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Zavadinack M, Cantu-Jungles TM, Abreu H, Ozturk OK, Cordeiro LMC, de Freitas RA, Hamaker BR, Iacomini M. (1 → 3),(1 → 6) and (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan physico-chemical features drive their fermentation profile by the human gut microbiota. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121678. [PMID: 38171663 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mushroom polysaccharides consist of a unique set of polymers that arrive intact in the human large intestine becoming available for fermentation by resident gut bacteria with potential benefits to the host. Here we have obtained four glucans from two mushrooms (Pholiota nameko and Pleurotus pulmonarius) under different extraction conditions and their fermentation profile by human gut bacteria in vitro was evaluated. These glucans were isolated and characterized as (1 → 3),(1 → 6)-β-D-glucans varying in branching pattern and water-solubility. An aliquot of each (1 → 3),(1 → 6)-β-D-glucan was subjected to controlled smith degradation process in order to obtain a linear (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan from each fraction. The four β-D-glucans demonstrated different water solubilities and molar mass ranging from 2.2 × 105 g.mol-1 to 1.9 × 106 g.mol-1. In vitro fermentation of the glucans by human gut microbiota showed they induced different short chain fatty acid production (52.0-97.0 mM/50 mg carbohydrates), but an overall consistent high propionate amount (28.5-30.3 % of total short chain fatty acids produced). All glucans promoted Bacteroides uniformis, whereas Anaerostipes sp. and Bacteroides ovatus promotion was strongly driven by the β-D-glucans solubility and/or branching pattern, highlighting the importance of β-D-glucan discrete structures to their fermentation by the human gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Zavadinack
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, CEP 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Thaisa M Cantu-Jungles
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hellen Abreu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, CEP 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Oguz K Ozturk
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lucimara M C Cordeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, CEP 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Rilton A de Freitas
- Department of Pharmacy Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR CEP 80210-170, Brazil
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Marcello Iacomini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, CEP 81531-980, Brazil.
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2
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Xiao QH, Li ZZ, Ren L, Wang SY, Li XQ, Bai HX, Qiao RZ, Tang N, Liu WJ, Wang JM, Ma GY, Dong DC, Wu KH, Cao W. α-Glucan derivatives as selective blockers of aldolase A: Computer-aided structure optimization and the effects on HCC. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 325:121566. [PMID: 38008473 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Aldolase A (ALDOA) promotes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth and is a potential therapeutic target. A previous study found an α-D-glucan (α-D-(1,6)-Glcp-α-D-(1,4)-Glcp, 10.0:1.0), named HDPS-4II, that could specifically inhibit ALDOA but its activity was not high enough. In this study, the derivatives of α-D-glucan binding to ALDOA were optimized using molecular docking, and its sulfated modification demonstrated the highest affinity with ALDOA among sulfated, carboxylated, and aminated derivatives. Sulfated HDPS-4II and dextrans with different molecular weights (1000 Da, 3000 Da, and 4000 Da) were prepared. Using MST assay, 3-O-sulfated HDPS-4II (SHDPS-4II) and 1000 Da dextran (SDextran1) showed higher affinities to ALDOA with Kd of 1.83 μM and 85.04 μM, respectively. Furthermore, SHDPS-4II and SDextran1 markedly inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo by blocking ALDOA. These results demonstrate that sulfated modification of α-D-glucans could enhance their affinities with ALDOA and anti-HCC effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Han Xiao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ze-Zhi Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Li Ren
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shu-Yao Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-Xin Bai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Rui-Zhi Qiao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Na Tang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wen-Juan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jing-Mei Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Dian-Chao Dong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ke-Han Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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3
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Wu Y, Li BH, Chen MM, Liu B, Jiang LL. Research progress on ginger polysaccharides: extraction, purification and structure-bioactivity relationship. Food Funct 2023; 14:10651-10666. [PMID: 37975522 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03552b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Ginger is a widespread source of herbal medicine and traditional spices. Among its various bioactive components, ginger polysaccharides (GPs) have attracted the attention of researchers worldwide because of their significant bioactivity. Recent studies have demonstrated the antioxidant, antitumour, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hypoglycaemic, cough suppressant and thrombotic anticoagulant effects of GPs. However, the structure-bioactivity relationship of GPs has yet to be comprehensively investigated. This review aims to explore all the current published studies on GPs. It further examines various aspects, including the extraction and purification methods, structure, bioactivity, application and structure-bioactivity relationship of GPs. Thus, this review intends to provide a reference for future GP-related research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Active Substance and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, PR China.
| | - Bing-Hang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Active Substance and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, PR China.
| | - Miao-Miao Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Active Substance and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, PR China.
| | - Bing Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Active Substance and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, PR China.
| | - Liang-Liang Jiang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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Murphy EJ, Rezoagli E, Collins C, Saha SK, Major I, Murray P. Sustainable production and pharmaceutical applications of β-glucan from microbial sources. Microbiol Res 2023; 274:127424. [PMID: 37301079 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
β-glucans are a large class of complex polysaccharides found in abundant sources. Our dietary sources of β-glucans are cereals that include oats and barley, and non-cereal sources can consist of mushrooms, microalgae, bacteria, and seaweeds. There is substantial clinical interest in β-glucans; as they can be used for a variety of diseases including cancer and cardiovascular conditions. Suitable sources of β-glucans for biopharmaceutical applications include bacteria, microalgae, mycelium, and yeast. Environmental factors including culture medium can influence the biomass and ultimately β-glucan content. Therefore, cultivation conditions for the above organisms can be controlled for sustainable enhanced production of β-glucans. This review discusses the various sources of β-glucans and their cultivation conditions that may be optimised to exploit sustainable production. Finally, this article discusses the immune-modulatory potential of β-glucans from these sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Murphy
- LIFE - Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Midwest Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Limerick V94EC5T, Ireland; PRISM Research Institute, Midlands Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone N37 HD68, Ireland.
| | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Catherine Collins
- LIFE - Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Midwest Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Limerick V94EC5T, Ireland
| | - Sushanta Kumar Saha
- LIFE - Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Midwest Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Limerick V94EC5T, Ireland
| | - Ian Major
- PRISM Research Institute, Midlands Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - Patrick Murray
- LIFE - Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Midwest Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Limerick V94EC5T, Ireland
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The Mushroom Glucans: Molecules of High Biological and Medicinal Importance. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051009. [PMID: 36900525 PMCID: PMC10000499 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates, including polysaccharide macromolecules, are the main constituents of the fungal cell wall. Among these, the homo- or heteropolymeric glucan molecules are decisive, as they not only protect fungal cells but also have broad, positive biological effects on the animal and human bodies. In addition to the beneficial nutritional properties of mushrooms (mineral elements, favorable proteins, low fat and energy content, pleasant aroma, and flavor), they have a high glucan content. Folk medicine (especially in the Far East) used medicinal mushrooms based on previous experience. At the end of the 19th century, but mainly since the middle of the 20th century, progressively more scientific information has been published. Glucans from mushrooms are polysaccharides that contain sugar chains, sometimes of only one kind (glucose), sometimes having several monosaccharide units, and they have two (α and β) anomeric forms (isomers). Their molecular weights range from 104 to 105 Da, and rarely 106 Da. X-ray diffraction studies were the first to determine the triple helix configuration of some glucans. It seems that the existence and integrity of the triple helix structure are criteria for their biological effects. Different glucans can be isolated from different mushroom species, and several glucan fractions can be obtained. The biosynthesis of glucans takes place in the cytoplasm, the processes of initiation and then chain extension take place with the help of the glucan synthase enzyme complex (EC 2.4.1.34), and the sugar units are provided by sugar donor UDPG molecules. The two methods used today for glucan determination are the enzymatic and Congo red methods. True comparisons can only be made using the same method. Congo red dye reacts with the tertiary triple helix structure, and the resulting glucan content better reflects the biological value of glucan molecules. The biological effect of β-glucan molecules is proportional to the integrity of the tertiary structure. The glucan contents of the stipe exceed the values of the caps. The glucan levels of individual fungal taxa (including varieties) differ quantitatively and qualitatively. This review presents in more detail the glucans of lentinan (from Lentinula edodes), pleuran (from Pleurotus ostreatus), grifolan (from Grifola frondose), schizophyllan (from Schizophyllum commune), and krestin (from Trametes versicolor), along with their main biological effects.
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Probiotics and Postbiotics as the Functional Food Components Affecting the Immune Response. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010104. [PMID: 36677396 PMCID: PMC9862734 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The food market is one of the most innovative segments of the world economy. Recently, among consumers there is a forming trend of a healthier lifestyle and interest in functional foods. Products with positive health properties are a good source of nutrients for consumers' nutritional needs and reduce the risk of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, or obesity. They also seem to boost the immune system. One of the types of functional food is "probiotic products", which contain viable microorganisms with beneficial health properties. However, due to some technical difficulties in their development and marketing, a new alternative has started to be sought. Many scientific studies also point to the possibility of positive effects on human health, the so-called "postbiotics", the characteristic metabolites of the microbiome. Both immunobiotics and post-immunobiotics are the food components that affect the immune response in two ways: as inhibition (suppressing allergies and inflammation) or as an enhancement (providing host defenses against infection). This work's aim was to conduct a literature review of the possibilities of using probiotics and postbiotics as the functional food components affecting the immune response, with an emphasis on the most recently published works.
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7
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Kabisch S, Weickert MO, Pfeiffer AFH. The role of cereal soluble fiber in the beneficial modulation of glycometabolic gastrointestinal hormones. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4331-4347. [PMID: 36382636 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2141190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
According to cohort studies, cereal fiber, and whole-grain products might decrease risk for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), inflammatory processes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. These associations, mainly affect insoluble, but not soluble cereal fiber. In intervention studies, soluble fiber elicit anti-hyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory short-term effects, partially explained by fermentation to short-chain fatty acids, which acutely counteract insulin resistance and inflammation. ß-glucans lower cholesterol levels and possibly reduce liver fat. Long-term benefits are not yet shown, maybe caused by T2DM heterogeneity, as insulin resistance and fatty liver disease - the glycometabolic points of action of soluble cereal fiber - are not present in every patient. Thus, only some patients might be susceptive to fiber. Also, incretin action in response to fiber could be a relevant factor for variable effects. Thus, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge from human studies on the impact of soluble cereal fiber on glycometabolic gastrointestinal hormones. Effects on GLP-1 appear to be highly contradictory, while these fibers might lower GIP and ghrelin, and increase PYY and CCK. Even though previous results of specific trials support a glycometabolic benefit of soluble fiber, larger acute, and long-term mechanistic studies are needed in order to corroborate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kabisch
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V, Geschäftsstelle am Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin O Weickert
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism; The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS CoE, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Centre of Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences (ABES), Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Translational & Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V, Geschäftsstelle am Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Yeast Cell Wall Products Influence the Serum Proteome Composition of Broiler Chickens. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911844. [PMID: 36233150 PMCID: PMC9569515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With an ever-growing market and continual financial pressures associated with the prohibition of antibiotic growth promoters, the poultry industry has had to rapidly develop non-antibiotic alternatives to increase production yields. A possible alternative is yeast and its derivatives, such as the yeast cell wall (YCW), which have been proposed to confer selected beneficial effects on the host animal. Here, the effect of YCW supplementation on the broiler chicken was investigated using a quantitative proteomic strategy, whereby serum was obtained from three groups of broilers fed with distinct YCW-based Gut Health Products (GHP) or a control basal diet. Development of a novel reagent enabled application of ProteoMiner™ technology for sample preparation and subsequent comparative quantitative proteomic analysis revealed proteins which showed a significant change in abundance (n = 167 individual proteins; p < 0.05); as well as proteins which were uniquely identified (n = 52) in, or absent (n = 37) from, GHP-fed treatment groups versus controls. An average of 7.1% of proteins showed changes in abundance with GHP supplementation. Several effects of these GHPs including immunostimulation (via elevated complement protein detection), potential alterations in the oxidative status of the animal (e.g., glutathione peroxidase and catalase), stimulation of metabolic processes (e.g., differential abundance of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), as well as evidence of a possible hepatoprotective effect (attenuated levels of serum α-glutathione s-transferase) by one GHP feed supplement, were observed. It is proposed that specific protein detection may be indicative of GHP efficacy to stimulate broiler immune status, i.e., may be biomarkers of GHP efficacy. In summary, this work has developed a novel technology for the preparation of high dynamic range proteomic samples for LC-MS/MS analysis, is part of the growing area of livestock proteomics and, importantly, provides evidential support for beneficial effects that GHP supplementation has on the broiler chicken.
