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Abstract
Immunity to infection has been extensively studied in humans and mice bearing naturally occurring or experimentally introduced germline mutations. Mouse studies are sometimes neglected by human immunologists, on the basis that mice are not humans and the infections studied are experimental and not natural. Conversely, human studies are sometimes neglected by mouse immunologists, on the basis of the uncontrolled conditions of study and small numbers of patients. However, both sides would agree that the infectious phenotypes of patients with inborn errors of immunity often differ from those of the corresponding mutant mice. Why is that? We argue that this important question is best addressed by revisiting and reinterpreting the findings of both mouse and human studies from a genetic perspective. Greater caution is required for reverse-genetics studies than for forward-genetics studies, but genetic analysis is sufficiently strong to define the studies likely to stand the test of time. Genetically robust mouse and human studies can provide invaluable complementary insights into the mechanisms of immunity to infection common and specific to these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gros
- McGill University Research Center on Complex Traits, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada;
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, and University of Paris Cité, Imagine Institute and Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
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2
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Kuo BS, Li CH, Chen JB, Shiung YY, Chu CY, Lee CH, Liu YJ, Kuo JH, Hsu C, Su HW, Li YF, Lai A, Ho YF, Cheng YN, Huang HX, Lung MC, Wu MS, Yang FH, Lin CH, Tseng W, Yang J, Lin CY, Tsai PH, Chang HK, Wang YJ, Chen T, Lynn S, Liao MJ, Wang CY. IgE-neutralizing UB-221 mAb, distinct from omalizumab and ligelizumab, exhibits CD23-mediated IgE downregulation and relieves urticaria symptoms. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:157765. [PMID: 35912861 PMCID: PMC9337824 DOI: 10.1172/jci157765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 2 decades, omalizumab is the only anti-IgE antibody that has been approved for asthma and chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Ligelizumab, a higher-affinity anti-IgE mAb and the only rival viable candidate in late-stage clinical trials, showed anti-CSU efficacy superior to that of omalizumab in phase IIb but not in phase III. This report features the antigenic-functional characteristics of UB-221, an anti-IgE mAb of a newer class that is distinct from omalizumab and ligelizumab. UB-221, in free form, bound abundantly to CD23-occupied IgE and, in oligomeric mAb-IgE complex forms, freely engaged CD23, while ligelizumab reacted limitedly and omalizumab stayed inert toward CD23; these observations are consistent with UB-221 outperforming ligelizumab and omalizumab in CD23-mediated downregulation of IgE production. UB-221 bound IgE with a strong affinity to prevent FcԑRI-mediated basophil activation and degranulation, exhibiting superior IgE-neutralizing activity to that of omalizumab. UB-221 and ligelizumab bound cellular IgE and effectively neutralized IgE in sera of patients with atopic dermatitis with equal strength, while omalizumab lagged behind. A single UB-221 dose administered to cynomolgus macaques and human IgE (ε, κ)-knockin mice could induce rapid, pronounced serum-IgE reduction. A single UB-221 dose administered to patients with CSU in a first-in-human trial exhibited durable disease symptom relief in parallel with a rapid reduction in serum free-IgE level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Be-Sheng Kuo
- United BioPharma, Inc., Hsinchu, Taiwan.,UBI Asia, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,United Biomedical, Inc., Hauppauge, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Chia-Yu Chu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Cindy Hsu
- United BioPharma, Inc., Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Annie Lai
- United BioPharma, Inc., Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chang Yi Wang
- United BioPharma, Inc., Hsinchu, Taiwan.,UBI Asia, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,United Biomedical, Inc., Hauppauge, New York, USA
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Engeroff P, Caviezel F, Mueller D, Thoms F, Bachmann MF, Vogel M. CD23 provides a noninflammatory pathway for IgE-allergen complexes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:301-311.e4. [PMID: 31437490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by allergen-specific IgE, which sensitizes the high-affinity IgE receptor FcεRI on mast cells and basophils and drives allergic inflammation upon secondary allergen contact. CD23/FcεRII, the low-affinity receptor for IgE, is constitutively expressed on B cells and has been shown to regulate immune responses. Simultaneous binding of IgE to FcεRI and CD23 is blocked by reciprocal allosteric inhibition, suggesting that the 2 receptors exert distinct roles in IgE handling. OBJECTIVE We aimed to study how free IgE versus precomplexed IgE-allergen immune complexes (IgE-ICs) target the 2 IgE receptors FcεRI and CD23, and we investigated the functional implications of the 2 pathways. METHODS We performed binding and activation assays with human cells in vitro and IgE pharmacokinetics and anaphylaxis experiments in vivo. RESULTS We demonstrate that FcεRI preferentially binds free IgE and CD23 preferentially binds IgE-ICs. We further show that those different binding properties directly translate to distinct biological functions: free IgE initiated allergic inflammation through FcεRI on allergic effector cells, while IgE-ICs were noninflammatory because of reduced FcεRI binding and enhanced CD23-dependent serum clearance. CONCLUSION We propose that IgE-ICs are noninflammatory through reduced engagement by FcεRI but increased targeting of the CD23 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Engeroff
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Flurin Caviezel
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Mueller
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Thoms
- Department of Dermatology, Zurich University Hospital, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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4
