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Giridharan VV, Catumbela CSG, Catalão CHR, Lee J, Ganesh BP, Petronilho F, Dal-Pizzol F, Morales R, Barichello T. Sepsis exacerbates Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology, modulates the gut microbiome, increases neuroinflammation and amyloid burden. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4463-4473. [PMID: 37452088 PMCID: PMC10926876 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
While our understanding of the molecular biology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has grown, the etiology of the disease, especially the involvement of peripheral infection, remains a challenge. In this study, we hypothesize that peripheral infection represents a risk factor for AD pathology. To test our hypothesis, APP/PS1 mice underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery to develop a polymicrobial infection or non-CLP surgery. Mice were euthanized at 3, 30, and 120 days after surgery to evaluate the inflammatory mediators, glial cell markers, amyloid burden, gut microbiome, gut morphology, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels. The novel object recognition (NOR) task was performed 30 and 120 days after the surgery, and sepsis accelerated the cognitive decline in APP/PS1 mice at both time points. At 120 days, the insoluble Aβ increased in the sepsis group, and sepsis modulated the cytokines/chemokines, decreasing the cytokines associated with brain homeostasis IL-10 and IL-13 and increasing the eotaxin known to influence cognitive function. At 120 days, we found an increased density of IBA-1-positive microglia in the vicinity of Aβ dense-core plaques, compared with the control group confirming the predictable clustering of reactive glia around dense-core plaques within 15 μm near Aβ deposits in the brain. In the gut, sepsis negatively modulated the α- and β-diversity indices evaluated by 16S rRNA sequencing, decreased the levels of SCFAs, and significantly affected ileum and colon morphology in CLP mice. Our data suggest that sepsis-induced peripheral infection accelerates cognitive decline and AD pathology in the AD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayasree V Giridharan
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Celso S G Catumbela
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carlos Henrique R Catalão
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bhanu P Ganesh
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Morales
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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Nawwar DA, Zaki HF, Sayed RH. Role of the NRG1/ErbB4 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways in the anti-psychotic effects of aripiprazole and sertindole in ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1891-1907. [PMID: 35876932 PMCID: PMC9499910 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a common mental disorder affecting patients' thoughts, behavior, and cognition. Recently, the NRG1/ErbB4 signaling pathway emerged as a candidate therapeutic target for schizophrenia. This study investigates the effects of aripiprazole and sertindole on the NRG1/ErbB4 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways in ketamine-induced schizophrenia in rats. Young male Wistar rats received ketamine (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for 5 consecutive days and aripiprazole (3 mg/kg, orally) or sertindole (2.5 mg/kg, orally) for 14 days. The proposed pathway was investigated by injecting LY294002 (a selective PI3K inhibitor) (25 μg/kg, intrahippocampal injection) 30 min before the drugs. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, animals were subjected to behavioral tests: the open field test, sucrose preference test, novel object recognition task, and social interaction test. Both aripiprazole and sertindole significantly ameliorated ketamine-induced schizophrenic-like behavior, as expected, because of their previously demonstrated antipsychotic activity. Besides, both drugs alleviated ketamine-induced oxidative stress and neurotransmitter level changes in the hippocampus. They also increased the gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate levels and glutamate decarboxylase 67 and parvalbumin mRNA expression in the hippocampus. Moreover, aripiprazole and sertindole increased the NRG1 and ErbB4 mRNA expression levels and PI3K, p-Akt, and mTOR protein expression levels. Interestingly, pre-injecting LY294002 abolished all the effects of the drugs. This study reveals that the antipsychotic effects of aripiprazole and sertindole are partly due to oxidative stress reduction as well as NRG1/ErbB4 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways activation. The NRG1/ErbB4 and PI3K signaling pathways may offer a new therapeutic approach for treating schizophrenia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia A Nawwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Hala F Zaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Rabab H Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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Giridharan VV, Generoso JS, Lence L, Candiotto G, Streck E, Petronilho F, Pillai A, Sharshar T, Dal-Pizzol F, Barichello T. A crosstalk between gut and brain in sepsis-induced cognitive decline. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:114. [PMID: 35606817 PMCID: PMC9125851 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a potentially fatal disease characterized by acute organ failure that affects more than 30 million people worldwide. Inflammation is strongly associated with sepsis, and patients can experience impairments in memory, concentration, verbal fluency, and executive functioning after being discharged from the hospital. We hypothesize that sepsis disrupts the microbiota-gut-brain axis homeostasis triggering cognitive impairment. This immune activation persists during treatment, causing neurological dysfunction in sepsis survivors. METHODS To test our hypothesis, adult Wistar rats were subjected to cecal-ligation and perforation (CLP) or sham (non-CLP) surgeries. The animals were subjected to the [11C]PBR28 positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging at 24 h and 10 days after CLP and non-CLP surgeries. At 24 h and 10 days after surgery, we evaluated the gut microbiome, bacterial metabolites, cytokines, microglia, and astrocyte markers. Ten days after sepsis induction, the animals were subjected to the novel object recognition (NOR) and the Morris water maze (MWM) test to assess their learning and memory. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the 24-h and 10-day CLP groups showed increased [11C]PBR28 uptake, glial cells count, and cytokine levels in the brain. Results show that sepsis modulates the gut villus length and crypt depth, alpha and beta microbial diversities, and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In addition, sepsis surviving animals showed a significant cognitive decline compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS Since several pharmacological studies have failed to prevent cognitive impairment in sepsis survivors, a better understanding of the function of glial cells and gut microbiota can provide new avenues for treating sepsis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayasree V Giridharan
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaqueline S Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lence
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Candiotto
- Laboratory of Neurometabolic Diseases, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Emílio Streck
- Laboratory of Neurometabolic Diseases, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Anilkumar Pillai
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
- Research and Development, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Tarek Sharshar
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, Neurointensive Care and Neuroanesthesia Department, Paris, France
- Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, NSERM UMR 1266, Paris, France
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil.
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Phencyclidine-induced cognitive impairments in repeated touchscreen visual reversal learning tests in rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 404:113057. [PMID: 33316322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reversal learning, a component of executive functioning, is commonly impaired among schizophrenia patients and is lacking effective treatment. N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, such as phencyclidine (PCP), impair reversal learning of rodents. Touchscreen-based pairwise visual discrimination and reversal test is a translational tool to assess reversal learning in rodents. However, to fully exploit this task in testing of novel compounds, it is necessary to perform several reversal learning experiments with trained animals. Firstly, we assessed whether PCP-induced deficits in visual reversal learning in rats would be detectable with a short (5 sessions) reversal learning phase, and whether the short reversal phases could be repeated with novel stimulus pairs. Secondly, we assessed whether the PCP-induced deficits in reversal learning could be seen upon repeated PCP challenges with the same animals. Finally, we tested the effect of a novel compound, a selective α2C adrenoceptor antagonist, ORM-13070, to reverse PCP-induced cognitive deficits in this model. A 4-day PCP treatment at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg/day impaired early reversal learning in male Lister Hooded rats without inducing non-specific behavioral effects. We repeated the reversal learning experiment four times using different stimulus pairs with the same animals, and the PCP-induced impairment was evident in every single experiment. The α2C adrenoceptor antagonist ameliorated the PCP-induced cognitive deficits. Our results suggest that repeated PCP challenges in the touchscreen set-up induce schizophrenia-like cognitive deficits in visual reversal learning, improve throughput of the test and provide a protocol for testing novel drugs.
