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Di Paolo V, Ferrari FM, Veronese D, Poggesi I, Quintieri L. A genetic algorithm-based approach for the prediction of metabolic drug-drug interactions involving CYP2C8 or CYP2B6. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2024; 127:107516. [PMID: 38777239 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2024.107516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A genetic algorithm (GA) approach was developed to predict drug-drug interactions (DDIs) caused by cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8) inhibition or cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) inhibition or induction. Nighty-eight DDIs, obtained from published in vivo studies in healthy volunteers, have been considered using the area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC) ratios (i.e., ratios of AUC of the drug substrate administered in combination with a DDI perpetrator to AUC of the drug substrate administered alone) to describe the extent of DDI. METHODS The following parameters were estimated in this approach: the contribution ratios (CRCYP2B6 and CRCYP2C8, i.e., the fraction of the dose metabolized via CYP2B6 or CYP2C8, respectively) and the inhibitory or inducing potency of the perpetrator drug (IRCYP2B6, IRCYP2C8 and ICCYP2B6, for inhibition of CYP2B6 and CYP2C8, and induction of CYP2B6, respectively). The workflow consisted of three main phases. First, the initial estimates of the parameters were estimated through GA. Then, the model was validated using an external validation. Finally, the parameter values were refined via a Bayesian orthogonal regression using all data. RESULTS The AUC ratios of 5 substrates, 11 inhibitors and 19 inducers of CYP2B6, and the AUC ratios of 19 substrates and 23 inhibitors of CYP2C8 were successfully predicted by the developed methodology within 50-200% of observed values. CONCLUSIONS The approach proposed in this work may represent a useful tool for evaluating the suitable doses of a CYP2C8 or CYP2B6 substrates co-administered with perpetrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Di Paolo
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Davide Veronese
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Italo Poggesi
- Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling and Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline S.p.A., Verona, Italy
| | - Luigi Quintieri
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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2
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Bernardo J, Valentão P. Herb-drug interactions: A short review on central and peripheral nervous system drugs. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1903-1931. [PMID: 38358734 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Herbal medicines are widely perceived as natural and safe remedies. However, their concomitant use with prescribed drugs is a common practice, often undertaken without full awareness of the potential risks and frequently without medical supervision. This practice introduces a tangible risk of herb-drug interactions, which can manifest as a spectrum of consequences, ranging from acute, self-limited reactions to unpredictable and potentially lethal scenarios. This review offers a comprehensive overview of herb-drug interactions, with a specific focus on medications targeting the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Our work draws upon a broad range of evidence, encompassing preclinical data, animal studies, and clinical case reports. We delve into the intricate pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics underpinning each interaction, elucidating the mechanisms through which these interactions occur. One pressing issue that emerges from this analysis is the need for updated guidelines and sustained pharmacovigilance efforts. The topic of herb-drug interactions often escapes the attention of both consumers and healthcare professionals. To ensure patient safety and informed decision-making, it is imperative that we address this knowledge gap and establish a framework for continued monitoring and education. In conclusion, the use of herbal remedies alongside conventional medications is a practice replete with potential hazards. This review not only underscores the real and significant risks associated with herb-drug interactions but also underscores the necessity for greater awareness, research, and vigilant oversight in this often-overlooked domain of healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Bernardo
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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3
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Sharawi ZW, Ibrahim IM, Abd-Alhameed EK, Althagafy HS, Jaber FA, Harakeh S, Hassanein EHM. Baicalin and lung diseases. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:1405-1419. [PMID: 37725153 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Studies focusing on natural products have been conducted worldwide, and the results suggest that their natural ingredients effectively treat a wide range of illnesses. Baicalin (BIA) is a glycoside derived from the flavonoid baicalein present in Scutellaria baicalensis of the Lamiaceae family. Interestingly, BIA has been shown to protect the lungs in several animal models used in numerous studies. Therefore, we fully analyzed the data of the studies that focused on BIA's lung protective function against various injuries and included them in this review. Interestingly, BIA exhibits promising effects against acute lung injury, lung fibrosis, pulmonary embolism, and lung remodelling associated with COPD, LPS, and paraquat insecticide. BAI exhibits anticancer activity against lung cancer. Additionally, BIA potently attenuates lung damage associated with infections. BIA primarily exerts its therapeutic effects by suppressing inflammation, oxidative stress immune response, and apoptosis pathways. Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, STAT3, MAPKs, TLR4, and NLRP3 are important targets in the pulmonary therapeutic effects of BIA on different lung disease models. Consequently, we recommend using it in future potential clinical applications, its contribution to treatment guidelines, and translating its promising effects to clinical practice in lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina W Sharawi
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Islam M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Esraa K Abd-Alhameed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hanan S Althagafy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima A Jaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steve Harakeh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Yousef Abdul Lateef Jameel Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.
