability of matching tissue assessed to tissue affected. In controls, headache/multiple symptoms, sex, and ethnicity each mattered (affecting PCr-R significantly). This study affirms mitochondrial/bioenergetic impairment in veterans with GWI. The importance of careful case/control selection is underscored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Alexandra Golomb
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA.
| | - Jun Hee Han
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA
| | - Alexander Fung
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA
- Clement Park Dental Care, Littleton, CO, 80123, USA
| | - Brinton Keith Berg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA
| | - Bruce J Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0995, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0995, USA
| | - Gavin Hamilton
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Xing M, Wang S, Cui F, Liu H, Zhang X, Gao Z, Ying W, Shi E. Comprehensive insight on protein modification by V-type agent: A chemical proteomic approach employing bioorthogonal reaction. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300039. [PMID: 37654063 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) such as chemical agents and pesticides are posing critical threats to civilians due to their irreversible phosphonylation of diverse amino acids residues forming different protein adducts. However, traditional analytical approaches are quite limited in capturing the myriad of post-translational events that affect protein functions, especially in identifying the low-abundance OP adducts. Herein a systematic proteomic strategy based on a typical click-enrich-release-identify bioorthogonal operation was firstly developed by employing an alkynyl-tagged V-type agent probe (AVP) and a biotin-based azido-enrichment linker (BTP-N3 ). AVP targeting peptides from human serum albumin (HSA) or plasma were captured by BTP-N3 via CuAAC click reaction, enriched by streptavidin beads, released by selective alkaline hydrolysis of phenacyl ester bond, and subsequently sequenced by LC-MS/MS. This strategy has helped identifying 1115 unique OP adduction sites on 163 proteins in human plasma, and covers lots of OP adducts that cannot be achieved by traditional detection methods. The comprehensive coverage of novel OP substrates provided a general and sensitive approach to retrospective verification and/or dose assessment of toxic OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meining Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Wantao Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Enxue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
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7
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Narasimhamurthy RK, Venkidesh BS, Nayak S, Reghunathan D, Mallya S, Sharan K, Rao BSS, Mumbrekar KD. Low-dose exposure to malathion and radiation results in the dysregulation of multiple neuronal processes, inducing neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration in mouse. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:1403-1418. [PMID: 38038914 PMCID: PMC10789675 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are a debilitating and persistent threat to the global elderly population, carrying grim outcomes. Their genesis is often multifactorial, with a history of prior exposure to xenobiotics such as pesticides, heavy metals, enviornmental pollutants, ionizing radiation etc,. A holistic molecular insight into their mechanistic induction upon single or combinatorial exposure to different toxicants is still unclear. In the present study, one-month-old C57BL/6 male mice were administered orally with malathion (50 mg/kg body wt. for 14 days) and single whole-body radiation (0.5 Gy) on the 8th day. Post-treatment, behavioural assays for exploratory behaviour, memory, and learning were performed. After sacrifice, brains were collected for histology, biochemical assays, and transcriptomic analysis. Transcriptomic analysis revealed several altered processes like synaptic transmission and plasticity, neuronal survival, proliferation, and death. Signalling pathways like MAPK, PI3K-Akt, Apelin, NF-κB, cAMP, Notch etc., and pathways related to neurodegenerative diseases were altered. Increased astrogliosis was observed in the radiation and coexposure groups, with significant neuronal cell death and a reduction in the expression of NeuN. Sholl analysis, dendritic arborization and spine density studies revealed decreased total apical neuronal path length and dendritic spine density. Reduced levels of the antioxidants GST and GSH and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity were also detected. However, no changes were seen in exploratory behaviour or learning and memory post-treatment. Thus, explicating the molecular mechanisms behind malathion and radiation can provide novel insights into external factor-driven neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Koravadi Narasimhamurthy
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Babu Santhi Venkidesh
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sangeetha Nayak
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinesh Reghunathan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandeep Mallya
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishna Sharan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Bola Sadashiva Satish Rao
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
- Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Kamalesh Dattaram Mumbrekar
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Ebrahimnejad P, Davoodi A, Irannejad H, Akhtari J, Mohammadi H. Polyethyleneglycol-serine nanoparticles as a novel antidote for organophosphate poisoning: synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:915-930. [PMID: 35938408 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2107661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning causes considerable worldwide mortality and morbidity. In this study, serine was attached to the polyethylene glycol-bisaldehyde (PEG) as a novel antidote for diazinon (DZ) poisoning. Serine and PEG were conjugated with a reductive amination reaction. PEG-serine NPs (PEG-NPs) were purified and their structure was analyzed by 1H NMR, 13 C NMR, IR, and particle size was determined via dynamic light scattering. In vitro studies, including hemolysis assay and cytotoxicity on SK-BR-3 and HFFF2 cell lines, were performed. In vivo studies of PEG-NPs were evaluated on DZ-exposed mice. PEG-NPs were administered (i.p.) 20 min after a single dose of DZ (LD50; 166 mg/kg). Atropine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) with pralidoxime (20 mg/kg, i.p.) was used as the standard therapy compared to PEG-NPs. NMR and IR data confirmed that the conjugation of PEG to serine occurred successfully. The average NP size was 22.1 ± 1.8 nm. The hemolysis of the PEG-NPs was calculated at 0.867%, 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated 36 ± 4.5, and 41 ± 3.4 mg/mL on SK-BR-3 and HFFF2 cell lines, respectively. Percentage of surviving significantly improved by 12.5, 25, and 25% through the usage of PEG-NPs at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, respectively, when compared with the DZ group. Cholinesterase enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial function significantly improved through PEG-NPs when compared with the DZ group. PEG conjugated serine is very biocompatible with low toxicity and can reduce the acute toxicity of DZ as a new combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Ebrahimnejad
- Pharmacutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Davoodi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamid Irannejad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Javad Akhtari
- The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mohammadi
- Pharmacutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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9
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Gur C, Kandemir FM. Molecular and biochemical investigation of the protective effects of rutin against liver and kidney toxicity caused by malathion administration in a rat model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:555-565. [PMID: 36346126 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Widely used malathion (MLT) causes environmental pollution, leading to toxicity in many living things, including humans. Rutin (RUT) is a flavonoid with various biological properties. In the present study, the protective effects of rutin against liver and kidney toxicity caused by malathion were investigated. In the study, MLT (100 mg/kg) and RUT (50 or 100 mg/kg) were administered to rats alone or in combination for 28 days. Then, oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), apoptosis, and autophagy markers in liver and kidney tissues were analyzed by biochemical and molecular methods. The results showed that MLT caused oxidative stress in both tissues, while RUT showed antioxidant properties and protected these tissues from oxidative damage. Moreover, MLT upregulated the expressions of ATF-6, PERK, IRE1, GRP78, and CHOP, leading to ERS. However, RUT alleviated ER stress and suppressed these markers. The study also found that MLT increased inflammatory, apoptotic, and autophagic markers. All these factors affected liver and kidney functions and caused an increase in plasma ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine levels. On the other hand, it has been observed that RUT may protect liver and kidney tissues from the destructive effect of MLT by showing anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-autophagic properties. Thus, it was determined that ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine levels decreased after RUT treatment. As a result, it was observed that MLT had a toxic effect on the liver and kidney tissues of rats, and it was determined that this toxicity could be alleviated by RUT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Gur
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatih Mehmet Kandemir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
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Bruxel MA, da Silva FN, da Silva RA, Zimath PL, Rojas A, Moreira ELG, Quesada I, Rafacho A. Preconception exposure to malathion and glucose homeostasis in rats: Effects on dams during pregnancy and post-term periods, and on their progeny. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120633. [PMID: 36370973 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the individual and global impact of pesticides on human physiology and the different stages of life is still a challenge in environmental health. We analyzed here whether administration of the organophosphate insecticide malathion before pregnancy could affect glucose homeostasis during pregnancy and, in addition, generate possible later consequences in mothers and offspring. For this, adult Wistar rats were allocated into two groups and were treated daily (intragastric) with malathion (14 or 140 mg/kg, body mass (bm)) for 21-25 days. Corn oil was used as vehicle in the Control group. Subgroups were defined based on the absence (nulliparous) or presence (pregnant) of a copulatory plug. Pregnant rats were followed by an additional period of 2 months after the term (post-term), without continuing malathion treatment. Fetuses and adult offspring of males and females were also evaluated. We ran an additional experimental design with rats exposed to malathion before pregnancy at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg bm. Malathion exposure resulted in glucose intolerance in the mothers during pregnancy and post-term period, regardless of the exposure dose. This was accompanied by increased visceral adipose tissue mass, dyslipidemia, unchanged pancreatic β-cell mass, and varying insulin responses to glucose in vivo. The number of total newborns and birthweight was not affected by malathion exposure. Adult offspring from both sexes also became glucose-intolerant, regardless of the pesticide dose their dams were exposed to. This alteration could be associated with changes at the epigenomic level, as reduced hepatic mRNA content of DNA methylases and demethylases was found. We demonstrated that periconceptional exposure to malathion with doses aiming to mimic from work environment to indirect contamination predisposes progenitors and offspring rats to glucose intolerance. Thus, we conclude that subchronic exposure to malathion is a risk factor for gestational diabetes and prediabetes later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciel Alencar Bruxel
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Flávia Natividade da Silva
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Augusto da Silva
- Center of Epigenetic Study and Gene Regulation - CEEpiRG, Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University - UNIP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Laiz Zimath
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Anabel Rojas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Luis Gasnhar Moreira
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ivan Quesada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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11