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Beltrame G, Mattsson I, Damlin P, Han Z, Kvarnström C, Leino R, Yang B. Study of the sterile conk of Inonotus obliquus using 13C CPMAS NMR and FTIR spectroscopies coupled with multivariate analysis. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Yang YF, Li DW, Balamurugan S, Wang X, Yang WD, Li HY. Chrysolaminarin biosynthesis in the diatom is enhanced by overexpression of 1,6-β-transglycosylase. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dalonso N, Petkowicz CLO, Lugones LG, Silveira MLL, Gern RMM. Comparison of cell wall polysaccharides in Schizophyllum commune after changing phenotype by mutation. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20210047. [PMID: 34730621 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120210047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Agaricomycetes fungi produce various compounds with pharmaceutical, medicinal, cosmetic, environmental and biotechnological properties. In addition, some polysaccharides extracted from the fungal cell wall have antitumor and immunomodulatory actions. The aim of this study was to use genetic modification to transform Schizophyllum commune and identify if the phenotype observed (different from the wild type) resulted in changes of the cell wall polysaccharides. The plasmid pUCHYG-GPDGLS, which contains the Pleurotus ostreatus glucan synthase gene, was used in S. commune transformations. Polysaccharides from cell wall of wild (ScW) and mutants were compared in this study. Polysaccharides from the biomass and culture broth were extracted with hot water. One of the mutants (ScT4) was selected for further studies and, after hydrolysis/acetylation, the GLC analysis showed galactose as the major component in polysaccharide fraction from the mutant and glucose as the major monomer in the wild type. Differences were also found in the elution profiles from HPSEC and NMR analyses. From the monosaccharide composition it was proposed that mannogalactans are components of S. commune cell wall for both, wild and mutant, but in different proportions. To our knowledge, this is the first time that mannogalactans are isolated from S. commune liquid culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Dalonso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville/UNIVILLE, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Zona Industrial Norte, 89201-972 Joinville, SC, Brazil
| | - Carmen L O Petkowicz
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro Politécnico, Av. Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Caixa Postal 19046, Jardim das Américas, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luis G Lugones
- Utrecht University, Molecular Microbiology Department, Padualaan n° 8, Utrecht Science Park, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcia L L Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville/UNIVILLE, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Zona Industrial Norte, 89201-972 Joinville, SC, Brazil
| | - Regina M M Gern
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville/UNIVILLE, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Zona Industrial Norte, 89201-972 Joinville, SC, Brazil
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12
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Wang Y, Liu M, Wang X, Zhong L, Shi G, Xu Y, Li Y, Li R, Huang Y, Ye X, Li Z, Cui Z. A novel β-1,3-glucanase Gns6 from rice possesses antifungal activity against Magnaporthe oryzae. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 265:153493. [PMID: 34403886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As members of the pathogenesis-related protein (PR)-2 family, β-1,3-glucanases play pivotal roles in plant defense. Previous study showed that the rice genome contains 16 genes encoding putative β-1,3-glucanases, and the β-1,3-glucanases in subfamily A were deduced to be involved in plant defense. However, there was limited direct evidence. In this study, the expression of rice β-1,3-glucanases Gns2-Gns6 belonging to subfamily A in rice plant infection with Magnaporthe oryzae was investigated, and the enhanced expression of Gns6 during infection confirmed its crucial role in the defense of rice seedlings. Enzymological characterization revealed that Gns6 preferentially hydrolyzed laminarin, pachymaran, and yeast glucan. The β-1,3; 1,6-glucanase Gns6 exhibited a specific activity of 1.2 U/mg with laminarin as the substrate. In addition, Gns6 could hydrolyze laminarin via an endo-type mechanism, yielding a series of oligosaccharides with various degrees of polymerization that are known immune elicitors in plants. Moreover, Gns6 exhibited a significant inhibitory effect against the formation of the germ tubes and appressoria, with potential applications in plant protection. Taken together, this study shows that Gns6 is an essential effector in the defensive response of rice against pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Muxing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Lingli Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Guolong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Ye Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yangqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Ruolin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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13
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Identification of the Primary Structure of Selenium-Containing Polysaccharides Selectively Inhibiting T-Cell Proliferation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175404. [PMID: 34500837 PMCID: PMC8434567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously described the biosynthesis, isolation, and immunosuppressive activity of the selenium-containing polysaccharide fraction isolated from the mycelial culture of Lentinula edodes. Structural studies have shown that the fraction was a protein-containing mixture of high molar mass polysaccharides α- and β-glucans. However, which of the components of the complex fraction is responsible for the immunosuppressive activity non-typical for polysaccharides of fungal origin has not been explained. In the current study, we defined four-polysaccharide components of the Se-containing polysaccharide fraction determined their primary structure and examined the effect on T- and B-cell proliferation. The isolated Se-polysaccharides, α-1,4-glucan (Mw 2.25 × 106 g/mol), unbranched β-1,6-d-glucan, unbranched β-1,3-d-glucan and β-1,3-branched β-1,6-d-glucan (Mw 1.10 × 105 g/mol), are not typical as components of the cell wall of L. edodes. All are biologically active, but the inhibitory effect of the isolated polysaccharides on lymphocyte proliferation was weaker, though more selective than that of the crude fraction.
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14
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Lee C, Verma R, Byun S, Jeun EJ, Kim GC, Lee S, Kang HJ, Kim CJ, Sharma G, Lahiri A, Paul S, Kim KS, Hwang DS, Iwakura Y, Speciale I, Molinaro A, De Castro C, Rudra D, Im SH. Structural specificities of cell surface β-glucan polysaccharides determine commensal yeast mediated immuno-modulatory activities. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3611. [PMID: 34127673 PMCID: PMC8203763 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast is an integral part of mammalian microbiome, and like commensal bacteria, has the potential of being harnessed to influence immunity in clinical settings. However, functional specificities of yeast-derived immunoregulatory molecules remain elusive. Here we find that while under steady state, β-1,3-glucan-containing polysaccharides potentiate pro-inflammatory properties, a relatively less abundant class of cell surface polysaccharides, dubbed mannan/β-1,6-glucan-containing polysaccharides (MGCP), is capable of exerting potent anti-inflammatory effects to the immune system. MGCP, in contrast to previously identified microbial cell surface polysaccharides, through a Dectin1-Cox2 signaling axis in dendritic cells, facilitates regulatory T (Treg) cell induction from naïve T cells. Furthermore, through a TLR2-dependent mechanism, it restrains Th1 differentiation of effector T cells by suppressing IFN-γ expression. As a result, administration of MGCP display robust suppressive capacity towards experimental inflammatory disease models of colitis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice, thereby highlighting its potential therapeutic utility against clinically relevant autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhon Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Verma
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- ImmmunoBiome Inc, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Byun
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Jeun
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Cheon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyoung Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ji Kang
- Advanced convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- HEM, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Johng Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Garima Sharma
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- ImmmunoBiome Inc, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Abhishake Lahiri
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sandip Paul
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- JIS Institute of Advanced Studies and Research, JIS University, Kolkata, India
| | - Kwang Soon Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Immacolata Speciale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli, Portici, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli, Portici, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Dipayan Rudra
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- ImmmunoBiome Inc, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- ImmmunoBiome Inc, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Antitumor effect of soluble β-glucan as an immune stimulant. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:116-124. [PMID: 33667560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
β-glucans are linear polysaccharides of d-glucose monomers linked through β-glycosidic bonds and are widely present in nature. Different sources lead to their structural differences. β-glucan has long been acknowledged to be a safe and functional component. Its biological activities include lipid-lowering, hypoglycemic, antitumor and immune regulation etc. A large number of studies have shown that soluble β-glucan can bind to their receptors on the surface of immune cells, activates the pro-inflammatory response of innate immune cells, and enhances the host's antitumor defense. A variety of soluble β-glucans have been widely used in clinical antitumor studies as an immunostimulant to treat the cancer patient. In this paper, we reviewed the molecular structure, antitumor immune activities, structure-activity relationship and clinical trials of soluble β-glucans in order to provide the overall scene of β-glucans as immunostimulant to fight the cancer.
