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Chaisupa P, Wright RC. State-of-the-art in engineering small molecule biosensors and their applications in metabolic engineering. SLAS Technol 2024; 29:100113. [PMID: 37918525 PMCID: PMC11314541 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded biosensors are crucial for enhancing our understanding of how molecules regulate biological systems. Small molecule biosensors, in particular, help us understand the interaction between chemicals and biological processes. They also accelerate metabolic engineering by increasing screening throughput and eliminating the need for sample preparation through traditional chemical analysis. Additionally, they offer significantly higher spatial and temporal resolution in cellular analyte measurements. In this review, we discuss recent progress in in vivo biosensors and control systems-biosensor-based controllers-for metabolic engineering. We also specifically explore protein-based biosensors that utilize less commonly exploited signaling mechanisms, such as protein stability and induced degradation, compared to more prevalent transcription factor and allosteric regulation mechanism. We propose that these lesser-used mechanisms will be significant for engineering eukaryotic systems and slower-growing prokaryotic systems where protein turnover may facilitate more rapid and reliable measurement and regulation of the current cellular state. Lastly, we emphasize the utilization of cutting-edge and state-of-the-art techniques in the development of protein-based biosensors, achieved through rational design, directed evolution, and collaborative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patarasuda Chaisupa
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - R Clay Wright
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Translational Plant Sciences Center (TPSC), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
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2
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Ganganboina AB, Park EY. Signal-Amplified Nanobiosensors for Virus Detection Using Advanced Nanomaterials. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 187:381-412. [PMID: 38337075 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis and treatment of infectious illnesses are crucial for clinical outcomes and public health. Biosensing developments enhance diagnostics at the point of care. This is superior to traditional procedures, which need centralized lab facilities, specialized personnel, and large equipment. The emerging coronavirus epidemic threatens global health and economic security. Increasing viral surveillance and regulatory actions against disease transmission necessitate rapid, sensitive testing tools for viruses. Due to their sensitivity and specificity, biosensors offer a possible reliable and quantifiable viral detection method. Current advances in genetic engineering, such as genetic alteration and material engineering, have provided several opportunities to enhance biosensors' sensitivity, selectivity, and recognition efficiency. This chapter explains biosensing techniques, biosensor varieties, and signal amplification technologies. Challenges and potential developments for viral microorganisms based on biosensors and signal amplification were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Babu Ganganboina
- International Center for Young Scientists ICYS-NAMIKI, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan.
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3
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Caval M, Dettori MA, Carta P, Dallocchio R, Dessì A, Marceddu S, Serra PA, Fabbri D, Rocchitta G. Sustainable Electropolymerization of Zingerone and Its C2 Symmetric Dimer for Amperometric Biosensor Films. Molecules 2023; 28:6017. [PMID: 37630267 PMCID: PMC10459948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric permselective films are frequently used for amperometric biosensors to prevent electroactive interference present in the target matrix. Phenylenediamines are the most commonly used for the deposition of shielding polymeric films against interfering species; however, even phenolic monomers have been utilized in the creation of these films for microsensors and biosensors. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performances of electrosynthesized polymers, layered by means of constant potential amperometry (CPA), of naturally occurring compound zingerone (ZING) and its dimer dehydrozingerone (ZING DIM), which was obtained by straight oxidative coupling reaction. The polymers showed interesting shielding characteristics against the main interfering species, such as ascorbic acid (AA): actually, polyZING exhibited an AA shielding aptitude comprised between 77.6 and 99.6%, comparable to that obtained with PPD. Moreover, a marked capability of increased monitoring of hydrogen peroxide (HP), when data were compared with bare metal results, was observed. In particular, polyZING showed increases ranging between 55.6 and 85.6%. In the present work, the molecular structures of the obtained polymers have been theorized and docking analyses were performed to understand their peculiar characteristics better. The structures were docked using the Lamarckian genetic algorithm (LGA). Glutamate biosensors based on those polymers were built, and their performances were compared with biosensors based on PPD, which is the most widespread polymer for the construction of amperometric biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Caval
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università Degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Maria Antonietta Dettori
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.D.); (P.C.); (R.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Paola Carta
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.D.); (P.C.); (R.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Roberto Dallocchio
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.D.); (P.C.); (R.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Alessandro Dessì
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.D.); (P.C.); (R.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Salvatore Marceddu
- Istituto di Istituto Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, Università Degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Davide Fabbri
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.D.); (P.C.); (R.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Gaia Rocchitta
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, Università Degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
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Chu SS, Nguyen HA, Lin D, Bhatti M, Jones-Tinsley CE, Do AH, Frostig RD, Nenadic Z, Xu X, Lim MM, Cao H. Development of highly sensitive, flexible dual L-glutamate and GABA microsensors for in vivo brain sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 222:114941. [PMID: 36455372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Real-time tracking of neurotransmitter levels in vivo has been technically challenging due to the low spatiotemporal resolution of current methods. Since the imbalance of cortical excitation/inhibition (E:I) ratios are associated with a variety of neurological disorders, accurate monitoring of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter levels is crucial for investigating the underlying neural mechanisms of these conditions. Specifically, levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate, and the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, are assumed to play critical roles in the E:I balance. Therefore, in this work, a flexible electrochemical microsensor is developed for real-time simultaneous detection of L-glutamate and GABA. The flexible polyimide substrate was used for easier handling during implantation and measurement, along with less brain damage. Further, by electrochemically depositing Pt-black nanostructures on the sensor's surface, the active surface area was enhanced for higher sensitivity. This dual neurotransmitter sensor probe was validated under various settings for its performance, including in vitro, ex vivo tests with glutamatergic neuronal cells and in vivo test with anesthetized rats. Additionally, the sensor's performance has been further investigated in terms of longevity and biocompatibility. Overall, our dual L-glutamate:GABA sensor microprobe has its unique features to enable accurate, real-time, and long-term monitoring of the E:I balance in vivo. Thus, this new tool should aid investigations of neural mechanisms of normal brain function and various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Sik Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Hung Anh Nguyen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California Irvine, 92697, CA, USA
| | - Derrick Lin
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Mehwish Bhatti
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Carolyn E Jones-Tinsley
- VA Portland Health Care System, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, OR, 97239, USA
| | - An Hong Do
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ron D Frostig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Zoran Nenadic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA; Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Miranda M Lim
- VA Portland Health Care System, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Hung Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California Irvine, 92697, CA, USA; Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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5
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Subcutaneous amperometric biosensors for continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes. Talanta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Dias C, Fernandes E, Barbosa RM, Ledo A. A Platinized Carbon Fiber Microelectrode-Based Oxidase Biosensor for Amperometric Monitoring of Lactate in Brain Slices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7011. [PMID: 36146360 PMCID: PMC9501957 DOI: 10.3390/s22187011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct and real-time monitoring of lactate in the extracellular space can help elucidate the metabolic and modulatory role of lactate in the brain. Compared to in vivo studies, brain slices allow the investigation of the neural contribution separately from the effects of cerebrovascular response and permit easy control of recording conditions. METHODS We have used a platinized carbon fiber microelectrode platform to design an oxidase-based microbiosensor for monitoring lactate in brain slices with high spatial and temporal resolution operating at 32 °C. Lactate oxidase (Aerococcus viridans) was immobilized by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and a layer of polyurethane was added to extend the linear range. Selectivity was improved by electropolymerization of m-phenylenediamine and concurrent use of a null sensor. RESULTS The lactate microbiosensor exhibited high sensitivity, selectivity, and optimal analytical performance at a pH and temperature compatible with recording in hippocampal slices. Evaluation of operational stability under conditions of repeated use supports the suitability of this design for up to three repeated assays. CONCLUSIONS The microbiosensor displayed good analytical performance to monitor rapid changes in lactate concentration in the hippocampal tissue in response to potassium-evoked depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cândida Dias
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eliana Fernandes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M. Barbosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Ledo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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7
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Portable, Disposable, Biomimetic Electrochemical Sensors for Analyte Detection in a Single Drop of Whole Blood. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10070263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Current diagnostics call for rapid, sensitive, and selective screening of physiologically important biomarkers. Point-of-care (POC) devices for the rapid, reliable, and easy acquisition of bioinformation at, or near the patient, offer opportunities for better healthcare management. Electrochemical biosensors with high sensitivity and ease of miniaturization are advantageous for such applications. We report a photolithographically micropatterned PEDOT:PSS and silk protein-based fully organic 3-electrode sensor (O3ES) for ultralow volume (single drop—10 µL) detection of analytes in whole blood. The O3ES produces reliable electrochemical signals in whole blood from a mouse model with minimal biofouling interference. The O3ES is demonstrated as a portable device for the simultaneous detection of dopamine, ascorbic acid and uric acid using voltammetry techniques. The O3ES displays excellent sensitivity towards each analyte in whole blood, and in the presence of each other. The water-based, ambient processing of the sensors allows the immobilization of enzymes in the organic working electrode. Amperometric detection of uric acid via uricase with high sensitivity in whole blood is demonstrated. Finally, the performance of the O3ES under enzymatic degradation is studied by monitoring sensitivity over an operating lifetime of ~14 days. This work demonstrates the realization of low-cost, disposable POC sensors capable of detecting blood metabolites using ultralow sample volumes.