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4
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Siwek M, Woroń J, Wrzosek A, Gupało J, Chrobak AA. Harder, better, faster, stronger? Retrospective chart review of adverse events of interactions between adaptogens and antidepressant drugs. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1271776. [PMID: 37829299 PMCID: PMC10565488 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1271776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to systematically evaluate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of adverse events associated with the adaptogens and antidepressant drug interactions in a retrospective chart review. Methodology: A total of 1,816 reports of adverse events were evaluated. Cases were included in the analysis if the pharmacoepidemiological analysis showed the presence of a high probability of a causal relationship between an adaptogen and antidepressant interaction and the occurrence of adverse events. The following data were extracted from the reports: age, sex, antidepressant, plant products containing adaptogens, other concomitant medications, and clinical consequences of the interactions and their possible mechanisms. Results: Adaptogens were involved in 9% of adverse events associated with the concomitant use of antidepressants and other preparations. We identified 30 reports in which side effects presented a causal relationship with the use of antidepressants and adaptogens. Here, we present the list of adaptogens with the corresponding antidepressants and the side effects caused by their interactions: Withania somnifera: reboxetine (testicle pain and ejaculatory dysfunctions), sertraline (severe diarrhea), escitalopram (myalgia, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, restless legs syndrome, and severe cough), and paroxetine (generalized myalgia, ophthalmalgia, and ocular hypertension); Eleutherococcus senticosus: duloxetine (upper gastrointestinal bleeding), paroxetine (epistaxis), sertraline (vaginal hemorrhage), and agomelatine (irritability, agitation, headache, and dizziness); Schisandra chinensis: bupropion (arthralgia and thrombocytopenia), amitriptyline (delirium), and fluoxetine (dysuria); Tribulus terrestris: citalopram (generalized pruritus), escitalopram (galactorrhea), and trazodone (psoriasis relapse); Coptis chinensis: mianserin (arrhythmias), mirtazapine (edema of lower limbs and myalgia), and fluoxetine (gynecomastia); Cimicifuga racemosa: mianserin (restless legs syndrome), paroxetine (gynecomastia and mastalgia), and venlafaxine (hyponatremia); Bacopa monnieri: agomelatine (back pain and hyperhidrosis) and moclobemide (myocardial infarction); Gynostemma pentaphyllum: duloxetine (back pain); Cordyceps sinensis: sertraline (upper gastrointestinal bleeding); Lepidium meyenii: mianserin (restless legs syndrome); and Scutellaria baicalensis: bupropion (seizures). Conclusion: Clinicians should monitor the adverse events associated with the concomitant use of adaptogens and antidepressant drugs in patients with mental disorders. Aggregation of side effects and pharmacokinetic interactions (inhibition of CYP and p-glycoprotein) between those medicines may result in clinically significant adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Siwek
- Department of Affective Disorders, Chair of Psychiatry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jarosław Woroń
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital in Cracow, Kraków, Poland
- University Center for Monitoring and Research on Adverse Drug Effects in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Wrzosek
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital in Cracow, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Interdisciplinary Intensive Care, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Gupało
- Pharma Consult, Pharmacotherapy Safety Team, Zakopane, Poland
| | - Adrian Andrzej Chrobak
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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5
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Costa B, Vale N. Efavirenz: History, Development and Future. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010088. [PMID: 36671473 PMCID: PMC9855767 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Efavirenz (Sustiva®) is a first-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection or to prevent the spread of HIV. In 1998, the FDA authorized efavirenz for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Patients formerly required three 200 mg efavirenz capsules daily, which was rapidly updated to a 600 mg tablet that only required one tablet per day. However, when given 600 mg once daily, plasma efavirenz concentrations were linked not only to poor HIV suppression but also to toxicity. Clinical data suggested that the standard dose of efavirenz could be reduced without compromising its effectiveness, resulting in a reduction in side effects and making the drug more affordable. Therefore, ENCORE1 was performed to compare the efficiency and safeness of a reduced dose of efavirenz (400 mg) with the standard dose (600 mg) plus two NRTI in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected individuals. Nowadays, due to the emergence of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), some consider that it is time to stop using efavirenz as a first-line treatment on a global scale, in the parts of the world where that is possible. Efavirenz has been a primary first-line antiviral drug for more than 15 years. However, at this moment, the best use for efavirenz could be for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and repurposing in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Costa
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-220426537
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6
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Quantitative Prediction of Drug Interactions Caused by Cytochrome P450 2B6 Inhibition or Induction. Clin Pharmacokinet 2022; 61:1297-1306. [PMID: 35857278 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-022-01153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous drugs have the potential to be affected by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B6-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs). OBJECTIVES In this work, we extend a static approach to the prediction of the extent of pharmacokinetics DDIs between substrates and inhibitors or inducers of CYP2B6. METHODS This approach is based on the calculation of two parameters (the contribution ratio [CR], representing the fraction of dose of the substrate metabolized via this pathway and the inhibitory or inducing potency of the perpetrator [IR or IC, respectively]) calculated from the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) ratios obtained in in-vivo DDI studies. RESULTS Forty-eight studies involving 5 substrates, 11 inhibitors and 18 inducers of CYP2B6 (overall 15 inhibition and 33 induction studies) were divided into test and validation sets and considered for estimation of the parameters. The proposed approach demonstrated a fair accuracy for predicting the extent of DDI related to CYP2B6 inhibition and induction, all predictions related to the validation test (N = 18) being 50-200% of the observed ratios. CONCLUSIONS This methodology can be used for proposing initial dose adaptations to be adopted, for example in clinical use or for designing DDI studies involving this enzyme.