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Mitsadali I, Grayson B, Idris NF, Watson L, Burgess M, Neill J. Aerobic exercise improves memory and prevents cognitive deficits of relevance to schizophrenia in an animal model. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:695-708. [PMID: 32431225 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120922963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CIAS) greatly reduces patients' functionality, and remains an unmet clinical need. The sub-chronic phencyclidine (scPCP) rat model is commonly employed in studying CIAS. We have previously shown that voluntary exercise reverses impairments in novel object recognition (NOR) induced by scPCP. However, there has not been a longitudinal study investigating the potential protective effects of exercise in a model of CIAS. This study aimed to investigate the pro-cognitive and protective effects of exercise on CIAS using the translational NOR and attentional set-shifting tasks (ASST). METHODS Female Lister Hooded rats were either exercised (wheel running for one hour per day, five days per week, for six weeks; n=20) or not (n=20) and then tested in a natural-forgetting NOR test. Rats in each group were then administered either PCP (2 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.)) or saline solution (1 mL/kg i.p.) for seven days, followed by seven days washout. Three NOR tests were conducted immediately and two and nine weeks after washout, and a natural-forgetting NOR test was carried out again eight weeks post washout. Rats were trained and tested in ASST from week 6 to week 10 post washout. RESULTS Non-exercised rats displayed a deficit in both of the natural-forgetting NOR tests, whereas exercised rats did not. The scPCP exercise group did not show the expected deficit in NOR at any time point, and had a significantly ameliorated deficit in the ASST compared to the scPCP control group. CONCLUSION Voluntary exercise has long-lasting pro-cognitive and protective effects in two cognitive domains. Exercise improves cognition and could provide protection against CIAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idil Mitsadali
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ben Grayson
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nagi F Idris
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Linzi Watson
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Burgess
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Joanna Neill
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Littlejohn EL, Scott D, Saatman KE. Insulin-like growth factor-1 overexpression increases long-term survival of posttrauma-born hippocampal neurons while inhibiting ectopic migration following traumatic brain injury. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:46. [PMID: 32276671 PMCID: PMC7147070 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular damage associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) manifests in motor and cognitive dysfunction following injury. Experimental models of TBI reveal cell death in the granule cell layer (GCL) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus acutely after injury. Adult-born neurons residing in the neurogenic niche of the GCL, the subgranular zone, are particularly vulnerable. Injury-induced proliferation of neural progenitors in the subgranular zone supports recovery of the immature neuron population, but their development and localization may be altered, potentially affecting long-term survival. Here we show that increasing hippocampal levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) is sufficient to promote end-stage maturity of posttrauma-born neurons and improve cognition following TBI. Mice with conditional overexpression of astrocyte-specific IGF1 and wild-type mice received controlled cortical impact or sham injury and bromo-2'-deoxyuridine injections for 7d after injury to label proliferating cells. IGF1 overexpression increased the number of GCL neurons born acutely after trauma that survived 6 weeks to maturity (NeuN+BrdU+), and enhanced their outward migration into the GCL while significantly reducing the proportion localized ectopically to the hilus and molecular layer. IGF1 selectively affected neurons, without increasing the persistence of posttrauma-proliferated glia in the dentate gyrus. IGF1 overexpressing animals performed better during radial arm water maze reversal testing, a neurogenesis-dependent cognitive test. These findings demonstrate the ability of IGF1 to promote the long-term survival and appropriate localization of granule neurons born acutely after a TBI, and suggest these new neurons contribute to improved cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. Littlejohn
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, B473 Biomedical & Biological Sciences Research Building (BBSRB), 741 South Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509 USA ,grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3901 USA
| | - Danielle Scott
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, B473 Biomedical & Biological Sciences Research Building (BBSRB), 741 South Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509 USA
| | - Kathryn E. Saatman
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, B473 Biomedical & Biological Sciences Research Building (BBSRB), 741 South Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509 USA ,grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
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Koszła O, Targowska-Duda KM, Kędzierska E, Kaczor AA. In Vitro and In Vivo Models for the Investigation of Potential Drugs Against Schizophrenia. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010160. [PMID: 31963851 PMCID: PMC7022578 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms, and is not satisfactorily treated by current antipsychotics. Progress in understanding the basic pathomechanism of the disease has been hampered by the lack of appropriate models. In order to develop modern drugs against SZ, efficient methods to study them in in vitro and in vivo models of this disease are required. In this review a short presentation of current hypotheses and concepts of SZ is followed by a description of current progress in the field of SZ experimental models. A critical discussion of advantages and limitations of in vitro models and pharmacological, genetic, and neurodevelopmental in vivo models for positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of the disease is provided. In particular, this review concerns the important issue of how cellular and animal systems can help to meet the challenges of modeling the disease, which fully manifests only in humans, as experimental studies of SZ in humans are limited. Next, it is emphasized that novel clinical candidates should be evaluated in animal models for treatment-resistant SZ. In conclusion, the plurality of available in vitro and in vivo models is a consequence of the complex nature of SZ, and there are extensive possibilities for their integration. Future development of more efficient antipsychotics reflecting the pleiotropy of symptoms in SZ requires the incorporation of various models into one uniting model of the multifactorial disorder and use of this model for the evaluation of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia Koszła
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna M. Targowska-Duda
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kędzierska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka A. Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland;
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence:
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Giridharan VV, Collodel A, Generoso JS, Scaini G, Wassather R, Selvaraj S, Hasbun R, Dal-Pizzol F, Petronilho F, Barichello T. Neuroinflammation trajectories precede cognitive impairment after experimental meningitis-evidence from an in vivo PET study. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:5. [PMID: 31901235 PMCID: PMC6942362 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial meningitis is a devastating central nervous system (CNS) infection with acute and long-term neurological consequences, including cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to understand the association between activated microglia-induced neuroinflammation and post-meningitis cognitive impairment. Method Meningitis was induced in male Wistar rats by injecting Streptococcus pneumoniae into the brain through the cisterna magna, and rats were then treated with ceftriaxone. Twenty-four hours and 10 days after meningitis induction, rats were imaged with positron emission tomography (PET) using [11C]PBR28, a specific translocator protein (TSPO) radiotracer, to determine in vivo microglial activation. Following imaging, the expression of TSPO, cardiolipin, and cytochrome c, inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress markers, and glial activation markers were evaluated in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Ten days after meningitis induction, animals were subjected to behavioral tests, such as the open-field, step-down inhibitory avoidance, and novel object recognition tests. Results Both 24-h (acute) and 10-day (long-term) groups of rats demonstrated increased [11C]PBR28 uptake and microglial activation in the whole brain compared to levels in the control group. Although free from infection, 10-day group rats exhibited increased expression levels of cytokines and markers of oxidative stress, microglial activation (IBA-1), and astrocyte activation (GFAP) similar to those seen in the 24-h group. Acute meningitis induction also elevated TSPO, cytochrome c, and caspase-3 levels with no change in caspase-9 levels. Furthermore, upregulated levels of TSPO, cytochrome c, and caspase-3 and caspase-9 were observed in the rat hippocampus 10 days after meningitis induction with a simultaneous reduction in cardiolipin levels. Animals showed a cognitive decline in all tasks compared with the control group, and this impairment may be at least partially mediated by activating a glia-mediated immune response and upregulating TSPO. Conclusions TSPO-PET could potentially be used as an imaging biomarker for microglial activation and long-term cognitive impairment post-meningitis. Additionally, this study opens a new avenue for the potential use of TSPO ligands after infection-induced neurological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayasree V Giridharan
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Allan Collodel
- Experimental Physiopathology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S Generoso
- Experimental Physiopathology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rico Wassather
- Micro Analysis Group, Keyence Corporation of America, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sudhakar Selvaraj
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo Hasbun
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Experimental Physiopathology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA. .,Experimental Physiopathology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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Rychtyk J, Partyka A, Gdula-Argasińska J, Mysłowska K, Wilczyńska N, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Wesołowska A. 5-HT 6 receptor agonist and antagonist improve memory impairments and hippocampal BDNF signaling alterations induced by MK-801. Brain Res 2019; 1722:146375. [PMID: 31412259 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the effects of acute and chronic (21-day) administration of agonist (WAY-181187) and antagonist (SB-742457) of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 6 receptor (5-HT6R) on MK-801-induced memory impairments in novel object recognition (NORT) and Y-maze continuous spontaneous alternation tests (Y-CAT). Further, the expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rat hippocampus was measured after 21-day administration to investigate BDNF participation in the pro-cognitive effects of 5-HT6R ligands. We found that acute administration of WAY-181187, as well as SB-742457, reversed the effects of MK-801 in NORT and Y-CAT, and that this influence persisted after prolonged application in NORT but not in Y-CAT. Both 5-HT6R ligands increased hippocampal BDNF protein expression, but WAY-181187 was much more potent than SB-742457 and alleviated the MK-801-induced inhibition of BDNF signaling pathways better, which seems to translate into a stronger WAY-181187 effect in behavioral tests. Collectively, both the 5-HT6R agonist and the antagonist, administered acutely and chronically, prevent memory impairments and alterations in BDNF signaling induced by MK-801 in rats. The present results confirm the pro-cognitive properties of both types of 5-HT6R ligands and suggest that BDNF pathways may be involved in their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rychtyk