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Doering M, Kieninger J, Urban GA, Weltin A. In situ stability monitoring of platinum thin-film electrodes for neural interfaces in the presence of proteins. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:1577-1580. [PMID: 36083919 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The long-term stability of platinum electrodes is a key factor that determines the life-time of biomedical devices, such as implanted neural interfaces like brain stimulation or recording electrodes, cochlear implants, and biosensors. The downsizing of such devices relies on the usage of microfabricated thin-film electrodes. In order to determine and investigate the causal degradation processes for platinum electrodes, it is essential to use potential-controlled experiments, which allow selectable polarization of the electrode without exceeding the water stability window boundaries. Therefore, the surface processes and redox reactions occurring at the electrode are known at all times. In this study, we present the continuous in situ monitoring of platinum-based thin-film electrodes along their complete life cycle in neutral pH with and without the presence of proteins. The usage of chronoamperometry for electrode aging, monitoring of surface processes and the tracking of analyte redox processes, together with cyclic voltammetry to determine the complete amount of surface charge, allows a reliable quantification of fundamental degradation processes. We found that platinum dissolution is primarily driven by the formation and removal of Pt oxide. Despite the significantly lowered charge transfer, the presence of proteins did not prevent material loss or increase electrode lifetime. These results should be considered when interpreting results from current-controlled methods as typically used for neural interfaces. Clinical Relevance- All clinically relevant applications of microelectrodes, ranging from cell culture over diagnostics to in vivo use, involve the presence of proteins. Detailed and fundamental insight into electrode stability in the presence of proteins is therefore essential for successful clinical translation of neural interface technologies.
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Custers ML, Nestor L, De Bundel D, Van Eeckhaut A, Smolders I. Current Approaches to Monitor Macromolecules Directly from the Cerebral Interstitial Fluid. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051051. [PMID: 35631637 PMCID: PMC9146401 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaining insights into the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of lead compounds is crucial during drug development processes. When it comes to the treatment of brain diseases, collecting information at the site of action is challenging. There are only a few techniques available that allow for the direct sampling from the cerebral interstitial space. This review concerns the applicability of microdialysis and other approaches, such as cerebral open flow microperfusion and electrochemical biosensors, to monitor macromolecules (neuropeptides, proteins, …) in the brain. Microdialysis and cerebral open flow microperfusion can also be used to locally apply molecules at the same time at the site of sampling. Innovations in the field are discussed, together with the pitfalls. Moreover, the ‘nuts and bolts’ of the techniques and the current research gaps are addressed. The implementation of these techniques could help to improve drug development of brain-targeted drugs.
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Zamani M, Wilhelm T, Furst AL. Perspective-Electrochemical Sensors for Neurotransmitters and Psychiatrics: Steps toward Physiological Mental Health Monitoring. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 169:047513. [PMID: 37577452 PMCID: PMC10421614 DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac5e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monitoring of neurotransmitters (NTs) and psychiatric medications is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. However, in-vivo monitoring of NTs in humans as well as continuous physiological monitoring of psychiatrics have yet to be realized. In pursuit of this goal, there has been a plethora of work to develop electrochemical sensors for both in-vivo NT monitoring as well as in-vitro detection of psychiatric medications. We review these sensors here while discussing next steps needed to achieve concurrent, continuous physiological monitoring of NTs and psychiatric medications as part of a closed-loop feedback system that guides medication administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjon Zamani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts—02139, United States of America
| | - Tatum Wilhelm
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts—02139, United States of America
| | - Ariel L. Furst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts—02139, United States of America
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11
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Diffusion- and Chemometric-Based Separation of Complex Electrochemical Signals That Originated from Multiple Redox-Active Molecules. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040717. [PMID: 35215630 PMCID: PMC8875081 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ analysis of multiple biomarkers in the body provides better diagnosis and enables personalized health management. Since many of these biomarkers are redox-active, electrochemical sensors have shown promising analytical capabilities to measure multiple redox-active molecules. However, the analytical performance of electrochemical sensors rapidly decreases in the presence of multicomponent biofluids due to their limited ability to separate overlapping electrochemical signals generated by multiple molecules. Here we report a novel approach to use charged chitosan-modified electrodes to alter the diffusion of ascorbic acid, clozapine, L-homocysteine, and uric acid—test molecules with various molecular charges and molecular weights. Moreover, we present a complementary approach to use chemometrics to decipher the complex set of overlapping signals generated from a mixture of differentially charged redox molecules. The partial least square regression model predicted three out of four redox-active molecules with root mean square error, Pearson correlation coefficient, and R-squared values of 125 µM, 0.947, and 0.894; 51.8 µM, 0.877, and 0.753; 55.7 µM, 0.903, and 0.809, respectively. By further enhancing our understanding of the diffusion of redox-active molecules in chitosan, the in-situ separation of multiple molecules can be enabled, which will be used to establish guidelines for the effective separation of biomarkers.