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Chen JB, Ramadani F, Pang MOY, Beavil RL, Holdom MD, Mitropoulou AN, Beavil AJ, Gould HJ, Chang TW, Sutton BJ, McDonnell JM, Davies AM. Structural basis for selective inhibition of immunoglobulin E-receptor interactions by an anti-IgE antibody. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11548. [PMID: 30069035 PMCID: PMC6070508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies play a central role in the allergic response: interaction with FcεRI on mast cells and basophils leads to immediate hypersensitivity reactions upon allergen challenge, while interaction with CD23/FcεRII, expressed on a variety of cells, regulates IgE synthesis among other activities. The receptor-binding IgE-Fc region has recently been found to display remarkable flexibility, from acutely bent to extended conformations, with allosteric communication between the distant FcεRI and CD23 binding sites. We report the structure of an anti-IgE antibody Fab (8D6) bound to IgE-Fc through a mixed protein-carbohydrate epitope, revealing further flexibility and a novel extended conformation with potential relevance to that of membrane-bound IgE in the B cell receptor for antigen. Unlike the earlier, clinically approved anti-IgE antibody omalizumab, 8D6 inhibits binding to FcεRI but not CD23; the structure reveals how this discrimination is achieved through both orthosteric and allosteric mechanisms, supporting therapeutic strategies that retain the benefits of CD23 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Bo Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Faruk Ramadani
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie O Y Pang
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L Beavil
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma Protein Production Facility, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary D Holdom
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alkistis N Mitropoulou
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Beavil
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J Gould
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tse Wen Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Brian J Sutton
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
- Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.
| | - James M McDonnell
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
- Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna M Davies
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
- Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.
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5
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Balbino B, Conde E, Marichal T, Starkl P, Reber LL. Approaches to target IgE antibodies in allergic diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:50-64. [PMID: 29909239 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IgE is the antibody isotype found at the lowest concentration in the circulation. However IgE can undeniably play an important role in mediating allergic reactions; best exemplified by the clinical benefits of anti-IgE monoclonal antibody (omalizumab) therapy for some allergic diseases. This review will describe our current understanding of the interactions between IgE and its main receptors FcεRI and CD23 (FcεRII). We will review the known and potential functions of IgE in health and disease: in particular, its detrimental roles in allergic diseases and chronic spontaneous urticaria, and its protective functions in host defense against parasites and venoms. Finally, we will present an overview of the drugs that are in clinical development or have therapeutic potential for IgE-mediated allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Balbino
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Eva Conde
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Neovacs SA, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Marichal
- GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Philipp Starkl
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurent L Reber
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France.
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García-Serna AM, Alcaraz-García MJ, Ruiz-Lafuente N, Sebastián-Ruiz S, Martínez CM, Moya-Quiles MR, Minguela A, García-Alonso AM, Martín-Orozco E, Parrado A. Dock10 regulates CD23 expression and sustains B-cell lymphopoiesis in secondary lymphoid tissue. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1343-1350. [PMID: 27502165 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dock10, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42, affects cell morphology, membrane protrusive activity, and cell movement. Dock10 is prominently expressed in lymphoid tissue and upregulated by IL-4 in B cells. To investigate the physiological role of Dock10, WT mice and Dock10 KO mice were used. KO mice showed decreased numbers of B cells in spleen, both follicular B cells and marginal zone B cells, and in peripheral blood, but not in bone marrow. The antiapoptotic effect of IL-4 in vitro, the migratory response to CXCL13 or CCL21 in vitro, and the whole genome expression profile were intact in spleen B cells from KO mice. CD23, the low-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E, was overexpressed on follicular B cells from KO mice, suggesting that Dock10 negatively regulates membrane CD23 expression. Negative regulation of CD23 expression by Dock10 could play a role in B cell maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara-María García-Serna
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - María-José Alcaraz-García
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Ruiz-Lafuente
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Sebastián-Ruiz
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos-Manuel Martínez
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Grupo de Cirugía Experimental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERedh), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Moya-Quiles
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana-María García-Alonso
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Martín-Orozco
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Parrado
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