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7
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Hu Z, Guan Y, Hu W, Xu Z, Ishfaq M. An overview of pharmacological activities of baicalin and its aglycone baicalein: New insights into molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:14-26. [PMID: 35656442 PMCID: PMC9118284 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.60380.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The flavonoids, baicalin, and its aglycone baicalein possess multi-fold therapeutic properties and are mainly found in the roots of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. These flavonoids have been reported to possess various pharmacological properties, including antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, anticonvulsant, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. The pharmacological properties of baicalin and baicalein are due to their abilities to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interaction with various signaling molecules associated with apoptosis, inflammation, autophagy, cell cycle, mitochondrial dynamics, and cytoprotection. In this review, we summarized the molecular mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic applications of baicalin and baicalein in the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. In addition, the preventive effects of baicalin and baicalein on mitochondrial dynamics and functions were highlighted with a particular emphasis on their anti-oxidative and cytoprotective properties. The current review highlights could be useful for future prospective studies to further improve the pharmacological applications of baicalein and baicalin. These studies should define the threshold for optimal drug exposure, dose optimization and focus on therapeutic drug monitoring, objective disease markers, and baicalin/baicalein drug levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Hu
- College of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yurong Guan
- College of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Wanying Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- Hubei Zhiying Medical Imaging Center, Radiology Department of Huanggang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- College of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China
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8
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Desta Z, El-Boraie A, Gong L, Somogyi AA, Lauschke VM, Dandara C, Klein K, Miller NA, Klein TE, Tyndale RF, Whirl-Carrillo M, Gaedigk A. PharmVar GeneFocus: CYP2B6. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:82-97. [PMID: 33448339 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Pharmacogene Variation Consortium (PharmVar) catalogs star (*) allele nomenclature for the polymorphic human CYP2B6 gene. Genetic variation within the CYP2B6 gene locus impacts the metabolism or bioactivation of clinically important drugs. Of particular importance are efficacy and safety concerns regarding: efavirenz, which is used for the treatment of HIV type-1 infection; methadone, a mainstay in the treatment of opioid use disorder and as an analgesic; ketamine, used as an antidepressant and analgesic; and bupropion, which is prescribed to treat depression and for smoking cessation. This GeneFocus provides a comprehensive overview and summary of CYP2B6 and describes how haplotype information catalogued by PharmVar is utilized by the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB) and the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeruesenay Desta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ahmed El-Boraie
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology, and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Li Gong
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrew A Somogyi
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kathrin Klein
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Neil A Miller
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Teri E Klein
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology, and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Andrea Gaedigk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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9
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Zhou X, Fu L, Wang P, Yang L, Zhu X, Li CG. Drug-herb interactions between Scutellaria baicalensis and pharmaceutical drugs: Insights from experimental studies, mechanistic actions to clinical applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111445. [PMID: 33711551 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst the popular use of herbal medicine globally, it poses challenges in managing potential drug-herb interaction. There are two folds of the drug-herb interaction, a beneficial interaction that may improve therapeutic outcome and minimise the toxicity of drug desirably; by contrast, negative interaction may evoke unwanted clinical consequences, especially with drugs of narrow therapeutic index. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is one of the most popular medicinal plants used in Asian countries. It has been widely used for treating various diseases and conditions such as cancer, diabetes, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Studies on its extract and bioactive compounds have shown pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions with a wide range of pharmaceutical drugs as evidenced by plenty of in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Notably, S. baicalensis and its bioactives including baicalein, baicalin and wogonin exhibited synergistic interactions with many pharmaceutical drugs to enhance their efficacy, reduce toxicity or overcome drug resistance to combat complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes and infectious diseases. On the other hand, S. baicalensis and its bioactives also affected the pharmacokinetic profile of many drugs in absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination via the regulatory actions of the efflux pumps and cytochrome P450 enzymes. This review provides comprehensive references of the observed pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug interactions of Scutellaria baicalensis and its bioactives. We have elucidated the interaction with detailed mechanistic actions, identified the knowledge gaps for future research and potential clinical implications. Such knowledge is important for the practice of both conventional and complementary medicines, and it is essential to ensure the safe use of related herbal medicines. The review may be of great interest to practitioners, consumers, clinicians who require comprehensive information on the possible drug interactions with S. baicalensis and its bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Ling Fu
- Chinese Medicine Centre, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (Jiangsu Second Chinese Medicine Hospital), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210017, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengli Wang
- Chinese Medicine Centre, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Yang
- Chinese Medicine Centre, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshu Zhu
- Chinese Medicine Centre, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Chun Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
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10
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Marok FZ, Fuhr LM, Hanke N, Selzer D, Lehr T. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Bupropion and Its Metabolites in a CYP2B6 Drug-Drug-Gene Interaction Network. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:331. [PMID: 33806634 PMCID: PMC8001859 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The noradrenaline and dopamine reuptake inhibitor bupropion is metabolized by CYP2B6 and recommended by the FDA as the only sensitive substrate for clinical CYP2B6 drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies. The aim of this study was to build a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of bupropion including its DDI-relevant metabolites, and to qualify the model using clinical drug-gene interaction (DGI) and DDI data. The model was built in PK-Sim® applying clinical data of 67 studies. It incorporates CYP2B6-mediated hydroxylation of bupropion, metabolism via CYP2C19 and 11β-HSD, as well as binding to pharmacological targets. The impact of CYP2B6 polymorphisms is described for normal, poor, intermediate, and rapid metabolizers, with various allele combinations of the genetic variants CYP2B6*1, *4, *5 and *6. DDI model performance was evaluated by prediction of clinical studies with rifampicin (CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 inducer), fluvoxamine (CYP2C19 inhibitor) and voriconazole (CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 inhibitor). Model performance quantification showed 20/20 DGI ratios of hydroxybupropion to bupropion AUC ratios (DGI AUCHBup/Bup ratios), 12/13 DDI AUCHBup/Bup ratios, and 7/7 DDGI AUCHBup/Bup ratios within 2-fold of observed values. The developed model is freely available in the Open Systems Pharmacology model repository.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thorsten Lehr
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (F.Z.M.); (L.M.F.); (N.H.); (D.S.)