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16
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Wouk J, Dekker RFH, Queiroz EAIF, Barbosa-Dekker AM. β-Glucans as a panacea for a healthy heart? Their roles in preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:176-203. [PMID: 33609583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Factors increasing the risks for CVD development are related to obesity, diabetes, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure and lifestyle. CVD risk factors may be treated with appropriate drugs, but prolonged can use cause undesirable side-effects. Among the natural products used in complementary and alternative medicines, are the β-ᴅ-glucans; biopolymers found in foods (cereals, mushrooms), and can easily be produced by microbial fermentation. Independent of source, β-glucans of the mixed-linked types [(1 → 3)(1 → 6)-β-ᴅ-glucans - fungal, and (1 → 3)(1 → 4)-β-ᴅ-glucans - cereal] have widely been studied because of their biological activities, and have demonstrated cardiovascular protective effects. In this review, we discuss the roles of β-ᴅ-glucans in various pathophysiological conditions that lead to CVDs including obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, hypertension, atherosclerosis and stroke. The β-glucans from all of the sources cited demonstrated potential hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic and anti-obesogenicity activities, reduced hypertension and ameliorated the atherosclerosis condition. More recently, β-glucans are recognized as possessing prebiotic properties that modulate the gut microbiome and impact on the health benefits including cardiovascular. Overall, all the studies investigated unequivocally demonstrated the dietary benefits of consuming β-glucans regardless of source, thus constituting a promising panaceutical approach to reduce CVD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Wouk
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Campus CEDETEG, CEP: 85040-167, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Câmpus Londrina, CEP: 86036-370 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Beta-Glucan Produtos Farmoquímicos - EIRELI, Avenida João Miguel Caram 731, Lote 24(A), Bloco Zircônia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, CEP: 86036-700 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Eveline A I F Queiroz
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78.557-267 Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Aneli M Barbosa-Dekker
- Beta-Glucan Produtos Farmoquímicos - EIRELI, Avenida João Miguel Caram 731, Lote 24(A), Bloco Zircônia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, CEP: 86036-700 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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17
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Murphy EJ, Rezoagli E, Major I, Rowan NJ, Laffey JG. β-Glucan Metabolic and Immunomodulatory Properties and Potential for Clinical Application. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E356. [PMID: 33322069 PMCID: PMC7770584 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are complex polysaccharides that are found in several plants and foods, including mushrooms. β-glucans display an array of potentially therapeutic properties. β-glucans have metabolic and gastro-intestinal effects, modulating the gut microbiome, altering lipid and glucose metabolism, reducing cholesterol, leading to their investigation as potential therapies for metabolic syndrome, obesity and diet regulation, gastrointestinal conditions such as irritable bowel, and to reduce cardiovascular and diabetes risk. β-glucans also have immune-modulating effects, leading to their investigation as adjuvant agents for cancers (solid and haematological malignancies), for immune-mediated conditions (e.g., allergic rhinitis, respiratory infections), and to enhance wound healing. The therapeutic potential of β-glucans is evidenced by the fact that two glucan isolates were licensed as drugs in Japan as immune-adjuvant therapy for cancer in 1980. Significant challenges exist to further clinical testing and translation of β-glucans. The diverse range of conditions for which β-glucans are in clinical testing underlines the incomplete understanding of the diverse mechanisms of action of β-glucans, a key knowledge gap. Furthermore, important differences appear to exist in the effects of apparently similar β-glucan preparations, which may be due to differences in sources and extraction procedures, another poorly understood issue. This review will describe the biology, potential mechanisms of action and key therapeutic targets being investigated in clinical trials of β-glucans and identify and discuss the key challenges to successful translation of this intriguing potential therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Murphy
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.J.M.); (E.R.); (N.J.R.)
| | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.J.M.); (E.R.); (N.J.R.)
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Galway, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Ian Major
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland;
| | - Neil J. Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.J.M.); (E.R.); (N.J.R.)
| | - John G. Laffey
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Galway, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
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18
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Heo J, Sobiech TA, Kutscher HL, Chaves L, Sukumaran DK, Karki S, Dube A, Prasad PN, Reynolds JL. Hybrid Curdlan Poly(γ -Glutamic Acid) Nanoassembly for Immune Modulation in Macrophage. Macromol Biosci 2020; 21:e2000358. [PMID: 33283480 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A nanoformulation composed of curdlan, a linear polysaccharide of 1,3-β-linked d-glucose units, hydrogen bonded to poly(γ -glutamic acid) (PGA), was developed to stimulate macrophage. Curdlan/PGA nanoparticles (C-NP) are formulated by physically blending curdlan (0.2 mg mL-1 in 0.4 m NaOH) with PGA (0.8 mg mL-1 ). Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis demonstrates a heterospecies interpolymer complex formed between curdlan and PGA. The 1 H-NMR spectra display significant peak broadening as well as downfield chemical shifts of the hydroxyl proton resonances of curdlan, indicating potential intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. In addition, the cross peaks in 1 H-1 H 2D-NOESY suggest intermolecular associations between the OH-2/OH-4 hydroxyl groups of curdlan and the carboxylic-/amide-groups of PGA via hydrogen bonding. Intracellular uptake of C-NP occurs over time in human monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM). Furthermore, C-NP nanoparticles dose-dependently increase gene expression for TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 at 24 h in MDM. C-NP nanoparticles also stimulate the release of IL-lβ, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-17, IL-18, and IL-23 from MDM. Overall, this is the first demonstration of a simplistic nanoformulation formed by hydrogen bonding between curdlan and PGA that modulates cytokine gene expression and release of cytokines from MDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongyun Heo
- Institute for Laser, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Clinical Translational Research Center, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Thomas A Sobiech
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Hilliard L Kutscher
- Institute for Laser, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Clinical Translational Research Center, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Lee Chaves
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Clinical Translational Research Center, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Dinesh K Sukumaran
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Shanta Karki
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Clinical Translational Research Center, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Admire Dube
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Paras N Prasad
- Institute for Laser, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Jessica L Reynolds
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Clinical Translational Research Center, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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19
