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Azizi-Dargahlou S, Pouresmaeil M. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Plant Transformation: A Review. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1563-1580. [PMID: 37340198 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated plant transformation is the most dominant technique for the transformation of plants. It is used to transform monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. A. tumefaciens apply for stable and transient transformation, random and targeted integration of foreign genes, as well as genome editing of plants. The Advantages of this method include cheapness, uncomplicated operation, high reproducibility, a low copy number of integrated transgenes, and the possibility of transferring larger DNA fragments. Engineered endonucleases such as CRISPR/Cas9 systems, TALENs, and ZFNs can be delivered with this method. Nowadays, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is used for the Knock in, Knock down, and Knock out of genes. The transformation effectiveness of this method is not always desirable. Researchers applied various strategies to improve the effectiveness of this method. Here, a general overview of the characteristics and mechanism of gene transfer with Agrobacterium is presented. Advantages, updated data on the factors involved in optimizing this method, and other useful materials that lead to maximum exploitation as well as overcoming obstacles of this method are discussed. Moreover, the application of this method in the generation of genetically edited plants is stated. This review can help researchers to establish a rapid and highly effective Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for any plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahin Pouresmaeil
- Department of Biotechnology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
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Kaur K, Dolker D, Behera S, Pati PK. Critical factors influencing in vitro propagation and modulation of important secondary metabolites in Withania somnifera (L.) dunal. PLANT CELL, TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE 2022; 149:41-60. [PMID: 35039702 PMCID: PMC8754361 DOI: 10.1007/s11240-021-02225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is a valuable medicinal plant in the Solanaceae family. It is commonly known as Ashwagandha and is widely distributed around the globe. It has multiple pharmacological properties owing to the existence of diverse secondary metabolites viz., withanolide A, withanolide D, withaferin A, and withanone. It is in great demand in the herbal industry because of its extensive use. In this background, the major challenge lies in the rapid multiplication of elite cultivars of W. somnifera in order to produce genetically and phytoconstituents uniform plant material for pharmaceutical industries. Thus it is necessary to explore various biotechnological approaches for the clonal mass propagation and synthesis of pharmaceutically important constituents in W. somnifera. Though there are several studies on in vitro propagation on W. somnifera, yet many factors that critically influence the in vitro response and withanolides production need to be fine-tuned in the pretext of the existing knowledge. The current review focuses on the advancements and prospects in biotechnological interventions to meet the worldwide demands for W. somnifera and its bioactive compounds. This update on in vitro studies on W. somnifera will be useful to many researchers, entrepreneurs, and herbal industries looking for its in vitro mass multiplication and scientific utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005 Punjab India
| | - Dechen Dolker
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005 Punjab India
| | - Shashikanta Behera
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005 Punjab India
| | - Pratap Kumar Pati
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005 Punjab India
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Vasudevan V, Sathish D, Ajithan C, Sathish S, Manickavasagam M. Efficient Agrobacterium-mediated in planta genetic transformation of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus Thunb.]. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 15:447-457. [DOI: 10.1007/s11816-021-00691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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Nomani M, Tohidfar M. Plant regeneration and transformation of Trachyspermum ammi using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and zygotic embryos. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:68. [PMID: 33974146 PMCID: PMC8113424 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trachyspermum ammi is one of the key medicinal plant species with many beneficial properties. Thymol is the most important substance in the essential oil of this plant. Thymol is a natural monoterpene phenol with high anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant properties. Thymol in the latest research has a significant impact on slowing the progression of cancer cells in human. In this research, embryos were employed as convenient explants for the fast and effectual regeneration and transformation of T. ammi. To regenerate this plant, Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg's B5 (B5) media were supplemented with diverse concentrations of plant growth regulators, such as 6-benzyladenine (BA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and kinetin (kin). Transgenic Trachyspermum ammi plants were also obtained using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and zygotic embryos explants. Moreover, two Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (EHA101 and LBA4404) harboring pBI121-TPS2 were utilized for genetic transformation to Trachyspermum ammi. RESULTS According to the obtained results, the highest plant-regeneration frequency was obtained with B5 medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA and 1 mg/l NAA. The integrated gene was also approved using the PCR reaction and the Southern blot method. Results also showed that the EHA101 strain outperformed another strain in inoculation time (30 s) and co-cultivation period (1 day) (transformation efficiency 19.29%). Furthermore, HPLC method demonstrated that the transformed plants contained a higher thymol level than non-transformed plants. CONCLUSIONS In this research, a fast protocol was introduced for the regeneration and transformation of Trachyspermum ammi, using zygotic embryo explants in 25-35 days. Our findings confirmed the increase in the thymol in the aerial part of Trachyspermum ammi. We further presented an efficacious technique for enhancing thymol content in Trachyspermum ammi using Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation system that can be beneficial in genetic transformation and other plant biotechnology techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Nomani
- Department of Agronomy and Plant breeding - College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Tohidfar
- Department of Plant Biotechnology - College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshjou Boulevard, Tehran, 19839-63113, Iran.