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11
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Hakkola J, Hukkanen J, Turpeinen M, Pelkonen O. Inhibition and induction of CYP enzymes in humans: an update. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3671-3722. [PMID: 33111191 PMCID: PMC7603454 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme family is the most important enzyme system catalyzing the phase 1 metabolism of pharmaceuticals and other xenobiotics such as herbal remedies and toxic compounds in the environment. The inhibition and induction of CYPs are major mechanisms causing pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions. This review presents a comprehensive update on the inhibitors and inducers of the specific CYP enzymes in humans. The focus is on the more recent human in vitro and in vivo findings since the publication of our previous review on this topic in 2008. In addition to the general presentation of inhibitory drugs and inducers of human CYP enzymes by drugs, herbal remedies, and toxic compounds, an in-depth view on tyrosine-kinase inhibitors and antiretroviral HIV medications as victims and perpetrators of drug–drug interactions is provided as examples of the current trends in the field. Also, a concise overview of the mechanisms of CYP induction is presented to aid the understanding of the induction phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Hakkola
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Janne Hukkanen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Miia Turpeinen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Administration Center, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
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Ancuceanu R, Dinu M, Dinu-Pirvu C, Anuţa V, Negulescu V. Pharmacokinetics of B-Ring Unsubstituted Flavones. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E370. [PMID: 31374885 PMCID: PMC6723510 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B-ring unsubstituted flavones (of which the most widely known are chrysin, baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin A) are 2-phenylchromen-4-one molecules of which the B-ring is devoid of any hydroxy, methoxy, or other substituent. They may be found naturally in a number of herbal products used for therapeutic purposes, and several have been designed by researchers and obtained in the laboratory. They have generated interest in the scientific community for their potential use in a variety of pathologies, and understanding their pharmacokinetics is important for a grasp of their optimal use. Based on a comprehensive survey of the relevant literature, this paper examines their absorption (with deglycosylation as a preliminary step) and their fate in the body, from metabolism to excretion. Differences among species (inter-individual) and within the same species (intra-individual) variability have been examined based on the available data, and finally, knowledge gaps and directions of future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ancuceanu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Dinu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Cristina Dinu-Pirvu
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Valentina Anuţa
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Vlad Negulescu
- Department of Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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Duwal S, Seeler D, Dickinson L, Khoo S, von Kleist M. The Utility of Efavirenz-based Prophylaxis Against HIV Infection. A Systems Pharmacological Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:199. [PMID: 30918485 PMCID: PMC6424904 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is considered one of the five “pillars” by UNAIDS to reduce HIV transmission. Moreover, it is a tool for female self-protection against HIV, making it highly relevant to sub-Saharan regions, where women have the highest infection burden. To date, Truvada is the only medication for PrEP. However, the cost of Truvada limits its uptake in resource-constrained countries. Similarly, several currently investigated, patent-protected compounds may be unaffordable in these regions. We set out to explore the potential of the patent-expired antiviral efavirenz (EFV) as a cost-efficient PrEP alternative. A population pharmacokinetic model utilizing data from the ENCORE1 study was developed. The model was refined for metabolic autoinduction. We then explored EFV cellular uptake mechanisms, finding that it is largely determined by plasma protein binding. Next, we predicted the prophylactic efficacy of various EFV dosing schemes after exposure to HIV using a stochastic simulation framework. We predicted that plasma concentrations of 11, 36, 1287 and 1486ng/mL prevent 90% sexual transmissions with wild type and Y181C, K103N and G190S mutants, respectively. Trough concentrations achieved after 600 mg once daily dosing (median: 2017 ng/mL, 95% CI:445–9830) and after reduced dose (400 mg) efavirenz (median: 1349ng/mL, 95% CI: 297–6553) provided complete protection against wild-type virus and the Y181C mutant, and median trough concentrations provided about 90% protection against the K103N and G190S mutants. As reduced dose EFV has a lower toxicity profile, we predicted the reduction in HIV infection when 400 mg EFV-PrEP was poorly adhered to, when it was taken “on demand” and as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Once daily EFV-PrEP provided 99% protection against wild-type virus, if ≥50% of doses were taken. PrEP “on demand” provided complete protection against wild-type virus and prevented ≥81% infections in the mutants. PEP could prevent >98% infection with susceptible virus when initiated within 24 h after virus exposure and continued for at least 9 days. We predict that 400 mg oral EFV may provide superior protection against wild-type HIV. However, further studies are warranted to evaluate EFV as a cost-efficient alternative to Truvada. Predicted prophylactic concentrations may guide release kinetics of EFV long-acting formulations for clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulav Duwal
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Systems Pharmacology and Disease Control, Institute of Bioinformatics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seeler
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Systems Pharmacology and Disease Control, Institute of Bioinformatics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Dickinson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Saye Khoo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Max von Kleist
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Systems Pharmacology and Disease Control, Institute of Bioinformatics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Liang W, Huang X, Chen W. The Effects of Baicalin and Baicalein on Cerebral Ischemia: A Review. Aging Dis 2017; 8:850-867. [PMID: 29344420 PMCID: PMC5758355 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, producing a high mortality and morbidity rate, is a common clinical disease. Enhancing the prevention and control of ischemic stroke is particularly important. Baicalin and its aglycon baicalein are flavonoids extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis, an important traditional Chinese herb. In recent years, a growing body of evidences has shown that baicalin and baicalein could be effective in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that baicalin could penetrate the blood-brain barrier and distribute in cerebral nuclei. Through a variety of in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic neuronal injury, numerous studies have demonstrated that baicalin and baicalein have salutary effect for neuroprotection. Especially, the studies on the pharmacological mechanism showed that baicalin and baicalein have several pharmacological activities, which include antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-excitotoxicity effects, protection of the mitochondria, promoting neuronal protective factors expression and adult neurogenesis effects and many more. This review focuses on the neuroprotective effects of baicalin and baicalein in ischemia or stroke-induced neuronal cell death. We aimed at collecting all important information regarding the neuroprotective effect and its pharmacological mechanism of baicalin and baicalein in various in vivo and in vitro experimental models of ischemic neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, ChinaThese authors equally contributed to this work
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15