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Fowler CH, Bagdasarov A, Camacho NL, Reuben A, Gaffrey MS. Toxicant exposure and the developing brain: A systematic review of the structural and functional MRI literature. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 144:105006. [PMID: 36535373 PMCID: PMC9922521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.105006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Youth worldwide are regularly exposed to pollutants and chemicals (i.e., toxicants) that may interfere with healthy brain development, and a surge in MRI research has begun to characterize the neurobiological consequences of these exposures. Here, a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted on developmental MRI studies of toxicants with known or suspected neurobiological impact. Associations were reviewed for 9 toxicant classes, including metals, air pollution, and flame retardants. Of 1264 identified studies, 46 met inclusion criteria. Qualitative synthesis revealed that most studies: (1) investigated air pollutants or metals, (2) assessed exposures prenatally, (3) assessed the brain in late middle childhood, (4) took place in North America or Western Europe, (5) drew samples from existing cohort studies, and (6) have been published since 2017. Given substantial heterogeneity in MRI measures, toxicant measures, and age groups assessed, more research is needed on all toxicants reviewed here. Future studies should also include larger samples, employ personal exposure monitoring, study independent samples in diverse world regions, and assess toxicant mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aaron Reuben
- Duke University, 417 Chapel Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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12
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Zhao Y, Liu W, Zhang D, Shen J, Huang X, Xiao L, Chen X, Lin X, Du S, Liu J, Lu S. Association between organophosphorus flame retardants exposure and cognitive impairment among elderly population in southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157763. [PMID: 35926617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The wide application of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in consumer products leads to their ubiquitous occurrence. The neurotoxicity of OPFRs has been raised, whereas evidence from the elderly population were rather scarce. Hence, a case-control study was conducted based on the Shenzhen Aging-related Disorder Cohort. A total of 184 cases [Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) < 24] and 795 participants as controls (MMSE ≥24) were recruited. Eight metabolites of OPFRs (m-OPFRs) in urine samples were measured, including bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), dibutyl phosphate (DBP), di-o-cresyl phosphate (DOCP), di-p-cresyl phosphate (DPCP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP). The detection frequencies of m-OPFRs ranged from 88.8 % to 95.4 %. BCEP had the highest median concentration (0.93 μg/L), followed by BCIPP (0.32 μg/L), DPHP (0.27 μg/L) and DBP (0.20 μg/L). Significant correlations were found between all pairs of urinary m-OPFRs with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.22 to 0.71 (p< 0.05). Logistic regression models showed that urinary concentrations of BDCIPP (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.25, 95 % confidential interval [CI]: 1.04-1.50) and DBP (adjusted OR: 1.10, 95 % CI: 1.01-1.20) were positively associated with lower cognitive functions. Furthermore, a nonlinear dose-response relationship was found between urinary BDCIPP concentration and cognitive decline. To our knowledge, this is the first report on OPFR exposure and cognitive impairment among elderly population. Further toxicological tests of BDCIPP and DBP are needed to illustrate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junchun Shen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinfeng Huang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lehan Xiao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoying Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sijin Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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13
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Thosapornvichai T, Huangteerakul C, Jensen AN, Jensen LT. Mitochondrial dysfunction from malathion and chlorpyrifos exposure is associated with degeneration of GABAergic neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:104000. [PMID: 36252730 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity resulting from off-target effects, beyond acetylcholine esterase inhibition, for the commonly used organophosphate (OP) insecticides chlorpyrifos (CPS) and malathion (MA) was investigated using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans model systems. Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction were observed in yeast following exposure to CPS and MA, suggesting this organelle is a major target. In the C. elegans model, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response pathway showed the most robust induction from CPS and MA treatment among stress responses examined. GABAergic neurodegeneration was observed with CPS and MA exposure. Impaired movement observed in C. elegans exposed to CPS and MA may be the result of motor neuron damage. Our analysis suggests that stress from CPS and MA results in mitochondrial dysfunction, with GABAergic neurons sensitized to these effects. These findings may aid in the understanding of toxicity from CPS and MA from high concentration exposure leading to insecticide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laran T Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok Thailand.
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Ireland D, Zhang S, Bochenek V, Hsieh JH, Rabeler C, Meyer Z, Collins EMS. Differences in neurotoxic outcomes of organophosphorus pesticides revealed via multi-dimensional screening in adult and regenerating planarians. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:948455. [PMID: 36267428 PMCID: PMC9578561 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.948455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are a chemically diverse class of commonly used insecticides. Epidemiological studies suggest that low dose chronic prenatal and infant exposures can lead to life-long neurological damage and behavioral disorders. While inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the shared mechanism of acute OP neurotoxicity, OP-induced developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) can occur independently and/or in the absence of significant AChE inhibition, implying that OPs affect alternative targets. Moreover, different OPs can cause different adverse outcomes, suggesting that different OPs act through different mechanisms. These findings emphasize the importance of comparative studies of OP toxicity. Freshwater planarians are an invertebrate system that uniquely allows for automated, rapid and inexpensive testing of adult and developing organisms in parallel to differentiate neurotoxicity from DNT. Effects found only in regenerating planarians would be indicative of DNT, whereas shared effects may represent neurotoxicity. We leverage this unique feature of planarians to investigate potential differential effects of OPs on the adult and developing brain by performing a comparative screen to test 7 OPs (acephate, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, diazinon, malathion, parathion and profenofos) across 10 concentrations in quarter-log steps. Neurotoxicity was evaluated using a wide range of quantitative morphological and behavioral readouts. AChE activity was measured using an Ellman assay. The toxicological profiles of the 7 OPs differed across the OPs and between adult and regenerating planarians. Toxicological profiles were not correlated with levels of AChE inhibition. Twenty-two "mechanistic control compounds" known to target pathways suggested in the literature to be affected by OPs (cholinergic neurotransmission, serotonin neurotransmission, endocannabinoid system, cytoskeleton, adenyl cyclase and oxidative stress) and 2 negative controls were also screened. When compared with the mechanistic control compounds, the phenotypic profiles of the different OPs separated into distinct clusters. The phenotypic profiles of adult vs. regenerating planarians exposed to the OPs clustered differently, suggesting some developmental-specific mechanisms. These results further support findings in other systems that OPs cause different adverse outcomes in the (developing) brain and build the foundation for future comparative studies focused on delineating the mechanisms of OP neurotoxicity in planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Ireland
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Veronica Bochenek
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Christina Rabeler
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Zane Meyer
- Department of Engineering, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States,Department of Computer Science, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Eva-Maria S. Collins
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States,Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Eva-Maria S. Collins,
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15
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Hu P, Li H, Vinturache A, Tian Y, Pan C, Hu Y, Gao Y, Liu Z, Ding G. Urinary organophosphate metabolite concentrations and birth sizes among women conceiving through in vitro fertilization in Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113019. [PMID: 35240114 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the adverse birth sizes of preconception exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPs) in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). OBJECTIVES We investigated the relationship of preconception OP exposure with birth sizes among Chinese women undergoing IVF. METHODS This study included 302 couples seeking infertility treatment in the China National Birth Cohort Study, from Shanghai, China, who gave birth to singleton infants between 2018 and 2021. Clinical data were collected from medical records. We measured the concentrations of six nonspecific dialkyl phosphates (DAP) metabolites of OPs [diethylthiophosphate (DETP), diethylphosphate (DEP), diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP), dimethyldithiophosphate (DMTP), dimethylphosphate (DMP), and dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP)] in maternal urine. DMDTP and DEDTP were precluded from further analyses due to the low detection rates. Generalized linear models (GLMs) and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression analyses were performed to examine the individual and joint effects of OP exposures on gestational age, birth weight, body length, and ponderal index. Odder ratio (OR) of preterm birth were estimated using logistic regression models. RESULTS Women in the highest as compared with lowest quartile of DEP had shorter gestational age (β = - 0.68; 95% CI = -1.24, -0.11). The association was modified by sex, with boys showing larger decreases in gestational age (β = - 0.86; 95% CI = -1.60, -0.13). No associations were found between other DAP metabolites and birth sizes. Results from linear models with individual DAP metabolites were corroborated by the WQS regression where DEP had the largest contribution to the overall mixture effect on gestational age (weight = 0.70). Moreover, DEP concentration was associated with an elevated risk of preterm birth (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.11, 2.25). CONCLUSION Preconception DEP concentration was associated with shortened gestational age and increased risk of preterm birth, and the association was more pronounced among boys than girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Departments of Nursing, International Peace Maternity and Children Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Angela Vinturache
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chengyu Pan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Hu
- Center for Medical Bioinformatics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Departments of Neonatology, International Peace Maternity and Children Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guodong Ding
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Elmorsy E, Al-Ghafari A, Al Doghaither H, Salama M, Carter WG. An Investigation of the Neurotoxic Effects of Malathion, Chlorpyrifos, and Paraquat to Different Brain Regions. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12080975. [PMID: 35892416 PMCID: PMC9394375 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12080975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute or chronic exposures to pesticides have been linked to neurotoxicity and the potential development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). This study aimed to consider the neurotoxicity of three widely utilized pesticides: malathion, chlorpyrifos, and paraquat within the hippocampus (HC), corpus striatum (CS), cerebellum (CER), and cerebral cortex (CC). Neurotoxicity was evaluated at relatively low, medium, and high pesticide dosages. All pesticides inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and neuropathy target esterase (NTE) in each of the brain regions, but esterase inhibition was greatest in the HC and CS. Each of the pesticides also induced greater disruption to cellular bioenergetics within the HC and CS, and this was monitored via inhibition of mitochondrial complex enzymes I and II, reduced ATP levels, and increased lactate production. Similarly, the HC and CS were more vulnerable to redox stress, with greater inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase and increased lipid peroxidation. All pesticides induced the production of nuclear Nrf2 in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, these results show that pesticides disrupt cellular bioenergetics and that the HC and CS are more susceptible to pesticide effects than the CER and CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy Elmorsy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (E.E.); (M.S.)