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12
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Portable amperometric method for selective determination of caffeine in samples with the presence of interfering electroactive chemical species. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Doering M, Kieninger J, Urban G, Weltin A. Electrochemical microelectrode degradation monitoring: in situ investigation of platinum corrosion at neutral pH. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 34983028 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac47da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The stability of platinum and other noble metal electrodes is critical for neural implants, electrochemical sensors, and energy sources. Beyond the acidic or alkaline environment found in most electrochemical studies, the investigation of electrode corrosion in neutral pH and chloride containing electrolytes is essential, particularly regarding the long-term stability of neural interfaces, such as brain stimulation electrodes or cochlear implants. In addition, the increased use of microfabricated devices demands the investigation of thin-film electrode stability. APPROACH We developed a procedure of electrochemical methods for continuous tracking of electrode degradation in situ over the complete life cycle of platinum thin-film microelectrodes in a unique combination with simultaneous chemical sensing. We used chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry to measure electrode surface and analyte redox processes, together with accelerated electrochemical degradation. MAIN RESULTS We compared degradation between thin-film microelectrodes and bulk electrodes, neutral to acidic pH, different pulsing schemes, and the presence of the redox active species oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Results were confirmed by mechanical profilometry and microscopy to determine material changes on a nanometer scale. We found that electrode degradation is mainly driven by repeated formation and removal of the platinum surface oxide, also within the electrochemical stability window of water. There was no considerable difference between thin-film micro- and macroscopic bulk electrodes or in the presence of reactive species, whereas acidic pH or extending the potential window led to increased degradation. SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide valuable fundamental information on platinum microelectrode degradation under conditions found in biomedical applications. For the first time, we deployed a unified method to report quantitative data on electrode degradation up to a defined endpoint. Our method is a widely applicable framework for comparative long-term studies of sensor and neural interface stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Doering
- University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, 79110, GERMANY
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, 79110, GERMANY
| | - Gerald Urban
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, Freiburg im Breisgau, 79110, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Weltin
- IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, Freiburg im Breisgau, 79110, GERMANY
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Regiart M, Ledo A, Fernandes E, Messina GA, Brett CMA, Bertotti M, Barbosa RM. Highly sensitive and selective nanostructured microbiosensors for glucose and lactate simultaneous measurements in blood serum and in vivo in brain tissue. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 199:113874. [PMID: 34920228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and selective nanostructured lactate and glucose microbiosensors for their in vivo simultaneous determination in rat brain were developed based on carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFM) modified with nanoporous gold (NPG) using the Dynamic Hydrogen Bubble Template (DHBT) method. Electrodeposition of platinum nanoparticles (PtNP) onto the NPG film enhances the sensitivity and the electrocatalytic properties towards H2O2 detection. The nanostructured microelectrode platform was modified by glucose oxidase (GOx) and lactate oxidase (LOx) enzyme immobilization. High selective measurements were achieved by covering with a perm-selective layer of electropolymerized m-phenylenediamine, deposition of a Nafion® film and by using a null sensor. The morphological characteristics and electroanalytical performance of the microbiosensors were assessed, by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical techniques, respectively. The PtNP/NPG/CFM shows a high sensitivity to H2O2 (5.96 A M-1 cm-2) at 0.36 V vs. Ag/AgCl, with a linear range from 0.2 to 200 μM, and an LOD of 10 nM. The microbiosensors were applied to the simultaneous determination of lactate and glucose in blood serum samples. Moreover, the basal extracellular concentrations of lactate and glucose were measured in vivo in four different rat brain structures. These results support the potential of the microbiosensor to be used as a valuable tool to investigate brain neurochemicals in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Regiart
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Ledo
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eliana Fernandes
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - German A Messina
- INQUISAL. Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de San Luis. CONICET, Chacabuco 917, D5700BWS, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Christopher M A Brett
- University of Coimbra, Department of Chemistry, CEMMPRE, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rui M Barbosa
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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15
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Weltin A, Kieninger J, Urban GA, Buchholz S, Arndt S, Rosskothen-Kuhl N. Standard cochlear implants as electrochemical sensors: Intracochlear oxygen measurements in vivo. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 199:113859. [PMID: 34911002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cochlear implants are the most successful neural prostheses worldwide and routinely restore sensorineural hearing loss by direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. Enhancing this standard implant by chemical sensor functionality opens up new possibilities, ranging from access to the biochemical microenvironment of the implanted electrode array to the long-term study of the electrode status. We developed an electrochemical method to turn the platinum stimulation microelectrodes of cochlear implants into electrochemical sensors. The electrodes showed excellent and stable chemical sensor properties, as demonstrated by in vitro characterizations with combined amperometric and active potentiometric dissolved oxygen and hydrogen peroxide measurements. Linear, stable and highly reproducible sensor responses within the relevant concentration ranges with negligible offset were shown. This approach was successfully applied in vivo in an animal model. Intracochlear oxygen dynamics in rats upon breathing pure oxygen were reproducibly and precisely measured in real-time from the perilymph. At the same time, correct implant placement and its functionality was verified by measurements of electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses with clearly distinguishable peaks. Acute measurements indicated no adverse influence of electrical stimulation on electrochemical measurements and vice versa. Our work is ground-breaking towards advanced implant functionality, future implant lifetime monitoring, and implant-life-long in situ investigation of electrode degradation in cochlear implant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerald A Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Buchholz
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Section of Experimental and Clinical Otology, Neurobiological Research Laboratory, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susan Arndt
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Section of Experimental and Clinical Otology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Rosskothen-Kuhl
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Section of Experimental and Clinical Otology, Neurobiological Research Laboratory, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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16
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Clay M, Monbouquette HG. Simulated Performance of Electroenzymatic Glutamate Biosensors In Vivo Illuminates the Complex Connection to Calibration In Vitro. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4275-4285. [PMID: 34734695 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed simulations show that the relationship between electroenzymatic glutamate (Glut) sensor performance in vitro and that modeled in vivo is complicated by the influence of both resistances to mass transfer and clearance rates of Glut and H2O2 in the brain extracellular space (ECS). Mathematical modeling provides a powerful means to illustrate how these devices are expected to respond to a variety of conditions in vivo in ways that cannot be accomplished readily using existing experimental techniques. Through the use of transient model simulations in one spatial dimension, it is shown that the sensor response in vivo may exhibit much greater dependence on H2O2 mass transfer and clearance in the surrounding tissue than previously thought. This dependence may lead to sensor signals more than double the expected values (based on prior sensor calibration in vitro) for Glut release events within a few microns of the sensor surface. The sensor response in general is greatly affected by the distance between the device and location of Glut release, and apparent concentrations reported by simulated sensors consistently are well below the actual Glut levels for events occurring at distances greater than a few microns. Simulations of transient Glut concentrations, including a physiologically relevant bolus release, indicate that detection of Glut signaling likely is limited to events within 30 μm of the sensor surface based on representative sensor detection limits. It follows that important limitations also exist with respect to interpretation of decays in sensor signals, including relation of such data to actual Glut concentration declines in vivo. Thus, the use of sensor signal data to determine quantitatively the rates of Glut uptake from the brain ECS likely is problematic. The model is designed to represent a broad range of relevant physiological conditions, and although limited to one dimension, provides much needed guidance regarding the interpretation in general of electroenzymatic sensor data gathered in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Clay