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Motta F, Gershwin ME, Selmi C. Mushrooms and immunity. J Autoimmun 2020; 117:102576. [PMID: 33276307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the wide field of nutraceuticals, the effects of mushrooms on immunity, cancer and including autoimmunity have been proposed for centuries but in recent years a growing interest has led scientists to elucidate which specific compounds have bioactive properties and through which mechanisms. Glucans and specific proteins are responsible for most of the biological effects of mushrooms, particularly in terms of immunomodulatory and anti-tumor results. Proteins with bioactive effects include lectins, fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs), ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs), ribonucleases, laccases, among others. At the present status of knowledge, numerous studies have been performed on cell lines and murine models while only a few clinical trials have been conducted. As in most cases of dietary components, the multitude of variables implicated in the final effect and an inadequate standardization are expected to affect the observed differences, thus making the available evidence insufficient to justify the treatment of human diseases with mushrooms extracts. We will herein provide a comprehensive review and critically discussion the biochemical changes induced by different mushroom compounds as observed in in vitro studies, particularly on macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and NK cells, compared to in vivo and human studies. Additional effects are represented by lipids which constitute a minor part of mushrooms but may have a role in reducing serum cholesterol levels or phenols acting as antioxidant and reducing agents. Human studies provide a minority of available data, as well illustrated by a placebo-controlled study of athletes treated with β-glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus. Variables influencing study outcomes include different mushrooms strains, growing conditions, developmental stage, part of mushroom used, extraction method, and storage conditions. We foresee that future rigorous research will be needed to determine the potential of mushroom compounds for human health to reproduce the effects of some compounds such as lentinan which a metaanalysis demonstrated to increase the efficacy of chemotherapy in the treatment of lung cancer and in the improvement of the patients quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Motta
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
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20
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Lan H, Cheng Y, Mu J, Huang Y, Chen H, Zhao L, Wang K, Hu Z. Glucose-rich polysaccharide from dried 'Shixia' longan activates macrophages through Ca 2+ and CR3- mediated MAPKs and PI3K-AKT pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:845-853. [PMID: 33181209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A water-soluble glucose-rich polysaccharide from dried 'Shixia' longan pulp (LPsx) has been isolated for the first time, and its structure and immuno-regulatory mechanism were studied. LPsx is a hetero-polysaccharide with the average molecular weight 4102 g/mol. It was mainly consisted of glucose (95.9%), and small proportions of arabinose (2.1%), galactose (1.0%), mannose (0.6%), and xylose (0.4%). As analyzed by NMR, LPsx was mainly composed of (1 → 6)-α-d-glucose and (1 → 6)-β-d-glucose, branched with α-d-glucose-(1→. The immunomodulatory activity study showed that LPsx significantly increased the phagocytosis of macrophages, and strongly promoted the production of NO, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Moreover, LPsx could inhibit the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide. The immuno-regulatory mechanism of LPsx was studied using RNA- sequencing and receptors activity analyses. It was found that LPsx induced macrophage activation via Ca2+ and CR3-mediated MAPKs and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. The results would be helpful for revealing the health promoting mechanism of dried 'Shixia' longan in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Lan
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongxia Cheng
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingjing Mu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanfen Huang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huifang Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zhuoyan Hu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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21
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Luo J, Cheng L, Du Y, Mao X, He J, Yu B, Chen D. The anti-inflammatory effects of low- and high-molecular-weight beta-glucans from Agrobacterium sp. ZX09 in LPS-induced weaned piglets. Food Funct 2020; 11:585-595. [PMID: 31858092 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00627c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical characteristics of beta-glucans determine the immune responses of the intestines and whole body. It is hypothesized that glucans with different molecular weights have diverse modes of action on LPS-mediated immune activity. This study aimed to verify the immune-modulatory effects of two types of beta-glucans in LPS-induced weaned piglets. The results indicated that dietary beta-glucan supplementation could prevent losses in body weight gain caused by LPS challenge. Supplementation with different molecular weights of beta-glucans decreased the production of IL-1β and TNF-α and increased IL-10 production, which is likely associated with key factors such as TLR4 and NF-κB. High-molecular-weight beta-glucans seemed to have a strong functional capacity to modulate the innate immune response through the Dectin-1 receptor. Therefore, the results indicate that supplementing piglets with Agrobacterium sp. ZX09 beta-glucans inhibits LPS-mediated depression in the growth performance and plays a protective role during LPS challenge possibly via the Dectin-1 receptor and the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. The results reveal the potential therapeutic activity of purified Agrobacterium sp. ZX09 beta-glucan following experimental LPS infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Application of Pleurotus ostreatus β-glucans for oil–in–water emulsions encapsulation in powder. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Comiran PK, Ribeiro MC, Silva JHG, Martins KO, Santos IA, Chiaradia AEF, Silva AZ, Dekker RFH, Barbosa-Dekker AM, Alegranci P, Queiroz EAIF. Botryosphaeran Attenuates Tumor Development and the Cancer Cachexia Syndrome in Walker-256 Tumor-Bearing Obese Rats and Improves the Metabolic and Hematological Profiles of These Rats. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:1175-1192. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1789681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia K. Comiran
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Mariana C. Ribeiro
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - John H. G. Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Kamila O. Martins
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Izabella A. Santos
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Ana Emilia F. Chiaradia
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Amadeu Z. Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Robert F. H. Dekker
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Pâmela Alegranci
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Eveline A. I. F. Queiroz
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
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Jönsson M, Allahgholi L, Sardari RR, Hreggviðsson GO, Nordberg Karlsson E. Extraction and Modification of Macroalgal Polysaccharides for Current and Next-Generation Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E930. [PMID: 32093097 PMCID: PMC7070867 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine macroalgal (seaweed) polysaccharides are highly promising for next-generation applications in several industries. However, despite the reported comprehensive potential of these polysaccharides, commercial products are scarce on the market. Seaweed cultivations are increasing in number and production quantity, owing to an elevated global trend of utilization interest in seaweed. The extraction of polysaccharides from seaweed generally generates low yields, but novel methods are being developed to facilitate and improve the extraction processes. Current areas of applications for seaweed polysaccharides mainly take advantage of the physicochemical properties of certain polysaccharides, such as gelling, thickening and emulsifying. However, many of the numerous bioactivities reported are still only at research level and lack clinical evidence for commercialization. It has been suggested the construction of smaller units may generate better defined molecules that are more suitable for biomedical applications. Enzymatic modification is a promising tool for the generation of more defined, targeted biomolecules. This review covers; structural differences between the most predominant marine algal polysaccharides, extraction processes, modification alternatives, as well as a summary of current and potential next-generation application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Jönsson
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Post Office Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (M.J.); (L.A.)
| | - Leila Allahgholi
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Post Office Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (M.J.); (L.A.)
| | - Roya R.R. Sardari
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Post Office Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (M.J.); (L.A.)
| | - Guðmundur O. Hreggviðsson
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland;
- Matis Ohf, Vinlandsleid 12, IS-113 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eva Nordberg Karlsson
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Post Office Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (M.J.); (L.A.)
