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Stevens H, Barmuta LA, Chase Z, Saunders KM, Zawadzki A, Bowie AR, Perron MMG, Sanz Rodriguez E, Paull B, Child DP, Hotchkis MAC, Proemse BC. Comparing levoglucosan and mannosan ratios in sediments and corresponding aerosols from recent Australian fires. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:174068. [PMID: 38897468 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The monosaccharide anhydrides levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan are known as 'fire sugars' as they are powerful proxies used to trace fire events. Despite their increasing use, their application is not completely understood, especially in the context of tracing past fire events using sediment samples. There are many uncertainties about fire sugar formation, partitioning, transport, complexation, and stability along all stages of the source-to-sink pathway. While these uncertainties exist, the efficacy of fire sugars as fire tracers remains limited. This study compared high-resolution fire sugar fluxes in freshwater sediment cores to known fire records in Tasmania, Australia. Past fire events correlated with fire sugar flux increases down-core, with the magnitude of the flux inversely proportional to the distance of the fires from the study site. For the first time, fire sugar ratios (levoglucosan/mannosan, L/M) in aerosols were compared with those in sediments from the same time-period. The L/M ratio in surface sediments (1.42-2.58) were significantly lower than in corresponding aerosols (5.08-15.62). We propose two hypotheses that may explain the lower average L/M of sediments. Firstly, the degradation rate of levoglucosan is higher than mannosan in the water column, sediment-water interface, and/or sediment. Secondly, the L/M ratio of non-atmospheric emissions during fires may be lower than that of atmospheric emissions from the same fire. Due to the uncertainties about transport partitioning (atmospheric versus non-atmospheric emissions) and fire sugar degradation along all stages of the source-to-sink pathway, we advise caution when inferring vegetation type (e.g. softwood, hardwood, or grasses) based purely on fire sugar ratios in sediments (e.g. L/M ratio). Future investigations are required to increase the efficacy of fire sugars as a complimentary, or standalone, fire tracer in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Stevens
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | - Leon A Barmuta
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Zanna Chase
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Krystyna M Saunders
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Atun Zawadzki
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Andrew R Bowie
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Australian Antarctic Program Partnership (AAPP), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Morgane M G Perron
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Université de Brest - UMR 6539 CNRS/IRD/Ifremer/LEMAR IUEM, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Estrella Sanz Rodriguez
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Hyphenated Analytical Separation Technologies (HyTECH), School of Natural Sciences, Chemistry, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Hyphenated Analytical Separation Technologies (HyTECH), School of Natural Sciences, Chemistry, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - David P Child
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Michael A C Hotchkis
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Bernadette C Proemse
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Derwent Estuary Program, 24 Davey Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
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Yao X, Wang N, Zheng X, Li Q, Santos E, Maharjan L, Wang J, Guo Z, Guo J, Zhang H, Zheng K, Wu J, Li Y. Highly sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry detection method for levoglucosan based on Na + enhancing its ionization efficiency. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7030-7036. [PMID: 36874944 PMCID: PMC9977456 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07419b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The sensitive determination of levoglucosan in aqueous samples has great significance for the study of biomass burning. Although some sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) detection methods have been developed for levoglucosan, there are still plenty of shortcomings, such as complicated sample pre-treatment procedures, large-amount sample requirements, and poor reproducibility. Herein, a new method for the determination of levoglucosan in the aqueous sample was developed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). In this method, we firstly found that compared with H+, Na+ could effectively enhance the ionization efficiency of levoglucosan, even though the content of H+ is higher in the environment. Moreover, the precursor ion m/z 185.1 [M + Na]+ could be used as a quantitative ion to sensitively detect levoglucosan in aqueous samples. Only 2 μL of un-pretreated sample is required for one injection in this method, and great linearity was obtained (R 2 = 0.9992) using the external standard method when the concentration of levoglucosan was 0.5-50 ng mL-1. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.1 ng mL-1 (0.2 pg absolute mass injected) and 0.3 ng mL-1, respectively. Acceptable repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery were achieved. This method has the advantages of high sensitivity, good stability, good reproducibility, and simple operation, which could be widely used for the detection of different concentrations of levoglucosan in various water samples, especially for the detection of samples with low content such as ice core or snow samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiunan Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity Xi'an 710127 China .,College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Ninglian Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity Xi'an 710127 China .,College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Beijing 100101 China
| | - Xingwang Zheng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Quanlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Ewerton Santos
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Linda Maharjan
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity Xi'an 710127 China .,College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Zhihui Guo
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity Xi'an 710127 China .,College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity Xi'an 710127 China .,College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Kui Zheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity Xi'an 710127 China .,College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Jingquan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS Lanzhou 730000 China
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3