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095−1592, United States
| | - Harold G. Monbouquette
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095−1592, United States
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17
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Song H, Liu Y, Fang Y, Zhang D. Carbon-Based Electrochemical Sensors for In Vivo and In Vitro Neurotransmitter Detection. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:955-974. [PMID: 34752170 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1997571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
As essential neurological chemical messengers, neurotransmitters play an integral role in the maintenance of normal mammalian physiology. Aberrant neurotransmitter activity is associated with a range of neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Many studies to date have tested different approaches to detecting neurotransmitters, yet the detection of these materials within the brain, due to the complex environment of the brain and the rapid metabolism of neurotransmitters, remains challenging and an area of active research. There is a clear need for the development of novel neurotransmitter sensing technologies capable of rapidly and sensitively monitoring specific analytes within the brain without adversely impacting the local microenvironment in which they are implanted. Owing to their excellent sensitivity, portability, ease-of-use, amenability to microprocessing, and low cost, electrochemical sensors methods have been widely studied in the context of neurotransmitter monitoring. The present review, thus, surveys current progress in this research field, discussing developed electrochemical neurotransmitter sensors capable of detecting dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), acetylcholine (Ach), glutamate (Glu), nitric oxide (NO), adenosine (ADO), and so on. Of these technologies, those based on carbon nanostructures-modified electrodes including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene (GR), gaphdiyne (GDY), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and derivatives thereof hold particular promise owing to their excellent biocompatibility and electrocatalytic performance. The continued development of these and related technologies is, thus, likely to lead to major advances in the clinical diagnosis of neurological diseases and the detection of novel biomarkers thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Song
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, College of Acumox and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, College of Acumox and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yuxin Fang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, College of Acumox and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
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18
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Weltin A, Kieninger J. Electrochemical methods for neural interface electrodes. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34547734 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac28d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Neural interfaces often rely on charge transfer processes between electrodes and the tissue or electrolyte. Electrochemical processes are at the core of electrode function and, therefore, the key to neural interface stability, electrode performance characterization, and utilization of electrodes as chemical sensors. Electrochemical techniques offer a variety of options to investigate the charge transfer and electrocatalytic properties of electrodes.Approach. In this tutorial, we present various experiments to illustrate the power of electrochemical methods, serve as a reference and guideline, and stimulate deeper understanding of the subject.Main results.As a basis for the following experiments, we discuss the platinum cyclic voltammogram and focus on understanding surface processes and roughness determination. We highlight the importance of appropriate instrumentation using potentiostats and how strongly it can influence results. We then discuss a number of potential-controlled and current-controlled methods for electrode characterization, including chronocoulometry, chronoamperometry, (active) potentiometry, and chronopotentiometry. They illustrate charge transfer caused by both electrode surface processes and the presence of redox-active species, such as dissolved oxygen and hydrogen, or hydrogen peroxide. We also discuss the electrode potential with respect to a reference electrode under various conditions and how it affects its electrochemical properties like surface state, catalytic properties and capability to transfer charge.Significance.Electrochemical methods are still underutilized in neural engineering, and valuable information is therefore often not accessed. Many studies on electrode characterization would benefit from a more consistent and target-oriented electrochemical methodology and instrumentation. That ranges from the investigation of new materials and processes, over electrode performance assessment to the development of more long-term stable and biocompatible neural interfaces. Ultimately, standardization, consistency and comparability will play a key role in the translation of microtechnology into biomedical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Keller JP, Marvin JS, Lacin H, Lemon WC, Shea J, Kim S, Lee RT, Koyama M, Keller PJ, Looger LL. In vivo glucose imaging in multiple model organisms with an engineered single-wavelength sensor. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109284. [PMID: 34161775 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is arguably the most important molecule in metabolism, and its dysregulation underlies diabetes. We describe a family of single-wavelength genetically encoded glucose sensors with a high signal-to-noise ratio, fast kinetics, and affinities varying over four orders of magnitude (1 μM to 10 mM). The sensors allow mechanistic characterization of glucose transporters expressed in cultured cells with high spatial and temporal resolution. Imaging of neuron/glia co-cultures revealed ∼3-fold faster glucose changes in astrocytes. In larval Drosophila central nervous system explants, intracellular neuronal glucose fluxes suggested a rostro-caudal transport pathway in the ventral nerve cord neuropil. In zebrafish, expected glucose-related physiological sequelae of insulin and epinephrine treatments were directly visualized. Additionally, spontaneous muscle twitches induced glucose uptake in muscle, and sensory and pharmacological perturbations produced large changes in the brain. These sensors will enable rapid, high-resolution imaging of glucose influx, efflux, and metabolism in behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Keller
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Marvin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Haluk Lacin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - William C Lemon
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Jamien Shea
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Soomin Kim
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard T Lee
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA; The Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Minoru Koyama
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Philipp J Keller
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Loren L Looger
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
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20
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Voitechovič E, Stankevičiūtė J, Vektarienė A, Vektaris G, Jančienė R, Kuisienė N, Razumienė J, Meškys R. Bioamperometric Systems with Fructose Dehydrogenase From
Gluconobacter japonicus
for D‐Tagatose Monitoring. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edita Voitechovič
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University Saulėtekio av.7 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
- Department of Nanoengineering Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Savanorių 231 LT-02300 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Jonita Stankevičiūtė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University Saulėtekio av.7 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Aušra Vektarienė
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy Vilnius University Saulėtekio av. 3 LT-10222 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Gytis Vektaris
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy Vilnius University Saulėtekio av. 3 LT-10222 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Regina Jančienė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University Saulėtekio av.7 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Nomeda Kuisienė
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University Saulėtekio av.7 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Julija Razumienė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University Saulėtekio av.7 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Rolandas Meškys
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University Saulėtekio av.7 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
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21
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Xie X, Citterio D, Chumbimuni-Torres K, Xue M, Wang X. Editorial: Chemical Sensors for Biomedical Use. Front Chem 2021; 9:685563. [PMID: 34017825 PMCID: PMC8129003 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.685563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daniel Citterio
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Min Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Brain neurochemical monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 189:113351. [PMID: 34049083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain neurochemical monitoring aims to provide continuous and accurate measurements of brain biomarkers. It has enabled significant advances in neuroscience for application in clinical diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of brain diseases. Microfabricated electrochemical and optical spectroscopy sensing technologies have been developed for precise monitoring of brain neurochemicals. Here, a comprehensive review on the progress of sensing technologies developed for brain neurochemical monitoring is presented. The review provides a summary of the widely measured clinically relevant neurochemicals and commonly adopted recognition technologies. Recent advances in sampling, electrochemistry, and optical spectroscopy for brain neurochemical monitoring are highlighted and their application are discussed. Existing gaps in current technologies and future directions to design industry standard brain neurochemical sensing devices for clinical applications are addressed.