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7
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Phillippi J, Xie Y, Miller DR, Bell TA, Zhang Z, Lenarcic AB, Aylor DL, Krovi SH, Threadgill DW, de Villena FPM, Wang W, Valdar W, Frelinger JA. Using the emerging Collaborative Cross to probe the immune system. Genes Immun 2013; 15:38-46. [PMID: 24195963 PMCID: PMC4004367 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Collaborative Cross (CC) is an emerging panel of recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains. Each strain is genetically distinct but all descended from the same eight inbred founders. In 66 strains from incipient lines of the CC (pre-CC), as well as the 8 CC founders and some of their F1 offspring, we examined subsets of lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. We found significant variation among the founders, with even greater diversity in the pre-CC. Genome-wide association using inferred haplotypes detected highly significant loci controlling B-to-T cell ratio, CD8 T-cell numbers, CD11c and CD23 expression. Comparison of overall strain effects in the CC founders with strain effects at QTL in the pre-CC revealed sharp contrasts in the genetic architecture of two traits with significant loci: variation in CD23 can be explained largely by additive genetics at one locus, whereas variation in B-to-T ratio has a more complex etiology. For CD23, we found a strong QTL whose confidence interval contained the CD23 structural gene Fcer2a. Our data on the pre-CC demonstrate the utility of the CC for studying immunophenotypes and the value of integrating founder, CC and F1 data. The extreme immunophenotypes observed could have pleiotropic effects in other CC experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Phillippi
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Y Xie
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D R Miller
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - T A Bell
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A B Lenarcic
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D L Aylor
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S H Krovi
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D W Threadgill
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - F Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W Wang
- Department of Computer Science, and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - W Valdar
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J A Frelinger
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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8
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Gusareva ES, Kurey I, Grekov I, Lipoldová M. Genetic regulation of immunoglobulin E level in different pathological states: integration of mouse and human genetics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 89:375-405. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena S. Gusareva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Iryna Kurey
- Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Igor Grekov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Marie Lipoldová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague 4 Czech Republic
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9
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Rujeni N, Nausch N, Midzi N, Gwisai R, Mduluza T, Taylor DW, Mutapi F. Soluble CD23 levels are inversely associated with atopy and parasite-specific IgE levels but not with polyclonal IgE levels in people exposed to helminth infection. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 161:333-41. [PMID: 23689700 PMCID: PMC3795451 DOI: 10.1159/000346545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protective acquired immunity against helminths and allergic sensitisation are both characterised by high IgE antibody levels. Levels of IgE antibodies are naturally tightly regulated by several mechanisms including binding of the CD23 receptor. Following observations that helminth infections and allergic sensitisation may co-present, the current study aims to investigate the relationship between the soluble CD23 (sCD23) receptor, parasite-specific IgE responses and allergic sensitisation in people exposed to the helminth parasite Schistosoma haematobium. METHODS A cohort of 434 participants was recruited in two villages with different levels of S. haematobium infection in Zimbabwe. Serum levels of the 25-kDa fragment of sCD23 were related to levels of schistosome infection intensity, allergen (house dust mite, HDM) and schistosome-specific IgE, total IgE and skin sensitisation to HDM. RESULTS sCD23 levels rose significantly with schistosome infection intensity but declined significantly with schistosome-specific IgE levels. Furthermore, sCD23 levels were negatively associated with skin sensitisation and IgE reactivity against HDM, but showed no relationship with total IgE. CONCLUSION The results are consistent with the suppression of parasite and allergen-specific IgE levels by sCD23. Further mechanistic studies will determine the relevance of this potential regulatory mechanism in the development of helminth-specific immune responses in atopic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Rujeni
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Ren W, Lagerstedt K, Grimsholm O, Stern A, Sun JB, Fang Y, Xiang Z, Mårtensson IL. Uncoupling of natural IgE production and CD23 surface expression levels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62851. [PMID: 23646151 PMCID: PMC3639908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD23, the low affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (IgE), has been proposed to play a critical role in the regulation of IgE production, based on altered IgE levels in CD23-deficient mice and transgenic mouse models, as well as in mouse strains with mutations in the CD23 gene, e.g. 129 substrains. Here, we have investigated a mouse line termed LxT1 that expresses reduced CD23 surface levels on B cells, and its influence on natural IgE production. Extensive phenotypic analysis showed that CD23 surface expression was reduced in LxT1 compared to the control, without affecting B cell development in general. This CD23(low) surface level in LxT1 mice is not as a result of reduced CD23 mRNA expression levels or intracellular accumulation, but