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Vincenti B, Paris E, Carnevale M, Palma A, Guerriero E, Borello D, Paolini V, Gallucci F. Saccharides as Particulate Matter Tracers of Biomass Burning: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4387. [PMID: 35410070 PMCID: PMC8998709 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The adverse effects of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on health and ecosystems, as well as on meteorology and climate change, are well known to the scientific community. It is therefore undeniable that a good understanding of the sources of PM is crucial for effective control of emissions and to protect public health. One of the major contributions to atmospheric PM is biomass burning, a practice used both in agriculture and home heating, which can be traced and identified by analyzing sugars emitted from the combustion of cellulose and hemicellulose that make up biomass. In this review comparing almost 200 selected articles, we highlight the most recent studies that broaden such category of tracers, covering research publications on residential wood combustions, open-fire or combustion chamber burnings and ambient PM in different regions of Asia, America and Europe. The purpose of the present work is to collect data in the literature that indicate a direct correspondence between biomass burning and saccharides emitted into the atmosphere with regard to distinguishing common sugars attributed to biomass burning from those that have co-causes of issue. In this paper, we provide a list of 24 compounds, including those most commonly recognized as biomass burning tracers (i.e., levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan), from which it emerges that monosaccharide anhydrides, sugar alcohols and primary sugars have been widely reported as organic tracers for biomass combustion, although it has also been shown that emissions of these compounds depend not only on combustion characteristics and equipment but also on fuel type, combustion quality and weather conditions. Although it appears that it is currently not possible to define a single compound as a universal indicator of biomass combustion, this review provides a valuable tool for the collection of information in the literature and identifies analytes that can lead to the determination of patterns for the distribution between PM generated by biomass combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Vincenti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (B.V.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Enrico Paris
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (B.V.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Monica Carnevale
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (B.V.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Adriano Palma
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (B.V.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Ettore Guerriero
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (E.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Domenico Borello
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valerio Paolini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (E.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Francesco Gallucci
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (B.V.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
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In Vitro Effects of Particulate Matter Associated with a Wildland Fire in the North-West of Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010812. [PMID: 34682553 PMCID: PMC8535364 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Wildland fires, increasing in recent decades in the Mediterranean region due to climate change, can contribute to PM levels and composition. This study aimed to investigate biological effects of PM2.5 (Ø < 2.5 µm) and PM10 (Ø < 10 µm) collected near a fire occurred in the North-West of Italy in 2017 and in three other areas (urban and rural areas). Organic extracts were assessed for mutagenicity using Ames test (TA98 and TA100 strains), cell viability (WST-1 and LDH assays) and genotoxicity (Comet assay) with human bronchial cells (BEAS-2B) and estrogenic activity using a gene reporter assay (MELN cells). In all sites, high levels of PM10 and PM2.5 were measured during the fire suggesting that near and distant sites were influenced by fire pollutants. The PM10 and PM2.5 extracts induced a significant mutagenicity in all sites and the mutagenic effect was increased with respect to historical data. All extracts induced a slight increase of the estrogenic activity but a possible antagonistic activity of PM samples collected near fire was observed. No cytotoxicity or DNA damage was detected. Results confirm that fires could be relevant for human health, since they can worsen the air quality increasing PM concentrations, mutagenic and estrogenic effects.
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Thepnuan D, Yabueng N, Chantara S, Prapamontol T, Tsai YI. Simultaneous determination of carcinogenic PAHs and levoglucosan bound to PM 2.5 for assessment of health risk and pollution sources during a smoke haze period. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:127154. [PMID: 32512328 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cPAHs) in ambient PM2.5 and a specific molecular marker of biomass burning, levoglucosan, are used to investigate the influence on public health of biomass burning. In this work, we present an effective method for one-time analysis of cPAHs and levoglucosan by GC-MS without derivatization. The method was applied for the analysis of PM2.5 samples (64.3 ± 17.6 μg m-3, n = 57) collected during a smoke haze period in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Levoglucosan was analyzed by using both the developed method (GC-MS) and a reference method (HPAEC-PAD) for comparison. Its average concentration obtained from GC-MS (0.31 ± 0.21 μg m-3) was about 4 times less than the concentration obtained from the reference method (1.22 ± 0.76 μg m-3). Therefore, a correcting factor (CF = 4) was used as a multiplying factor, to obtain a comparative value (1.23 ± 0.86 μg m-3). The average concentration of cPAHs found in PM2.5 samples was 5.88 ± 1.97 ng m-3 with the highest value of 10.86 ng m-3 indicating medium to high cancer risk due to PAHs exposure when referring to values of toxicity equivalence and inhalation cancer risk. Diagnostic ratios of BaA/(BaA + CHR) (0.48 ± 0.04) and IND/(IND + BPER) (0.58 ± 0.04) and strong correlations between PM2.5, levoglucosan and cPAHs concentrations implied that the major source of air pollution in the study period was biomass burning. PM2.5 concentration as a pollution indicator was labelled as BB-low, BB-medium, BB-high or BB-extreme; <50, 50-75, 75-100 and > 100 μg m-3, respectively. The levoglucosan and cPAHs concentration during BB-extreme pollution was 4.3 times and 2.34 times, respectively, that during BB-low pollution, and the correlation coefficient (r) between the concentrations of levoglucosan and cPAHs was as high as 0.987, indicating that the more intense the burning of biomass, the higher the carcinogenic risk in the urban air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangduean Thepnuan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Chiang Mai, 50300, Thailand
| | - Nuttipon Yabueng
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Ying I Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan.