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Be aware that the use of tobacco, cannabinoids and smoking cessation may result in pharmacokinetic interactions with other drugs. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40267-017-0410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Anderson GD, Chan LN. Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions with Tobacco, Cannabinoids and Smoking Cessation Products. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 55:1353-1368. [PMID: 27106177 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-016-0400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke contains a large number of compounds in the form of metals, volatile gases and insoluble particles, as well as nicotine, a highly addictive alkaloid. Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug of abuse in the world, with a significant increase in the USA due to the increasing number of states that allow medical and recreational use. Of the over 70 phytocannabinoids in marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannibinol are the three main constituents. Both marijuana and tobacco smoking induce cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 through activation of the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor, and the induction effect between the two products is additive. Smoking cessation is associated with rapid downregulation of CYP1A enzymes. On the basis of the estimated half-life of CYP1A2, dose reduction of CYP1A drugs may be necessary as early as the first few days after smoking cessation to prevent toxicity, especially for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. Nicotine is a substrate of CYP2A6, which is induced by oestrogen, resulting in lower concentrations of nicotine in females than in males, especially in females taking oral contraceptives. The significant effects of CYP3A4 inducers and inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of Δ9THC/CBD oromucosal spray suggest that CYP3A4 is the primary enzyme responsible for the metabolism of Δ9THC and CBD. Limited data also suggest that CBD may significantly inhibit CYP2C19. With the increasing use of marijuana and cannabis products, clinical studies are needed in order to determine the effects of other drugs on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail D Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy, Box 357630, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Lingtak-Neander Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Box 357630, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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17
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Hwang YH, Yang HJ, Kim DG, Ma JY. Inhibitory Effects of Multiple-Dose Treatment with Baicalein on the Pharmacokinetics of Ciprofloxacin in Rats. Phytother Res 2016; 31:69-74. [PMID: 27671796 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin is used as a treatment for urinary and respiratory tract infections in clinical practice. Baicalein, a major flavonoid present in Scutellaria baicalensis, is a well-known and potent antibacterial compound used in complementary and alternative medicine practices. The present study aimed to clarify the effects of multiple-dose treatment with baicalein on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in rats. Following the oral administration of baicalein (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg) for five consecutive days, the rats received an oral administration of ciprofloxacin (20 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected at specific time points, and the plasma concentrations of ciprofloxacin were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography. To evaluate the mechanisms underlying the interaction between baicalein and ciprofloxacin, a rhodamine 123 accumulation assay was performed in LS-180 cells. A pharmacokinetic study revealed that multiple-dose treatment with baicalein significantly decreased the peak serum concentration (Cmax ), area under the curve (AUC0 → 480 min ), and relative bioavailability (Frel ) of ciprofloxacin (p < 0.05). The rhodamine 123 accumulation assay revealed that treatment with baicalein for 48 h markedly reduced the intracellular accumulation of rhodamine 123. Taken together, these findings suggest that baicalein may result in the therapeutic failure of ciprofloxacin or other quinolone-based antibiotics used for chemotherapy in clinical practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Hwan Hwang
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yang
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong-Gun Kim
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
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18
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Ma BL, Ma YM. Pharmacokinetic herb–drug interactions with traditional Chinese medicine: progress, causes of conflicting results and suggestions for future research. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:1-26. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1124888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Effects of the selected cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase genetic polymorphisms on cytochrome P450 2B6 activity as measured by bupropion hydroxylation. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2016; 26:80-7. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Efectos de los inductores antiepilépticos en la neuropsicofarmacología: una cuestión ignorada. Parte II: cuestiones farmacológicas y comprensión adicional. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2015; 8:167-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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The effects of antiepileptic inducers in neuropsychopharmacology, a neglected issue. Part I: A summary of the current state for clinicians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsmen.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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The effects of antiepileptic inducers in neuropsychopharmacology, a neglected issue. Part I: A summary of the current state for clinicians. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2015; 8:97-115. [PMID: 25745819 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The literature on inducers in epilepsy and bipolar disorder is seriously contaminated by false negative findings. This is part i of a comprehensive review on antiepileptic drug (AED) inducers using both mechanistic pharmacological and evidence-based medicine to provide practical recommendations to neurologists and psychiatrists concerning how to control for them. Carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin, are clinically relevant AED inducers; correction factors were calculated for studied induced drugs. These correction factors are rough simplifications for orienting clinicians, since there is great variability in the population regarding inductive effects. As new information is published, the correction factors may need to be modified. Some of the correction factors are so high that the drugs (e.g., bupropion, quetiapine or lurasidone) should not co-prescribed with potent inducers. Clobazam, eslicarbazepine, felbamate, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, rufinamide, topiramate, vigabatrin and valproic acid are grouped as mild inducers which may (i)be inducers only in high doses; (ii)frequently combine with inhibitory properties; and (iii)take months to reach maximum effects or de-induction, definitively longer than the potent inducers. Potent inducers, definitively, and mild inducers, possibly, have relevant effects in the endogenous metabolism of (i)sexual hormones, (ii) vitamin D, (iii)thyroid hormones, (iv)lipid metabolism, and (v)folic acid.
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Pharmacogenomics and herb-drug interactions: merge of future and tradition. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:321091. [PMID: 25821484 PMCID: PMC4363646 DOI: 10.1155/2015/321091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide using of herb products and the increasing potential herb-drug interaction issue has raised enthusiasm on discovering the underlying mechanisms. Previous review indicated that the interactions may be mediated by metabolism enzymes and transporters in pharmacokinetic pathways. On the other hand, an increasing number of studies found that genetic variations showed some influence on herb-drug interaction effects whereas these genetic factors did not draw much attention in history. We highlight that pharmacogenomics may involve the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic pathways to affect herb-drug interaction. We are here to make an updated review focused on some common herb-drug interactions in association with genetic variations, with the aim to help safe use of herbal medicines in different individuals in the clinic.