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Acceptance of a New Food Enriched in β-Glucans among Adolescents: Effects of Food Technology Neophobia and Healthy Food Habits. Foods 2019; 8:foods8100433. [PMID: 31547483 PMCID: PMC6835998 DOI: 10.3390/foods8100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate adolescents’ acceptability of a novel flat bread modified by substituting a part of the wheat flour content with a Pleurotus ostreatus powder rich in β-glucans, which can potentially provide health benefits. The effects of food technology neophobia and adolescents’ food habits on hedonic perception of the developed product was also investigated. Two hundred and two adolescents (age range: 13–18 years; girls: 49.5%; boys: 50.5%) evaluated their liking of two flat breads, one with mushroom powder added and one control sample with only wheat flour. Sample acceptance was studied in relation to age, gender, neophobic traits and healthy food habits. The results showed that, even if the sample with mushroom powder added was generally well accepted, there were different hedonic responses among adolescents according to their food technology neophobia level and healthy habits. In particular, adolescents with a low food technology neophobia level and healthy eating behavior mostly appreciated the sample with mushroom powder added, whereas subjects with neophobic and unhealthy eating behavior gave comparable hedonic scores to the two samples. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between food technology neophobia level and healthy food habits. In conclusion, it is possible to develop a β-glucan-enriched product appreciated by adolescents using a sustainable ingredient. The developed product may be used to achieve the daily recommended intake of β-glucans by adolescents.
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Proserpio C, Lavelli V, Laureati M, Pagliarini E. Effect of Pleurotus ostreatus powder addition in vegetable soup on ß-glucan content, sensory perception, and acceptability. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:730-737. [PMID: 30847151 PMCID: PMC6392850 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible mushroom with interesting nutritional properties, which is able to grow on agri-food waste and could in turn be used as an ingredient for food fortification. However, new food products have to face with the growing consumer consciousness about what they eat and hedonic responses, which represent a key factor in determining food preference and choices. The aim of this study was to design a vegetable-based product (a pumpkin and carrot soup) added with increasing concentration of P. ostreatus powder rich in β-glucans, which are fibers with demonstrated bioactivity in humans, and to obtain a sensory description of these fortified products to find the desirable and undesirable sensory properties that affect their acceptance. A total of 109 subjects (women N = 52; men N = 57; age = 36.1 ± 14.4 years) evaluated five samples of pumpkin and carrot soup added with increasing concentrations of mushroom powder (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and a hidden control at 0%) for liking and sensory properties by means of the check-all-that-apply method. Results showed that creaminess, orange color, mild odor, and taste were positively related to vegetable soups liking, whereas strong taste, dark color, and mushroom odor described the less liked samples. Sample added with 2% of mushroom powder obtained comparable liking scores to the unmodified sample, while liking decreased with increasing concentration of P. ostreatus powder. The present results demonstrated that it is possible to fortify a vegetable soup with P. ostreatus powder developing well-accepted foods by consumers. This product could be used to implement an everyday dietary intervention of β-glucans over a long-term period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Proserpio
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS)University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Vera Lavelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS)University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Monica Laureati
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS)University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Ella Pagliarini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS)University of MilanMilanItaly
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The edible mushroom Albatrellus ovinus contains a α-l-fuco-α-d-galactan, α-d-glucan, a branched (1 → 6)-β-d-glucan and a branched (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan. Carbohydr Res 2019; 471:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bzducha-Wróbel A, Pobiega K, Błażejak S, Kieliszek M. The scale-up cultivation of Candida utilis in waste potato juice water with glycerol affects biomass and β(1,3)/(1,6)-glucan characteristic and yield. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9131-9145. [PMID: 30215128 PMCID: PMC6208972 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
New ideas on production of yeast origin β-glucan preparations for industrial application are attracting interest considering market development of that high-value functional polysaccharide. Sellecting an efficient yeast producer and designing culture conditions are a prerequisite for obtaining high yield of β-glucan. The aim of this study was to describe at the first time the influence of the mode of cultivation (shake-flasks and batch fermentation) and time of culture on characteristic and yield of biomass and β(1,3)/(1,6)-glucan preparations of Candida utilis ATCC 9950 after cultivation in medium based on waste potato juice water supplemented with 10% of glycerol. After shake-flask culture, the biomass was characterized by higher protein content (app. 26.5%) compared to 19% after batch fermentation while the cultivation on a biofermentor scale promoted polysaccharides biosynthesis. The highest output of purified β(1,3)/(1,6)-glucan preparation (5.3 gd.w./L), containing app. 85% of that polysaccharide, was found after 48 h cultivation in biofermentor. Batch fermentation promoted biosynthesis of alkali-insoluble β(1,3)/(1,6)-glucan fraction, decreasing the content of β(1,6)-glucan. The yield of β(1,3)/(1,6)-glucan synthesis was 0.063 (g/g glycerol), while the productivity of that polysaccharide reached 0.094 (g/L/h). Longer batch fermentation (72 h) resulted in reduction of production efficiency of β-glucan preparation under studied conditions. The results of the study provide a new efficient biotechnological solution to produce high-value β-glucan preparations of C. utilis origin based on valorization of agro-waste potato juice water with glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bzducha-Wróbel
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Biotechnolgy, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Pobiega
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Biotechnolgy, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Stanisław Błażejak
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Biotechnolgy, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marek Kieliszek
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Biotechnolgy, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776, Warszawa, Poland
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Bzducha-Wróbel A, Błażejak S, Kieliszek M, Pobiega K, Falana K, Janowicz M. Modification of the cell wall structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains during cultivation on waste potato juice water and glycerol towards biosynthesis of functional polysaccharides. J Biotechnol 2018; 281:1-10. [PMID: 29885339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.06.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Changes in cell wall structure of four strains of Sacccharomyces cerevisiae species (brewer's, baker's and probiotic yeast) after culturing on deproteinated potato juice water (DPJW) with diverse addition of glycerol and different pH were investigated. It allowed to select conditions intensifying biosynthesis of β(1,3)/(1,6)-glucan and mannoproteins of cell walls of tested strains. Yeast cell wall structural polysaccharides show biological activity and technological usability in food industry but also decide about therapeutic properties of yeast biomass. The highest increase in the thickness of walls (by about 100%) and β-glucan layer (by about 120%) was stated after cultivation of S. cerevisiae R9 brewer's yeast in DPJW supplemented with 5 and 10% (w/v) of glycerol and pH 7.0 while S. cerevisiae var. boulardi PAN yeast synthesized by ab. 70% thicker β-glucan layer when the pH of growth medium was equal to 5.0. The cells of brewer's yeast (S. cerevisiae R9), probiotic (S. cerevisiae CNCM 1-745) and baker's (S. cerevisiae 102) intensified the ratio of mannoproteins in the structure of cell walls cultivated in mediums supplemented with above 15% of glycerol what point out the protective action of glycoprotein's under osmotic stress conditions. The study confirms at the first time the possibility of using agro-industrial waste in biosynthesis of functional polysaccharides of S. cerevisiae cell wall. It could be an new advantage in production of yeast biomass with therapeutic properties or β-glucan preparation as a novel food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bzducha-Wróbel
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Błażejak
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marek Kieliszek
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pobiega
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Falana
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Monika Janowicz
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland