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Ribeiro IO, do Santos EO, Batista CE, Fernandes KS, Ye J, Medeiros AS, E Oliveira RL, de Sá SS, de Sousa TR, Kayano MT, Andreoli RV, Machado CDMD, Surratt JD, Junior SD, Martin ST, de Souza RAF. Impact of biomass burning on a metropolitan area in the Amazon during the 2015 El Niño: The enhancement of carbon monoxide and levoglucosan concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114029. [PMID: 32018200 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extreme droughts associated with changes in the climate have occurred every 5 years in the Amazon during the 21st century, with the most severe being in 2015. The increase in biomass burning (BB) events that occurred during the 2015 drought had several negative socioeconomic and environmental impacts, one of which was a decrease in the air quality. This study is an investigation into the air quality in the Manaus Metropolitan Region (MMR) (central Amazon, Brazil) during the dry (September to October) and wet (April to May) seasons of 2015 and 2016. A strong El Niño event began during the wet season of 2015 and ended during the wet season of 2016. Particulate matter samples were collected in the MMR during 2015 and 2016, and analyses of the satellite-estimated total carbon monoxide (CO) column and observed levoglucosan concentrations were carried out. Levoglucosan has been shown to be significantly correlated with regional fires and is a well-established chemical tracer for the atmospheric particulates emitted by BB, and CO can be treated as a gaseous-phase tracer for BB. The number of BB events increased significantly during the El Niño period when compared to the average number during 2003-2016. Consequently, the total CO column and levoglucosan concentration values in the MMR increased by 15% and 500%, respectively, when compared to the normal conditions. These results indicate that during the period that was analyzed, the impacts of BB were exacerbated during the strong El Niño event as compared to the non-El Niño period. In this study, we provided evidence that the air quality in the MMR will degrade in the future if droughts and BB occurrences continue to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor O Ribeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Climate and Environment (CLIAMB, INPA/UEA), Av. André Araújo, 2936, Campus II, Aleixo, 69060-001, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - Erickson O do Santos
- Federal University of Amazonas, Department of Chemistry, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 1200 - Coroado I, 69067-005, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Carla E Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Climate and Environment (CLIAMB, INPA/UEA), Av. André Araújo, 2936, Campus II, Aleixo, 69060-001, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Karenn S Fernandes
- Federal University of Amazonas, Department of Chemistry, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 1200 - Coroado I, 69067-005, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adan S Medeiros
- University of Amazonas State, Superior School of Technology, Av. Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque 10 de Novembro, 69065-020, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rafael L E Oliveira
- University of Amazonas State, Superior School of Technology, Av. Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque 10 de Novembro, 69065-020, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Suzane S de Sá
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thaiane R de Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Ecology (PPG-ECO, INPA), Av. André Araújo, 97, Campus III, Adrianópolis, 69060-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Mary T Kayano
- National Institute for Space Research, Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Research, Av. Dos Astronautas, 1758 Sao José Dos Campos, 12227-010, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita V Andreoli
- University of Amazonas State, Superior School of Technology, Av. Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque 10 de Novembro, 69065-020, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Cristine de M D Machado
- Federal University of Amazonas, Department of Chemistry, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 1200 - Coroado I, 69067-005, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jason D Surratt
- University of North Carolina, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 27516, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sergio D Junior
- University of Amazonas State, Superior School of Technology, Av. Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque 10 de Novembro, 69065-020, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Scot T Martin
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rodrigo A F de Souza
- University of Amazonas State, Superior School of Technology, Av. Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque 10 de Novembro, 69065-020, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
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Zhao Y, Ren H, Deng J, Li L, Hu W, Ren L, Yue S, Fan Y, Wu L, Li J, Sun Y, Wang Z, Akimoto H, Zeng X, Cheng Y, Kong S, Su H, Cheng Y, Kawamura K, Fu P. High daytime abundance of primary organic aerosols over Mt. Emei, Southwest China in summer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134475. [PMID: 31759721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecular composition of fine aerosols in the free troposphere is poorly understood. Here, PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 μm) samples were collected at the summit of Mt. Emei (3080 m a.s.l.) in the Southwestern China on a daytime and nighttime basis during summer 2016 (June-July). The samples were analyzed by solvent-extraction followed by derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Four classes of organic compounds, i.e. n-alkanes, fatty acids, saccharides and lignin/resin acids were measured quantitatively. Fatty acids were found to be the most abundant species with an average concentration of 401 ± 419 ng m-3 (range 25.7-1490 ng m-3) in the daytime, similar to the average concentration at night (399 ± 447 ng m-3, 19.6-1970 ng m-3). However, the concentrations of biomass burning tracers (e.g., levoglucosan), primary biological aerosol tracers (e.g., mannitol and arabitol) and low molecular weight n-alkanes derived from fossil fuel combustion in daytime samples were obviously higher than those in nighttime samples. The results suggest that valley breezes transported a large number of aerosols and their precursors from the ground surface to the summit of Mt. Emei in the daytime. Estimated with tracer-based methods, the contributions of biogenic primary sources (plant debris, fungal spore, and biomass burning) to organic carbon was in the range of 3.28-83.5% (22.0 ± 17.5%) in the daytime and 3.45-37.4% (10.9 ± 8.97%) at night. As the largest contributor, biomass burning was an important anthropogenic/natural source of aerosol particles in the free troposphere over Mt. Emei. CAPSULE: Valley/mountain breeze is an important constraint to the temporal variations in organic aerosols over Mt. Emei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junjun Deng
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Linjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lujie Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Siyao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanbing Fan
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Libin Wu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hajime Akimoto
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hang Su
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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8
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Analysis of levoglucosan and its isomers in atmospheric samples by ion chromatography with electrospray lithium cationisation - Triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1610:460557. [PMID: 31570193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) emissions are a significant source of particles to the atmosphere, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, where the occurrence of anthropogenic and natural wild fires is common. These emissions can threaten human health through increased exposure, whilst simultaneously representing a significant source of trace metals and nutrients to the ocean. One well known method to track BB emissions is through monitoring the atmospheric concentration of specific monosaccharide anhydrides (MAs), specifically levoglucosan and its isomers, mannosan and galactosan. Herein, a new method for the determination of levoglucosan and its isomers in marine and terrestrial aerosol samples is presented, which delivers both high selectivity and sensitivity, through the coupling of ion chromatography and triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Optimal chromatographic conditions, providing baseline separation for target anhydrosugars in under 8 min, were obtained using a Dionex CarboPacⓇ PA-1 column with an electrolytically generated KOH gradient. To improve the ionisation efficiency for MS detection, an organic make-up solvent was fed into the IC column effluent before the ESI source, and to further increase both sensitivity and selectivity, cationisation of levoglucosan was investigated by adding salts into the make-up solvent, namely, sodium, ammonium and lithium salts. Using positive lithium cationisation with 0.5 mM lithium chloride in methanol as the make-up solvent, delivered at a flow rate of 0.02 mL min-1, the levoglucosan response was improved by factors of 100 and 10, comparing to negative ionisation and positive sodium cationisation, respectively. Detection was carried out in SRM mode for quantitation and identification, achieving an instrumental LOD of 0.10, 0.12 and 0.5 µg L-1 for levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan, respectively. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of 41 marine and terrestrial aerosol samples from Australia, its surrounding coastal waters and areas within the remote Southern Ocean, covering a large range of BB marker concentrations.