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Metabolite profiling of Artemisia carvifolia Buch transgenic plants and estimation of their anticancer and antidiabetic potential. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Pal S, Rastogi S, Nagegowda DA, Gupta MM, Shasany AK, Chanotiya CS. RNAi of Sterol Methyl Transferase1 Reveals its Direct Role in Diverting Intermediates Towards Withanolide/Phytosterol Biosynthesis in Withania somnifera. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:672-686. [PMID: 30541044 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal properties of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) are accredited to a group of compounds called withanolides. 24-Methylene cholesterol is the intermediate for sterol biosynthesis and a proposed precursor of withanolide biogenesis. However, conversion of 24-methylene cholesterol to withaferin A and other withanolides has not yet been biochemically dissected. Hence, in an effort to fill this gap, an important gene, encoding S-adenosyl l-methionine-dependent sterol-C24-methyltransferase type 1 (SMT1), involved in the first committed step of sterol biosynthesis, from W. somnifera was targeted in the present study. Though SMT1 has been characterized in model plants such as Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana, its functional role in phytosterol and withanolide biosynthesis was demonstrated for the first time in W. somnifera. Since SMT1 acts at many steps preceding the withanolide precursor, the impact of this gene in channeling of metabolites for withanolide biosynthesis and its regulatory nature was illustrated by suppressing the gene in W. somnifera via the RNA interference (RNAi) approach. Interestingly, down-regulation of SMT1 in W. somnifera led to reduced levels of campesterol, sitosterol and stigmasterol, with an increase of cholesterol content in the transgenic RNAi lines. In contrast, SMT1 overexpression in transgenic N. tabacum enhanced the level of all phytosterols except cholesterol, which was not affected. The results established that SMT1 plays a crucial role in W. somnifera withanolide biosynthesis predominantly through the campesterol and stigmasterol routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaifali Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Postal Staff College Area, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhra Rastogi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Allalasandra, GKVK Post, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Madan Mohan Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Postal Staff College Area, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chandan Singh Chanotiya
- Laboratory of Aromatic Plants and Chiral Separation, Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Utami ESW, Hariyanto S, Manuhara YSW. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Dendrobium lasianthera J.J.Sm: An important medicinal orchid. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018; 16:703-709. [PMID: 30733791 PMCID: PMC6353659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A protocol for genetic transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and production of transgenic Dendrobium lasianthera has been developed for the first time. The 8-week-old protocorm explants were used as target of transformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 carrying plasmid pG35SKNAT1. Several parameters such as infection period, Agrobacterium density, concentration of acetosyringone, and co-cultivation period were evaluated for the transformation efficiency. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with p < 0.05. Subsequently, KNAT1 gene expression was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The highest efficiency of transformation (70%) obtained from protocorm explants infected with Agrobacterium culture was at the OD600 concentration of 0.6 for 30 min, and co-cultivated with acetosyringone 100 µM for 5 days. The results of confirmation by PCR analysis show that the KNAT1 gene has been integrated and expressed in the genome of Dendrobium lasianthera transgenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edy Setiti Wida Utami
- Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sucipto Hariyanto
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yosephine Sri Wulan Manuhara
- Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Balasubramanian M, Anbumegala M, Surendran R, Arun M, Shanmugam G. Elite hairy roots of Raphanus sativus (L.) as a source of antioxidants and flavonoids. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:128. [PMID: 29450118 PMCID: PMC5811410 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient protocol for hairy root induction in radish was established by optimizing several parameters that affect the efficiency of Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformations. Explants wounded using sterile hypodermic needle, infected with Agrobacterium suspension (0.6 OD600) for 10 min and co-cultivated in 1/2 MS medium containing acetosyringone (100 µM) for 2 days displayed maximum percentage of hairy root induction using MTCC 2364 (77.6%) and MTCC 532 (67.6%). On further experiments with MTCC 2364 initiated hairy roots, maximum biomass accumulation (fresh weight = 9.50 g; dry weight = 1.48 g) was achieved in liquid 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 87.6 mM sucrose after 40 days of culture. Transgenic state of hairy roots of MTCC 2364 was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using rolB- and rolC-specific primers. The MTCC 2364-induced hairy roots produced higher amount of phenolic (33.0 mg g-1), flavonoid (48.0 mg g-1), and quercetin (114.8 mg g-1) content compared to auxin-induced roots of non-transformed radish. Furthermore, the results of ferric reducing antioxidant power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay confirmed that the antioxidant activity of MTCC 2364 root extracts was improved when compared to auxin-induced roots of non-transformed radish. The present study offers a new insight in radish for production of phenolics and flavonoids (quercetin) using A. rhizogenes-mediated hairy root induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murugesan Anbumegala