linked to a recessive locus, a 129-derived region spanning 28 Mb on chromosome 8, which includes the CD23 gene. Sequence analysis confirmed five mutations within the CD23 coding region in LxT1 mice, the same as those present in New Zealand Black (NZB) and 129 mice. However, this CD23(low) phenotype was not observed in all 129 substrains despite carrying these same CD23 mutations in the coding region. Moreover, serum IgE levels in LxT1 mice are as low as those in the C57BL/6 (B6) strain, and much lower than those in 129 substrains. These data indicate that the CD23 surface level and serum IgE level are uncoupled and that neither is directly regulated by the mutations within the CD23 coding region. This study suggests that caution should be taken when interpreting the immunological data derived from mice with different genetic background, especially if the gene of interest is thought to influence CD23 surface expression or serum IgE level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Ren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Lagerstedt
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Grimsholm
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Stern
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jia-Bin Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Inga-Lill Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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11
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Edkins AL, Borland G, Acharya M, Cogdell RJ, Ozanne BW, Cushley W. Differential regulation of monocyte cytokine release by αV and β(2) integrins that bind CD23. Immunology 2012; 136:241-51. [PMID: 22348662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human soluble CD23 (sCD23) protein displays highly pleiotropic cytokine-like activity. Monocytic cells express the sCD23-binding integrins αVβ(3), αVβ(5), αMβ(2) and αXβ(2), but it is unclear which of these four integrins most acutely regulates sCD23-driven cytokine release. The hypothesis that ligation of different sCD23-binding integrins promoted release of distinct subsets of cytokines was tested. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and sCD23 promoted release of distinct groups of cytokines from the THP-1 model cell line. The sCD23-driven cytokine release signature was characterized by elevated amounts of RANTES (CCL5) and a striking increase in interleukin-8 (IL-8; CXCL8) secretion, but little release of macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β; CCL4). Antibodies to αVβ(3) or αXβ(2) both promoted IL-8 release, consistent with the sCD23-driven pattern, but both also evoked strong MIP-1β secretion; simultaneous ligation of these two integrins further increased cytokine secretion but did not alter the pattern of cytokine output. In both model cell lines and primary tissue, integrin-mediated cytokine release was more pronounced in immature monocyte cells than in mature cells. The capacity of anti-integrin monoclonal antibodies to elicit a cytokine release response is epitope-dependent and also reflects the differentiation state of the cell. Although a pattern of cytokine release identical to that provoked by sCD23 could not be elicited with any individual anti-integrin monoclonal antibody, αXβ(2) and αVβ(3) appear to regulate IL-8 release, a hallmark feature of sCD23-driven cytokine secretion, more acutely than αMβ(2) or αVβ(5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne L Edkins
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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12
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Henningsson F, Ding Z, Dahlin JS, Linkevicius M, Carlsson F, Grönvik KO, Hallgren J, Heyman B. IgE-mediated enhancement of CD4+ T cell responses in mice requires antigen presentation by CD11c+ cells and not by B cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21760. [PMID: 21765910 PMCID: PMC3130775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE antibodies, administered to mice together with their specific antigen, enhance antibody and CD4(+) T cell responses to this antigen. The effect is dependent on the low affinity receptor for IgE, CD23, and the receptor must be expressed on B cells. In vitro, IgE-antigen complexes are endocytosed via CD23 on B cells, which subsequently present the antigen to CD4(+) T cells. This mechanism has been suggested to explain also IgE-mediated enhancement of immune responses in vivo. We recently found that CD23(+) B cells capture IgE-antigen complexes in peripheral blood and rapidly transport them to B cell follicles in the spleen. This provides an alternative explanation for the requirement for CD23(+) B cells. The aim of the present study was to determine whether B-cell mediated antigen presentation of IgE-antigen complexes explains the enhancing effect of IgE on immune responses in vivo. The ability of spleen cells, taken from mice 1-4 h after immunization with IgE-antigen, to present antigen to specific CD4(+) T cells was analyzed. Antigen presentation was intact when spleens were depleted of CD19(+) cells (i.e., primarily B cells) but was severely impaired after depletion of CD11c(+) cells (i.e., primarily dendritic cells). In agreement with this, the ability of IgE to enhance proliferation of CD4(+) T cells was abolished in CD11c-DTR mice conditionally depleted of CD11c(+) cells. Finally, the lack of IgE-mediated enhancemen of CD4(+) T cell responses in CD23(-/-) mice could be rescued by transfer of MHC-II-compatible as well as by MHC-II-incompatible CD23(+) B cells. These findings argue against the idea that IgE-mediated enhancement of specific CD4(+) T cell responses in vivo is caused by increased antigen presentation by B cells. A model where CD23(+) B cells act as antigen transporting cells, delivering antigen to CD11c(+) cells for presentation to T cells is consistent with available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Henningsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhoujie Ding
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joakim S. Dahlin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marius Linkevicius
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Carlsson
- Department of Immunology, Pathology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kjell-Olov Grönvik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Heyman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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13