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Sugiura M, Nakahara M, Yamada C, Arakawa T, Kitaoka M, Fushinobu S. Identification, functional characterization, and crystal structure determination of bacterial levoglucosan dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17375-17386. [PMID: 30224354 PMCID: PMC6231136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Levoglucosan is the 1,6-anhydrosugar of d-glucose formed by pyrolysis of glucans and is found in the environment and industrial waste. Two types of microbial levoglucosan metabolic pathways are known. Although the eukaryotic pathway involving levoglucosan kinase has been well-studied, the bacterial pathway involving levoglucosan dehydrogenase (LGDH) has not been well-investigated. Here, we identified and cloned the lgdh gene from the bacterium Pseudarthrobacter phenanthrenivorans and characterized the recombinant protein. The enzyme exhibited high substrate specificity toward levoglucosan and NAD+ for the oxidative reaction and was confirmed to be LGDH. LGDH also showed weak activities (∼4%) toward l-sorbose and 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol. The reverse (reductive) reaction using 3-keto-levoglucosan and NADH exhibited significantly lower Km and higher kcat values than those of the forward reaction. The crystal structures of LGDH in the apo and complex forms with NADH, NADH + levoglucosan, and NADH + l-sorbose revealed that LGDH has a typical fold of Gfo/Idh/MocA family proteins, similar to those of scyllo-inositol dehydrogenase, aldose-aldose oxidoreductase, 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose reductase, and glucose-fructose oxidoreductase. The crystal structures also disclosed that the active site of LGDH is distinct from those of these enzymes. The LGDH active site extensively recognized the levoglucosan molecule with six hydrogen bonds, and the C3 atom of levoglucosan was closely located to the C4 atom of NADH nicotinamide. Our study is the first molecular characterization of LGDH, providing evidence for C3-specific oxidation and representing a starting point for future biotechnological use of LGDH and levoglucosan-metabolizing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chihaya Yamada
- From the Department of Biotechnology and
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 and
| | - Takatoshi Arakawa
- From the Department of Biotechnology and
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 and
| | - Motomitsu Kitaoka
- the Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- From the Department of Biotechnology and
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 and
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Mashayekhy Rad F, Spinicci S, Silvergren S, Nilsson U, Westerholm R. Validation of a HILIC/ESI-MS/MS method for the wood burning marker levoglucosan and its isomers in airborne particulate matter. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:617-623. [PMID: 30096575 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a methodology involving hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and electrospray (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was developed for measurement of anhydrous monosaccharides as markers for wood burning in atmospheric aerosols, PM10. No extensive sample preparation, other than ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and evaporation, was applied. A pentahydroxysilica column enabled separation of levoglucosan from mannosan and galactosan within 5 min and the quantitative performance was validated using the standard reference materials (SRM) 1649a and 1649b. The experimentally obtained results for SRMs were in agreement with values previously reported in other studies. Achieved instrumental limits of detection (LODs) were below 10 pg injected on column, corresponding to LODs in air lower than 0.10 ng/m3 for all measured isomers for 2-3 day sampling with 1.0 m-3 h-1 sampling rate. The validated method was used for the determination of levoglucosan and its isomers in atmospheric aerosols collected in three different Swedish urban areas during the winter and summer time in 2017. The total measured concentrations for levoglucosan and galactosan + mannosan were determined to be between 78 and 167 ng/m3 in January 2017, which is approximately 10-times higher compared to the levels detected in July, reflecting the higher frequency of wood burning for heating during the cold season. Calculated concentration ratios between levoglucosan and its isomers in the urban area samples indicated mostly mixed softwood/hardwood combustion in winter time; on the other hand, softwood burning was observed as the major emission in summer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mashayekhy Rad
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Spinicci
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Silvergren
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analys, Box 8136, SE-104 20, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Nilsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Westerholm
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Coufalík P, Čmelík R, Křůmal K, Čapka L, Mikuška P. Determination of short-term changes in levoglucosan and dehydroabietic acid in aerosols with Condensation Growth Unit - Aerosol Counterflow Two-Jets Unit - LC-MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:279-286. [PMID: 30005349 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Residential areas in urban agglomerations and also in the countryside are often burdened with high concentrations of aerosol in winter, this originating from local combustion sources. Aerosol sources can be identified by a monitoring of organic markers of biomass burning. Abundant markers of biomass and softwood burning are levoglucosan and dehydroabietic acid, respectively. The aim of this research was to develop an analytical method for the determination of levoglucosan and dehydroabietic acid in aerosol over short time periods involving aerosol sampling into liquid samples, quantitative pre-concentration of analytes, and their determination by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. A Condensation Growth Unit - Aerosol Counterflow Two-Jets Unit (CGU-ACTJU) sampler was used for the quantitative collection of aerosol directly into water. Dehydroabietic acid was pre-concentrated from the aqueous phase by solid phase extraction (C-18). Afterwards, levoglucosan in water samples was concentrated on a vacuum evaporator. The detection limits of levoglucosan and dehydroabietic acid were 28 ng m-3 and 5.5 ng m-3, respectively. The results obtained by the developed method were compared with an independent determination of both markers in aerosol by means of the sampling of aerosols on a filter and subsequent analysis by GC-MS. The developed method demonstrated sufficient agreement with the independent determination for generated standard aerosol as well as for urban aerosol over an eight-day winter campaign. The presented method allows the monitoring of concentration changes in biomass burning markers in 2-h intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Coufalík
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Richard Čmelík
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Křůmal
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Čapka
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mikuška
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