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Partyka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Gdula-Argasińska
- Department of Radioligands, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mysłowska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Wilczyńska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jastrzębska-Więsek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Wesołowska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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10
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Adem A, Madjid N, Stiedl O, Bonito-Oliva A, Konradsson-Geuken Å, Holst S, Fisone G, Ögren SO. Atypical but not typical antipsychotic drugs ameliorate phencyclidine-induced emotional memory impairments in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:616-628. [PMID: 30910381 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with cognitive impairments related to hypofunction in glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) transmission. Phencyclidine (PCP), a non-competitive NMDAR antagonist, models schizophrenia-like behavioral symptoms including cognitive deficits in rodents. This study examined the effects of PCP on emotional memory function examined in the passive avoidance (PA) task in mice and the ability of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs) to rectify the PCP-mediated impairment. Pre-training administration of PCP (0.5, 1, 2 or 3 mg/kg) dose-dependently interfered with memory consolidation in the PA task. In contrast, PCP was ineffective when administered after training, and immediately before the retention test indicating that NMDAR blockade interferes with memory encoding mechanisms. The typical APD haloperidol and the dopamine D2/3 receptor antagonist raclopride failed to block the PCP-induced PA impairment suggesting a negligible role of D2 receptors in the PCP impairment. In contrast, the memory impairment was blocked by the atypical APDs clozapine and olanzapine in a dose-dependent manner while risperidone was effective only at the highest dose tested (1 mg/kg). The PCP-induced impairment involves 5-HT1A receptor mechanisms since the antagonist NAD-299 blocked the memory impairment caused by PCP and the ability of clozapine to attenuate the impairment by PCP. These results indicate that atypical but not typical APDs can ameliorate NMDAR-mediated memory impairments and support the view that atypical APDs such as clozapine can modulate glutamatergic memory dysfunctions through 5-HT1A receptor mechanisms. These findings suggest that atypical APDs may improve cognitive impairments related to glutamatergic dysfunction relevant for emotional memories in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Nather Madjid
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Stiedl
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Åsa Konradsson-Geuken
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Holst
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gilberto Fisone
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Xu H, Zhuang X. Atypical antipsychotics-induced metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a critical review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2087-2099. [PMID: 31413575 PMCID: PMC6659786 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s208061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) have been used as first-line drugs in psychiatric practice for a wide range of psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar mania. While effectively exerting therapeutic effects on positive and negative symptoms, as well as cognitive impairments in schizophrenia patients, these drugs are less likely to induce extrapyramidal symptoms compared to typical antipsychotics. However, the increasing application of them has raised questions on their tolerability and adverse effects over the endocrine, metabolic, and cardiovascular axes. Specifically, AAPs are associated to different extents, with weight gain, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This article summarized clinical evidence showing the metabolic side effects of AAPs in patients with schizophrenia, and experimental evidence of AAPs-induced metabolic side effects observed in animals and cell culture studies. In addition, it discussed potential mechanisms involved in the APPs-induced MetS and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Haiyun XuThe Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail
| | - Xiaoyin Zhuang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Cadinu D, Grayson B, Podda G, Harte MK, Doostdar N, Neill JC. NMDA receptor antagonist rodent models for cognition in schizophrenia and identification of novel drug treatments, an update. Neuropharmacology 2018; 142:41-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Pharmacological and proteomic analyses of neonatal polyI:C-treated adult mice. Neurosci Res 2018; 147:39-47. [PMID: 31446906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal virus infection is an environmental risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia. We previously demonstrated that neonatal treatment with a viral mimetic, polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid (polyI:C), in mice leads to emotional and cognitive deficits in adolescence. Here, we investigated the effects of antipsychotics on polyI:C-induced behavioral abnormalities. We also performed a proteomic analysis in the hippocampus of polyI:C-treated adult mice using two-dimensional electrophoresis to understand the changes in protein expression following neonatal immune activation. Neonatal mice were subcutaneously injected with polyI:C for 5 days (postnatal day 2-6). At 10 weeks, sensorimotor gating, emotional and cognitive function were analyzed in behavioral tests. Clozapine improved PPI deficit and emotional and cognitive dysfunction in polyI:C-treated mice. However, haloperidol improved only PPI deficit. Proteomic analysis revealed that two candidate proteins were obtained in the hippocampus of polyI:C-treated mice, including aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member L1 (ALDH1L1) and collapsin response mediator protein 5 (CRMP5). These data suggest that the neonatal polyI:C-treated mouse model may be useful for evaluating antipsychotic activity of compounds. Moreover, changes in the protein expression of ALDH1L1 and CRMP5 support our previous findings that astrocyte-neuron interaction plays a role in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders induced by neonatal immune activation.
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14
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Girotti M, Adler SM, Bulin SE, Fucich EA, Paredes D, Morilak DA. Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 85:161-179. [PMID: 28690203 PMCID: PMC5756532 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prefrontal cortical executive functions comprise a number of cognitive capabilities necessary for goal directed behavior and adaptation to a changing environment. Executive dysfunction that leads to maladaptive behavior and is a symptom of psychiatric pathology can be instigated or exacerbated by stress. In this review we survey research addressing the impact of stress on executive function, with specific focus on working memory, attention, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. We then consider the neurochemical pathways underlying these cognitive capabilities and, where known, how stress alters them. Finally, we review work exploring potential pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches that can ameliorate deficits in executive function. Both preclinical and clinical literature indicates that chronic stress negatively affects executive function. Although some of the circuitry and neurochemical processes underlying executive function have been characterized, a great deal is still unknown regarding how stress affects these processes. Additional work focusing on this question is needed in order to make progress on developing interventions that ameliorate executive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Girotti
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Samantha M Adler
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Sarah E Bulin
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Fucich
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Denisse Paredes
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - David A Morilak
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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15
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Khoury R, Grysman N, Gold J, Patel K, Grossberg GT. The role of 5 HT6-receptor antagonists in Alzheimer's disease: an update. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:523-533. [PMID: 29848076 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1483334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite recent advances in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research, no breakthrough treatments have been discovered. Cholinesterase inhibitors and the NMDA-receptor antagonist memantine are currently the two approved symptomatic treatments for AD. 5-HT6 receptor antagonism has recently emerged as a promising treatment strategy to improve cognition in AD, with a modest side-effect profile. AREAS COVERED 5-HT6 receptors, exclusively found in the central nervous system, modulate primarily GABA and glutamate levels, facilitating the secondary release of other neurotransmitters including dopamine, noradrenaline, and acetylcholine, all of which are compromised in AD. This review discusses findings of preclinical and phase I-III clinical trials conducted with three major 5-HT6 receptor antagonists: idalopirdine, intepirdine, and SUVN-502, in the field of AD. EXPERT OPINION Despite early positive findings, larger phase-III trials have failed to demonstrate any statistically significant impact on cognition for both idalopirdine and intepirdine, as adjunct to cholinesterase inhibitors. Paradoxically, 5-HT6 receptor agonists have also been shown to have cognitive enhancing properties. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanism of action of the 5-HT6 receptor and its ligands is warranted. Investigating 5-HT6 receptor partial or inverse agonists may be promising in future AD trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Khoury
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience , Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Noam Grysman
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience , Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Jake Gold
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience , Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Kush Patel
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience , Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - George T Grossberg
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience , Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
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Xu Y, Zhu X, Wang H, Sun S, Yue X, Tian J. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of PCC0104005, a Novel Modulator of Serotonin-Dopamine Activity, as an Atypical Antipsychotic Drug. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6892. [PMID: 29720711 PMCID: PMC5931996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PCC0104005 is a novel drug candidate for treating schizophrenia that displays high affinity for serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline receptors, including partial agonism at dopamine D2, D3, D4, serotonin 5-HT1A, and 5-HT2A receptors and antagonism at 5-HT2B, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors. PCC0104005 blocks MK-801-induced hyperactivity in rats, consistent with the reduction in dopamine D2 receptor stimulation and increased dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex. PCC0104005 inhibits 5-HTP-induced head twitches in rats, due to its moderate affinity for human 5-HT2A receptors (Ki = 5.1 nM). PCC0104005 significantly reduced the escape latency of rats and improved the MK-801-induced memory impairment. In the object recognition experiment, PCC0104005 significantly improved the recognition disorder induced by MK-801. PCC0104005 did not significantly increase the plasma prolactin level, which is thought to be related to the preferential affinity of PCC0104005 for dopamine D2 receptors compared with 5-HT1A receptors, as well as the relative antagonistic activity toward the D2 receptor. Due to its 5-HT1A agonism, PCC0104005 does not produce catalepsy in mice, a behaviour predictive of the occurrence of extra-pyramidal syndrome (EPS) in humans. PCC0104005 has unique affinities for dopamine receptors and serotonin receptors, which may lead to clinical advantages, as well as fewer adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyin Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China.