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23
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Urban S, Deschner BJ, Trinkies LL, Kieninger J, Kraut M, Dittmeyer R, Urban GA, Weltin A. In Situ Mapping of H 2, O 2, and H 2O 2 in Microreactors: A Parallel, Selective Multianalyte Detection Method. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1583-1594. [PMID: 33481585 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Determining local concentrations of the analytes in state-of-the-art microreactors is essential for the development of optimized and safe processes. However, the selective, parallel monitoring of all relevant reactants and products in a multianalyte environment is challenging. Electrochemical microsensors can provide unique information on the reaction kinetics and overall performance of the hydrogen peroxide synthesis process in microreactors, thanks to their high spatial and temporal resolution and their ability to measure in situ, in contrast to other techniques. We present a chronoamperometric approach which allows the selective detection of the dissolved gases hydrogen and oxygen and their reaction product hydrogen peroxide on the same platinum microelectrode in an aqueous electrolyte. The method enables us to obtain the concentration of each analyte using three specific potentials and to subtract interfering currents from the mixed signal. While hydrogen can be detected independently, no potentials can be found for a direct, selective measurement of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Instead, it was found that for combined signals, the individual contribution of all analytes superimposes linearly additive. We showed that the concentrations determined from the subtracted signals correlate very well with results obtained without interfering analytes present. For the first time, this approach allowed the mapping of the distribution of the analytes hydrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide inside a multiphase membrane microreactor, paving the way for online process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK−Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt J. Deschner
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Laura L. Trinkies
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK−Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Kraut
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Roland Dittmeyer
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gerald A. Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK−Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK−Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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24
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Tan C, Robbins EM, Wu B, Cui XT. Recent Advances in In Vivo Neurochemical Monitoring. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:208. [PMID: 33670703 PMCID: PMC7922317 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a complex network that accounts for only 5% of human mass but consumes 20% of our energy. Uncovering the mysteries of the brain's functions in motion, memory, learning, behavior, and mental health remains a hot but challenging topic. Neurochemicals in the brain, such as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, gliotransmitters, hormones, and metabolism substrates and products, play vital roles in mediating and modulating normal brain function, and their abnormal release or imbalanced concentrations can cause various diseases, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. A wide range of techniques have been used to probe the concentrations of neurochemicals under normal, stimulated, diseased, and drug-induced conditions in order to understand the neurochemistry of drug mechanisms and develop diagnostic tools or therapies. Recent advancements in detection methods, device fabrication, and new materials have resulted in the development of neurochemical sensors with improved performance. However, direct in vivo measurements require a robust sensor that is highly sensitive and selective with minimal fouling and reduced inflammatory foreign body responses. Here, we review recent advances in neurochemical sensor development for in vivo studies, with a focus on electrochemical and optical probes. Other alternative methods are also compared. We discuss in detail the in vivo challenges for these methods and provide an outlook for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.T.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.)
| | - Elaine M. Robbins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.T.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Bingchen Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.T.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.)
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.T.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.)
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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25
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Keighron JD, Wang Y, Cans AS. Electrochemistry of Single-Vesicle Events. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:159-181. [PMID: 32151142 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal transmission relies on electrical signals and the transfer of chemical signals from one neuron to another. Chemical messages are transmitted from presynaptic neurons to neighboring neurons through the triggered fusion of neurotransmitter-filled vesicles with the cell plasma membrane. This process, known as exocytosis, involves the rapid release of neurotransmitter solutions that are detected with high affinity by the postsynaptic neuron. The type and number of neurotransmitters released and the frequency of vesicular events govern brain functions such as cognition, decision making, learning, and memory. Therefore, to understand neurotransmitters and neuronal function, analytical tools capable of quantitative and chemically selective detection of neurotransmitters with high spatiotemporal resolution are needed. Electrochemistry offers powerful techniques that are sufficiently rapid to allow for the detection of exocytosis activity and provides quantitative measurements of vesicle neurotransmitter content and neurotransmitter release from individual vesicle events. In this review, we provide an overview of the most commonly used electrochemical methods for monitoring single-vesicle events, including recent developments and what is needed for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline D Keighron
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York 11568, USA
| | - Yuanmo Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Ann-Sofie Cans
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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26
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Sun Y, Nguyen TNH, Anderson A, Cheng X, Gage TE, Lim J, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Rodolakis F, Zhang Z, Arslan I, Ramanathan S, Lee H, Chubykin AA. In Vivo Glutamate Sensing inside the Mouse Brain with Perovskite Nickelate-Nafion Heterostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:24564-24574. [PMID: 32383375 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate, one of the main neurotransmitters in the brain, plays a critical role in communication between neurons, neuronal development, and various neurological disorders. Extracellular measurement of neurotransmitters such as glutamate in the brain is important for understanding these processes and developing a new generation of brain-machine interfaces. Here, we demonstrate the use of a perovskite nickelate-Nafion heterostructure as a promising glutamate sensor with a low detection limit of 16 nM and a response time of 1.2 s via amperometric sensing. We have designed and successfully tested novel perovskite nickelate-Nafion electrodes for recording of glutamate release ex vivo in electrically stimulated brain slices and in vivo from the primary visual cortex (V1) of awake mice exposed to visual stimuli. These results demonstrate the potential of perovskite nickelates as sensing media for brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Sun
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tran N H Nguyen
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Adam Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Thomas E Gage
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jongcheon Lim
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zhan Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Fanny Rodolakis
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ilke Arslan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Shriram Ramanathan
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexander A Chubykin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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27
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Lanzalaco S, Molina BG. Polymers and Plastics Modified Electrodes for Biosensors: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E2446. [PMID: 32456314 PMCID: PMC7287907 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer materials offer several advantages as supports of biosensing platforms in terms of flexibility, weight, conformability, portability, cost, disposability and scope for integration. The present study reviews the field of electrochemical biosensors fabricated on modified plastics and polymers, focusing the attention, in the first part, on modified conducting polymers to improve sensitivity, selectivity, biocompatibility and mechanical properties, whereas the second part is dedicated to modified "environmentally friendly" polymers to improve the electrical properties. These ecofriendly polymers are divided into three main classes: bioplastics made from natural sources, biodegradable plastics made from traditional petrochemicals and eco/recycled plastics, which are made from recycled plastic materials rather than from raw petrochemicals. Finally, flexible and wearable lab-on-a-chip (LOC) biosensing devices, based on plastic supports, are also discussed. This review is timely due to the significant advances achieved over the last few years in the area of electrochemical biosensors based on modified polymers and aims to direct the readers to emerging trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lanzalaco
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ d’Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Building I, E-08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal Besòs (EEBE), C/ d’Eduard Maristany 10-14, Edifici IS, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brenda G. Molina