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Janoszka K, Czaplicka M. Methods for the determination of levoglucosan and other sugar anhydrides as biomass burning tracers in environmental samples - A review. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:319-329. [PMID: 30350917 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is a great pressure on finding an alternative source of energy. One such source is biomass combustion. Biomass is any organic matter such as wood, crops, seaweed, and animal wastes that during combustion emits energy but also smoke and solid residue. Biomass burning tracers, such as levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan, are sugar anhydrides produced during burning of biomass that contain cellulose and hemicellulose. Analysis of environmental samples for tracers is the source of information about the type of biofuel burned. In this article, a literature review of the preparation and determination of biomass burning tracers for environmental samples was presented. The review discusses the preparation of different samples (particulate matter, soils, sediments, biological samples), extraction, derivatization, and determination. Amongst determination methods the most popular was gas chromatography with mass spectrometry but other techniques were also used, such as high-performance liquid chromatography with aerosol charge detection, capillary electrophoresis with pulsed amperometric detection, and ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Janoszka
- Institute of Environmental Engineering Polish Academy of Science, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marianna Czaplicka
- Institute of Environmental Engineering Polish Academy of Science, Zabrze, Poland
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Achad M, Caumo S, de Castro Vasconcellos P, Bajano H, Gómez D, Smichowski P. Chemical markers of biomass burning: Determination of levoglucosan, and potassium in size-classified atmospheric aerosols collected in Buenos Aires, Argentina by different analytical techniques. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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You C, Xu C. Review of levoglucosan in glacier snow and ice studies: Recent progress and future perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:1533-1539. [PMID: 29055575 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan (LEV) in glacier snow and ice layers provides a fingerprint of fire activity, ranging from modern air pollution to ancient fire emissions. In this study, we review recent progress in our understanding and application of LEV in glaciers, including analytical methods, transport and post-depositional processes, and historical records. We firstly summarize progress in analytical methods for determination of LEV in glacier snow and ice. Then, we discuss the processes influencing the records of LEV in snow and ice layers. Finally, we make some recommendations for future work, such as assessing the stability of LEV and obtaining continuous records, to increase reliability of the reconstructed ancient fire activity. This review provides an update for researchers working with LEV and will facilitate the further use of LEV as a biomarker in paleo-fire studies based on ice core records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao You
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Xu J, He J, Xu H, Ji D, Snape C, Yu H, Jia C, Wang C, Gao J. Simultaneous measurement of multiple organic tracers in fine aerosols from biomass burning and fungal spores by HPLC-MS/MS. RSC Adv 2018; 8:34136-34150. [PMID: 35548813 PMCID: PMC9086710 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04991b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Three monosaccharide anhydrides (MAs: levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan) and sugar alcohols (arabitol and mannitol) are widely used as organic tracers for source identification of aerosols emitted from biomass burning and fungal spores, respectively. In the past, these two types of organic tracer have been measured separately or conjointly using different analytical techniques, with which a number of disadvantages have been experienced during the application to environmental aerosol samples, including organic solvent involved extraction, time-consuming derivatization, or poor separation efficiency due to overlapping peaks, etc. Hence, in this study a more environment-friendly, effective and integrated extraction and analytical method has been developed for simultaneous determination of the above mentioned organic tracers in the same aerosol sample using ultrasonication and high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The ultrasonication assisted extraction process using ultrapure water can achieve satisfactory recoveries in the range of 100.3 ± 1.3% to 108.4 ± 1.6% for these tracers. All the parameters related to LC and MS/MS have been optimized to ensure good identification and pronounced intensity for each compound. A series of rigorous validation steps have been conducted. This newly developed analytical method using ultrasonication and HPLC-MS/MS has been successfully applied to environmental aerosol samples of different pollution levels for the simultaneous measurement of the above mentioned five organic tracers from biomass burning and fungal spores. Five organic tracers in fine aerosols can be simultaneously analysed by coupling ultrasonication and HPLC-MS/MS without a derivatization process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsha Xu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Honghui Xu
- Zhejiang Meteorological Science Institute
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Colin Snape
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Nottingham
- University Park
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
| | - Huan Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Chunrong Jia
- School of Public Health
- University of Memphis
- Memphis
- USA
| | - Chengjun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Jianfa Gao
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
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Blees J, Saurer M, Siegwolf RTW, Ulevicius V, Prevôt ASH, Dommen J, Lehmann MM. Oxygen isotope analysis of levoglucosan, a tracer of wood burning, in experimental and ambient aerosol samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:2101-2108. [PMID: 28972298 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Levoglucosan is formed from cellulose during biomass burning. It is therefore often used as a specific tracer to quantify the contribution of wood burning to the aerosol loading. The stable oxygen isotope composition (δ18 O value) of biomass is determined by the water cycle and varies regionally, and hence the δ18 O value of levoglucosan could help to identify source regions of organic aerosols. METHODS After solvent extraction of the organic fraction and concentration steps, a recently developed methylation derivatisation technique was applied on experimental (i.e. controlled wood-burning experiments) and on ambient aerosol samples from Switzerland and Lithuania. The method achieves sufficient compound separation for isotope analysis in atmospheric particulate matter, enabling δ18 O analysis of levoglucosan by gas chromatography/pyrolysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/Pyr-IRMS), with a precision better than 1.0 ‰ and an accuracy of 0.3 ‰. RESULTS The δ18 O value of the levoglucosan released during controlled wood-burning experiments was not significantly different from the cellulose δ18 O values, which implies very little or no isotope fractionation during wood burning under the given conditions. While the δ18 O values of levoglucosan in Swiss samples were as expected for the source region, those in Lithuania were 1-4 ‰ lower than expected. This may be due to differences in vegetation (grass vs wood) or burning conditions (high vs low temperatures). CONCLUSIONS Low oxygen isotope fractionation between cellulose and levoglucosan and clear differences in levoglucosan δ18 O values between the Swiss and Lithuanian ambient samples demonstrate that our new method is useful for source appointment studies on wood-burning-derived aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Blees
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Rolf T W Siegwolf
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Vidmantas Ulevicius