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Noh K, Nepal MR, Jeong KS, Kim SA, Um YJ, Seo CS, Kang MJ, Park PH, Kang W, Jeong HG, Jeong TC. Effects of baicalin on oral pharmacokinetics of caffeine in rats. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:201-6. [PMID: 25767690 PMCID: PMC4354323 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis is one of the most widely used herbal medicines in East Asia. Because baicalein and baicalin are major components of this herb, it is important to understand the effects of these compounds on drug metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP), for evaluating herb-drug interaction. The effects of baicalin and baicalein on activities of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD), benzyloxyresorufin O-debenzylase (BROD), p-nitrophenol hydroxylase and erythromycin N-demethylase were assessed in rat liver microsomes in the present study. In addition, the pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its three metabolites (i.e., paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline) in baicalin-treated rats were compared with untreated control. As results, EROD, MROD and BROD activities were inhibited by both baicalin and baicalein. However, there were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of oral caffeine and its three metabolites between control and baicalin-treated rats. When the plasma concentration of baicalin was determined, the maximum concentration of baicalin was below the estimated IC50 values observed in vitro. In conclusion, baicalin had no effects on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its metabolites in vivo, following single oral administration in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumhan Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh Raj Nepal
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-A Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ji Um
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Shin Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonku Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Cheon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
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Cheng ZY, Tian X, Gao J, Li HM, Jia LJ, Qiao HL. Contribution of baicalin on the plasma protein binding displacement and CYP3A activity inhibition to the pharmacokinetic changes of nifedipine in rats in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87234. [PMID: 24498050 PMCID: PMC3907542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Baicalin purified from the root of Radix scutellariae is widely used in clinical practices. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of baicalin on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine, a CYP3A probe substrate, in rats in vivo and in vitro. In a randomised, three-period crossover study, significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine (2 mg/kg) were observed after treatment with a low (0.225 g/kg) or high (0.45 g/kg) dose of baicalin in rats. In the low- and high-dose groups of baicalin-treated rats, C max of total nifedipine decreased by 40%±14% (P<0.01) and 65%±14% (P<0.01), AUC0-∞ decreased by 41%±8% (P<0.01) and 63%±7% (P<0.01), Vd increased by 85%±43% (P<0.01) and 224%±231% (P<0.01), and CL increased by 97%±78% (P<0.01) and 242%±135% (P<0.01), respectively. Plasma protein binding experiments in vivo showed that C max of unbound nifedipine significantly increased by 25%±19% (P<0.01) and 44%±29% (P<0.01), respectively, and there was a good correlation between the unbound nifedipine (%) and baicalin concentrations (P<0.01). Furthermore, in vitro results revealed that baicalin was a competitive displacer of nifedipine from plasma proteins. In vitro incubation experiments demonstrated that baicalin could also competitively inhibit CYP3A activity in rat liver microsomes in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetic changes of nifedipine may be modulated by the inhibitory effects of baicalin on plasma protein binding and CYP3A-mediated metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Cheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong-Meng Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin-Jing Jia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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26
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Hukkanen J. Induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes: a view on humanin vivofindings. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 5:569-85. [PMID: 23121279 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.12.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janne Hukkanen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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27
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Hu M, Fan L, Zhou HH, Tomlinson B. Theranostics meets traditional Chinese medicine: rational prediction of drug–herb interactions. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 12:815-30. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Gao N, Fang Y, Qi B, Jia LJ, Jin H, Qiao HL. Pharmacokinetic changes of unbound theophylline are due to plasma protein binding displacement and CYP1A2 activity inhibition by baicalin in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:477-484. [PMID: 24076258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Baicalin is one of the major bioactive constituents of Scutellariae Radix, the root of Scutellariae baicalensis Georgi and possesses a wide variety of pharmacological properties. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate the effect of baicalin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats, focusing on plasma protein binding displacement and inhibition effect on CYP1A2 in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was a randomized, three-period crossover design. Nine rats were given saline (control) or 450 mg/kg baicalin (dosage regimen A or B). Dosage regimen A was administered once at 0 h. Dosage regimen B was divided into three dosages (225,112.5, 112.5 mg/kg) and was given at 0, 2 and 4 h, respectively. Then theophylline (5 mg/kg, i.v.) was administered immediately. The effect of baicalin on CYP1A2 activity was determined by metabolism of phenacetin in vitro and plasma protein binding of theophylline was determined by ultrafiltration. RESULTS C(max) decreased from (12.4 ± 1.6) to (8.7 ± 0.9) and (8.6 ± 2.0) mg/L, T(1/2) increased by 116 and 96%, V(d) increased by 51 and 49% for total theophylline in rats treated with dosage regimen A and B of baicalin, respectively. Cmax was significantly increased, V(d) decreased by 43 and 29% for unbound theophylline in rats treated with dosage regimen A and B of baicalin, respectively (P < 0.01). T(1/2) of unbound theophylline increased by 104% only in rats treated with dosage regimen B. No significant effects on the CL and AUC of both total and unbound theophylline were observed in the rats treated with dosage regimen A, but the CL decreased and AUC increased for total theophylline and CL decreased for unbound theophylline in the group treated with dosage regimen B (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the mean unbound theophylline (%) and mean baicalin concentration was in good correlation (P < 0.01). Baicalin decreased metabolism of phenacetin and exhibited a mixed-type inhibition in rat liver microsomes, with a K(i) value of 88.1 μM in vitro. Moreover baicalin was a competitive displacer of theophylline from plasma protein in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The changes in Cmax, T(1/2), CL and AUC of theophylline due to baicalin may be attributed to two mechanisms, plasma protein binding displacement and CYP1A2 activity inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Bloom AJ, Martinez M, Chen LS, Bierut LJ, Murphy SE, Goate A. CYP2B6 non-coding variation associated with smoking