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Shanyue Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yue
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China.
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17
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McLean SL, Harte MK, Neill JC, Young AM. Dopamine dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex relates to cognitive deficits in the sub-chronic PCP-model for schizophrenia: A preliminary investigation. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:660-666. [PMID: 28441905 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117704988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopamine dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Sub-chronic phencyclidine (scPCP) treatment produces cognitive impairments in rodents and is a thoroughly validated animal model for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of PFC dopamine in scPCP-induced deficits in a cognitive task of relevance to the disorder, novel object recognition (NOR). METHODS Twelve adult female Lister Hooded rats received scPCP (2 mg/kg) or vehicle via the intraperitoneal route twice daily for 7 days, followed by 7 days washout. In vivo microdialysis was carried out prior to, during and following the NOR task. RESULTS Vehicle rats successfully discriminated between novel and familiar objects and this was accompanied by a significant increase in dopamine in the PFC during the retention trial ( p < 0.01). scPCP produced a significant deficit in NOR ( p < 0.05 vs. control) and no PFC dopamine increase was observed. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate an increase in dopamine during the retention trial in vehicle rats that was not observed in scPCP-treated rats accompanied by cognitive disruption in the scPCP group. This novel finding suggests a mechanism by which cognitive deficits are produced in this animal model and support its use for investigating disorders in which PFC dopamine is central to the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L McLean
- 1 School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Michael K Harte
- 2 Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Joanna C Neill
- 2 Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Mj Young
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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18
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Morozova M, Burminskiy D, Rupchev G, Lepilkina T, Potanin S, Beniashvili A, Lavrovsky Y, Vostokova N, Ivaschenko A. 5-HT6 Receptor Antagonist as an Adjunct Treatment Targeting Residual Symptoms in Patients With Schizophrenia: Unexpected Sex-Related Effects (Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial). J Clin Psychopharmacol 2017; 37:169-175. [PMID: 28141622 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treating patients who experience residual psychotic symptoms during remission of schizophrenia remains one of the most challenging problems. The mechanisms underlying these symptoms differ from those of acute hallucinations and delusions. 5-HT6 receptor antagonists have been considered promising agents in treatment of residual psychotic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of a selective 5-HT6 inhibitor Avisetron in the reduction of residual psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia on stable antipsychotic therapy. METHODS Eighty clinically stable outpatient subjects with schizophrenia with residual psychotic symptoms were randomized in a double-blind manner to 6 weeks of Avisetron or placebo at 1:1 ratio. Subjects received 8 mg of Avisetron or placebo on top their stable antipsychotic treatment. Standard clinical scales and cognitive tests were used for endpoint assessment. The primary efficacy endpoint was the mean reduction of total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score after 6 weeks of treatment. RESULTS No significant differences in the primary and secondary endpoints were found between the groups. However, based on the subgroup analysis, the significant improvement of total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score and residual psychotic symptoms was observed in female patients. CONCLUSIONS It was a negative study with unexpected benefits of the drug only in females. We hypothesized that the role of patients' sex can impact the treatment response to serotonergic drugs in general. We suggest a possible synergistic interaction between estrogen and Avisetron by means of modulating the effect of estrogens on the serotonergic system. Future studies targeting the sex-related effects of serotonergic drugs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Morozova
- From the *Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia; †R-Pharm Overseas, Inc, San Diego, CA; ‡IPHARMA LLC (ChemRar/ChemDiv group), Moscow, Russia; §ChemDiv, San-Diego, CA
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RP5063, an atypical antipsychotic drug with a unique pharmacologic profile, improves declarative memory and psychosis in mouse models of schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2017; 332:180-199. [PMID: 28373127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Various types of atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs) modestly improve the cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). RP5063 is an AAPD with a diverse and unique pharmacology, including partial agonism at dopamine (DA) D2, D3, D4, serotonin (5-HT)1A, and 5-HT2A receptors (Rs), full agonism at α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh)R (nAChR), and antagonism at 5-HT2B, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7Rs. Most atypical APDs are 5-HT2A inverse agonists. The efficacy of RP5063 in mouse models of psychosis and episodic memory were studied. RP5063 blocked acute phencyclidine (PCP)-as well as amphetamine-induced hyperactivity, indicating antipsychotic activity. Acute administration of RP5063 significantly reversed subchronic (sc)PCP-induced impairment in novel object recognition (NOR), a measure of episodic memory, but not reversal learning, a measure of executive function. Co-administration of a sub-effective dose (SED) of RP5063 with SEDs of a 5-HT7R antagonist, a 5-HT1BR antagonist, a 5-HT2AR inverse agonist, or an α4β2 nAChR agonist, restored the ability of RP5063 to ameliorate the NOR deficit in scPCP mice. Pre-treatment with a 5-HT1AR, a D4R, antagonist, but not an α4β2 nAChR antagonist, blocked the ameliorating effect of RP5063. Further, co-administration of scRP5063 prior to each dose of PCP prevented the effect of PCP to produce a deficit in NOR for one week. RP5063, given to scPCP-treated mice for one week restored NOR for one week only. Acute administration of RP5063 significantly increased cortical DA efflux, which may be critical to some of its cognitive enhancing properties. These results indicate that RP5063, by itself, or as an adjunctive treatment has a multifaceted basis for improving some cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia.
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20
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Subchronic anesthetic ketamine injections in rats impair choice reversal learning, but have no effect on reinforcer devaluation. Behav Pharmacol 2017; 28:294-302. [PMID: 28118210 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous exposure to a variety of drugs of abuse has been shown to cause long-term impairments in reversal learning and reinforcer devaluation tasks. However, there is mixed evidence in the literature for a long-term effect of ketamine exposure on reversal learning and the long-term effect of ketamine exposure on devaluation is not known. We determined whether repeated injections of an anesthetic dose of ketamine would lead to impairments in choice reversal learning after discrimination learning or impairments in reinforcer devaluation. In two experiments, rats received three injections once-daily of ketamine (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or saline and then began behavioral training 19 days later so that the key reversal learning and devaluation tests would occur about 1 month after the final ketamine injection. This ketamine exposure regimen did not impair learning in our discrimination task, but led to an increase in perseverative errors in reversal learning. However, the same ketamine exposure regimen (or injections of a lower 50 mg/kg dose) had no effect on behavior in the devaluation task. The behavioral patterns observed suggest possible neural mechanisms for the effects of ketamine, but future neurobiological investigations will be needed to isolate these mechanisms.
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21
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Mombereau C, Arnt J, Mørk A. Involvement of presynaptic 5-HT 1A receptors in the low propensity of brexpiprazole to induce extrapyramidal side effects in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 153:141-146. [PMID: 28057524 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that partial and full 5-HT1A receptor agonists reduce antipsychotic-induced catalepsy. Consequently, some antipsychotics combining balanced efficacy between dopamine (DA) D2 antagonism or partial agonism and 5-HT1A receptor agonism have a low propensity to induce extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), as reflected by low cataleptogenic activity in rodents. In the present experiments, we attempted to explore the importance of pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A agonistic properties of brexpiprazole and aripiprazole in the context of neurological side-effect liabilities. Additional measures of prefrontal cortical serotonin (5-HT) and DA levels using microdialysis were used to support that brexpiprazole has a preferential agonist effect on presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. Brexpiprazole (3.0 and 10mg/kg, p.o.) as well as aripiprazole (8.0 and 30mg/kg, p.o.) failed to induce catalepsy in rats. Brexpiprazole (10mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the cataleptic response induced by haloperidol (0.63mg/kg, s.c.), while aripiprazole (1.0-100mg/kg, p.o.) failed to reverse the effect of haloperidol and only showed a numeric decrease at 10mg/kg, (p.o.). When 5-HT1A receptors were blocked by the selective antagonist, WAY100635 (1.0mg/kg, s.c.), cataleptogenic properties of brexpiprazole (10mg/kg; p.o), but not aripiprazole (8.0 and 30mg/kg, p.o.) were unmasked. The ("biased") 5-HT1A receptor agonists F15599 (postsynaptic preference) and F13714 (presynaptic preference) had differential effects on haloperidol-induced catalepsy: F13714 (0.16mg/kg, s.c.) counteracted catalepsy, whereas F15599 (0.040mg/kg, s.c.) had no significant effect at regionally-selective doses. These data support a role of presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors in the anticataleptic effect of brexpiprazole. The selective 5-HT2A antagonist M100907 (0.10mg/kg, s.c.) had no effect on haloperidol-induced catalepsy, arguing against a major role of 5-HT2A receptors in the cataleptogenic profile of brexpiprazole. The findings with brexpiprazole were supported using microdialysis studies: Brexpiprazole (3.0 and 10mg/kg, p.o.) decreased extracellular 5-HT levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), while it failed to affect extracellular DA in the same samples, suggesting that the 5-HT1A agonist properties of brexpiprazole may be preferentially presynaptic. In conclusion, these results confirm that brexpiprazole and aripiprazole have low propensities to induce EPS. However, the low EPS risk of brexpiprazole is more likely dependent on its agonist properties on presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors, while that of aripiprazole is less sensitive to 5-HT1A receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Mombereau
- Synaptic Transmission In Vivo, Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark.