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ d’Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Building I, E-08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal Besòs (EEBE), C/ d’Eduard Maristany 10-14, Edifici IS, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
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Nguyen TNH, Nolan JK, Cheng X, Park H, Wang Y, Lam S, Lee H, Kim SJ, Shi R, Chubykin AA, Lee H. Fabrication and ex vivo evaluation of activated carbon-Pt microparticle based glutamate biosensor. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020; 866. [PMID: 32489342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most abundant neurotransmitters in the brain and the spinal cord, glutamate plays many important roles in the nervous system. Precise information about the level of glutamate in the extracellular space of living brain tissue may provide new insights on fundamental understanding of the role of glutamate in neurological disorders as well as neurophysiological phenomena. Electrochemical sensor has emerged as a promising solution that can satisfy the requirement for highly reliable and continuous monitoring method with good spatiotemporal resolution for characterization of extracellular glutamate concentration. Recently, we published a method to create a simple printable glutamate biosensor using platinum nanoparticles. In this work, we introduce an even simpler and lower cost conductive polymer composite using commercially available activated carbon with platinum microparticles to easily fabricate highly sensitive glutamate biosensor using direct ink writing method. The fabricated biosensors are functionality superior than previously reported with the sensitivity of 5.73 ± 0.078 nA μM-1 mm-2, detection limit of 0.03 μM, response time less than or equal to 1 s, and a linear range from 1 μM up to 925 μM. In this study, we utilize astrocyte cell culture to demonstrate our biosensor's ability to monitor glutamate uptake process. We also demonstrate direct measurement of glutamate release from optogenetic stimulation in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) brain slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran N H Nguyen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James K Nolan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyunsu Park
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Stephanie Lam
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyungwoo Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sang Joon Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Riyi Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexander A Chubykin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Matys J, Gieroba B, Jóźwiak K. Recent developments of bioanalytical methods in determination of neurotransmitters in vivo. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 180:113079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Krishna G, Beitchman JA, Bromberg CE, Currier Thomas T. Approaches to Monitor Circuit Disruption after Traumatic Brain Injury: Frontiers in Preclinical Research. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020588. [PMID: 31963314 PMCID: PMC7014469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in pathophysiological damage that can manifest as both acute and chronic neurological deficits. In an attempt to repair and reconnect disrupted circuits to compensate for loss of afferent and efferent connections, maladaptive circuitry is created and contributes to neurological deficits, including post-concussive symptoms. The TBI-induced pathology physically and metabolically changes the structure and function of neurons associated with behaviorally relevant circuit function. Complex neurological processing is governed, in part, by circuitry mediated by primary and modulatory neurotransmitter systems, where signaling is disrupted acutely and chronically after injury, and therefore serves as a primary target for treatment. Monitoring of neurotransmitter signaling in experimental models with technology empowered with improved temporal and spatial resolution is capable of recording in vivo extracellular neurotransmitter signaling in behaviorally relevant circuits. Here, we review preclinical evidence in TBI literature that implicates the role of neurotransmitter changes mediating circuit function that contributes to neurological deficits in the post-acute and chronic phases and methods developed for in vivo neurochemical monitoring. Coupling TBI models demonstrating chronic behavioral deficits with in vivo technologies capable of real-time monitoring of neurotransmitters provides an innovative approach to directly quantify and characterize neurotransmitter signaling as a universal consequence of TBI and the direct influence of pharmacological approaches on both behavior and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Krishna
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; (G.K.); (J.A.B.); (C.E.B.)
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Joshua A. Beitchman
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; (G.K.); (J.A.B.); (C.E.B.)
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Caitlin E. Bromberg
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; (G.K.); (J.A.B.); (C.E.B.)
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; (G.K.); (J.A.B.); (C.E.B.)
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Phoenix VA Healthcare System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-602-827-2348
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Abstract
In vivo electrochemical sensing based on implantable microelectrodes is a strong driving force of analytical neurochemistry in brain. The complex and dynamic neurochemical network sets stringent standards of in vivo electrochemical sensors including high spatiotemporal resolution, selectivity, sensitivity, and minimized disturbance on brain function. Although advanced materials and novel technologies have promoted the development of in vivo electrochemical sensors drastically, gaps with the goals still exist. This Review mainly focuses on recent attempts on the key issues of in vivo electrochemical sensors including selectivity, tissue response and sensing reliability, and compatibility with electrophysiological techniques. In vivo electrochemical methods with bare carbon fiber electrodes, of which the selectivity is achieved either with electrochemical techniques such as fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry or based on the physiological nature will not be reviewed. Following the elaboration of each issue involved in in vivo electrochemical sensors, possible solutions supported by the latest methodological progress will be discussed, aiming to provide inspiring and practical instructions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Weltin A, Ganatra D, König K, Joseph K, Hofmann UG, Urban GA, Kieninger J. New life for old wires: electrochemical sensor method for neural implants. J Neural Eng 2019; 17:016007. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab4c69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lourenço CF, Caetano M, Ledo A, Barbosa RM. Platinized carbon fiber-based glucose microbiosensor designed for metabolic studies in brain slices. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 130:107325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Shin M, Wang Y, Borgus JR, Venton BJ. Electrochemistry at the Synapse. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:297-321. [PMID: 30707593 PMCID: PMC6989097 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical measurements of neurotransmitters provide insight into the dynamics of neurotransmission. In this review, we describe the development of electrochemical measurements of neurotransmitters and how they started with extrasynaptic measurements but now are pushing toward synaptic measurements. Traditionally, biosensors or fast-scan cyclic voltammetry have monitored extrasynaptic levels of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, adenosine, glutamate, and acetylcholine. Amperometry and electrochemical cytometry techniques have revealed mechanisms of exocytosis, suggesting partial release. Advances in nanoelectrodes now allow spatially resolved, electrochemical measurements in a synapse, which is only 20-100 nm wide. Synaptic measurements of dopamine and acetylcholine have been made. In this article, electrochemical measurements are also compared to optical imaging and mass spectrometry measurements, and while these other techniques provide enhanced spatial or chemical information, electrochemistry is best at monitoring real-time neurotransmission. Future challenges include combining electrochemistry with these other techniques in order to facilitate multisite and multianalyte monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason R Borgus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA;
| | - B Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA;
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Ou Y, Buchanan AM, Witt CE, Hashemi P. Frontiers in Electrochemical Sensors for Neurotransmitter Detection: Towards Measuring Neurotransmitters as Chemical Diagnostics for Brain Disorders. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2019; 11:2738-2755. [PMID: 32724337 PMCID: PMC7386554 DOI: 10.1039/c9ay00055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
It is extremely challenging to chemically diagnose disorders of the brain. There is hence great interest in designing and optimizing tools for direct detection of chemical biomarkers implicated in neurological disorders to improve diagnosis and treatment. Tools that are capable of monitoring brain chemicals, neurotransmitters in particular, need to be biocompatible, perform with high spatiotemporal resolution, and ensure high selectivity and sensitivity. Recent advances in electrochemical methods are addressing these criteria; the resulting devices demonstrate great promise for in vivo neurotransmitter detection. None of these devices are currently used for diagnostic purposes, however these cutting-edge technologies are promising more sensitive, selective, faster, and less invasive measurements. Via this review we highlight significant technical advances and in vivo studies, performed in the last 5 years, that we believe will facilitate the development of diagnostic tools for brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| | - Anna Marie Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| | - Colby E. Witt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
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36
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Bolaños Quiñones VA, Zhu H, Solovev AA, Mei Y, Gracias DH. Origami Biosystems: 3D Assembly Methods for Biomedical Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Bolaños Quiñones