cessation is also associated with differences in allelic expression, splicing, and nicotine metabolism independent of common amino-acid changes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79700. [PMID: 24260284 PMCID: PMC3829832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) enzyme makes a small contribution to hepatic nicotine metabolism relative to CYP2A6, but CYP2B6 is the primary enzyme responsible for metabolism of the smoking cessation drug bupropion. Using CYP2A6 genotype as a covariate, we find that a non-coding polymorphism in CYP2B6 previously associated with smoking cessation (rs8109525) is also significantly associated with nicotine metabolism. The association is independent of the well-studied non-synonymous variants rs3211371, rs3745274, and rs2279343 (CYP2B6*5 and *6). Expression studies demonstrate that rs8109525 is also associated with differences in CYP2B6 mRNA expression in liver biopsy samples. Splicing assays demonstrate that specific splice forms of CYP2B6 are associated with haplotypes defined by variants including rs3745274 and rs8109525. These results indicate differences in mRNA expression and splicing as potential molecular mechanisms by which non-coding variation in CYP2B6 may affect enzymatic activity leading to differences in metabolism and smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Joseph Bloom
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Maribel Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Li-Shiun Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sharon E. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and BioPhysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Gao L, He Y, Tang J, Yin J, Huang Z, Liu F, Ouyang D, Chen X, Zhang W, Liu Z, Zhou H. Genetic Variants of Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) and CYP2B6 Affect the Induction of Bupropion Hydroxylation by Sodium Ferulate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62489. [PMID: 23840296 PMCID: PMC3686783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study investigated the effects of pregnane X receptor (PXR/NR1I2) and CYP2B6 genetic variants on sodium ferulate (SF)-mediated induction of bupropion hydroxylation. The pharmacokinetics of bupropion and hydroxybupropion were evaluated after an oral dose of bupropion (150 mg) administered with and without SF pretreatment for 14 days in 33 healthy subjects. The area under the time-concentration curve (AUC) ratio of AUC_hyd (AUC(0-∞) of hydroxybupropion)/AUC_bup (AUC(0-∞) of bupropion) represents the CYP2B6 hydroxylation activity, which was significantly lower in CYP2B6*6 carriers (NR1I2 TGT noncarriers or carriers) than in noncarriers in both the basal and SF-induced states (p-value<0.05). AUC ratio and AUC_hyd of NR1I2 -24113AA variant were markedly lower than GA and GG genotypes (7.5±2.1 versus 14.5±3.3 and 20.6±1.1, and 8873±1431 versus 14,504±2218 and 17,586±1046) in the induced states. However, -24020(-)/(-) variant didn't show significant difference in the induction of CYP2B6 hydroxylation activity by SF compared with other -24020[GAGAAG]/(-) genotypes. NR1I2 TGT haplotype (-25385T+g.7635G+g.8055T) carriers exhibited a significantly decreased AUC ratio, compared with TGT noncarriers, in the basal states (7.6±1.0 versus 9.7±1.0), while this result wasn't observed in CYP2B6*6 noncarriers. Moreover, individuals with complete mutation-type [CYP2B6*6/*6+NR1I2 TGT+ -24113AA+ -24020 (-)/(-)] showed even lower percent difference of AUC ratio (8.7±1.2 versus 39.5±8.2) than those with complete wild-type. In conclusion, it is suggested that NR1I2 variants decrease the bupropion hydroxylation induced by SF treatment, particularly in CYP2B6*6 carriers. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR.org ChiCTR-TRC-11001285.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Gao
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yijing He
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jie Tang
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiye Yin
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengyu Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fangqun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dongsheng Ouyang
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoqian Liu
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail:
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Qin WJ, Zhang W, Liu ZQ, Chen XP, Tan ZR, Hu DL, Wang D, Fan L, Zhou HH. Rapid clinical induction of bupropion hydroxylation by metamizole in healthy Chinese men. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 74:999-1004. [PMID: 22519658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the effect of metamizole on bupropion hydroxylation related to different CYP2B6 genotype groups in healthy volunteers. METHODS Sixteen healthy male volunteers (6 CYP2B6*1/*1, 6 CYP2B6*1/*6 and 4 CYP2B6*6/*6) received orally administered bupropion alone and during daily treatment with metamizole 1500 mg day(-1) (500 mg tablet taken three times daily) for 4 days. Serial blood samples were obtained up to 48 h after each bupropion dose. RESULTS After metamizole treatment relative to bupropion alone, the geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and 90% confidence interval (CI) of the AUC(0,∞) ratio of 4-hydroxybupropion over bupropion were 1.99 (1.57, 2.55) for the CYP2B6*1/*1 group, 2.15 (1.53, 3.05) for the CYP2B6*1/*6 group and 1.86 (1.36, 2.57) for the CYP2B6*6/*6 group. The GMRs and 90% CI of bupropion were 0.695 (0.622, 0.774) for AUC(0,∞) and 0.400 (0.353, 0.449) for C(max) , respectively. The corresponding values for 4-hydroxybupropion were 1.43 (1.28, 1.53) and 2.63 (2.07, 2.92). The t(1/2) value was significantly increased for bupropion and decreased for 4-hydroxybupropion. The t(max) values of bupropion and 4-hydroxybupropion were both significantly decreased. The mean percentage changes in pharmacokinetic parameters among the CYP2B6 genotype groups were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of metamizole for 4 days significantly altered the pharmacokinetics of both bupropion and its active metabolite, 4-hydroxybupropion, and significantly increased the CYP2B6-catalyzed bupropion hydroxylation in all of the subjects. Cautions should be taken when metamizole is co-administered with CYP2B6 substrate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Qin
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Deng Y, Wang L, Yang Y, Sun W, Xie R, Liu X, Wang Q. In vitro inhibition and induction of human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes by gentiopicroside: potent effect on CYP2A6. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 28:339-44. [PMID: 23419353 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-12-rg-090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gentiopicroside (GE), a naturally occurring iridoid glycoside, has been developed into a Novel Traditional Chinese Drug named gentiopicroside injection, and it was approved for the treatment of acute jaundice and chronic active hepatitis by SFDA. However, the inhibitory and inducible effects of GE on the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) are unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of GE to inhibit and induce human cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro. In human liver microsomes, GE inhibited CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC₅₀ values of 21.8 µg/ml and 594 µg/ml, respectively, and the IC₅₀ of CYP2A6 was close to the C(max) value observed clinically. GE was a non-competitive inhibitor of CYP2A6 at lower concentrations and a competitive inhibitor at higher concentrations. GE did not produce inhibition of CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP1A2 or CYP3A4 activities. However, a significant increase of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 activity was observed at high concentrations. In cultured human hepatocytes no significant induction of CYP1A2, CYP3A4 or CYP2B6 was observed. Given these results, the in vivo potential inhibition of GE on CYP2A6 deserves further investigation, and it seems that the hepatoprotective effect of GE is irrelevant to its effect on P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