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Griffith QK, Liang Y, Onguru DO, Mwinzi PN, Ganley-Leal LM. CD23-bound IgE augments and dominates recall responses through human naive B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1060-7. [PMID: 21160045 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human peripheral blood BCRμ(+) B cells express high levels of CD23 and circulate preloaded with IgE. The Ag specificity of CD23-bound IgE presumably differs from the BCR and likely reflects the Ag-specific mix of free serum IgE. CD23-bound IgE is thought to enhance B cell Ag presentation to T cells raising the question of how a B cell might respond when presented with a broad mix of Ags and CD23-bound IgE specificities. We recently reported that an increase in CD23(+) B cells is associated with the development of resistance to schistosomiasis, highlighting the potential importance of CD23-bound IgE in mediating immunity. We sought to determine the relationship between BCR and CD23-bound IgE-mediated B cell activation in the context of schistosomiasis. We found that crude schistosome Ags downregulate basal B cell activation levels in individuals hyperexposed to infectious worms. Schistosome-specific IgE from resistant, occupationally exposed Kenyans recovered responses of B cells to schistosome Ag. Furthermore, cross-linking of CD23 overrode intracellular signals mediated via the BCR, illustrating its critical and dominating role in B cell activation. These results suggest that CD23-bound IgE augments and dominates recall responses through naive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qyana K Griffith
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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14
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Acharya M, Borland G, Edkins AL, Maclellan LM, Matheson J, Ozanne BW, Cushley W. CD23/FcεRII: molecular multi-tasking. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 162:12-23. [PMID: 20831712 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD23 is the low-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin (Ig)E and plays important roles in the regulation of IgE responses. CD23 can be cleaved from cell surfaces to yield a range of soluble CD23 (sCD23) proteins that have pleiotropic cytokine-like activities. The regions of CD23 responsible for interaction with many of its known ligands, including IgE, CD21, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and integrins, have been identified and help to explain the structure-function relationships within the CD23 protein. Translational studies of CD23 underline its credibility as a target for therapeutic intervention strategies and illustrate its involvement in mediating therapeutic effects of antibodies directed at other targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Acharya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, CR-UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
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15
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Kurey I, Kobets T, Havelková H, Slapnicková M, Quan L, Trtková K, Grekov I, Svobodová M, Stassen AP, Hutson A, Demant P, Lipoldová M. Distinct genetic control of parasite elimination, dissemination, and disease after Leishmania major infection. Immunogenetics 2009; 61:619-33. [PMID: 19705113 PMCID: PMC2744819 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-009-0392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Elimination of pathogens is the basis of host resistance to infections; however, relationship between persisting pathogens and disease has not been clarified. Leishmania major infection in mice is an important model of host-pathogen relationship. Infected BALB/c mice exhibit high parasite numbers in lymph nodes and spleens, and a chronic disease with skin lesions, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly, increased serum IgE levels and cytokine imbalance. Although numerous gene loci affecting these disease symptoms have been reported, genes controlling parasites' elimination or dissemination have never been mapped. We therefore compared genetics of the clinical and immunologic symptomatology with parasite load in (BALB/c x CcS-11) F2 hybrids and mapped five loci, two of which control parasite elimination or dissemination. Lmr5 influences parasite loads in spleens (and skin lesions, splenomegaly, and serum IgE, IL-4, and IFNgamma levels), and Lmr20 determines parasite numbers in draining lymph nodes (and serum levels of IgE and IFNgamma), but no skin or visceral pathology. Three additional loci do not affect parasite numbers but influence significantly the disease phenotype-Lmr21: skin lesions and IFNgamma levels, Lmr22: IL-4 levels, Lmr23: IFNgamma levels, indicating that development of L. major-caused disease includes critical regulations additional to control of parasite spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Kurey
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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16
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Ford JW, Sturgill JL, Conrad DH. 129/SvJ mice have mutated CD23 and hyper IgE. Cell Immunol 2008; 254:124-34. [PMID: 18828998 PMCID: PMC2643045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD23, the low affinity IgE receptor, is hypothesized to function as a negative regulator of IgE production. Upon discovering reduced CD23 surface levels in 129/SvJ inbred mice, we sought to further investigate 129/SvJ CD23 and to examine its influence on IgE levels. Five amino acid substitutions were found in 129/SvJ CD23. Identical mutations were also observed in CD23 from New Zealand Black and 129P1/ReJ mice. 129/SvJ B cells proliferated more rapidly than those from BALB/c after stimulation with IL-4 and CD40 ligand trimer. However, in vitro IgE levels in supernatants from stimulated 129/SvJ B cells were significantly reduced. Contrary to the in vitro findings, the 129/SvJ CD23 mutations correlated with a hyper IgE phenotype in vivo and 129/SvJ were able to clear Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection more rapidly than either BALB/c or C57BL/6. Overall, this study further suggests that CD23 is an important regulatory factor for IgE production.