- Department of Environmental Research, SRI Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - André S H Prevôt
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Josef Dommen
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Chiara Pietrogrande M, Barbaro E, Bove MC, Clauser G, Colombi C, Corbella L, Cuccia E, Dalla Torre S, Decesari S, Fermo P, Gambaro A, Gianelle V, Ielpo P, Larcher R, Lazzeri P, Massabò D, Melchionna G, Nardin T, Paglione M, Perrino C, Prati P, Visentin M, Zanca N, Zangrando R. Results of an interlaboratory comparison of analytical methods for quantification of anhydrosugars and biosugars in atmospheric aerosol. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:269-277. [PMID: 28601009 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An interlaboratory comparison was performed to evaluate the analytical methods for quantification of anhydrosugars - levoglucosan, mannosan, galactosan - and biosugars - arabitol, glucose and mannitol - in atmospheric aerosol. The performance of 10 laboratories in Italy currently involved in such analyses was investigated on twenty-six PM (particulate matter) ambient filters, three synthetic PM filters and three aqueous standard solutions. An acceptable interlaboratory variability was found, determined as the mean relative standard deviation (RSD%) of the results from the participating laboratories, with the mean RSD% values ranging from 25% to 46% and decreasing with increasing sugar concentration. The investigated methods show good accuracy, evaluated as the percentage error (ε%) related to mean values, since method biases ranged within ±20% for most of the analytes measured in the different laboratories. The detailed investigation (ANOVA analysis at p < 0.05) of the contribution of each laboratory to the total variability and the measurement accuracy shows that comparable results are generated by the different methods, despite the great diversity in terms of extraction conditions, chromatographic separation - more recent LC (liquid chromatography) and EC (exchange chromatography) methods compared to more widespread GC (gas chromatography) - and detection systems, namely PAD (pulsed amperometric detection) or mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chiara Pietrogrande
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics & Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - M Chiara Bove
- Department of Physics & INFN, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso, 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Clauser
- Agenzia Provinciale Protezione Ambiente, Via Lidorno 1, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | | | - Lorenza Corbella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Dalla Torre
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research Rome, Via Salaria Km 29, 300, Monterotondo St., 00015, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Decesari
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics & Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy
| | | | - Pierina Ielpo
- National Research Council (CNR) Water Institute Research - CNR, Viale de Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Larcher
- Fondazione E. Mach, Technology Transfer Center, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010 San Michele All'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Paolo Lazzeri
- Agenzia Provinciale Protezione Ambiente, Via Lidorno 1, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Dario Massabò
- Department of Physics & INFN, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso, 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Nardin
- National Research Council (CNR) Water Institute Research - CNR, Viale de Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Paglione
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cinzia Perrino
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research Rome, Via Salaria Km 29, 300, Monterotondo St., 00015, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Prati
- Department of Physics & INFN, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso, 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Visentin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicola Zanca
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
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DOI T, KACHIKAWA N, YASUI T, YUCHI A. pH-Independent Recognition of Polyhydroxy Compounds by Niobium(V) Porphyrin Complex with Unique Sugar Selectivity. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:1351-1356. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya DOI
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
| | | | - Takashi YASUI
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
| | - Akio YUCHI
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
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19
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You C, Song L, Xu B, Gao S. Method for determination of levoglucosan in snow and ice at trace concentration levels using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Talanta 2016; 148:534-8. [PMID: 26653482 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method is developed for determination of levoglucosan at trace concentration levels in complex matrices of snow and ice samples. This method uses an injection mixture comprising acetonitrile and melt sample at a ratio of 50/50 (v/v). Samples are analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography system combined with triple tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Levoglucosan is analyzed on BEH Amide column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 um), and a Z-spray electrospray ionization source is used for levoglucosan ionization. The polyether sulfone filter is selected for filtrating insoluble particles due to less impact on levoglucosan. The matrix effect is evaluated by using a standard addition method. During the method validation, limit of detection (LOD), linearity, recovery, repeatability and reproducibility were evaluated using standard addition method. The LOD of this method is 0.11 ng mL(-1). Recoveries vary from 91.2% at 0.82 ng mL(-1) to 99.3% at 4.14 ng mL(-1). Repeatability ranges from 17.9% at a concentration of 0.82 ng mL(-1) to 2.8% at 4.14 ng mL(-1). Reproducibility ranges from 15.1% at a concentration of 0.82 ng mL(-1) to 1.9% at 4.14 ng mL(-1). This method can be implemented using less than 0.50 mL sample volume in low and middle latitude regions like the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao You
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lili Song
- Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baiqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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20
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A compact gas chromatograph and pre-column concentration system for enhanced in-field separation of levoglucosan and other polar organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1417:73-8. [PMID: 26410183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Portable and compact instruments for separating and detecting organic compounds are needed in the field for environmental studies. This is especially the case for pollution studies as in-field detection of organic compounds helps identify sources of pollution. Here we describe the development of a compact GC and simple pre-concentrator coupled to a MS detector. This simple system can easily be incorporated into portable instrumentation. Combining the pre-concentrator and compact column has the advantage of decoupling separation from manual injection and enhances separation of environmentally relevant polar organic compounds, such as levoglucosan. A detection limit of 2.2 ng was obtained for levoglucosan. This simple design has the potential to expand the use of gas chromatography as a routine in-field separation technique.