| | - Jørn Arnt
- Sunred Pharma Consulting ApS, Svend Gønges Vej 11ADK, 2680 Solrød Strand, Denmark
| | - Arne Mørk
- Synaptic Transmission In Vivo, Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
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Rajagopal L, Massey BW, Michael E, Meltzer HY. Serotonin (5-HT)1A receptor agonism and 5-HT7 receptor antagonism ameliorate the subchronic phencyclidine-induced deficit in executive functioning in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:649-60. [PMID: 26558619 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Reversal learning (RL), a type of executive function, dependent on prefrontal cortical function, is impaired in rodents by subchronic (sc) treatment with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP), a widely studied model of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia (CIS). OBJECTIVE The principal objective of this study was to determine the ability of serotonin (5-HT)1A partial agonism and 5-HT7 receptor antagonism to improve RL in scPCP-treated mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were trained on an operant RL (ORL) task, then received PCP, 10 mg/kg, or saline, bid, for 7 days, followed by a 7-day washout period. RESULTS scPCP significantly diminished the percent correct responding, increased total incorrect trials, and total incorrect responses, in the reversal phase performance of the ORL task. Pre-treatment with the selective 5-HT1A partial agonist, tandospirone, or the selective 5-HT7 antagonist, SB269970, but not the 5-HT7 agonist, AS 19, reversed the scPCP-induced deficit in RL. Pre-treatment with atypical antipsychotic drug lurasidone, which is a 5-HT1A partial agonist and 5-HT7 antagonist, as well as a 5-HT2A and dopamine (D)2 antagonist, also reversed RL deficit in the scPCP-treated mice. Furthermore, the selective 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY100635, blocked the ability of lurasidone to reverse the scPCP-induced RL deficit. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that 5-HT7 antagonism and 5-HT1A partial agonism contribute to restoration of RL in scPCP-treated mice. It is suggested that these two mechanisms are effective in restoring RL by decreasing excessive GABAergic inhibition of cortical pyramidal neurons following withdrawal of scPCP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303E Chicago Ave, Ward Building 7-101, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Bill W Massey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303E Chicago Ave, Ward Building 7-101, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Eric Michael
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303E Chicago Ave, Ward Building 7-101, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Herbert Y Meltzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303E Chicago Ave, Ward Building 7-101, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Higgs S, Cooper AJ, Barnes NM. The 5-HT₂C receptor agonist, lorcaserin, and the 5-HT₆ receptor antagonist, SB-742457, promote satiety; a microstructural analysis of feeding behaviour. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:417-24. [PMID: 26507195 PMCID: PMC4710672 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Whilst the FDA-approved anorectic, lorcaserin and various 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)6 receptor antagonists reduce feeding, a direct assessment of their impact upon feeding behaviour is less clear. We therefore examined the action of lorcaserin and the clinical-stage developmental candidate 5-HT6 receptor antagonist, SB-742457, upon microstructural analysis of licking behaviour. Such analysis provides a rich source of information about the mechanisms controlling food intake. OBJECTIVES The objective of the present study was to gain insight into the influence upon feeding behaviour of the 5-HT2C receptor agonist, lorcaserin and the developmental 5-HT6 receptor antagonist, SB-742457. METHODS The impact of lorcaserin and SB-742457 upon licking behaviour of non-deprived rats for a glucose solution was assessed using microstructural analysis. RESULTS Lorcaserin (0.1-3.0 mg/kg) displayed a dose-dependent ability to reduce glucose consumption via reduction in the number of bouts of licking. A similar action was evident with SB-742457, but only at the lowest dose tested (3.0 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS The behavioural actions of both lorcaserin and SB-742457 demonstrate they directly promote satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Alison J. Cooper
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Nicholas M. Barnes
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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24
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Janhunen SK, Svärd H, Talpos J, Kumar G, Steckler T, Plath N, Lerdrup L, Ruby T, Haman M, Wyler R, Ballard TM. The subchronic phencyclidine rat model: relevance for the assessment of novel therapeutics for cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4059-83. [PMID: 26070547 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Current treatments for schizophrenia have modest, if any, efficacy on cognitive dysfunction, creating a need for novel therapies. Their development requires predictive animal models. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) hypothesis of schizophrenia indicates the use of NMDA antagonists, like subchronic phencyclidine (scPCP) to model cognitive dysfunction in adult animals. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to assess the scPCP model by (1) reviewing published findings of scPCP-induced neurochemical changes and effects on cognitive tasks in adult rats and (2) comparing findings from a multi-site study to determine scPCP effects on standard and touchscreen cognitive tasks. METHODS Across four research sites, the effects of scPCP (typically 5 mg/kg twice daily for 7 days, followed by at least 7-day washout) in adult male Lister Hooded rats were studied on novel object recognition (NOR) with 1-h delay, acquisition and reversal learning in Morris water maze and touchscreen-based visual discrimination. RESULTS Literature findings showed that scPCP impaired attentional set-shifting (ASST) and NOR in several labs and induced a variety of neurochemical changes across different labs. In the multi-site study, scPCP impaired NOR, but not acquisition or reversal learning in touchscreen or water maze. Yet, this treatment regimen induced locomotor hypersensitivity to acute PCP until 13-week post-cessation. CONCLUSIONS The multi-site study confirmed that scPCP impaired NOR and ASST only and demonstrated the reproducibility and usefulness of the touchscreen approach. Our recommendation, prior to testing novel therapeutics in the scPCP model, is to be aware that further work is required to understand the neurochemical changes and specificity of the cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna K Janhunen
- CNS Research, Research and Development, Orion Pharma, Orion Corporation, Tengstrominkatu 8, P.O. Box 425, 20101, Turku, Finland.
| | - Heta Svärd
- CNS Research, Research and Development, Orion Pharma, Orion Corporation, Tengstrominkatu 8, P.O. Box 425, 20101, Turku, Finland
| | - John Talpos
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Thomas Steckler
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Niels Plath
- Synaptic Transmission, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Linda Lerdrup
- Synaptic Transmission, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Trine Ruby
- Synaptic Transmission, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Marie Haman
- Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roger Wyler
- Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Theresa M Ballard
- Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
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25
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PCP-based mice models of schizophrenia: differential behavioral, neurochemical and cellular effects of acute and subchronic treatments. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4085-97. [PMID: 25943167 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) hypofunction has been proposed to account for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Thus, NMDA-R blockade has been used to model schizophrenia in experimental animals. Acute and repeated treatments have been successfully tested; however, long-term exposure to NMDA-R antagonists more likely resembles the core symptoms of the illness. OBJECTIVES To explore whether schizophrenia-related behaviors are differentially induced by acute and subchronic phencyclidine (PCP) treatment in mice and to examine the neurobiological bases of these differences. RESULTS Subchronic PCP induced a sensitization of acute locomotor effects. Spontaneous alternation in a T-maze and novel object recognition performance were impaired after subchronic but not acute PCP, suggesting a deficit in working memory. On the contrary, reversal learning and immobility in the tail suspension test were unaffected. Subchronic PCP significantly reduced basal dopamine but not serotonin output in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and markedly decreased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the ventral tegmental area. Finally, acute and subchronic PCP treatments evoked a different pattern of c-fos expression. At 1 h post-treatment, acute PCP increased c-fos expression in many cortical regions, striatum, thalamus, hippocampus, and dorsal raphe. However, the increased c-fos expression produced by subchronic PCP was restricted to the retrosplenial cortex, thalamus, hippocampus, and supramammillary nucleus. Four days after the last PCP injection, c-fos expression was still increased in the hippocampus of subchronic PCP-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Acute and subchronic PCP administration differently affects neuronal activity in brain regions relevant to schizophrenia, which could account for their different behavioral effects.