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Ayat Al-Ghafari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.-G.); (H.A.D.)
- Scientific Research Center, Dar Al-Hekma University, Jeddah 22246, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Al Doghaither
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.-G.); (H.A.D.)
- Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (E.E.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo 11385, Egypt
| | - Wayne G. Carter
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-132-724-738
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17
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Holguín-Céspedes GK, Céspedes-Rubio ÁE, Rondón-Barragán IS. First study on response of astrocytes in alevines of red-bellied pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) to subchronic exposure to chlorpyrifos and trichlorfon. Vet World 2022; 15:1676-1683. [PMID: 36185539 PMCID: PMC9394146 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1676-1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) used in agricultural production pose environmental and public health risks whenever non-target organisms are exposed to them. Oxon-type OPs, such as trichlorfon (TCF) and chlorpyrifos (CPF), are frequently used in Colombia and have been detected in water bodies in the vicinity of croplands; however, their effect on aquatic organisms, especially fish, is largely unknown. The neurotoxicity of OPs includes inhibition of esterase enzymes, neuronal damage, and increased glial reactivity. This study aimed to assess the astrocytic response in the brain tissue of juvenile red-bellied pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) exposed to TCF and CPF.
Materials and Methods: A 25-day subchronic assay was conducted in which juvenile red-bellied pacu were exposed to CPF and TCF. After 25 days of exposure, the fish were killed and brain samples were collected and processed for immunohistochemistry to assess the morphology and reactivity of astrocytes; glial acidic fibrillary protein was used as a biomarker.
Results: The brain samples from animals under subchronic exposure to OPs for 25 days showed higher cellular density as well as changes in astrocyte phenotype characterized by shortening of cytoplasmic projections, hypertrophy, and ameboid morphology compared to those from nonexposed animals. Similarly, astrocyte hyperreactivity was detected in the optic tectum and medial longitudinal fasciculus of the exposed group.
Conclusion: Immunoreactivity of brain glial cells under subchronic exposure to OPs measured through immunohistochemical tests as well as OPs-induced neuropathology may be useful as a biomarker for monitoring environmental pollution. The results also indicate that P. brachypomus is a suitable biomonitoring model for studying neurotoxicological and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisella Karina Holguín-Céspedes
- Research Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases – END, Immunotoxicology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Ángel Enrique Céspedes-Rubio
- Research Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases – END, Immunotoxicology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Iang S. Rondón-Barragán
- Research Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases – END, Immunotoxicology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
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Ginseng ® Alleviates Malathion-Induced Hepatorenal Injury through Modulation of the Biochemical, Antioxidant, Anti-Apoptotic, and Anti-Inflammatory Markers in Male Rats. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12050771. [PMID: 35629437 PMCID: PMC9144712 DOI: 10.3390/life12050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to see if Ginseng® can reduce the hepatorenal damage caused by malathion. Four groups of forty male Wistar albino rats were alienated. Group 1 was a control group that got orally supplied corn oil (vehicle). Group 2 was intoxicated by malathion dissolved in corn oil orally at 135 mg/kg/day. Group 3 orally received both malathion + Panax Ginseng® (300 mg/kg/day). Group 4 was orally given Panax Ginseng® at a 300 mg/kg/day dose. Treatments were administered daily and continued for up to 30 consecutive days. Malathion's toxic effect on both hepatic and renal tissues was revealed by a considerable loss in body weight and biochemically by a marked increase in liver enzymes, LDH, ACP, cholesterol, and functional renal markers with a marked decrease in serum TP, albumin, and TG levels with decreased AchE and Paraoxonase activity. Additionally, malondialdehydes, nitric oxide (nitrite), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, and TNFα with a significant drop in the antioxidant activities were reported in the malathion group. Malathion upregulated the inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic genes, while Nrf2, Bcl2, and HO-1 were downregulated. Ginseng® and malathion co-treatment reduced malathion's harmful effects by restoring metabolic indicators, enhancing antioxidant pursuit, lowering the inflammatory reaction, and alleviating pathological alterations. So, Ginseng® may have protective effects against hepatic and renal malathion-induced toxicity on biochemical, antioxidant, molecular, and cell levels.
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El Okle OS, Tohamy HG, Althobaiti SA, Soliman MM, Ghamry HI, Farrag F, Shukry M. Ornipural® Mitigates Malathion-Induced Hepato-Renal Damage in Rats via Amelioration of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers, Restoration of Antioxidant Activity, and Attenuation of Inflammatory Response. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040757. [PMID: 35453442 PMCID: PMC9031224 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study was instigated by investigating the ameliorative potential of Ornipural® solution against the hepato-renal toxicity of malathion. A total number of 35 male Wistar albino rats were divided equally into five groups. Group 1 served as control and received normal saline intraperitoneally. Group 2, the sham group, were administered only corn oil (vehicle of malathion) orally. Group 3 was orally intoxicated by malathion in corn oil at a dose of 135 mg/kg BW via intra-gastric gavage. Group 4 received malathion orally concomitantly with Ornipural® intraperitoneally. Group 5 was given Ornipural® solution in saline via intraperitoneal injection at a dose of (1 mL/kg BW). Animals received the treatment regime for 30 days. Histopathological examination revealed the harmful effect of malathion on hepatic and renal tissue. The results showed that malathion induced a significant decrease in body weight and marked elevation in the activity of liver enzymes, LDH, and ACP. In contrast, the activity of AchE and Paraoxonase was markedly decreased. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the serum content of bilirubin, cholesterol, and kidney injury markers. A significant elevation in malondialdehyde, nitric oxide (nitrite), and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine was observed, along with a substantial reduction in antioxidant activity. Furthermore, malathion increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha, the upregulation of IL-1B, BAX, and IFN-β genes, and the downregulation of Nrf2, Bcl2, and HO-1 genes. Concurrent administration of Ornipural® with malathion attenuated the detrimental impact of malathion through ameliorating metabolic biomarkers, restoring antioxidant activity, reducing the inflammatory response, and improving pathologic microscopic alterations. It could be concluded that Ornipural® solution demonstrates hepatorenal defensive impacts against malathion toxicity at biochemical, antioxidants, molecular, and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama S. El Okle
- Departement of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt;
| | - Hossam G. Tohamy
- Departement of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt;
| | - Saed A. Althobaiti
- Biology Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Heba I. Ghamry
- Department of Home Economics, College of Home Economics, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 960, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Foad Farrag
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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20
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Ribeiro AC, Hawkins E, Jahr FM, McClay JL, Deshpande LS. Repeated exposure to chlorpyrifos is associated with a dose-dependent chronic neurobehavioral deficit in adult rats. Neurotoxicology 2022; 90:172-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Pinto Savall AS, Fidelis EM, Quines CB, Bresolin L, Gervini V, Pinton S. Potential role of a newly AChE reactivator in the depressive-like behavior induced by malathion. Neurosci Lett 2021; 749:135697. [PMID: 33540058 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AChE inhibition caused by exposure to organophosphate (OP) compounds is strongly related to behavioural disorders such as depression. Malathion is an OP that already has a relationship between its exposure and behavioural changes, although few data still have its effects in a longer exposure protocol. In addition, intoxication therapy is based on the use of atropine-oxime which still has its controversial efficacy depending on the type of compound. For this, (3Z)-5-Chloro-3-(hydroxyimino)indolin-2-one (Cℓ-HIN), a compound that has properties of isatin and oxime in its structure, have shown reactivating properties in the activity of AChE that have been added to antidepressant-like effects in rats exposed to malathion in acute protocol. In this sense, effects of Cℓ-HIN on the depressive-like behaviour and AChE activity were evaluated in a protocol of subchronic exposure to malathion in rats. Male wistar rats were co-treated with Cℓ-HIN [5 mg/kg, p.o.] and/or malathion [1 or 10 mg/kg, i.p] for 20 days. The exposure to both doses of malathion increased immobility time of rats on the forced swimming test (FST). Besides, malathion inhibited the AChE activity in the prefrontal cortex of rats, but any significant difference was observed in the hippocampus. Cℓ-HIN protected against increased immobility time in the FST of those rats exposed to a dose of 1 mg/kg of malathion. Similarly, Cℓ-HIN was able to reactivate AChE activity only in that group exposed to the lowest dose of malathion. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that Cℓ-HIN is an oxime capable of reactivating AChE inhibited and presents na antidepressant-like effect in cases of prolonged exposure to malathion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Suély Pinto Savall
- Federal University of Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, ZIP code 97500-970, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Caroline Brandão Quines
- Federal University of Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, ZIP code 97500-970, RS, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Bresolin
- Federal University of Rio Grande - Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, ZIP code 96201-900, RS, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Gervini
- Federal University of Rio Grande - Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, ZIP code 96201-900, RS, Brazil.
| | - Simone Pinton
- Federal University of Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, ZIP code 97500-970, RS, Brazil.