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He S, Li L, Duan H, Naqwi A, Hogan CJ. Aerosol Analysis via Electrostatic Precipitation-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6752-60. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siqin He
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lin Li
- MSP Corporation, Shoreview, Minnesota 55126, United States
| | - Hongxu Duan
- MSP Corporation, Shoreview, Minnesota 55126, United States
| | - Amir Naqwi
- MSP Corporation, Shoreview, Minnesota 55126, United States
| | - Christopher J. Hogan
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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22
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Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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23
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Jedynska A, Hoek G, Wang M, Eeftens M, Cyrys J, Beelen R, Cirach M, De Nazelle A, Keuken M, Visschedijk A, Nystad W, Akhlaghi HM, Meliefste K, Nieuwenhuijsen M, de Hoogh K, Brunekreef B, Kooter IM. Spatial variations of levoglucosan in four European study areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:1072-1081. [PMID: 25461108 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about long term effects of wood smoke on population health. A wood combustion marker - levoglucosan - was measured using a standardized sampling and measurement method in four European study areas (Oslo, The Netherlands, Munich/Augsburg, Catalonia) to assess within and between study area spatial variation. Levoglucosan was analyzed in addition to: PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, PM10, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), nitrogen oxides (NOx), elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), hopanes, steranes and elemental composition. Measurements were conducted at street, urban and regional background sites. Three two-week samples were taken per site and the annual average concentrations of pollutants were calculated using continuous measurements at one background reference site. Land use regression (LUR) models were developed to explain the spatial variation of levoglucosan. Much larger within than between study area contrast in levoglucosan concentration was found. Spatial variation patterns differed from other measured pollutants: PM2.5, NOx and EC. Levoglucosan had the highest spatial correlation with ΣPAH (r=0.65) and the lowest with traffic markers - NOx, Σhopanes/steranes (r=-0.22). Levoglucosan concentrations in the cold (heating) period were between 3 and 20 times higher compared to the warm period. The contribution of wood-smoke calculated based on levoglucosan measurements and previous European emission data to OC and PM2.5 mass was 13 to 28% and 3 to 9% respectively in the full year. Larger contributions were calculated for the cold period. The median model R(2) of the LUR models was 60%. The LUR models included population and natural land related variables. In conclusion, substantial spatial variability was found in levoglucosan concentrations within study areas. Wood smoke contributed substantially to especially wintertime PM2.5 OC and mass. The low to moderate correlation with PM2.5 mass and traffic markers offers the potential to assess health effects of wood smoke separate from traffic-related air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jedynska
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Eeftens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josef Cyrys
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Augsburg, Environmental Science Center, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Rob Beelen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Cirach
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Audrey De Nazelle
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Menno Keuken
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon Visschedijk
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wenche Nystad
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kees Meliefste
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg M Kooter
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Simultaneous Determination of Levoglucosan, Mannosan and Galactosan at Trace Levels in Snow Samples by GC/MS. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Giannoni M, Martellini T, Del Bubba M, Gambaro A, Zangrando R, Chiari M, Lepri L, Cincinelli A. The use of levoglucosan for tracing biomass burning in PM₂.₅ samples in Tuscany (Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 167:7-15. [PMID: 22522313 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan was present in all samples and its concentrations showed a pronounced annual cycle with maximum levels in the cold season. The annual percentage of ratios of levoglucosan to OC ranged from 0.04 to 9.75% evidencing a major contribution of biomass burning to the aerosol OC during the winter. In the urban-background site, OC was strongly correlated with EC in winter, suggesting that the major fraction of OC was generated as primary particles along with EC. A background levoglucosan component showed that biomass burning was continuously taking place in all the investigated sites. The biomass burning contribution to the Tuscany aerosol was made up of a background component and an additional component during winter probably due to wood burning for domestic heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Giannoni
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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26
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Sang XF, Gensch I, Laumer W, Kammer B, Chan CY, Engling G, Wahner A, Wissel H, Kiendler-Scharr A. Stable carbon isotope ratio analysis of anhydrosugars in biomass burning aerosol particles from source samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:3312-3318. [PMID: 22313249 DOI: 10.1021/es204094v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new method for stable carbon isotope ratio analysis of anhydrosugars from biomass burning aerosol particle source filter samples was developed by employing Thermal Desorption--2 Dimensional Gas Chromatography--Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (TD-2DGC-IRMS). Compound specific isotopic measurements of levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan performed by TD-2DGC-IRMS in a standard mixture show good agreement with isotopic measurements of the bulk anhydrosugars, carried out by Elemental Analyzer--Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (EA-IRMS). The established method was applied to determine the isotope ratios of levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan from source samples collected during combustion of hard wood, softwood, and crop residues. δ(13)C values of levoglucosan were found to vary between -25.6 and -22.2‰, being higher in the case of softwood. Mannosan and galactosan were detected only in the softwood samples showing isotope ratios of -23.5‰ (mannosan) and -25.7‰ (galactosan). The isotopic composition of holocellulose in the plant material used for combustion experiments was determined with δ(13)C values between -28.5 and -23.7‰. The difference in δ(13)C of levoglucosan in biomass burning aerosol particles compared to the parent fuel holocellulose was found to be -1.89 (±0.37)‰ for the investigated biomass fuels. Compound specific δ(13)C measurements of anhydrosugars should contribute to an improved source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue F Sang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Pietrogrande MC, Bacco D. GC–MS analysis of water-soluble organics in atmospheric aerosol: Response surface methodology for optimizing silyl-derivatization for simultaneous analysis of carboxylic acids and sugars. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 689:257-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Vasconcellos PC, Souza DZ, Sanchez-Ccoyllo O, Bustillos JOV, Lee H, Santos FC, Nascimento KH, Araújo MP, Saarnio K, Teinilä K, Hillamo R. Determination of anthropogenic and biogenic compounds on atmospheric aerosol collected in urban, biomass burning and forest areas in São Paulo, Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:5836-5844. [PMID: 20843540 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted at three sites of different characteristics in São Paulo State: São Paulo (SPA), Piracicaba (PRB) and Mata Atlântica Forest (MAT). PM(10), n-alkanes, pristane and phytane, PAHs, water-soluble ions and biomass burning tracers like levoglucosan and retene, were determined in quartz fiber filters. Samplings occurred on May 8th to August 8th, 2007 at the MAT site; on August 15th to 29th in 2007 and November 10th to 29th in 2008 at the PRB site and, March 13th to April 4th in 2007 and August 7th to 29th in 2008 at the SPA site. Aliphatic compounds emitted biogenically were less abundant at the urban sites than at the forest site, and its distribution showed the influence of tropical vascular plants. Air mass transport from biomass burning regions is likely to impact the sites with specific molecular markers. The concentrations of all species were variable and dependent of seasonal changes. In the most dry and polluted seasons, n-alkane and cation total concentrations were similar between the megacity and the biomass burning site. PAHs and inorganic ion abundances were higher at São Paulo than Piracicaba, yet, the site influenced by biomass burning seems to be the most impacted by the organic anion abundance in the atmosphere. Pristane and phytane confirm the contamination by petroleum residues at urban sites; at the MAT site, biological activity and long range transport of pollutants might influence the levels of pristane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pérola C Vasconcellos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
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Saarnio K, Teinilä K, Aurela M, Timonen H, Hillamo R. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography–mass spectrometry method for determination of levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan in atmospheric fine particulate matter. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2253-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Hosoya T, Nakao Y, Sato H, Kawamoto H, Sakaki S. Thermal Degradation of Methyl β-d-Glucoside. A Theoretical Study of Plausible Reaction Mechanisms. J Org Chem 2009; 74:6891-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900457k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hosoya
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Nakao
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Haruo Kawamoto
- Department of Socio-Environmental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Sakaki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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31
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Fabbri D, Marynowski L, Fabiańska MJ, Zatoń M, Simoneit BRT. Levoglucosan and other cellulose markers in pyrolysates of Miocene lignites: geochemical and environmental implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:2957-2963. [PMID: 18497150 DOI: 10.1021/es7021472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Using the pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and off-line pyrolysis/silylation methods for lignites from three Miocene brown coal basins of Poland resulted in the characterization of many organic compounds, including dominant cellulose degradation products such as levoglucosan, 1,6-anhydro-beta-D-glucofuranose, and 1,4:3,6-dianhydroglucopyranose. Levoglucosan is a general source-specific tracer for wood smoke in the atmosphere and recent sediments. The presence of unusually high levels of this compound in brown coal pyrolysates suggests that a portion of this compound concentration in some airsheds may originate from lignite combustion. On the other hand, nonglucose anhydrosaccharides, in particular, mannosan and galactosan, typical of hemicellulose, are not detected in those lignite pyrolysates investigated. This indicates that mannosan and galactosan are better specific tracers for combustion of contemporary biomass in those regions were the utilization of brown coals containing fossilized cellulose is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fabbri
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences "R. Sartori", CIRSA, University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48100 Ravenna, Italy
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Gambaro A, Zangrando R, Gabrielli P, Barbante C, Cescon P. Direct Determination of Levoglucosan at the Picogram per Milliliter Level in Antarctic Ice by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1649-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ac701655x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, 30123 Venice, Italy, Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental ProcessesCNR, 30123 Venice, Italy, and School of Earth Sciences and Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, 30123 Venice, Italy, Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental ProcessesCNR, 30123 Venice, Italy, and School of Earth Sciences and Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Paolo Gabrielli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, 30123 Venice, Italy, Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental ProcessesCNR, 30123 Venice, Italy, and School of Earth Sciences and Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, 30123 Venice, Italy, Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental ProcessesCNR, 30123 Venice, Italy, and School of Earth Sciences and Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Paolo Cescon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, 30123 Venice, Italy, Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental ProcessesCNR, 30123 Venice, Italy, and School of Earth Sciences and Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Fabbri D, Modelli S, Torri C, Cemin A, Ragazzi M, Scaramuzza P. GC-MS determination of levoglucosan in atmospheric particulate matter collected over different filter materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:1519-23. [PMID: 19037493 DOI: 10.1039/b808976k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fabbri
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences R.Sartori, CIRSA, University of Bologna, via S.Alberto 163, I-8100, Ravenna, Italy
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Puxbaum H, Caseiro A, Sánchez-Ochoa A, Kasper-Giebl A, Claeys M, Gelencsér A, Legrand M, Preunkert S, Pio C. Levoglucosan levels at background sites in Europe for assessing the impact of biomass combustion on the European aerosol background. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Stohl A, Andrews E, Burkhart JF, Forster C, Herber A, Hoch SW, Kowal D, Lunder C, Mefford T, Ogren JA, Sharma S, Spichtinger N, Stebel K, Stone R, Ström J, Tørseth K, Wehrli C, Yttri KE. Pan-Arctic enhancements of light absorbing aerosol concentrations due to North American boreal forest fires during summer 2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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