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McAllister KAL, Mar AC, Theobald DE, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ. Comparing the effects of subchronic phencyclidine and medial prefrontal cortex dysfunction on cognitive tests relevant to schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015. [PMID: 26194915 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE It is becoming increasingly clear that the development of treatments for cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia requires urgent attention, and that valid animal models of relevant impairments are required. With subchronic psychotomimetic agent phencyclidine (scPCP), a putative model of such impairment, the extent to which changes following scPCP do or do not resemble those following dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex is of importance. OBJECTIVES The present study carried out a comparison of the most common scPCP dosing regimen with excitotoxin-induced medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) dysfunction in rats, across several cognitive tests relevant to schizophrenia. METHODS ScPCP subjects were dosed intraperitoneal with 5 mg/kg PCP or vehicle twice daily for 1 week followed by 1 week washout prior to behavioural testing. mPFC dysfunction was induced via fibre-sparing excitotoxin infused into the pre-limbic and infralimbic cortex. Subjects were tested on spontaneous novel object recognition, touchscreen object-location paired-associates learning and touchscreen reversal learning. RESULTS A double-dissociation was observed between object-location paired-associates learning and object recognition: mPFC dysfunction impaired acquisition of the object-location task but not spontaneous novel object recognition, while scPCP impaired spontaneous novel object recognition but not object-location associative learning. Both scPCP and mPFC dysfunction resulted in a similar facilitation of reversal learning. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of impairment following scPCP raises questions around its efficacy as a model of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, particularly if importance is placed on faithfully replicating the effects of mPFC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A L McAllister
- University of Cambridge Department of Psychology, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK. .,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK. .,, 20 Manchester Sq., London, W1U 3PZ, UK.
| | - A C Mar
- University of Cambridge Department of Psychology, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - D E Theobald
- University of Cambridge Department of Psychology, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - L M Saksida
- University of Cambridge Department of Psychology, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - T J Bussey
- University of Cambridge Department of Psychology, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
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27
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McLean SL, Grayson B, Marsh S, Zarroug SHO, Harte MK, Neill JC. Nicotinic α7 and α4β2 agonists enhance the formation and retrieval of recognition memory: Potential mechanisms for cognitive performance enhancement in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Behav Brain Res 2015; 302:73-80. [PMID: 26327238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic dysfunction has been shown to be central to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease and has also been postulated to contribute to cognitive dysfunction observed in various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Deficits are found across a number of cognitive domains and in spite of several attempts to develop new therapies, these remain an unmet clinical need. In the current study we investigated the efficacy of donepezil, risperidone and selective nicotinic α7 and α4β2 receptor agonists to reverse a delay-induced deficit in recognition memory. Adult female Hooded Lister rats received drug treatments and were tested in the novel object recognition (NOR) task following a 6h inter-trial interval (ITI). In all treatment groups, there was no preference for the left or right identical objects in the acquisition trial. Risperidone failed to enhance recognition memory in this paradigm whereas donepezil was effective such that rats discriminated between the novel and familiar object in the retention trial following a 6h ITI. Although a narrow dose range of PNU-282987 and RJR-2403 was tested, only one dose of each increased recognition memory, the highest dose of PNU-282987 (10mg/kg) and the lowest dose of RJR-2403 (0.1mg/kg), indicative of enhanced cognitive performance. Interestingly, these compounds were also efficacious when administered either before the acquisition or the retention trial of the task, suggesting an important role for nicotinic receptor subtypes in the formation and retrieval of recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L McLean
- Bradford School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Ben Grayson
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Samuel Marsh
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Samah H O Zarroug
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Michael K Harte
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jo C Neill
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, M13 9PT, UK
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Abstract
Sertindole is an atypical antipsychotic reintroduced into the European market in 2005 after a reevaluation of its risks and benefits, under the agreement that close electrocardiographic screening would be conducted. It has a high affinity for dopamine D2, serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C, and α1 adrenergic receptors. Moreover, sertindole shows modest affinity for H1-histaminergic and muscarinic receptors. The pharmacological properties, clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of sertindole are covered in this article based on a literature review from 1990 to 2014. Given current available findings, sertindole is at least effective as haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine on schizophrenia symptoms. Regarding its efficacy on cognitive symptoms, sertindole effect is supported by both preclinical and clinical studies versus haloperidol and olanzapine; however, its role on cognition needs further clarification. Concerning safety and tolerability issues, sertindole is characterized by a low potential to cause sedation and extrapyramidal symptoms, and by an acceptable metabolic profile; nevertheless, cardiac safety remains a major concern, and the electrocardiographic monitoring should be carried out during treatment to substantially reduce cardiovascular risk. In conclusion, although it has an equivalent profile compared to other antipsychotic drugs, sertindole actually remains a second-line choice for schizophrenic patients intolerant to at least one other antipsychotic agent.
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Fellini L, Kumar G, Gibbs S, Steckler T, Talpos J. Re-evaluating the PCP challenge as a pre-clinical model of impaired cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1836-49. [PMID: 25300235 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
NMDA-R antagonists are a popular translational pharmacological challenge to induce cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. Amongst their many cognitive and non-cognitive effects is an ability to impair cognitive flexibility in general, and reversal learning in particular. Here, we test the hypothesis that the NMDA-R antagonist phencyclidine when given acutely selectively effects reversal learning by simultaneously measuring reversal learning and baseline responding, or acquisition and baseline responding, under identical conditions. Animals were trained to simultaneously perform two different visual discriminations in a touch-screen equipped operant box. Accordingly the reward contingencies associated with one pair could be altered, while the second pair acted as an experimental control. As such, the effect of a manipulation on reversal learning, stimuli acquisition, or baseline responding can be more accurately evaluated through the use of a double visual discrimination. A similar approach was also used to investigate the influence of sub-chronic phencyclidine administration on cognitive flexibility. Phencyclidine (1mg/kg) given before testing caused a slowing in acquisition and reversal learning, while having a minimal effect on secondary measures. Sub-chronic phencyclidine administration had no significant effect on any of the measures used within this study. While acute phencyclidine impairs reversal learning, it is clear from these results that other aspects of cognition (learning/relearning) are also impaired, potentially questioning the specificity of acute phencyclidine in conjunction with reversal learning paradigms as a model of impaired cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Fellini
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Steven Gibbs
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Thomas Steckler
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - John Talpos
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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30
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Muscatello MRA, Bruno A, Micali Bellinghieri P, Pandolfo G, Zoccali RA. Sertindole in schizophrenia: efficacy and safety issues. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:1943-53. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.947960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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31
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Redrobe JP, Jørgensen M, Christoffersen CT, Montezinho LP, Bastlund JF, Carnerup M, Bundgaard C, Lerdrup L, Plath N. In vitro and in vivo characterisation of Lu AF64280, a novel, brain penetrant phosphodiesterase (PDE) 2A inhibitor: potential relevance to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3151-67. [PMID: 24577516 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present the pharmacological characterisation of Lu AF64280, a novel, selective, brain penetrant phosphodiesterase (PDE) 2A inhibitor, in in vitro/in vivo assays indicative of PDE2A inhibition, and in vivo models/assays relevant to cognitive processing or antipsychotic-like activity. The in vitro selectivity of Lu AF64280 was determined against a panel of PDE enzymes and 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels in the hippocampus were determined using in vivo microdialysis. Lu AF64280 potently inhibited hPDE2A (Ki = 20 nM), 50-fold above moderate inhibition of both hPDE9A (Ki = 1,000 nM) and hPDE10A (Ki = 1,800 nM), and displayed a >250-fold selectivity over all other full-length human recombinant PDE family members (Ki above 5,000 nM). Lu AF64280 (20 mg/kg) significantly increased cGMP levels in the hippocampus (p < 0.01 versus vehicle-treated mice), attenuated sub-chronic phencyclidine-induced deficits in novel object exploration in rats (10 mg/kg, p < 0.001 versus vehicle-treated), blocked early postnatal phencyclidine-induced deficits in the intradimensional/extradimensional shift task in rats (1 and 10 mg/kg, p < 0.001 versus vehicle-treated) and attenuated spontaneous P20-N40 auditory gating deficits in DBA/2 mice (20 mg/kg, p < 0.05 versus vehicle-treated). In contrast, Lu AF64280 failed to attenuate phencyclidine-induced hyperactivity in mice, and was devoid of antipsychotic-like activity in the conditioned avoidance response paradigm in rats, at any dose tested. Lu AF64280 represents a novel tool compound for selective PDE2A inhibition that substantiates a critical role of this enzyme in cognitive processes under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Redrobe