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Lavelli V, Proserpio C, Gallotti F, Laureati M, Pagliarini E. Circular reuse of bio-resources: the role of Pleurotus spp. in the development of functional foods. Food Funct 2018; 9:1353-1372. [PMID: 29480298 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01747b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The basidiomycetes fungi belonging to the genus Pleurotus could make an important contribution to sustainable functional food design because they possess an elevated protein content with a valuable essential amino acid scoring pattern, a unique dietary fibre profile, mainly comprised of branched β-glucan, high levels of some vitamins of the B group, vitamin D, Fe, Zn, Cu, Se and some bioactive mycochemicals, while the Na and fat contents are low. Moreover, Pleurotus spp. can grow efficiently on various clean by-products of food processing, such as wheat straw, wheat stalk and spent beer grain, thus representing a sustainable food source. This review illustrates the compositional variability of Pleurotus spp. grown on various by-products, in order to clarify its potential ability to address the needs of populations with endemic nutritional deficiencies as well as those populations at risk or affected by some chronic diseases. The perspectives for Pleurotus applications in functional foods decisively depend on consumers' acceptability. Hence, the sensory properties of Pleurotus spp. are also clarified herein. Lastly, the three main strategies of functional food development using Pleurotus spp. are summarized, namely its use as a fortifying agent, high-cost protein replacer and prebiotic ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Lavelli
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Cristina Proserpio
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesca Gallotti
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Monica Laureati
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Ella Pagliarini
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Hachimura S, Totsuka M, Hosono A. Immunomodulation by food: impact on gut immunity and immune cell function. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:584-599. [PMID: 29448897 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1433017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that various food components affect the immune response. These components act on various immune cells, and their effects are mediated through the intestinal immune system and, in some cases, the intestinal microbiota. In this review, we describe the immunomodulating effects of various food components, including probiotics, prebiotics, polysaccharides, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, peptides, amino acids and polyphenols. Some of these components enhance immune responses, leading to host defense against infection, whereas others inhibit immune responses, thus suppressing allergy and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hachimura
- a Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Japan
| | - Mamoru Totsuka
- b Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Life Science , Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Japan
| | - Akira Hosono
- c Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences , Nihon University , Japan
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32
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Production of low-molecular weight soluble yeast β-glucan by an acid degradation method. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:2269-2278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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β-(1→6)-D-glucan secreted during the optimised production of exopolysaccharides by Paecilomyces variotii has immunostimulatory activity. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 111:981-994. [PMID: 29236232 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-1000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Paecilomyces variotii is a filamentous fungus that occurs worldwide in soil and decaying vegetation. Optimization of the fermentation process for exopolysaccharide (EPS) production from the fungus P. variotii, structure determination and immuno-stimulating activity of EPS were performed. Response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the physical and chemical factors required to produce EPS in submerged fermentation. Preliminary investigations to choose the three factors for the present work were made using a factorial experimental design. Glucose, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and pH were used as variables for which, with constant temperature of 28 °C and agitation of 90 rpm, the optimal process parameters were determined as glucose values of 0.96%, NH4NO3 0.26% and pH 8.0. The three parameters presented significant effects. In this condition of culture, the main composition of the isolated EPS was a linear β-(1 → 6)-linked-D-glucan, as determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and methylation analysis. This polysaccharide is a very unusual as an EPS from fungi, especially a filamentous fungus such as P. variotii. Murine peritoneal macrophages cultivated with β-glucan for 6 and 48 h showed an increase in TNF-α, IL-6 and nitric oxide release with increased polysaccharide concentrations. Therefore, we conclude that the β-(1 → 6)-linked-D-glucan produced in optimised conditions of P. variotii cultivation has an immune-stimulatory activity on murine macrophages.
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Ishimoto Y, Ishibashi KI, Yamanaka D, Adachi Y, Kanzaki K, Okita K, Iwakura Y, Ohno N. Modulation of an innate immune response by soluble yeast β-glucan prepared by a heat degradation method. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:367-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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35
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Kono H, Kondo N, Hirabayashi K, Ogata M, Totani K, Ikematsu S, Osada M. NMR spectroscopic structural characterization of a water-soluble β-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-glucan from Aureobasidium pullulans. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:876-886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Roohvand F, Shokri M, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Ehsani P. Biomedical applications of yeast- a patent view, part one: yeasts as workhorses for the production of therapeutics and vaccines. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:929-951. [PMID: 28608761 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1339789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Yeasts, as Eukaryotes, offer unique features for ease of growth and genetic manipulation possibilities, making it an exceptional microbial host. Areas covered: This review provides general and patent-oriented insights into production of biopharmaceuticals by yeasts. Patents, wherever possible, were correlated to the original or review articles. The review describes applications of major GRAS (generally regarded as safe) yeasts for the production of therapeutic proteins and subunit vaccines; additionally, immunomodulatory properties of yeast cell wall components were reviewed for use of whole yeast cells as a new vaccine platform. The second part of the review will discuss yeast- humanization strategies and innovative applications. Expert opinion: Biomedical applications of yeasts were initiated by utilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for production of leavened (fermented) products, and advanced to serve to produce biopharmaceuticals. Higher biomass production and expression/secretion yields, more similarity of glycosylation patterns to mammals and possibility of host-improvement strategies through application of synthetic biology might enhance selection of Pichia pastoris (instead of S. cerevisiae) as a host for production of biopharmaceutical in future. Immunomodulatory properties of yeast cell wall β-glucans and possibility of intracellular expression of heterologous pathogen/tumor antigens in yeast cells have expanded their application as a new platform, 'Whole Yeast Vaccines'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Roohvand
- a Department of Virology , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Pasteur Ave, Tehran , Iran
| | - Mehdi Shokri
- a Department of Virology , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Pasteur Ave, Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Immunology , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | | | - Parastoo Ehsani
- c Department of Molecular Biology , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
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Carrasco-González JA, Serna-Saldívar SO, Gutiérrez-Uribe JA. Nutritional composition and nutraceutical properties of the Pleurotus fruiting bodies: Potential use as food ingredient. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Koutrotsios G, Kalogeropoulos N, Stathopoulos P, Kaliora AC, Zervakis GI. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity exhibit high intraspecific variability in Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms and correlate well with cultivation performance parameters. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:98. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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VanderMolen KM, Little JG, Sica VP, El-Elimat T, Raja HA, Oberlies NH, Baker TR, Mahony C. Safety assessment of mushrooms in dietary supplements by combining analytical data with in silico toxicology evaluation. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 103:133-147. [PMID: 28267567 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing popularity in dietary supplements, many medicinal mushrooms have not been evaluated for their safe human consumption using modern techniques. The multifaceted approach described here relies on five key principles to evaluate the safety of non-culinary fungi for human use: (1) identification by sequencing the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (commonly referred to as ITS barcoding), (2) screening an extract of each fungal raw material against a database of known fungal metabolites, (3) comparison of these extracts to those prepared from grocery store-bought culinary mushrooms using UHPLCPDA-ELS-HRMS, (4) review of the toxicological and chemical literature for each fungus, and (5) evaluation of data establishing presence in-market. This weight-of-evidence approach was used to evaluate seven fungal raw materials and determine safe human use for each. Such an approach may provide an effective alternative to conventional toxicological animal studies (or more efficiently identifies when studies are necessary) for the safety assessment of fungal dietary ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M VanderMolen
- Product Safety and Regulatory Affairs, New Chapter, Inc., 90 Technology Dr, Brattleboro, VT 05301, United States; Central Product Safety, The Procter and Gamble Company, Winton Hill Business Center, 6100 Center Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45232, United States.