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22
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El-Gamal M, Salama M, Collins-Praino LE, Baetu I, Fathalla AM, Soliman AM, Mohamed W, Moustafa AA. Neurotoxin-Induced Rodent Models of Parkinson's Disease: Benefits and Drawbacks. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:897-923. [PMID: 33765237 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by cardinal motor impairments, including akinesia and tremor, as well as by a host of non-motor symptoms, including both autonomic and cognitive dysfunction. PD is associated with a death of nigral dopaminergic neurons, as well as the pathological spread of Lewy bodies, consisting predominantly of the misfolded protein alpha-synuclein. To date, only symptomatic treatments, such as levodopa, are available, and trials aiming to cure the disease, or at least halt its progression, have not been successful. Wong et al. (2019) suggested that the lack of effective therapy against neurodegeneration in PD might be attributed to the fact that the molecular mechanisms standing behind the dopaminergic neuronal vulnerability are still a major scientific challenge. Understanding these molecular mechanisms is critical for developing effective therapy. Thirty-five years ago, Calne and William Langston (1983) raised the question of whether biological or environmental factors precipitate the development of PD. In spite of great advances in technology and medicine, this question still lacks a clear answer. Only 5-15% of PD cases are attributed to a genetic mutation, with the majority of cases classified as idiopathic, which could be linked to exposure to environmental contaminants. Rodent models play a crucial role in understanding the risk factors and pathogenesis of PD. Additionally, well-validated rodent models are critical for driving the preclinical development of clinically translatable treatment options. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms, similarities and differences, as well as advantages and limitations of different neurotoxin-induced rat models of PD. In the second part of this review, we will discuss the potential future of neurotoxin-induced models of PD. Finally, we will briefly demonstrate the crucial role of gene-environment interactions in PD and discuss fusion or dual PD models. We argue that these models have the potential to significantly further our understanding of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Gamal
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. .,Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Ahmed M Fathalla
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amira M Soliman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Wael Mohamed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Basic Medical Science, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology and Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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23
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Lima do Rêgo E, Santos da Silva JD, Costa Nakamura T, Diniz PHGD, Oliveira UR, Souza JRD. Distribution of organochlorine, organophosphates, carbamate, thiocarbamate, pyrethroids, and strobilurins in surface sediments of the Rio de Ondas watershed by GC-MS. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:357-369. [PMID: 34011245 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1885263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The determination of some pesticides in surface sediments can provide important information about their distribution in the water column. This work aimed to determine the distribution of the classes of pesticides along the Ondas River's hydrographic basin (ORHB), in eighteen different points, during the dry and rainy periods. The pesticides were extracted from the sediment samples by solid-liquid extraction and then analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometry. After the development and validation of the method, nineteen pesticides from the group of organochlorine, organophosphates, carbamate and thiocarbamate, pyrethroids, and strobilurins were quantified in at least one point in the two collection periods, with accuracy varying between 86 and 126%. The average concentrations were 0.020 ng g-1 (carbofuran) to 249.123 ng g-1 (dimethoate) and 0.029 ng g-1 (carbofuran and sulfotep) to 533.522 ng g-1 in the dry and rainy periods, respectively. The results showed a wide distribution of pesticide residues in the ORHB, with higher levels for dimethoate, phenitrothion, and malathion, which may be related to their agricultural use in the region. In Brazil, it does not have specific legislation for maximum permitted values of pesticides in sediment, allowing for inappropriate or prohibited use and, consequently, affecting water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoc Lima do Rêgo
- Institute of Chemical, Graduate Program in Chemistry, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Center for Exact Sciences and Technologies, Graduate Program in Chemistry Pure and Applied, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil
- Department of Human Sciences, State University of Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil
| | - José Domingos Santos da Silva
- Center for Exact Sciences and Technologies, Graduate Program in Chemistry Pure and Applied, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil
| | - Thamilin Costa Nakamura
- Center for Exact Sciences and Technologies, Graduate Program in Chemistry Pure and Applied, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Center for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Gonçalves Dias Diniz
- Center for Exact Sciences and Technologies, Graduate Program in Chemistry Pure and Applied, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil
| | - Uldérico Rios Oliveira
- Interdisciplinary Center for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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24
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Chetty-Mhlanga S, Fuhrimann S, Basera W, Eeftens M, Röösli M, Dalvie MA. Association of activities related to pesticide exposure on headache severity and neurodevelopment of school-children in the rural agricultural farmlands of the Western Cape of South Africa. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106237. [PMID: 33171379 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children and adolescents living in agricultural areas are likely to be exposed to mixtures of pesticides during their daily activities, which may impair their neurodevelopment. We investigated various such activities in relation to headache severity and neurodevelopment of school-children living in rural agricultural areas in the Western Cape of South Africa. METHOD We used baseline date from 1001 school-children of the Child Health Agricultural Pesticide Cohort Study in South Africa (CapSA) aged 9-16 from seven schools and three agriculture areas in the Western Cape. Questionnaires were administrated to assess activities related to pesticide exposure and health symptoms addressing four types of activities: 1) child farm activities related to pesticide handling, 2) eating crops directly from the field, 3) contact with surface water around the field, and 4) seen and smelt pesticide spraying activities. Neurocognitive performance across three domains of attention, memory and processing speed were assessed by means of an iPad-based cognitive assessment tool, Cambridge Automated NeuroPsychological Battery (CANTAB). Headache severity was enquired using a standard Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) tool. Cross-sectional regression analysis was performed. RESULTS About 50% of the cohort report to have ever been engaged in activities related to pesticide exposure including farm activities, eating crops directly from the field and leisure activities. Headache severity score was consistently increased in relation to pesticide-related farm activities (score increase of 1.99; 95% CI: 0.86, 3.12), eating crops (1.52; 0.41, 2.67) and leisure activities of playing, swimming or bathing in nearby water (1.25; 0.18, 2.33). For neurocognitive outcomes, an overall negative trend with pesticide exposure-related activities was observed. Among others, involvement in pesticide-related farm activities was associated with a lower multi-tasking accuracy score (-2.74; -5.19, -0.29), while lower strategy in spatial working memory (-0.29; -0.56; -0.03) and lower paired associated learning (-0.88; -1.60, -0.17) was observed for those who pick crops off the field compared to those who do not pick crops off the field. Eating fruits directly from the vineyard or orchard was associated with a lower motor screening speed (-0.06; -0.11, -0.01) and lower rapid visual processing accuracy score (-0.02; -0.03, 0.00). CONCLUSIONS Children who indicate activities related to pesticide exposure may be at higher risk for developing headaches and lower cognitive performance in the domains of attention, memory and processing speed. However, self-reported data and cross-sectional design are a limitation. Future research in CapSA will consider pesticide exposure estimations via urinary biomarkers and longitudinal assessment of cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shala Chetty-Mhlanga
- Centre for Environment and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Wisdom Basera
- Centre for Environment and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marloes Eeftens
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Centre for Environment and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
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25
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R PR, Mukherjee I, Basu T, Bharadwaj LM. Metal Organic Framework steered electrosynthesis of anisotropic gold nanorods for specific sensing of organophosphate pesticides in vegetables collected from the field. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21719-21733. [PMID: 33094779 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04480f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The uncontrolled use of organophosphate (OP) group of pesticides has led to their accumulation in food and vegetables, causing major health issues. Hence, the development of a reliable sensor is imperative for the detection of neurotoxic organophosphates (OP). In the present study, we have intertwined the interfaces of a Metal Organic Framework (MOF), MOF-directed rapid electrochemically grown gold nanorods (aAuNR), cysteamine (Cys) functionalization, and the neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to fabricate a novel electrochemical bioprobe AChE/Cys/aAuNR/MOF/ITO for sensing OP pesticides with an ultra-low detection limit of 3 ng L-1 over a linear range of 30 to 600 ng L-1. Prior to sensing, in silico docking studies were employed for tracking the structural aspects of the molecular recognition of specific OP as potential inhibitors. The sensor can quantify residues of sprayed OP (chlorpyrifos, malathion, parathion, methyl parathion, ethion) in field vegetables (Abelmoschus esculentus, Solanum melongena, Capsicum annuum, Momordica charantia Linn) using a single calibration curve designed using chlorpyrifos, and the results were validated via gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) measurements. The inhibition rate kinetics of structurally different OP (chlorpyrifos, malathion, methyl parathion) were studied via the bioprobe and further validated using the standard Ellman method, confirming the practical applicability of the sensor for the detection of a specific group of OP. The bioprobe AChE/Cys/aAuNR/MOF/ITO offers good stability, specificity, and anti-interference properties for the detection of OP in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragadeeshwara Rao R
- Amity Centre for Nanomedicine, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201303, India.
| | - Irani Mukherjee
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Tinku Basu
- Amity Centre for Nanomedicine, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201303, India.
| | - Lalit M Bharadwaj
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201303, India
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26
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Klement W, Oliviero F, Gangarossa G, Zub E, De Bock F, Forner-Piquer I, Blaquiere M, Lasserre F, Pascussi JM, Maurice T, Audinat E, Ellero-Simatos S, Gamet-Payrastre L, Mselli-Lakhal L, Marchi N. Life-long Dietary Pesticide Cocktail Induces Astrogliosis Along with Behavioral Adaptations and Activates p450 Metabolic Pathways. Neuroscience 2020; 446:225-237. [PMID: 32736067 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental contaminants is a public health concern. However, pre-clinical studies that examine the impact of pesticides at low-dose and the long-term consequences are uncommon. Here, C57BL6/j male and female mice were daily fed from weaning and up to 12 months, corresponding to early-childhood into middle-age in humans, using chow pellets containing a cocktail of pesticides at tolerable daily intake levels. We found that 12 months of dietary exposure to pesticides was associated with a moderate perenchymal or perivascular astrogliosis in specific hippocampal sub-regions. The expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta was modified at the perivascular level. Examination of Iba1+ microglial cells did not reveal sizeable changes. Concomitantly to astrogliosis, spontaneous spatial memory and sociability were modified in males at 12 months of dietary exposure to pesticides. Telemetry electrocorticograhic explorations ruled out the presence of epileptiform activity or theta-gamma wave modifications in these conditions. Long-term pesticides impacted the periphery where the hepatic P450 metabolic cytochromes Cyp4a14 and Cyp4a10 were significantly upregulated in male and female mice during the 12 months of exposure. The expression of β-oxidation genes, such as Acox1, Cpt1a and Eci, was also significantly increased in male and female mice in response to pesticides. Collectively, our results indicate that a life-long exposure to a pesticide cocktail elicits sex-dependent, spatio-temporally restricted brain modifications and significant activation of P450 pathways in the periphery. These brain-peripheral adjustments are discussed as time or age-dependent vulnerability elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Klement
- Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Fabiana Oliviero
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Emma Zub
- Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Frederic De Bock
- Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Isabel Forner-Piquer
- Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Marine Blaquiere
- Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Frederic Lasserre
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marc Pascussi
- Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, UMR_S1198, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Audinat
- Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Ellero-Simatos
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Gamet-Payrastre
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Laila Mselli-Lakhal
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France.