- Neuroscience Research DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, Valby, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Maeda K, Lerdrup L, Sugino H, Akazawa H, Amada N, McQuade RD, Stensbøl TB, Bundgaard C, Arnt J, Kikuchi T. Brexpiprazole II: Antipsychotic-Like and Procognitive Effects of a Novel Serotonin-Dopamine Activity Modulator. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:605-14. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.213819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Maeda K, Sugino H, Akazawa H, Amada N, Shimada J, Futamura T, Yamashita H, Ito N, McQuade RD, Mørk A, Pehrson AL, Hentzer M, Nielsen V, Bundgaard C, Arnt J, Stensbøl TB, Kikuchi T. Brexpiprazole I: In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of a Novel Serotonin-Dopamine Activity Modulator. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:589-604. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.213793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Translating the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist model of schizophrenia to treatments for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:2181-94. [PMID: 24099265 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, phencyclidine (PCP), dizocilpine (MK-801), or ketamine, given subchronically (sc) to rodents and primates, produce prolonged deficits in cognitive function, including novel object recognition (NOR), an analog of human declarative memory, one of the cognitive domains impaired in schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs) have been reported to improve declarative memory in some patients with schizophrenia, as well as to ameliorate and prevent the NOR deficit in rodents following scNMDAR antagonist treatment. While the efficacy of AAPDs to improve cognitive impairment in schizophrenia (CIS) is limited, at best, and controversial, single doses of all currently available AAPDs so far tested transiently restore NOR in rodents following scNMDAR antagonist treatment. Typical antipsychotic drugs (APDs), e.g. haloperidol and perphenazine, are ineffective in this rodent model, and may be less effective as treatments of some domains of CIS. Serotonergic mechanisms, including, but not limited to serotonin (5-HT)2A and 5-HT7 antagonism, 5-HT(1A), and GABA(A) agonism, contribute to the efficacy of the AAPDs in the scNMDAR antagonist rodent models, which are relevant to the loss of GABA interneuron/hyperglutamate hypothesis of the etiology of CIS. The ability of sub-effective doses of the atypical APDs to ameliorate NOR in the scNMDAR-treated rodents can be restored by the addition of a sub-effective dose of the 5-HT(1A) partial agonist, tandospirone, or the 5-HT7 antagonist, SB269970. The mGluR2/3 agonist, LY379268, which itself is unable to restore NOR in the scNMDAR-treated rodents, can also restore NOR when given with lurasidone, an AAPD. Enhancing cortical and hippocampal dopamine and acetylcholine efflux, or both, may contribute to the restoration of NOR by the atypical APDs. Importantly, co-administration of lurasidone, tandospirone, or SB269970, with PCP, to rodents, at doses 5-10 fold greater than those acutely effective to restore NOR following scNMDAR treatment, prevents the effect of scPCP to produce an enduring deficit in NOR. This difference in dosage may be relevant to utilizing AAPDs to prevent the onset of CIS in individuals at high risk for developing schizophrenia. The scNMDAR paradigm may be useful for identifying possible means to treat and prevent CIS.
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de Bruin N, van Drimmelen M, Kops M, van Elk J, Wetering MMVD, Schwienbacher I. Effects of risperidone, clozapine and the 5-HT6 antagonist GSK-742457 on PCP-induced deficits in reversal learning in the two-lever operant task in male Sprague Dawley rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 244:15-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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36
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Nikiforuk A, Fijał K, Potasiewicz A, Popik P, Kos T. The 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 6 agonist EMD 386088 ameliorates ketamine-induced deficits in attentional set shifting and novel object recognition, but not in the prepulse inhibition in rats. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:469-76. [PMID: 23479455 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113480991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical data suggest that the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 6 (5-HT6) receptor may be a potential target for the development of new therapies for treating cognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia and other central nervous system disorders. Recent evidence indicates that not only blockade but also activation of 5-HT6 receptors exerts procognitive effects. Nevertheless, little is known about the potential efficacy of 5-HT6 receptor agonists in models of schizophrenia-like cognitive deficits. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the 5-HT6 receptor agonist, EMD 386088, on the ketamine-induced deficits in the attentional set-shifting task (ASST), novel object recognition (NOR) task and prepulse inhibition (PPI) task in rats. Acute administration of EMD 386088 (2.5 and 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) to Sprague-Dawley rats reversed the deficit in the ASST induced by repeated ketamine administration. Moreover, the ketamine-induced deficit in the NOR task was ameliorated by EMD 386088 at a dose of 5 mg/kg. However, in contrast to the antipsychotic drug clozapine, the 5-HT6 agonist did not affect PPI disrupted by ketamine. The present study demonstrated the beneficial effects of the 5-HT6 agonist in ameliorating some of the ketamine-induced deficits relevant to schizophrenia. It thus seems likely that the 5-HT6 receptor activation may represent a useful pharmacological approach to the treatment of cognitive disturbances observed in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Nikiforuk
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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Tarazi FI, Neill JC. The preclinical profile of asenapine: clinical relevance for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar mania. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 8:93-103. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.738193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank I Tarazi
- Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience,
115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA ;
| | - Jo C Neill
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Young JW, Jentsch JD, Bussey TJ, Wallace TL, Hutcheson DM. Consideration of species differences in developing novel molecules as cognition enhancers. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 37:2181-93. [PMID: 23064177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The NIH-funded CNTRICS initiative has coordinated efforts to promote the vertical translation of novel procognitive molecules from testing in mice, rats and non-human primates, to clinical efficacy in patients with schizophrenia. CNTRICS highlighted improving construct validation of tasks across species to increase the likelihood that the translation of a candidate molecule to humans will be successful. Other aspects of cross-species behaviors remain important however. This review describes cognitive tasks utilized across species, providing examples of differences and similarities of innate behavior between species, as well as convergent construct and predictive validity. Tests of attention, olfactory discrimination, reversal learning, and paired associate learning are discussed. Moreover, information on the practical implication of species differences in drug development research is also provided. The issues covered here will aid in task development and utilization across species as well as reinforcing the positive role preclinical research can have in developing procognitive treatments for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA.
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Simpson SM, Hickey AJ, Baker GB, Reynolds JN, Beninger RJ. The antidepressant phenelzine enhances memory in the double Y-maze and increases GABA levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:109-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Redrobe JP, Elster L, Frederiksen K, Bundgaard C, de Jong IEM, Smith GP, Bruun AT, Larsen PH, Didriksen M. Negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors by RO4938581 attenuates discrete sub-chronic and early postnatal phencyclidine (PCP)-induced cognitive deficits in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 221:451-68. [PMID: 22124672 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A growing body of evidence suggests that negative modulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) GABA(A) α5 receptors may be a promising strategy for the treatment of certain facets of cognitive impairment; however, selective modulators of GABA(A) α5 receptors have not yet been tested in "schizophrenia-relevant" cognitive assay/model systems in animals. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to investigate the potential of RO4938581, a negative modulator of GABA(A) α5 receptors, and to attenuate cognitive impairments induced following sub-chronic (sub-PCP) and early postnatal PCP (neo-PCP) administration in the novel object recognition (NOR) and intra-extradimensional shift (ID/ED) paradigms in rats. Complementary in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies were performed to confirm negative modulatory activity of RO4938581 and to investigate animal model validity, concept validity and potential side effect issues, respectively. RESULTS In vitro studies confirmed the reported negative modulatory activity of RO4938581, whilst immunohistochemical analyses revealed significantly reduced parvalbumin-positive cells in the prefrontal cortex of sub-PCP- and neo-PCP-treated rats. RO4938581 (1 mg/kg) ameliorated both sub-PCP- and neo-PCP-induced cognitive deficits in NOR and ID/ED performance, respectively. In contrast, QH-II-066 (1 and 3 mg/kg), a GABA(A) α5 receptor positive modulator, impaired cognitive performance in the NOR task when administered to vehicle-treated animals. Additional studies revealed that both RO4938581 (1 mg/kg) and QH-II-066 (1 and 3 mg/kg) attenuated amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in rats. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these novel findings suggest that negative modulation of GABA(A) α5 receptors may represent an attractive treatment option for the cognitive impairments, and potentially positive symptoms, associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Redrobe
- Synaptic Transmission I, Neuroscience Research DK, H Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark.