| | - Jason G Little
- Product Safety and Regulatory Affairs, New Chapter, Inc., 90 Technology Dr, Brattleboro, VT 05301, United States; Personal Health Care, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason-Montogomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States.
| | - Vincent P Sica
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC 27402, United States; Research and Development, Corporate Functions Analytical, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason-Montogomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States.
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC 27402, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC 27402, United States.
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC 27402, United States.
| | - Timothy R Baker
- Research and Development, Corporate Functions Analytical, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason-Montogomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States.
| | - Catherine Mahony
- Central Product Safety, Procter and Gamble Company Technical Centres Ltd, Egham, Surrey TW20 9NW, United Kingdom.
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Versluys M, Tarkowski ŁP, Van den Ende W. Fructans As DAMPs or MAMPs: Evolutionary Prospects, Cross-Tolerance, and Multistress Resistance Potential. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:2061. [PMID: 28123393 PMCID: PMC5225100 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This perspective paper proposes that endogenous apoplastic fructans in fructan accumulating plants, released after stress-mediated cellular leakage, or increased by exogenous application, can act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), priming plant innate immunity through ancient receptors and defense pathways that most probably evolved to react on microbial fructans acting as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). The proposed model is placed in an evolutionary perspective. How this type of DAMP signaling may contribute to cross-tolerance and multistress resistance effects in plants is discussed. Besides apoplastic ATP, NAD and fructans, apoplastic polyamines, secondary metabolites, and melatonin may be considered potential players in DAMP-mediated stress signaling. It is proposed that mixtures of DAMP priming formulations hold great promise as natural and sustainable alternatives for toxic agrochemicals.
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Ikeda A, Akiyama M, Sugikawa K, Koumoto K, Kashijima Y, Li J, Suzuki T, Nagasaki T. Formation of β-(1,3-1,6)-d-glucan-complexed [70]fullerene and its photodynamic activity towards macrophages. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:1990-1997. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02747d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
[70]Fullerene was dissolved in water by complexation with β-1,3-glucan. The photodynamic activity of the complex was highly dependent on the expression level of dectin-1 on the cell surfaces of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ikeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527
- Japan
| | - Motofusa Akiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Chuo University
- Tokyo 113-8551
- Japan
| | - Kouta Sugikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527
- Japan
| | - Kazuya Koumoto
- Department of Nanobiochemistry
- Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST)
- Konan University
- Kobe 650-0047
- Japan
| | - Yuta Kashijima
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka City University
- Osaka 558-8585
- Japan
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka City University
- Osaka 558-8585
- Japan
| | - Toshio Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka City University
- Osaka 558-8585
- Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka City University
- Osaka 558-8585
- Japan
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Panthavee W, Noda M, Danshiitsoodol N, Kumagai T, Sugiyama M. Characterization of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Thermophilic Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Tropical Fruits of Thailand. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:621-629. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanchai Panthavee
- Department of Probiotic Science for Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development, Kasetsart University
| | - Masafumi Noda
- Department of Probiotic Science for Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Narandalai Danshiitsoodol
- Department of Probiotic Science for Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Takanori Kumagai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Masanori Sugiyama
- Department of Probiotic Science for Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Lima CU, Gris EF, Karnikowski MG. Antimicrobial properties of the mushroom Agaricus blazei – integrative review. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hirabayashi K, Kondo N, Hayashi S. Characterization and enzymatic hydrolysis of hydrothermally treated β-1,3–1,6-glucan from Aureobasidium pullulans. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:206. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nimrichter L, de Souza MM, Del Poeta M, Nosanchuk JD, Joffe L, Tavares PDM, Rodrigues ML. Extracellular Vesicle-Associated Transitory Cell Wall Components and Their Impact on the Interaction of Fungi with Host Cells. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1034. [PMID: 27458437 PMCID: PMC4937017 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic cell wall components of fungi comprise the polysaccharides glucans and chitin, in association with glycoproteins and pigments. During the last decade, however, system biology approaches clearly demonstrated that the composition of fungal cell walls include atypical molecules historically associated with intracellular or membrane locations. Elucidation of mechanisms by which many fungal molecules are exported to the extracellular space suggested that these atypical components are transitorily located to the cell wall. The presence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) at the fungal cell wall and in culture supernatants of distinct pathogenic species suggested a highly functional mechanism of molecular export in these organisms. Thus, the passage of EVs through fungal cell walls suggests remarkable molecular diversity and, consequently, a potentially variable influence on the host antifungal response. On the basis of information derived from the proteomic characterization of fungal EVs from the yeasts Cryptoccocus neoformans and Candida albicans and the dimorphic fungi Histoplasma capsulatum and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, our manuscript is focused on the clear view that the fungal cell wall is much more complex than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Nimrichter
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Marcio M de Souza
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NYUSA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NYUSA
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Luna Joffe
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Patricia de M Tavares
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Marcio L Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de JaneiroBrazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Rio de JaneiroBrazil
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