- Department of Materials Science State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Alexander A. Solovev
- Department of Materials Science State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - David H. Gracias
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles Street, 221 Maryland Hall Baltimore MD 21218 USA
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37
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Sato K, Kamijo T, Takahashi S, Sato T. Comparison of NAD with NADP-dependent Glutamate Dehydrogenase, and CNT with rGO-modified Electrodes, for the Construction of Glutamate Sensors. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Sato
- Department of Creative Engineering, National Institute of Technology; Tsuruoka College; 104 Sawada, Inooka, Tsuruoka Yamagata 997-8511 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tohoku University; 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Toshio Kamijo
- Department of Creative Engineering, National Institute of Technology; Tsuruoka College; 104 Sawada, Inooka, Tsuruoka Yamagata 997-8511 Japan
| | - Shigehiro Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Takasaki University of Health and Welfare; 37-1, Nakaorui-cho, Takasaki Gunma 370-0033 Japan
| | - Takaya Sato
- Department of Creative Engineering, National Institute of Technology; Tsuruoka College; 104 Sawada, Inooka, Tsuruoka Yamagata 997-8511 Japan
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38
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Modena MM, Chawla K, Misun PM, Hierlemann A. Smart Cell Culture Systems: Integration of Sensors and Actuators into Microphysiological Systems. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1767-1784. [PMID: 29381325 PMCID: PMC5959007 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances in microfabrication techniques in combination with organotypic cell and tissue models have enabled the realization of microphysiological systems capable of recapitulating aspects of human physiology in vitro with great fidelity. Concurrently, a number of analysis techniques has been developed to probe and characterize these model systems. However, many assays are still performed off-line, which severely compromises the possibility of obtaining real-time information from the samples under examination, and which also limits the use of these platforms in high-throughput analysis. In this review, we focus on sensing and actuation schemes that have already been established or offer great potential to provide in situ detection or manipulation of relevant cell or tissue samples in microphysiological platforms. We will first describe methods that can be integrated in a straightforward way and that offer potential multiplexing and/or parallelization of sensing and actuation functions. These methods include electrical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical biosensors, and the use of surface acoustic waves for manipulation and analysis of cells, tissue, and multicellular organisms. In the second part, we will describe two sensor approaches based on surface-plasmon resonance and mechanical resonators that have recently provided new characterization features for biological samples, although technological limitations for use in high-throughput applications still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M. Modena
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ketki Chawla
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick M. Misun
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
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39
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Controlled grafting of molecularly imprinted films on gold microelectrodes using a self-assembled thiol iniferter. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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40
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Economou A, Kokkinos C, Prodromidis M. Flexible plastic, paper and textile lab-on-a chip platforms for electrochemical biosensing. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1812-1830. [PMID: 29855637 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00025e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Flexible biosensors represent an increasingly important and rapidly developing field of research. Flexible materials offer several advantages as supports of biosensing platforms in terms of flexibility, weight, conformability, portability, cost, disposability and scope for integration. On the other hand, electrochemical detection is perfectly suited to flexible biosensing devices. The present paper reviews the field of integrated electrochemical bionsensors fabricated on flexible materials (plastic, paper and textiles) which are used as functional base substrates. The vast majority of electrochemical flexible lab-on-a-chip (LOC) biosensing devices are based on plastic supports in a single or layered configuration. Among these, wearable devices are perhaps the ones that most vividly demonstrate the utility of the concept of flexible biosensors while diagnostic cards represent the state-of-the art in terms of integration and functionality. Another important type of flexible biosensors utilize paper as a functional support material enabling the fabrication of low-cost and disposable paper-based devices operating on the lateral flow, drop-casting or folding (origami) principles. Finally, textile-based biosensors are beginning to emerge enabling real-time measurements in the working environment or in wound care applications. This review is timely due to the significant advances that have taken place over the last few years in the area of LOC biosensors and aims to direct the readers to emerging trends in this field.
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41
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El-Maiss J, Cuccarese M, Maerten C, Lupattelli P, Chiummiento L, Funicello M, Schaaf P, Jierry L, Boulmedais F. Mussel-Inspired Electro-Cross-Linking of Enzymes for the Development of Biosensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:18574-18584. [PMID: 29799715 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In medical diagnosis and environmental monitoring, enzymatic biosensors are widely applied because of their high sensitivity, potential selectivity, and their possibility of miniaturization/automation. Enzyme immobilization is a critical process in the development of this type of biosensors with the necessity to avoid the denaturation of the enzymes and ensuring their accessibility toward the analyte. Electrodeposition of macromolecules is increasingly considered to be the most suitable method for the design of biosensors. Being simple and attractive, it finely controls the immobilization of enzymes on electrode surfaces, usually by entrapment or adsorption, using an electrical stimulus. Performed manually, enzyme immobilization by cross-linking prevents enzyme leaching and was never done using an electrochemical stimulus. In this work, we present a mussel-inspired electro-cross-linking process using glucose oxidase (GOX) and a homobifunctionalized catechol ethylene oxide spacer as a cross-linker in the presence of ferrocene methanol (FC) acting as a mediator of the buildup. Performed in one pot, the process takes place in three steps: (i) electro-oxidation of FC, by the application of cyclic voltammetry, creating a gradient of ferrocenium (FC+); (ii) oxidation of bis-catechol into a bis-quinone molecule by reaction with the electrogenerated FC+; and (iii) a chemical reaction of bis-quinone with free amino moieties of GOX through Michael addition and a Schiff's base condensation reaction. Employed for the design of a second-generation glucose biosensor using ferrocene methanol (FC) as a mediator, this new enzyme immobilization process presents several advantages. The cross-linked enzymatic film (i) is obtained in a one-pot process with nonmodified GOX, (ii) is strongly linked to the metallic electrode surface thanks to catechol moieties, and (iii) presents no leakage issues. The developed GOX/bis-catechol film shows a good response to glucose with a quite wide linear range from 1.0 to 12.5 mM as well as a good sensitivity (0.66 μA/mM cm2) and a high selectivity to glucose. These films would distinguish between healthy (3.8 and 6.5 mM) and hyperglycemic subjects (>7 mM). Finally, we show that this electro-cross-linking process allows the development of miniaturized biosensors through the functionalization of a single electrode out of a microelectrode array. Elegant and versatile, this electro-cross-linking process can also be used for the development of enzymatic biofuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janwa El-Maiss
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22 , 67034 Strasbourg , France
| | - Marco Cuccarese
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22 , 67034 Strasbourg , France
- Dipartimento di Scienze , Università degli Studi della Basilicata , 85100 Potenza , Italy
| | - Clément Maerten
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22 , 67034 Strasbourg , France
| | - Paolo Lupattelli
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22 , 67034 Strasbourg , France
- Dipartimento di Scienze , Università degli Studi della Basilicata , 85100 Potenza , Italy
| | - Lucia Chiummiento
- Dipartimento di Scienze , Università degli Studi della Basilicata , 85100 Potenza , Italy
| | - Maria Funicello
- Dipartimento di Scienze , Università degli Studi della Basilicata , 85100 Potenza , Italy
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22 , 67034 Strasbourg , France
- Ecole de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux , Université de Strasbourg , 67087 Strasbourg , France
- University of Strasbourg Institute of Advanced Study , 67083 Strasbourg , France
- Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie , Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 1121 , 67087 Strasbourg , France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), and Fédération des Matériaux et Nanoscience d'Alsace (FMNA) , Université de Strasbourg , 67000 Strasbourg , France
- International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry , 67083 Strasbourg , France
| | - Loïc Jierry
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22 , 67034 Strasbourg , France
- Ecole de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux , Université de Strasbourg , 67087 Strasbourg , France
| | - Fouzia Boulmedais
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22 , 67034 Strasbourg , France
- University of Strasbourg Institute of Advanced Study , 67083 Strasbourg , France
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42