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27
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Combination effect of exercise training and eugenol supplementation on the hippocampus apoptosis induced by chlorpyrifos. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5985-5996. [PMID: 32780254 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05672-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the combination effect of exercise training and eugenol supplementation on the hippocampus apoptosis induced by CPF. 64 adult male albino rats were randomly selected and devided into eight groups of eight including: control, exercise (EXE), chlorpyrifos (CPF), Control + Oil (Co + Oil), Control + DMSO (Co + DMSO), chlorpyrifos + eugenol (CPF + Sup), chlorpyrifos + exercise (CPF + Exe) and, chlorpyrifos + exercise + eugenol (CPF + Exe + Eu). Four experimental groups received intraperitoneal injection (5 days a week) of 3.0 mg/kg body weight CPF in DMSO for 6 consecutive weeks. The exercise groups performed aerobic 5 days per week over 4 weeks. Eugenol were administered by gavage. Finally, the animals were sacrificed using CO2 gas (a half of the rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine and then perfused) to evaluate hippocampus histology and parameters. The results of this study showed that CPF injection significantly decreased BDNF, AChE and ATP in CA1 area of the hippocampus (p ˂ 0.05). Also, CA1 apoptosis by tunnel assay, it was found that CPF receiving groups with different dosage, showed a significant increase compared to other groups, which was confirmed by increasing cytochrome C and procaspase-3 in CPF groups (p ˂ 0.05). The result of this study show that 4 weeks of exercise training and eugenol supplementation does not improve the destructive effects of CPF in CA1 area of the hippocampus. As a result, it is recommended that future studies longer periods for treatment with exercise and eugenol supplementation.
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28
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Naime AA, Lopes MW, Colle D, Dafré AL, Suñol C, da Rocha JBT, Aschner M, Leal RB, Farina M. Glutathione in Chlorpyrifos-and Chlorpyrifos-Oxon-Induced Toxicity: a Comparative Study Focused on Non-cholinergic Toxicity in HT22 Cells. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:603-610. [PMID: 32651842 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a neurotoxic organophosphorus (OP) insecticide widely used for agricultural purposes. CPF-mediated neurotoxicity is mainly associated with its anticholinesterase activity, which may lead to a cholinergic syndrome. CPF metabolism generates chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPF-O), which possesses higher anticholinesterase activity and, consequently, plays a major role in the cholinergic syndrome observed after CPF poisoning. Recent lines of evidence have also reported non-cholinergic endpoints of CPF- and CPF-O-induced neurotoxicities, but comparisons on the non-cholinergic toxic properties of CPF and CPF-O are lacking. In this study, we compared the non-cholinergic toxicities displayed by CPF and CPF-O in cultured neuronal cells, with a particular emphasis on their pro-oxidant properties. Using immortalized cells derived from mouse hippocampus (HT22 line, which does present detectable acetylcholinesterase activity), we observed that CPF-O was 5-fold more potent in decreasing cell viability compared with CPF. Atropine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, protected against acetylcholine (ACh)-induced toxicity but failed to prevent the CPF- and CPF-O-induced cytotoxicities in HT22 cells. CPF or CPF-O exposures significantly decreased the levels of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH); this event preceded the significant decrease in cell viability. Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC, a GSH precursor) protected against the cytotoxicity induced by both CPF and CPF-O. The present study indicates that GSH depletion is a non-cholinergic event involved in CPF and CPF-O toxicities. The study also shows that in addition of being a more potent AChE inhibitor, CPF-O is also a more potent pro-oxidant molecule when compared with CPF, highlighting the role of CPF metabolism (bioactivation to CPF-O) in the ensuing non-cholinergic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Aita Naime
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040900, Brazil.
| | - Mark William Lopes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040900, Brazil
- Area of Biological Sciences, Medical and Health, Centro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itajaí - UNIDAVI, Rio do Sul, SC, Brazil
| | - Dirleise Colle
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alcir Luiz Dafré
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040900, Brazil
| | - Cristina Suñol
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), IDIBAPS, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rodrigo Bainy Leal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040900, Brazil.
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Badr AM. Organophosphate toxicity: updates of malathion potential toxic effects in mammals and potential treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:26036-26057. [PMID: 32399888 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08937-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus insecticides toxicity is still considered a major global health problem. Malathion is one of the most commonly used organophosphates nowadays, as being considered to possess relatively low toxicity compared with other organophosphates. However, widespread use may lead to excessive exposure from multiple sources. Mechanisms of MAL toxicity include inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme, change of oxidants/antioxidants balance, DNA damage, and facilitation of apoptotic cell damage. Exposure to malathion has been associated with different toxicities that nearly affect every single organ in our bodies, with CNS toxicity being the most well documented. Malathion toxic effects on liver, kidney, testis, ovaries, lung, pancreas, and blood were also reported. Moreover, malathion was considered as a genotoxic and carcinogenic chemical compound. Evidence exists for adverse effects associated with prenatal and postnatal exposure in both animals and humans. This review summarizes the toxic data available about malathion in mammals and discusses new potential therapeutic modalities, with the aim to highlight the importance of increasing awareness about its potential risk and reevaluation of the allowed daily exposure level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira M Badr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11459, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt.
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30
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Zare Z, Zarbakhsh S, Tehrani M, Mohammadi M. Paraoxon-induced damage in rat hippocampus is associated with alterations in the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 166:104580. [PMID: 32448426 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To determine the possible role of apoptosis in the development of paraoxon-induced brain damage, we evaluated expression of apoptosis-related proteins, the extent of neuronal damage, and activation of astrocytes in rat hippocampus. Adult male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with one of three doses of paraoxon (0.3, 0.7, or 1 mg/kg) or corn oil (vehicle). After 14 or 28 days, expression of apoptosis-related proteins, including B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), and caspase-3, as well as the number of neurons and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive cells in hippocampus were examined by western blot, cresyl blue staining, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. After 14 and 28 days, Bax and caspase-3 proteins were significantly increased in rats receiving 0.7 and 1 mg/kg of paraoxon. A significant decrease in Bcl-2 protein levels was also observed in 0.7 and 1 mg/kg groups after 14 days and in 1 mg/kg group after 28 days. Animals treated with 1 mg/kg of paraoxon showed a significant decrease in the number of neurons in the CA1 area. Also, those treated with 0.7 and 1 mg/kg of paraoxon showed an increase in the number of GFAP positive cells in both CA1 and CA3 areas as well as a significant decrease in survived neurons in the CA3 area. Our results indicated that neuronal damage induced by convulsive doses of paraoxon in rat hippocampus is mediated in part through apoptosis mechanism. Activation of astrocytes might lead to reduced extent of damage and damage and consequently increased neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Zare
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sam Zarbakhsh
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tehrani
- Department of Immunology, Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Moslem Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Xie Y, Li J, Guo X, Zhao J, Yang B, Xiao W, Yang H. Health status among greenhouse workers exposed to different levels of pesticides: A genetic matching analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8714. [PMID: 32457470 PMCID: PMC7250909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Objective: Greenhouse workers are considered a special occupational group who are exposed to more toxic and harmful substances than ordinary farmers. The health problem of this group is a public health problem that warrants attention. Taking greenhouse workers in Ningxia, China, as the research sample, this study analyzed the health risk to practitioners posed by the greenhouse working environment. (2) Method: To analyze the relationship between pesticide exposure and the health of greenhouse workers, the genetic matching method was used to exclude the influence of covariates on the results. (3) Results: The results showed a statistical significance regarding the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), skeletal muscle system diseases (SMSD) and digestive diseases between the different exposure groups. Researching the disease symptoms found that different levels of exposure to pesticides in greenhouses could cause multisystem and multisymptom discomfort. In addition to some irritant symptoms such as eye itching, itching, and sneezing, there were also differences in terms of the frequency of discomfort such as back pain, a decline in sleep quality, memory loss, joint pain, swelling and weakness, upper abdominal pain and flatulence, in the different exposure groups. (4) Conclusion: Different levels of exposure to pesticides in greenhouses may be one of the risk factors for practitioners to suffer from various systemic diseases, affecting their health and work efficiency. This hazard is manifested not only in some acute irritant symptoms but also in chronic diseases due to long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Xie
- Department of Labor and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, China
| | - Jiangping Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Labor and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, China
| | - Ji Zhao
- Department of Labor and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, China
| | - Wenwen Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, China
| | - Huifang Yang
- Department of Labor and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, China.