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17
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Abstract
The spreading epidemic of allergies and asthma has heightened interest in IgE, the central player in the allergic response. The activity of IgE is associated with a network of proteins; prominent among these are its two principal receptors, FcepsilonRI (high-affinity Fc receptor for IgE) and CD23, as well as galectin-3 and several co-receptors for CD23, notably CD21 and various integrins. Here, we review recent progress in uncovering the structures of these proteins and their complexes, and in our understanding of how IgE exerts its effects and how its expression is regulated. The information that has emerged suggests new therapeutic directions for combating allergic disease.
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18
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Conrad DH, Ford JW, Sturgill JL, Gibb DR. CD23: an overlooked regulator of allergic disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2007; 7:331-7. [PMID: 17697638 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-007-0050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Given the importance of immunoglobulin (Ig) E in mediating type I hypersensitivity, inhibiting IgE production would be a general way of controlling allergic disease. The low-affinity IgE receptor (FceRII or CD23) has long been proposed to be a natural regulator of IgE synthesis. In vivo research supporting this concept includes the observation that mice lacking CD23 have increased IgE production whereas mice overexpressing CD23 show strongly suppressed IgE responses. In addition, the finding that mice injected with monoclonal antibody directed against the coiled-coil stalk of CD23 have enhanced soluble CD23 release and increased IgE production demonstrates that full-length, trimeric CD23 is responsible for initiating an IgE inhibitory signal. The recent identification of ADAM10 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) as the CD23 metalloprotease provides an alternative approach for designing therapies to combat allergic disease. Current data suggest that stabilizing cell-surface CD23 would be a natural means to decrease IgE synthesis and thus control type I hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Conrad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980678, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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19
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Roy V, Bonventi G, Cai Y, Macleod R, Wither JE. Immune mechanisms leading to abnormal B cell selection and activation in New Zealand Black mice. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2645-56. [PMID: 17668901 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polyclonal B cell activation is a hallmark of the immune dysregulation in New Zealand Black (NZB) mice. We have previously shown that the splenic B cell activation is associated with increased CD80 expression. Here we show that abnormal expansions of CD80-expressing GC, CD5(+), marginal zone (MZ) precursor and MZ B cells produce this increase. To investigate the role of BCR engagement in the generation and activation of these populations, a non-self-reactive Ig Tg was introduced onto the NZB background. NZB Ig-Tg mice lacked Tg CD5(+) and peanut agglutinin(+) B cells, confirming the role of endogenous Ag in their selection. Although the increased proportion of MZ B cells was retained in NZB Ig-Tg mice, CD80 expression on these cells was reduced as compared to non-Tg NZB mice, suggesting a role for BCR engagement with endogenous Ag in their activation. Examination of CD40L-knockout NZB mice showed no difference in the abnormal activation or selection of the B cell populations, with the exception of GC cells, as compared to wild-type NZB mice. Thus, polyclonal B cell activation in NZB mice does not require CD40 engagement, but results, in part, from dysregulated BCR-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Roy
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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20
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Carlsson F, Hjelm F, Conrad DH, Heyman B. IgE Enhances Specific Antibody and T-cell Responses in Mice Overexpressing CD23. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:261-70. [PMID: 17635803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
IgE administered with its specific antigen in vivo induces enhanced proliferation of specific T cells as well as enhanced production of specific antibodies. Both effects are dependent on the low-affinity receptor for IgE (CD23) and the underlying mechanism is thought to be increased antigen presentation following uptake of IgE/antigen complexes via CD23(+) B cells. By contrast, CD23 negatively regulates antibody responses to antigens administered with alum, i.e. without IgE. This effect has been observed as low IgG1 and IgE responses in transgenic mice overexpressing CD23 (CD23Tg). The present study was designed to test whether IgE could enhance antibody and T-cell responses in CD23Tg animals or whether CD23's downregulatory effect precludes IgE-mediated enhancement. IgE-anti-TNP administered with OVA-TNP enhances the OVA-specific antibody responses in wild-type (wt) and CD23Tg mice equally well. Interestingly, the total magnitude of antibody responses to IgE + OVA-TNP and to uncomplexed OVA-TNP, as well as to sheep erythrocytes and keyhole limpet haemocyanine, were lower in the CD23Tg mice. IgE induced proliferation of OVA-specific CD4(+) T cells to the same degree in wt and CD23Tg mice. The effect on T cells was dependent on CD23(+) B cells as demonstrated in in vitro proliferation assays. In conclusion, CD23 does indeed have dual immunoregulatory effects in the same animal. The receptor mediates enhancement of antibody and T-cell responses to IgE-complexed antigen, most likely via increased presentation of complexed antigen, while it negatively regulates the total antibody response to a variety of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Carlsson