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Gao N, Zou D, Qiao HL. Concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of Baicalin on the plasma protein binding and metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a CYP2E1 probe substrate, in rats in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53038. [PMID: 23301016 PMCID: PMC3534641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the components found in herbs may be inhibitors or inducers of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which may therefore result in undesired herb-drug interactions. As a component extracted from Radix Scutellariae, the direct effect of baicalin on cytochrome P450 has not been investigated sufficiently. In this study, we investigated concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of baicalin on the plasma protein binding and metabolism of chlorzoxazone (CZN), a model CYP2E1 probe substrate, in rats in vitro and in vivo. Animal experiment was a randomized, three-period crossover design. Significant changes in pharmacokinetic parameters of CZN such as Cmax, t1/2 and Vd were observed after treatment with baicalin in vivo (P<0.05). Cmax decreased by 25% and 33%, whereas t1/2 increased by 34% and 53%, Vd increased by 37% and 50% in 225 mg/kg and 450 mg/kg baicalin-treated rats, respectively. The AUC and CL of CZN were not affected (P>0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the changes in CZN concentrations and baicalin concentrations were in good correlation (r>0.99). In vitro experiments, baicalin decreased the formation of 6-OH-chlorzoxazone in a concentration-dependent manner and exhibited a competitive inhibition in rat liver microsomes, with a Ki value of 145.8 µM. The values of Cmax/Ki were 20 and 39 after treatment with baicalin (225 and 450 mg/kg), respectively. Protein binding experiments in vivo showed that the plasma free-fraction (fu) of CZN increased 2.6-fold immediately after baicalin treatment (450 mg/kg) and in vitro showed that baicalin (125–2500 mg/L) increased the unbound CZN from 1.63% to 3.58%. The results indicate that pharmacokinetic changes in CZN are induced by inhibitory effect of baicalin on the plasma protein binding of CZN and CYP2E1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dan Zou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Henan Medical College for Staff and Workers, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Molnari JC, Hassan HE, Myers AL. Effects of sertraline on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its major metabolite, hydroxybupropion, in mice. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 37:57-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-011-0065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Yoo HH, Lim SY, Kim DH. Effect of Scutellariae Radix Extract on Human CYP450 Mediated-Drug Metabolism. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2011. [DOI: 10.4333/kps.2011.41.3.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Li Y, Wang Q, Yao X, Li Y. Induction of CYP3A4 and MDR1 gene expression by baicalin, baicalein, chlorogenic acid, and ginsenoside Rf through constitutive androstane receptor- and pregnane X receptor-mediated pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 640:46-54. [PMID: 20580705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The herbal products baicalin, baicalein, chlorogenic acid, and ginsenoside Rf have multiple pharmacological effects and are extensively used in alternative and/or complementary therapies. The present study investigated whether baicalin, baicalein, chlorogenic acid, and ginsenoside Rf induced the expression of the cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1) genes through the pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor pathways. Real time PCR, western blotting, and a luminescent assay were used to assess the induction of gene expression and activity of CYP3A4 and MDR1 by the test compounds. The interactions of baicalein/chlorogenic acid/ginsenoside Rf with constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor were evaluated using luciferase reporter and gel shift assays. Baicalein induced the expression of CYP3A4 and MDR1 mRNA by activating pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor. Chlorogenic acid and ginsenoside Rf showed a relatively weak effect on CYP3A4 promoter activation only in HepG2 cells cotransfected with constitutive androstane receptor and demonstrated no effects on MDR1 via either the constitutive androstane receptor or pregnane X receptor pathway. Baicalin had no effect on either CYP3A4 or MDR1 gene expression. In conclusion, baicalein has the potential to up-regulate CYP3A4 and MDR1 through the direct activation of the constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor pathways. Chlorogenic acid and ginsenoside Rf only induced constitutive androstane receptor-mediated CYP3A4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of New Drug Development, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, and Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, No. 1, Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China.
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Srinivas NR. Baicalin, an emerging multi-therapeutic agent: pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and considerations from drug development perspectives. Xenobiotica 2010; 40:357-67. [PMID: 20230189 DOI: 10.3109/00498251003663724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Baicalin was extensively researched for utility in a number of therapeutic areas owing to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer properties. A number of preclinical studies, in vitro work, and mechanistic studies were performed to understand the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profiles of baicalin. The absorption of baicalin involved several complexities: the restriction to two distant sites; the conversion of baicalin to baicalein; the possible role of transporter(s); and enhanced absorption due to breakdown of conjugates by beta-glucuronidase. Limited distribution data suggest that baicalin reached several sites such as the brain, eye lens, thymus, etc. Hepatobiliary recycling also served as a distribution phase for sustained delivery of baicalin. Metabolism data suggest the rapid conversion of baicalin to baicalein, which was extensively subjected to Phase 2 metabolism, conjugates baicalein glucuronide/sulfate have been identified. Limited excretion data suggest involvement of renal and faecal routes--glucuronide and sulfate conjugates were excreted in urine and faeces (via biliary excretion). The published data on baicalin suggest imminent challenges for developing baicalin and/or during co-administration with other agents. These challenges are absorption related (transporter or changes in the microenvironment), metabolism related (CYP2B6 induction and/or CYP2E1 inhibition), and excretion/efflux related (competitive biliary pathway and/or OATP1B1 transport).
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Joy MS, Frye RF, Stubbert K, Brouwer KR, Falk RJ, Kharasch ED. Use of enantiomeric bupropion and hydroxybupropion to assess CYP2B6 activity in glomerular kidney diseases. J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 50:714-20. [PMID: 20103693 DOI: 10.1177/0091270009353031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Joy
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Kidney Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, CB 7155, 7005 Burnett Womack Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7155, USA.
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