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Abstract
Clozapine augmentation with antipsychotic drugs is widely used despite sparse evidence supporting this strategy. Sertindole is a nonsedating atypical antipsychotic drug with low affinity for cholinergic receptors, which makes it potentially suitable for augmentation of clozapine. The study design was a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study including patients with International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision schizophrenia (F20.0-F20.3) and treated with clozapine for at least 6 months who had not achieved sufficient response. Patients were randomized 1:1 to either sertindole 16 mg or placebo, and assessment was done at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks. Assessment included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Clinical Global Impression, Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser, World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief, Drug Attitude Inventory, fasting glucose, lipids, and electrocardiogram. Clozapine augmentation with sertindole was not superior to placebo regarding total score or subscale score of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Clinical Global Impression, World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief, or Drug Attitude Inventory. No increased adverse effects compared with placebo were found. Four patients randomized to sertindole experienced a significant worsening of psychosis, and 2 of them required psychiatric admission. Metabolic parameters were unchanged during the study, but augmentation of clozapine with sertindole was associated with a 12-millisecond (SD, 20-millisecond) QTc prolongation compared with 0 millisecond (SD, 20 milliseconds) in the placebo group (P < 0.03). Augmentation with sertindole showed no benefits compared with placebo. Psychiatrists should be aware that augmentation might not add any benefits for the patients and in some cases worsen psychosis.
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Gilmour G, Dix S, Fellini L, Gastambide F, Plath N, Steckler T, Talpos J, Tricklebank M. NMDA receptors, cognition and schizophrenia – Testing the validity of the NMDA receptor hypofunction hypothesis. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:1401-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Witten L, Bang-Andersen B, Nielsen SM, Miller S, Christoffersen CT, Stensbøl TB, Brennum LT, Arnt J. Characterization of [3H]Lu AE60157 ([3H]8-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-phenylsulfonylquinoline) binding to 5-hydroxytryptamine6 (5-HT6) receptors in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 676:6-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Homberg JR. Serotonin and decision making processes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:218-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a core aspect of schizophrenia that constitutes a major obstacle toward reintegration of patients into society. Although multiple cognitive deficits are evident in schizophrenia patients, no medication is currently approved for their amelioration. Although consensus clinical test batteries have been developed for the assessment of putative cognition enhancers in patients with schizophrenia, parallel animal tests remain to be validated. Having no approved treatment for cognitive symptoms means no positive control can be used to examine pharmacological predictive validity of animal models. Thus, focus has been placed on animal paradigms that have demonstrable construct validity for the cognitive domain being assessed.This review describes the growing arsenal of animal paradigms under development that have putative construct validity to cognitive domains affected in schizophrenia. We discuss (1) the construct validity of the paradigms; (2) compounds developed to investigate putative treatment targets; and (3) manipulations used to first impair task performance. Focus is placed on the paradigm design, including how the use of multivariate assessments can provide evidence that main effects of treatment are not confounded by extraneous effects.
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Jones CA, Watson DJG, Fone KCF. Animal models of schizophrenia. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 164:1162-94. [PMID: 21449915 PMCID: PMC3229756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing reliable, predictive animal models for complex psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, is essential to increase our understanding of the neurobiological basis of the disorder and for the development of novel drugs with improved therapeutic efficacy. All available animal models of schizophrenia fit into four different induction categories: developmental, drug-induced, lesion or genetic manipulation, and the best characterized examples of each type are reviewed herein. Most rodent models have behavioural phenotype changes that resemble 'positive-like' symptoms of schizophrenia, probably reflecting altered mesolimbic dopamine function, but fewer models also show altered social interaction, and learning and memory impairment, analogous to negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia respectively. The negative and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia are resistant to treatment with current antipsychotics, even after remission of the psychosis, which limits their therapeutic efficacy. The MATRICS initiative developed a consensus on the core cognitive deficits of schizophrenic patients, and recommended a standardized test battery to evaluate them. More recently, work has begun to identify specific rodent behavioural tasks with translational relevance to specific cognitive domains affected in schizophrenia, and where available this review focuses on reporting the effect of current and potential antipsychotics on these tasks. The review also highlights the need to develop more comprehensive animal models that more adequately replicate deficits in negative and cognitive symptoms. Increasing information on the neurochemical and structural CNS changes accompanying each model will also help assess treatments that prevent the development of schizophrenia rather than treating the symptoms, another pivotal change required to enable new more effective therapeutic strategies to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Jones
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Comparative pharmacology of antipsychotics possessing combined dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor properties. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 216:451-73. [PMID: 21394633 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2247-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is increasing interest in antipsychotics intended to manage positive symptoms via D(2) receptor blockade and improve negative symptoms and cognitive deficits via 5-HT(1A) activation. Such a strategy reduces side-effects such as the extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS), weight gain, and autonomic disturbance liability. OBJECTIVE This study aims to review pharmacological literature on compounds interacting at both 5-HT(1A) and D(2) receptors (as well as at other receptors), including aripiprazole, perospirone, ziprasidone, bifeprunox, lurasidone and cariprazine, PF-217830, adoprazine, SSR181507, and F15063. METHODS We examine data on in vitro binding and agonism and in vivo tests related to (1) positive symptoms (e.g., psychostimulant-induced hyperactivity or prepulse inhibition deficit), (2) negative symptoms (e.g., phencyclidine-induced social interaction deficits and cortical dopamine release), and (3) cognitive deficits (e.g., phencyclidine or scopolamine-induced memory deficits). EPS liability is assessed by measuring catalepsy and neuroendocrine impact by determining plasma prolactin, glucose, and corticosterone levels. RESULTS Compounds possessing "balanced" 5-HT(1A) receptor agonism and D(2) antagonism (or weak partial agonism) and, in some cases, combined with other beneficial properties, such as 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonism, are efficacious in a broad range of rodent pharmacological models yet have a lower propensity to elicit EPS or metabolic dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Recent compounds exhibiting combined 5-HT(1A)/D(2) properties may be effective in treating a broader range of symptoms of schizophrenia and be better tolerated than existing antipsychotics. Nevertheless, further investigations are necessary to evaluate recent compounds, notably in view of their differing levels of 5-HT(1A) affinity and efficacy, which can markedly influence activity and side-effect profiles.
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Barak S, Weiner I. Putative cognitive enhancers in preclinical models related to schizophrenia: The search for an elusive target. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:164-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mouse pharmacological models of cognitive disruption relevant to schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:1381-90. [PMID: 21726569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating cognitive disorder. The link between cognitive debilitation and functional outcome in patients with schizophrenia has prompted research to develop procognitive therapies. It is hoped that by improving cognition in these patients, their functional outcome will also improve. Although no established treatments exist as yet, progress has been made toward understanding how to evaluate putative compounds in the clinic. Genetic mouse models and pharmacological rat models of cognitive disruption are being developed that may help to evaluate these putative compounds preclinically. Considering the increased number of genetic mouse models relevant to schizophrenia, there is a need to evaluate pharmacological manipulations on cognition in mice. Here we review the current literature on mouse pharmacological models relevant to schizophrenia. In this review, we discuss where different pharmacological effects between rats and mice on cognitive tasks are observed and assess the validity offered by these models. We conclude that the predictive validity of these models is currently difficult to assess and that much more needs to be done to develop useful mouse pharmacological models of cognitive disruption in schizophrenia.
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Sertindole restores attentional performance and suppresses glutamate release induced by the NMDA receptor antagonist CPP. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 214:625-37. [PMID: 21049266 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) impairs performance in the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) and increases glutamate (GLU) release. Recent research suggests that excessive GLU release may be critical for attention deficits. OBJECTIVES We tested this hypothesis by investigating the effects of the atypical antipsychotics sertindole and clozapine on 3-(R)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP)-induced performance deficits in the 5-CSRTT and on the CPP-induced GLU release in the mPFC. METHODS The 5-CSRTT, a test of divided and sustained visual attention providing indices of attentional functioning (accuracy of visual discrimination), response control (anticipatory and perseverative responses) and intracortical microdialysis in conscious rats were used to investigate the effects of sertindole and clozapine. RESULTS Low doses of sertindole (0.02-0.32 mg/kg) prevented CPP-induced accuracy deficits, anticipatory over-responding and the rise in GLU release. In contrast, doses ranging from 0.6 to 2.5 mg/kg had no effect or even enhanced the effect of CPP on anticipatory responding. Similarly, 2.5 mg/kg sertindole was unable to reverse CPP-induced rise in GLU release. Clozapine (2.5 mg/kg) prevented accuracy deficits and the increase in anticipatory responding and abolished the rise in GLU release induced by CPP. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that the ameliorating effects of sertindole and clozapine on NMDA receptor dependent attention deficit is associated with suppression in GLU release in the mPFC. This supports the proposal that suppression in GLU release might be a target for the development of novel drugs aimed at counteracting some aspects of cognitive deficits of schizophrenia.
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