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Erwin EA, Rönmark E, Wickens K, Perzanowski MS, Barry D, Lundbäck B, Crane J, Platts-Mills TAE. Contribution of dust mite and cat specific IgE to total IgE: relevance to asthma prevalence. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:359-65. [PMID: 17291853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of asthma is strikingly different in some Westernized countries: approximately 20% in New Zealand and approximately 8% in northern Sweden. OBJECTIVE We investigated differences in total IgE and in the prevalence of wheezing related to the observation that high exposure to dust mite allergens induces high titers of IgE antibodies. METHODS Two age-matched, population-based cohorts-1155 children in New Zealand (224 sera) and 3431 children (797 sera) in the Norrbotten area of Sweden-were studied. Sera were assayed for total IgE and specific IgE antibodies to relevant allergens. RESULTS The mean total IgE among wheezing children was higher in New Zealand than Sweden (218 IU/mL vs 65.2 IU/mL; P < .001). In addition, the prevalence of high titer specific IgE antibody (> or =50 IU/mL) was greater among the wheezing children in New Zealand compared with Sweden (35.7% vs 13.0%; P < .001). Specific IgE antibody to mite in New Zealand was significantly related to high total IgE (> or =200 IU/mL; r = 0.47; P < .001), whereas the IgE antibody response to cat allergens did not make a significant contribution to high total IgE in either country. CONCLUSION The quantity of IgE antibody produced to dust mite provides a possible explanation for the higher total IgE levels found in children in New Zealand and may help to explain the differences in prevalence and severity of asthma between these 2 countries. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Specific IgE antibody responses to dust mite and cat allergens may contribute differently to total serum IgE and to the prevalence of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Erwin
- University of Virginia Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Abstract
Oral vitamin D supplementation has been introduced into modern medicine to prevent rickets without the knowledge that this may have profound immunological consequences. The main vitamin D metabolite calcitriol suppresses dendritic cell maturation and consecutive Th(1) cell development, which has independently described as a key mechanism of allergy development. Animal studies and epidemiological surveys now provide a first link of early vitamin D supplementation and later allergy where several vitamin D regulated genes seem to be involved. A randomized clinical trial of vitamin D supplementation could be a further step to follow up the vitamin hypothesis.
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23
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Ford JW, Kilmon MA, Haas KM, Shelburne AE, Chan-Li Y, Conrad DH. In vivo murine CD23 destabilization enhances CD23 shedding and IgE synthesis. Cell Immunol 2006; 243:107-17. [PMID: 17324389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of in vivo CD23 destabilization on CD23 shedding and IgE production, an anti-CD23 stalk monoclonal (19G5), previously shown to enhance proteolysis of CD23 in vitro, was utilized. Compared to isotype control-treated mice, BALB/cJ mice injected with 19G5 displayed significantly enhanced serum soluble CD23 and IgE. Soluble CD23 and IgE levels were also increased in 19G5-treated C57BL/6J mice (intermediate IgE responders); however, the kinetics of the responses differed between the high (BALB/cJ) and intermediate responder mice, suggesting a potential role for CD23 in regulating IgE responder status. The 19G5-induced IgE response was dependent on IL-4 and independent of CD21 as demonstrated through use of IL-4Ralpha and CD21/35-deficient mice, respectively. Overall, the data provide a direct demonstration for CD23's role in regulating IgE production in vivo and suggest that therapies aimed at stabilizing cell surface CD23 would be beneficial in controlling allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill W Ford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980678, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Wurzburg BA, Tarchevskaya SS, Jardetzky TS. Structural changes in the lectin domain of CD23, the low-affinity IgE receptor, upon calcium binding. Structure 2006; 14:1049-58. [PMID: 16765898 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2006.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CD23, the low-affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilonRII), regulates IgE synthesis and also mediates IgE-dependent antigen transport and processing. CD23 is a unique Fc receptor belonging to the C-type lectin-like domain superfamily and binds IgE in an unusual, non-lectin-like manner, requiring calcium but not carbohydrate. We have solved the high-resolution crystal structures of the human CD23 lectin domain in the presence and absence of Ca2+. The crystal structures differ significantly from a previously determined NMR structure and show that calcium binding occurs at the principal binding site, but not at an auxiliary site that appears to be absent in human CD23. Conformational differences between the apo and Ca2+ bound structures suggest how IgE-Fc binding can be both calcium-dependent and carbohydrate-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Wurzburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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25