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Pesticides, cognitive functions and dementia: A review. Toxicol Lett 2020; 326:31-51. [PMID: 32145396 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely-used chemicals commonly applied in agriculture for the protection of crops from pests. Depending on the class of pesticides, the specific substances may have a specific set of adverse effects on humans, especially in cases of acute poisoning. In past years, evidence regarding sequelae of chronic, low-level exposure has been accumulating. Cognitive impairment and dementia heavily affect a person's quality of life and scientific data has been hinting towards an association between them and antecedent chronic pesticide exposure. Here, we reviewed animal and human studies exploring the association between pesticide exposure, cognition and dementia. Additionally, we present potential mechanisms through which pesticides may act neurotoxically and lead to neurodegeneration. Study designs rarely presented homogeneity and the estimation of the exposure to pesticides has been most frequently performed without measuring the synergic effects and the possible interactions between the toxicants within mixtures, and also overlooking low exposures to environmental toxicants. It is possible that a Real-Life Risk Simulation approach would represent a robust alternative for future studies, so that the safe exposure limits and the net risk that pesticides confer to impaired cognitive function can be examined. Previous studies that evaluated the effect of low dose chronic exposure to mixtures of pesticides and other chemicals intending to simulate real life exposure scenarios showed that hormetic neurobehavioral effects can appear after mixture exposure at doses considered safe for individual compounds and these effects can be exacerbated by a coexistence with specific conditions such as vitamin deficiency. However, there is an overall indication, derived from both epidemiologic and laboratory evidence, supporting an association between exposure to neurotoxic pesticides and cognitive dysfunction, dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Savall ASP, Fidélis EM, Gutierrez MEZ, Martins BB, Gervini VC, Puntel RL, Roos DH, Ávila DS, Pinton S. Pre‐clinical evidence of safety and protective effect of isatin and oxime derivatives against malathion‐induced toxicity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 126:399-410. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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van den Dries MA, Guxens M, Pronk A, Spaan S, El Marroun H, Jusko TA, Longnecker MP, Ferguson KK, Tiemeier H. Organophosphate pesticide metabolite concentrations in urine during pregnancy and offspring attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autistic traits. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105002. [PMID: 31369979 PMCID: PMC6939991 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides has been associated with altered neuronal cell development and behavioral changes in animal offspring. However, the few studies investigating the association between prenatal OP pesticide exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and autistic traits in children produced mixed findings. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to examine whether maternal urinary concentrations of OP pesticide metabolites are associated with ADHD and autistic traits in children participating in the Generation R Study, a population-based birth cohort from Rotterdam, the Netherlands. METHOD Maternal concentrations of 6 dialkylphosphates (DAPs) were measured using gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in urine samples collected at <18 weeks, 18-25 weeks, and > 25 weeks of gestation in 784 mother-child pairs. DAP metabolite concentrations were expressed as molar concentrations divided by creatinine levels and log10 transformed. ADHD traits were measured at ages 3, 6, and 10 years using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (n = 781) and autistic traits were measured at age 6 years using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) (n = 622). First, regression models were fit for the averaged prenatal exposure across pregnancy. Second, we investigated associations for each collection phase separately, and applied a mutually adjusted model in which the effect of prenatal DAP concentrations from each time period on ADHD and autistic traits were jointly estimated. All associations were adjusted for relevant confounders. RESULTS Median DAP metabolite concentration was 309 nmol/g creatinine at <18 weeks, 316 nmol/g creatinine at 18-25 weeks, and 308 nmol/g creatinine at >25 weeks of gestation. Overall, DAP metabolite concentrations were not associated with ADHD traits. For instance, a log10 increase in averaged total DAP concentrations across gestation was not associated with a lower ADHD score (-0.03 per SD 95 CI: -0.28 to 0.23). Similarly, no associations between maternal DAP concentrations and autistic traits were detected. CONCLUSIONS In this study of maternal urinary DAP metabolite concentrations during pregnancy, we did not observe associations with ADHD and autistic traits in children. These are important null observations because of the relatively high background DAP concentrations across pregnancy, the relatively large sample size, and the 10-year follow-up of the offspring. Given the measurement error inherent in our OP pesticide exposure biomarkers, future studies using more urine samples are needed to accurately measure OP pesticide exposure over pregnancy in relation to ADHD and autistic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel A van den Dries
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mònica Guxens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; ISGlobal, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Anjoeka Pronk
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Spaan
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Hanan El Marroun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences - Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Todd A Jusko
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Matthew P Longnecker
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
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Chen Z, Xu Y, Li N, Qian Y, Wang Z, Liu Y. A national-scale cumulative exposure assessment of organophosphorus pesticides through dietary vegetable consumption in China. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mahmoudi E, Fakhri H, Hajian A, Afkhami A, Bagheri H. High-performance electrochemical enzyme sensor for organophosphate pesticide detection using modified metal-organic framework sensing platforms. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 130:107348. [PMID: 31437810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A practical electrochemical biosensor with high sensitivity was developed for detecting organophosphorus (OP). Initially, Ce metal was introduced into an UiO-66-template to form Ce/UiO-66. Later, graphene oxide (GO), carbon black (CB) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were separately added to Ce/UiO-66 to compare the effect of different carbon-based material types on the performance of the biosensor. Exclusively, Ce/UiO-66/MWCNTs with a Ce (7%) and MWCNT (30%) matrix was found to not only load more acetylcholinesterase (AChE) onto vacant sites but also increase electron transfer and decrease the number of diffusion pathways between the thiocholine and electrode surface. Moreover, the appropriate oxophilicity of Ce coupled with the high surface area and good conductivity of MWCNTs in the UiO-66 structure revealed a high affinity to acetylthiocholine chloride (ATCl) and possible catalysis of the hydrolysis of ATCl with a Michaelis-Menten constant of 0.258 mM. This biosensor, under optimal conditions, demonstrated a rapid and sensitive detection of paraoxon over a wide linear range of 0.01-150 nM, with a low detection limit of 0.004 nM. As a result, the AChE/Ce/UiO-66/MWCNTs/GCE biosensor can be employed in laboratory and field experiments to determine paraoxon levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mahmoudi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Fakhri
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hajian
- Institute of Sensor and Actuatwor Systems, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Abbas Afkhami
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Hasan Bagheri
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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El-Tagui MH, Salama KM, El-Sabbagh MH, Youness ER, Ragaey M, Abdel-Salam A. Polyneuropathy Associated with Severe Iron Overload and Oxidative Stress in β-Thalassemia Patients. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2019; 35:518-522. [PMID: 31388267 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-018-1050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the frequency of peripheral neuropathy in patients with β-thalassemia, and to assess its relation to iron overload and oxidative stress. Sixty β-thalassemia patients with mean age of 19 ± 4.9 years were recruited. Serum ferritin was quantitatively assessed by enzyme-linked immunoassay and biomarkers of oxidative stress were estimated calorimetrically. Electrophysiological studies using NEMUS 2, Galileu Software were carried out. The patients were separated into two groups: those with abnormal nerve conduction studies (NCS) {Group A; N = 38} and those with normal NCS {Group B; N = 22}. Thirty-eight (63.3%) patients had axonal motor neuropathy as evidenced by abnormal NCS (group A), they showed higher mean serum ferritin (p < 0.01), higher mean malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.01), and lower mean nitrous oxide, total antioxidant capacity, paraoxonase-1 (PON1) (p < 0.01) compared to group B. Bivariate analysis of NCS data demonstrated that abnormal NCS were more frequent in splenectomized patients (p = 0.002), and poorly-chelated patients with serum ferritin ≥ 2000 ng/ml (p = 0.001). Significant variables associated with abnormal motor NCS were entered in stepwise regression analysis and only elevated serum ferritin (p = 0.01) was independently associated with abnormal motor NCS (p = 0.02; 95% CI 1.433-51.791). None of the studied patients had sensory neuropathy or myopathy. Peripheral motor neuropathy may occur in β-thalassemia patients at a high frequency, regardless of their age and gender. Severe iron overload may contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathy. Other factors including chelation therapy, splenectomy, and oxidative stress might have an enhancing effect that couldn't be proved in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona H El-Tagui
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Cairo University, Ali Ibrahim St., Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Salama
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Cairo University, Ali Ibrahim St., Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H El-Sabbagh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuromotor System, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman R Youness
- 3Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Ragaey
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuromotor System, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amina Abdel-Salam
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Cairo University, Ali Ibrahim St., Cairo, Egypt
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Hsu SS, Jan CR, Liang WZ. Uncovering malathion (an organophosphate insecticide) action on Ca 2+ signal transduction and investigating the effects of BAPTA-AM (a cell-permeant Ca 2+ chelator) on protective responses in glial cells. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 157:152-160. [PMID: 31153463 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Malathion, one of commonly used organophosphate insecticides, has a wide range of toxic actions in different models. However, the effect of this compound on Ca2+ homeostasis and its related cytotoxicity in glial cells is elusive. This study examined whether malathion evoked intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) rises and established the relationship between Ca2+ signaling and cytotoxicity in normal human astrocytes, rat astrocytes and human glioblastoma cells. The data show that malathion induced concentration-dependent [Ca2+]i rises in Gibco® Human Astrocytes (GHA cells), but not in DI TNC1 normal rat astrocytes and DBTRG-05MG human glioblastoma cells. In GHA cells, this Ca2+ signal response was reduced by removing extracellular Ca2+. In Ca2+-free medium, pretreatment with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor thapsigargin abolished malathion-induced [Ca2+]i rises. Conversely, incubation with malathion abolished thapsigargin-induced [Ca2+]i rises. Inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) with U73122 also blocked malathion-induced [Ca2+]i rises. In Ca2+-containing medium, malathion-induced [Ca2+]i rises was inhibited by store-operated Ca2+ channel blockers (2-APB, econazole or SKF96365) and the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF109203X. Malathion (5-25 μM) concentration-dependently caused cytotoxicity in GHA, DI TNC1 and DBTRG-05MG cells. This cytotoxic effect was partially prevented by prechelating cytosolic Ca2+ with BAPTA-AM (a selective Ca2+ chelator) only in GHA cells. Together, in GHA but not in DI TNC1 and DBTRG-05MG cells, malathion induced [Ca2+]i rises by inducing PLC-dependent Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ entry via PKC-sensitive store-operated Ca2+ channels. Furthermore, malathion induced Ca2+-associated cytotoxicity, suggesting that Ca2+ chelating may have a protective effect on malathion-induced cytotoxicity in normal human astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Shong Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ren Jan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zhe Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan.