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Ngernsutivorakul T, White TS, Kennedy RT. Microfabricated Probes for Studying Brain Chemistry: A Review. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1128-1142. [PMID: 29405568 PMCID: PMC6996029 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Probe techniques for monitoring in vivo chemistry (e.g., electrochemical sensors and microdialysis sampling probes) have significantly contributed to a better understanding of neurotransmission in correlation to behaviors and neurological disorders. Microfabrication allows construction of neural probes with high reproducibility, scalability, design flexibility, and multiplexed features. This technology has translated well into fabricating miniaturized neurochemical probes for electrochemical detection and sampling. Microfabricated electrochemical probes provide a better control of spatial resolution with multisite detection on a single compact platform. This development allows the observation of heterogeneity of neurochemical activity precisely within the brain region. Microfabricated sampling probes are starting to emerge that enable chemical measurements at high spatial resolution and potential for reducing tissue damage. Recent advancement in analytical methods also facilitates neurochemical monitoring at high temporal resolution. Furthermore, a positive feature of microfabricated probes is that they can be feasibly built with other sensing and stimulating platforms including optogenetics. Such integrated probes will empower researchers to precisely elucidate brain function and develop novel treatments for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas S. White
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 3003E, NCRC Building 28, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Kieninger J, Weltin A, Flamm H, Urban GA. Microsensor systems for cell metabolism - from 2D culture to organ-on-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1274-1291. [PMID: 29619452 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00942a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microsensor systems for cell metabolism are essential tools for investigation and standardization in cell culture. Electrochemical and optical read-out schemes dominate, which enable the marker-free, continuous, online recording of transient effects and deliver information beyond microscopy and end-point tests. There has been much progress in microfluidics and microsensors, but the translation of both into standard cell culture procedures is still limited. Within this critical review, we discuss different cell culture formats ranging from standard culture vessels to dedicated microfluidic platforms. Key aspects are the appropriate supply of cells, mass transport of metabolites to the sensors and generation of stimuli. Microfluidics enable the transition from static to dynamic conditions in culture and measurement. We illustrate the parameters oxygen (respiration), pH (acidification), glucose and lactate (energy metabolism) as well as short-lived reactive species (ROS/RNS) from the perspective of microsensor integration in 2D and 3D cell culture. We discuss different sensor principles and types, along with their limitations, microfabrication technologies and materials. The state-of-the-art of microsensor platforms for cell culture is discussed with respect to sensor performance, the number of parameters and timescale of application. That includes the advances from 2D culture to the increasingly important 3D approaches, with specific requirements for organotypic microtissues, spheroids and solid matrix cultures. We conclude on the current progress, potential, benefits and limitations of cell culture monitoring systems from monolayer culture to organ-on-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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44
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Chatard C, Meiller A, Marinesco S. Microelectrode Biosensors forin vivoAnalysis of Brain Interstitial Fluid. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Chatard
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Anne Meiller
- AniRA-Neurochem Technological Platform; Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Stéphane Marinesco
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER
- AniRA-Neurochem Technological Platform; Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER; Faculty of Medicine; 8 Avenue Rockefeller 69373 Lyon Cedex 08 France
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Davis TA, Holland LA. Peptide Probe for Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: Electrophoretic Assessment of the Binding Interface and Evaluation of Surface Functionalization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:11311-11318. [PMID: 29468871 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions of peptides and proteins with carbon nanotubes play a key role in sensing, dispersion, and biocompatibility. Advances in these areas require that the forces which contribute to physical adsorption are understood in order that the carbon nanotubes present a degree of functionalization appropriate to the desired application. Affinity analyses of peptides are employed to evaluate the role of tryptophan and arginine residues in physical adsorption to carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Peptides containing arginine and tryptophan, WR(W) n, are used with affinity capillary electrophoresis to identify factors that lead to the formation of peptide-carbon nanotube complexes. The effects of changing the amino acid composition and residue length are evaluated by measuring dissociation constants. Electrostatic interactions contribute significantly to complexation, with the strongest interaction observed using the peptide WRWWWW and carboxylated carbon nanotube. Stronger interaction is observed when the tryptophan content is successively increased as follows: WR(W)4 > WR(W)3 > WR(W)2 > WRW > WR. However, as observed with polytryptophan (W5, W4, W3, and W2), removing the arginine residue significantly reduces the interaction with carbon nanotubes. Increasing the arginine content to WRWWRW does not improve binding, whereas replacing the arginine residue in WRWWWW with lysine (WKWWWW) reveals that lysine also contributes to surface adsorption, but not as effectively as arginine. These observations are used to guide a search of the primary sequence of lysozyme to identify short regions in the peptide that contain a single cationic residue and two aromatic residues. One candidate peptide sequence (WMCLAKW) from this search is analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. The dissociation constant of carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes is measured for the peptide, WMCLAKW, to demonstrate the utility of affinity capillary electrophoresis analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Davis
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia 26506 , United States
| | - Lisa A Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia 26506 , United States
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Dilgin DG, Ertek B, Dilgin Y. A low-cost, fast, disposable and sensitive biosensor study: flow injection analysis of glucose at poly-methylene blue-modified pencil graphite electrode. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Clay M, Monbouquette HG. A Detailed Model of Electroenzymatic Glutamate Biosensors To Aid in Sensor Optimization and in Applications in Vivo. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:241-251. [PMID: 29076724 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simulations conducted with a detailed model of glutamate biosensor performance describe the observed sensor performance well, illustrate the limits of sensor performance, and suggest a path toward sensor optimization. Glutamate is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and electroenzymatic sensors have emerged as a useful tool for the monitoring of glutamate signaling in vivo. However, the utility of these sensors currently is limited by their sensitivity and response time. A mathematical model of a typical glutamate biosensor consisting of a Pt electrode coated with a permselective polymer film and a top layer of cross-linked glutamate oxidase has been constructed in terms of differential material balances on glutamate, H2O2, and O2 in one spatial dimension. Simulations suggest that reducing thicknesses of the permselective polymer and enzyme layers can increase sensitivity ∼6-fold and reduce response time ∼7-fold, and thereby improve resolution of transient glutamate signals. At currently employed enzyme layer thicknesses, both intrinsic enzyme kinetics and enzyme deactivation likely are masked by mass transfer. However, O2-dependence studies show essentially no reduction in signal at the lowest anticipated O2 concentrations for expected glutamate concentrations in the brain and that O2 transport limitations in vitro are anticipated only at glutamate concentrations in the mM range. Finally, the limitations of current biosensors in monitoring glutamate transients is simulated and used to illustrate the need for optimized biosensors to report glutamate signaling accurately on a subsecond time scale. This work demonstrates how a detailed model can be used to guide optimization of electroenzymatic sensors similar to that for glutamate and to ensure appropriate interpretation of data gathered using such biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Clay
- Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1592, United States
| | - Harold G. Monbouquette
- Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1592, United States
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Finnerty NJ, Bolger FB. In vitro development and in vivo application of a platinum-based electrochemical device for continuous measurements of peripheral tissue oxygen. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 119:124-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Booth MA, Gowers SAN, Leong CL, Rogers ML, Samper IC, Wickham AP, Boutelle MG. Chemical Monitoring in Clinical Settings: Recent Developments toward Real-Time Chemical Monitoring of Patients. Anal Chem 2017; 90:2-18. [PMID: 29083872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marsilea A Booth
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A N Gowers
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Chi Leng Leong
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L Rogers
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle C Samper
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan P Wickham
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn G Boutelle
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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