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Bruhns P, Frémont S, Daëron M. Regulation of allergy by Fc receptors. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 17:662-9. [PMID: 16214316 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of high-affinity IgE receptors (FcepsilonRI) on mast cells and basophils has long been known as the critical event that initiates allergic reactions. Monomeric IgE was recently found to induce a variety of effects when binding to FcepsilonRI. Upregulation of FcepsilonRI only requires binding, whereas other responses require FcepsilonRI aggregation. Interestingly, FcepsilonRI aggregation has recently been understood to generate a mixture of positive and negative intracellular signals. Mast cells and basophils also express low-affinity and, under specific conditions, high-affinity IgG receptors. When co-engaging these receptors with FcepsilonRI, IgG antibodies can amplify or dampen IgE-induced mast cell activation. On the basis of these findings, it has been proposed that FcRs can be used as targets and/or tools for new therapeutic approaches to allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bruhns
- Unité d'Allergologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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26
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Getahun A, Hjelm F, Heyman B. IgE Enhances Antibody and T Cell Responses In Vivo via CD23+ B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1473-82. [PMID: 16034084 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IgE Abs, passively administered together with their specific Ag, can enhance the production of Abs recognizing this Ag by >100-fold. IgE-mediated feedback enhancement requires the low affinity receptor for IgE, CD23. One possible mechanism is that B cells take up IgE-Ag via CD23 and efficiently present Ag to Th cells, resulting in better Ab responses. To test whether IgE Abs have an effect on Th cells in vivo, mice were adoptively transferred with CD4+ T cells expressing a transgenic OVA-specific TCR, before immunization with IgE anti-TNP (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) plus OVA-TNP or with OVA-TNP alone. IgE induced a 6- to 21-fold increase in the number of OVA-specific T cells. These cells acquired an activated phenotype and were visible in splenic T cell zones. The T cell response peaked 3 days after immunization and preceded the OVA-specific Ab response by a few days. Transfer of CD23+ B cells to CD23-deficient mice rescued their ability to respond to IgE-Ag. Interestingly, in this situation also CD23-negative B cells produce enhanced levels of OVA-specific Abs. The data are compatible with the Ag presentation model and suggest that B cells can take up Ag via "unspecific" receptors and activate naive T cells in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/administration & dosage
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/physiology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Haptens/administration & dosage
- Haptens/immunology
- Immunoglobulin E/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin E/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin E/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Receptors, IgE/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgE/deficiency
- Receptors, IgE/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Trinitrobenzenes/administration & dosage
- Trinitrobenzenes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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27
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Montagnac G, Mollà-Herman A, Bouchet J, Yu LCH, Conrad DH, Perdue MH, Benmerah A. Intracellular Trafficking of CD23: Differential Regulation in Humans and Mice by Both Extracellular and Intracellular Exons. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5562-72. [PMID: 15843555 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.9.5562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mouse models of food allergy, we recently characterized a new CD23b-derived splice form lacking extracellular exon 5, bDelta5, which undergoes constitutive internalization and mediates the transepithelial transport of free IgE, whereas classical CD23b is more efficient in transporting IgE/allergen complexes. These data suggested that regulation of endocytosis plays a central role in CD23 functions and drove us to systematically compare the intracellular trafficking properties of human and murine CD23 splice forms. We found that CD23 species show similar endocytic behaviors in both species; CD23a undergoes constitutive clathrin-dependent internalization, whereas CD23b is stable at the plasma membrane. However, the mechanisms controlling these similar behaviors appeared to be different. In mice, a positive internalization signal was localized in the cytoplasmic region shared by all CD23 splice forms. This positive signal was negatively regulated by the intracellular CD23b-specific exon. In addition, the fact that alternative splice forms lacking exons of the extracellular region (5, 6, 7, and/or 8) were all constitutively internalized suggested that endocytosis of murine CD23 is regulated by a process similar to the outside-in signaling of integrins. In humans, the internalization signal was mapped in the CD23a-specific intracellular exon. Interestingly, this signal also behaved as a basolateral targeting signal in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The latter result and the fact that human intestinal cell lines were found to coexpress both CD23a and CD23b provide a molecular explanation for the initial observations that CD23 was found at the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithelial cells from allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Montagnac
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cochin Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 567, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Université Paris 5, Paris, France
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