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Kanthasamy A, Jin H, Charli A, Vellareddy A, Kanthasamy A. Environmental neurotoxicant-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration: a potential link to impaired neuroinflammatory mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 197:61-82. [PMID: 30677475 PMCID: PMC6520143 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the increased incidence of neurodegenerative diseases worldwide, Parkinson's disease (PD) represents the second-most common neurodegenerative disease. PD is a progressive multisystem neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a marked loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and the formation of Lewy pathology in diverse brain regions. Although the mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neurodegeneration remain poorly characterized, data from animal models and postmortem studies have revealed that heightened inflammatory responses mediated via microglial and astroglial activation and the resultant release of proinflammatory factors may act as silent drivers of neurodegeneration. In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated a positive association between the exposure to environmental neurotoxicants and the etiology of PD. Although it is unclear whether neuroinflammation drives pesticide-induced neurodegeneration, emerging evidence suggests that the failure to dampen neuroinflammatory mechanisms may account for the increased vulnerability to pesticide neurotoxicity. Furthermore, recent studies provide additional evidence that shifts the focus from a neuron-centric view to glial-associated neurodegeneration following pesticide exposure. In this review, we propose to summarize briefly the possible factors that regulate neuroinflammatory processes during environmental neurotoxicant exposure with a focus on the potential roles of mitochondria-driven redox mechanisms. In this context, a critical discussion of the data obtained from experimental research and possible epidemiological studies is included. Finally, we hope to provide insights on the pivotal role of exosome-mediated intercellular transmission of aggregated proteins in microglial activation response and the resultant dopaminergic neurodegeneration after exposure to pesticides. Collectively, an improved understanding of glia-mediated neuroinflammatory signaling might provide novel insights into the mechanisms that contribute to neurodegeneration induced by environmental neurotoxicant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthi Kanthasamy
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Huajun Jin
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Adhithiya Charli
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Anantharam Vellareddy
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Anumantha Kanthasamy
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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von Ehrenstein OS, Ling C, Cui X, Cockburn M, Park AS, Yu F, Wu J, Ritz B. Prenatal and infant exposure to ambient pesticides and autism spectrum disorder in children: population based case-control study. BMJ 2019; 364:l962. [PMID: 30894343 PMCID: PMC6425996 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations between early developmental exposure to ambient pesticides and autism spectrum disorder. DESIGN Population based case-control study. SETTING California's main agricultural region, Central Valley, using 1998-2010 birth data from the Office of Vital Statistics. POPULATION 2961 individuals with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, revised (up to 31 December 2013), including 445 with intellectual disability comorbidity, were identified through records maintained at the California Department of Developmental Services and linked to their birth records. Controls derived from birth records were matched to cases 10:1 by sex and birth year. EXPOSURE Data from California state mandated Pesticide Use Reporting were integrated into a geographic information system tool to estimate prenatal and infant exposures to pesticides (measured as pounds of pesticides applied per acre/month within 2000 m from the maternal residence). 11 high use pesticides were selected for examination a priori according to previous evidence of neurodevelopmental toxicity in vivo or in vitro (exposure defined as ever v never for each pesticide during specific developmental periods). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using multivariable logistic regression were used to assess associations between pesticide exposure and autism spectrum disorder (with or without intellectual disabilities) in offspring, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS Risk of autism spectrum disorder was associated with prenatal exposure to glyphosate (odds ratio 1.16, 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 1.27), chlorpyrifos (1.13, 1.05 to 1.23), diazinon (1.11, 1.01 to 1.21), malathion (1.11, 1.01 to 1.22), avermectin (1.12, 1.04 to 1.22), and permethrin (1.10, 1.01 to 1.20). For autism spectrum disorder with intellectual disability, estimated odds ratios were higher (by about 30%) for prenatal exposure to glyphosate (1.33, 1.05 to 1.69), chlorpyrifos (1.27, 1.04 to 1.56), diazinon (1.41, 1.15 to 1.73), permethrin (1.46, 1.20 to 1.78), methyl bromide (1.33, 1.07 to 1.64), and myclobutanil (1.32, 1.09 to 1.60); exposure in the first year of life increased the odds for the disorder with comorbid intellectual disability by up to 50% for some pesticide substances. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that an offspring's risk of autism spectrum disorder increases following prenatal exposure to ambient pesticides within 2000 m of their mother's residence during pregnancy, compared with offspring of women from the same agricultural region without such exposure. Infant exposure could further increase risks for autism spectrum disorder with comorbid intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondine S von Ehrenstein
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, PO Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chenxiao Ling
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Perinatal Epidemiology and Health Outcomes Research Unit, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Myles Cockburn
- Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew S Park
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Mohammadzadeh L, Abnous K, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Crocin-protected malathion-induced spatial memory deficits by inhibiting TAU protein hyperphosphorylation and antiapoptotic effects. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 23:221-236. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1492772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Guignet M, Lein PJ. Neuroinflammation in organophosphate-induced neurotoxicity. ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Determinants of organophosphate pesticide exposure in pregnant women: A population-based cohort study in the Netherlands. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:489-501. [PMID: 29499913 PMCID: PMC6046212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background In the Netherlands organophosphate (OP) pesticides are frequently used for pest control in agricultural settings. Despite concerns about the potential health impacts of low-level OP pesticides exposure, particularly in vulnerable populations, the primary sources of exposure remain unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the levels of DAP metabolites concentrations across pregnancy and to examine various determinants of DAP metabolite concentrations among an urban population of women in the Netherlands. Method Urinary concentrations of six dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites, the main urinary metabolites of OP pesticides, were determined at < 18, 18–25, and > 25 weeks of pregnancy in 784 pregnant women participating in the Generation R Study (between 2004 and 2006), a large population-based birth cohort in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Questionnaires administered prenatally assessed demographic and lifestyle characteristics and maternal diet. Linear mixed models, with adjustment for relevant covariates, were used to estimate associations between the potential exposure determinants and DAP metabolite concentrations expressed as molar concentrations divided by creatinine levels. Results The median DAP metabolite concentration was 311 nmol/g creatinine for the first trimester, 317 nmol/g creatinine for the second trimester, and 310 nmol/g creatinine for the third trimester. Higher maternal age, married/living with a partner, underweight or normal weight (BMI of < 18.5 and 18.5– < 25), high education, high income, and non-smoking were associated with higher DAP metabolite concentrations, and DAP metabolite concentrations tended to be higher during the summer. Furthermore, fruit intake was associated with increased DAP metabolite concentrations. Each 100 g/d difference in fruit consumption was associated with a 7% higher total DAP metabolite concentration across pregnancy. Other food groups were not associated with higher DAP metabolite concentrations. Conclusions The DAP metabolite concentrations measured in the urine of pregnant women in the Netherlands were higher than those in most other studies previously conducted. Fruit intake was the main dietary source of exposure to OP pesticides in young urban women in the Netherlands. The extent to which DAP metabolite concentrations reflect exposure to the active parent pesticide rather than to less toxic metabolites remains unclear. Further research will be undertaken to investigate the possible effects of this relatively high level OP pesticides exposure on offspring health.
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Yang X, Naughton SX, Han Z, He M, Zheng YG, Terry AV, Bartlett MG. Mass Spectrometric Quantitation of Tubulin Acetylation from Pepsin-Digested Rat Brain Tissue Using a Novel Stable-Isotope Standard and Capture by Anti-Peptide Antibody (SISCAPA) Method. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2155-2163. [PMID: 29320166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation of α-tubulin at Lys-40 is a potential biomarker for cognitive deficits in various neurological disorders. However, this key post-translational modification (PTM) has not been previously studied with mass spectrometry, due to the inadequate distribution of tryptic cleavage sites. Following peptic digestion, a surrogate sequence containing this key PTM site was identified and was found to be stable and quantitatively reproducible. A highly sensitive and specific SISCAPA-LC-MS method for quantitating rat brain tubulin acetylation was developed, validated, and applied, and only required a small amount of tissue (2.2 mg). This workflow includes peptic digestion, stable-isotope dilution, capture with antiacetylated peptide antibody bound on protein G beads, and quantitation using LC-MS. The method allowed a lower limit of quantitation at 2.50 pmol/mg and provided a linear range of 2.50-62.50 pmol/mg. Selectivity, intra and interday precision and accuracy were also validated. This method has been successfully applied in a preclinical study of organophosphate neurotoxicity, and we found that chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos led to a significant and persistent inhibition of brain tubulin acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , 250 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Sean X Naughton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , 250 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Maomao He
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , 250 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Y George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , 250 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , 250 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Huang C, Li N, Yuan S, Ji X, Ma M, Rao K, Wang Z. Aryl- and alkyl-phosphorus-containing flame retardants induced mitochondrial impairment and cell death in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-k1) cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:775-786. [PMID: 28732339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) are increasingly in demand worldwide as replacements for brominated flame retardants (BFRs), but insufficient available toxicological information on PFRs makes assessing their health risks challenging. Mitochondria are important targets of various environmental pollutants, and mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to many common diseases. In the present study, mitochondria impairment-related endpoints were measured by a high content screening (HCS) assay for 11 selected non-halogen PFRs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-k1) cells. A cluster analysis was used to categorize these PFRs into three groups according to their structural characteristics and results from the HCS assay. Two groups, containing long-chain alkyl-PFRs and all aryl-PFRs, were found to cause mitochondrial impairment but showed different mechanisms of toxicity. Due to the high correlation between cell death and mitochondrial impairment, two PFRs with different structures, trihexyl phosphate (THP) and cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP), were selected and compared with chlorpyrifos (CPF) to elucidate their mechanism of inducing cell death. THP (an alkyl-PFR) was found to utilize a similar pathway as CPF to induce apoptosis. However, cell death induced by CDP (an aryl-PFR) was different from classical necrosis based on experiments to discriminate among the different modes of cell death. These results confirm that mitochondria might be important targets for some PFRs and that differently structured PFRs could function via distinct mechanisms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China
| | - Shengwu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoya Ji
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.
| | - Kaifeng Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China
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Rieger DK, Dos Santos AA, Suñol C, Farina M. Involvement of superoxide in malaoxon-induced toxicity in primary cultures of cortical neurons. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:1106-1115. [PMID: 28849997 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1357305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) represent a class of insecticides that are used most globally. The neurotoxic effects are attributed mainly to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme inhibition, which is responsible for cholinergic manifestations in individuals acutely exposed to OP. However, AChE inhibition alone cannot account for the wide range of symptoms that were reported following OP exposures. In agreement with this, evidence shows that non-cholinergic events may be mechanistically linked to OP-induced neurotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential occurrence of oxidative stress as a critical step in the toxicity induced by the OP malaoxon(MAL) using primary cultures of mouse cortical neurons, as well as to distinguish MAL-induced oxidative stress and cell toxicity from an action on AChE blockade. Primary cultures of mouse cortical neurons were treated with MAL (0.01; 0.1; 1; 10; or 100 µM) at varying time points (1, 3, 6, 24, 48, or 144 hr) and the following biochemical parameters determined including cell viability, AChE activity, and superoxide production. MAL significantly reduced cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Of note, 1 µM MAL significantly inhibited (approximately 75%) AChE activity after 48 hr incubation. Pralidoxime (PRAL) (600 µM), a classical AChE reactivator, significantly protected against MAL-induced AChE blockade; however, PRAL did not affect MAL-mediated fall in cellular viability, indicating that AChE inhibition is not necessarily correlated with insecticide-induced decrease in cell survival. MAL-induced diminished cell viability was preceded by a significant increase in superoxide anion production. The antioxidant agent ascorbic acid (AA) (200 µM), which significantly protected against MAL-induced superoxide anion production, did not alter MAL-induced AChE inhibition and significantly prevented insecticide-mediated fall in cell survival. Data show that increased superoxide anion production is an event that precedes MAL-induced cell toxicity in primary cultures of mouse cortical neurons. Based on the preventative effects of AA against MAL-mediated superoxide anion production and reduced cell viability, evidence indicates that oxidative stress represents an important step mediating MAL-induced toxicity in neurons and that AChE inhibition is not necessarily correlated with lowered cell survival noted in insecticide-exposed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Rieger
- a Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
| | - A A Dos Santos
- a Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
| | - C Suñol
- b Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), IDIBAPS, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - M Farina
- a Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
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Abdel-Salam OME, Youness ER, Mohammed NA, Yassen NN, Khadrawy YA, El-Toukhy SE, Sleem AA. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors protect against brain and liver damage caused by acute malathion intoxication. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:773-786. [PMID: 28942826 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a non-selective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, and 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a selective neuronal NOS inhibitor, on oxidative stress and tissue damage in brain and liver and on DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes in malathion intoxicated rats. METHODS Malathion (150 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally (i.p.) along with l-NAME or 7-NI (10 or 20 mg/kg, i.p.) and rats were euthanized 4 h later. The lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (nitrite), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity were measured in both brain and liver. Moreover, the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glucose concentrations were determined in brain. Liver enzyme determination, Comet assay, histopathological examination of brain and liver sections and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunohistochemistry were also performed. RESULTS (i) Rats treated with only malathion exhibited increased nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) accompanied with a decrease in GSH content, and PON-1 activity in brain and liver. Glutathione peroxidase activity, TAC, glucose concentrations, AChE and BChE activities were decreased in brain. There were also raised liver aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and increased DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes (Comet assay). Malathion caused marked histopathological changes and increased the expression of iNOS in brain and liver tissues. (ii) In brain of malathion-intoxicated rats, l-NAME or 7-NI resulted in decreased nitrite and MDA contents while increasing TAC and PON1 activity. Reduced GSH and GPx activity showed an increase by l-NAME. AChE activity increased by 20 mg/kg l-NAME and 10 mg/kg 7-NI. AChE activity decreased by the higher dose of 7-NI while either dose of 7-NI resulted in decreased BChE activity. (iii) In liver of malathion-intoxicated rats, decreased MDA content was observed after l-NAME or 7-NI. Nitrite level was unchanged by l-NAME but increased after 7-NI which also resulted in decreased GSH concentration and PON1 activity. Either inhibitor resulted in decreased liver ALT activity. (iv) DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes was markedly inhibited by l-NAME or 7-NI treatment. (v) iNOS expression in brain and liver decreased by l-NAME or 7-NI. (vi) More marked improvement of the histopathological alterations induced by malathion in brain and liver was observed after 7-NI compared with l-NAME. CONCLUSIONS In malathion intoxicated rats, the neuronal NOS inhibitor 7-NI and to much less extent l-NAME were able to protect the brain and liver tissue integrity along with improvement in oxidative stress parameters. The decrease in DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes by NOS inhibitors also suggests the involvement of nitric oxide in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eman R Youness
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia A Mohammed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha N Yassen
- Department of Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Amany A Sleem
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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TRPA1 channel mediates organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy. Cell Discov 2017; 3:17024. [PMID: 28894590 PMCID: PMC5537602 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2017.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN), often leads to paresthesias, ataxia and paralysis, occurs in the late-stage of acute poisoning or after repeated exposures to organophosphate (OP) insecticides or nerve agents, and may contribute to the Gulf War Syndrome. The acute phase of OP poisoning is often attributed to acetylcholinesterase inhibition. However, the underlying mechanism for the delayed neuropathy remains unknown and no treatment is available. Here we demonstrate that TRPA1 channel (Transient receptor potential cation channel, member A1) mediates OPIDN. A variety of OPs, exemplified by malathion, activates TRPA1 but not other neuronal TRP channels. Malathion increases the intracellular calcium levels and upregulates the excitability of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro. Mice with repeated exposures to malathion also develop local tissue nerve injuries and pain-related behaviors, which resembles OPIDN. Both the neuropathological changes and the nocifensive behaviors can be attenuated by treatment of TRPA1 antagonist HC030031 or abolished by knockout of Trpa1 gene. In the classic hens OPIDN model, malathion causes nerve injuries and ataxia to a similar level as the positive inducer tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), which also activates TRPA1 channel. Treatment with HC030031 reduces the damages caused by malathion or tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate. Duloxetine and Ketotifen, two commercially available drugs exhibiting TRPA1 inhibitory activity, show neuroprotective effects against OPIDN and might be used in emergency situations. The current study suggests TRPA1 is the major mediator of OPIDN and targeting TRPA1 is an effective way for the treatment of OPIDN.
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Malathion increases apoptotic cell death by inducing lysosomal membrane permeabilization in N2a neuroblastoma cells: a model for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17007. [PMID: 28487766 PMCID: PMC5402539 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malathion is an organophosphate with severe neurotoxic effects. Upon acute exposure, malathion initially enhances cholinergic activity by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, which is its major pathological mechanism. Malathion also induces non-cholinergic neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative conditions; the associated molecular mechanism is not well-characterized. To investigate the molecular mechanism of malathion-induced cell death, N2a mouse neuroblastoma cells were exposed to malathion and cell death-related parameters were examined. Malathion reduced cell viability mainly by apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction in N2a cells, as judged by an increase in the level of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and decrease in the levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins p-Akt and Bcl2, resulting in cytochrome c release and caspase-dependent DNA fragmentation and condensation. Malathion treatment also induced autophagy and lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) in N2a cells. LMP caused a lessening of autophagic flux via inhibition of lysosomal fusion with the autophagosome. LMP-induced cathepsin B release and its proteolytic effect may intensify apoptotic insults. Moreover, malathion-exposed N2a cells showed a marked reduction in the levels of the neuronal marker proteins vascular endothelial growth factor and heart fatty acid binding protein 3, along with diminished neuritogenesis in N2a cells and nerve growth factor secretion in C6 glioma cells. Our data suggest that the non-cholinergic effect of malathion may be mediated by apoptotic cell death via LMP induction in N2a cells. Malathion-treated N2a cells can be utilized as an in vitro model system to screen natural and new chemical drug candidates for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.
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Voorhees JR, Rohlman DS, Lein PJ, Pieper AA. Neurotoxicity in Preclinical Models of Occupational Exposure to Organophosphorus Compounds. Front Neurosci 2017; 10:590. [PMID: 28149268 PMCID: PMC5241311 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OPs) compounds are widely used as insecticides, plasticizers, and fuel additives. These compounds potently inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine at neuronal synapses, and acute exposure to high OP levels can cause cholinergic crisis in humans and animals. Evidence further suggests that repeated exposure to lower OP levels insufficient to cause cholinergic crisis, frequently encountered in the occupational setting, also pose serious risks to people. For example, multiple epidemiological studies have identified associations between occupational OP exposure and neurodegenerative disease, psychiatric illness, and sensorimotor deficits. Rigorous scientific investigation of the basic science mechanisms underlying these epidemiological findings requires valid preclinical models in which tightly-regulated exposure paradigms can be correlated with neurotoxicity. Here, we review the experimental models of occupational OP exposure currently used in the field. We found that animal studies simulating occupational OP exposures do indeed show evidence of neurotoxicity, and that utilization of these models is helping illuminate the mechanisms underlying OP-induced neurological sequelae. Still, further work is necessary to evaluate exposure levels, protection methods, and treatment strategies, which taken together could serve to modify guidelines for improving workplace conditions globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaymie R. Voorhees
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
| | - Diane S. Rohlman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa College of Public HealthIowa City, IA, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew A. Pieper
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Veteran Affairs, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Weill Cornell Autism Research Program, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
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