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 046 India
| | - Ramasamy Surendran
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 046 India
| | - Muthukrishnan Arun
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 046 India
| | - Girija Shanmugam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 046 India
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Addressing Challenges to Enhance the Bioactives of Withania somnifera through Organ, Tissue, and Cell Culture Based Approaches. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3278494. [PMID: 28299323 PMCID: PMC5337329 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3278494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Withania somnifera is a highly valued medicinal plant in traditional home medicine and is known for a wide range of bioactivities. Its commercial cultivation is adversely affected by poor seed viability and germination. Infestation by various pests and pathogens, survival under unfavourable environmental conditions, narrow genetic base, and meager information regarding biosynthesis of secondary metabolites are some of the other existing challenges in the crop. Biotechnological interventions through organ, tissue, and cell culture provide promising options for addressing some of these issues. In vitro propagation facilitates conservation and sustainable utilization of the existing germplasms and broadening the genetic base. It would also provide means for efficient and rapid mass propagation of elite chemotypes and generating uniform plant material round the year for experimentation and industrial applications. The potential of in vitro cell/organ cultures for the production of therapeutically valuable compounds and their large-scale production in bioreactors has received significant attention in recent years. In vitro culture system further provides distinct advantage for studying various cellular and molecular processes leading to secondary metabolite accumulation and their regulation. Engineering plants through genetic transformation and development of hairy root culture system are powerful strategies for modulation of secondary metabolites. The present review highlights the developments and sketches current scenario in this field.
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Pandey V, Ansari WA, Misra P, Atri N. Withania somnifera: Advances and Implementation of Molecular and Tissue Culture Techniques to Enhance Its Application. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1390. [PMID: 28848589 PMCID: PMC5552756 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha an important medicinal plant largely used in Ayurvedic and indigenous medicine for over 3,000 years. Being a medicinal plant, dried powder, crude extract as well as purified metabolies of the plant has shown promising therapeutic properties. Withanolides are the principal metabolites, responsible for the medicinal properties of the plant. Availability and amount of particular withanolides differ with tissue type and chemotype and its importance leads to identification characterization of several genes/ enzymes related to withanolide biosynthetic pathway. The modulation in withanolides can be achieved by controlling the environmental conditions like, different tissue culture techniques, altered media compositions, use of elicitors, etc. Among all the in vitro techniques, hairy root culture proved its importance at industrial scale, which also gets benefits due to more accumulation (amount and number) of withanolides in roots tissues of W. somnifera. Use of media compostion and elicitors further enhances the amount of withanolides in hairy roots. Another important modern day technique used for accumulation of desired secondary metabolites is modulating the gene expression by altering environmental conditions (use of different media composition, elicitors, etc.) or through genetic enginnering. Knowing the significance of the gene and the key enzymatic step of the pathway, modulation in withanolide contents can be achieved upto required amount in therapeutic industry. To accomplish maximum productivity through genetic enginnering different means of Withania transformation methods have been developed to obtain maximum transformation efficiency. These standardized transformation procedues have been used to overexpress/silence desired gene in W. somnifera to understand the outcome and succeed with enhanced metabolic production for the ultimate benefit of human race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of DelhiNew Delhi, India
| | - Waquar Akhter Ansari
- Department of Botany, Mahila Maha Vidhyalaya (MMV), Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
| | - Pratibha Misra
- National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchLucknow, India
- *Correspondence: Pratibha Misra
| | - Neelam Atri
- Department of Botany, Mahila Maha Vidhyalaya (MMV), Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
- Neelam Atri
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Pal S, Yadav AK, Singh AK, Rastogi S, Gupta MM, Verma RK, Nagegowda DA, Pal A, Shasany AK. Nitrogen treatment enhances sterols and withaferin A through transcriptional activation of jasmonate pathway, WRKY transcription factors, and biosynthesis genes in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:389-399. [PMID: 26971099 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal plant Withania somnifera is researched extensively to increase the quantity of withanolides and specifically withaferin A, which finds implications in many pharmacological activities. Due to insufficient knowledge on biosynthesis and unacceptability of transgenic approach, it is preferred to follow alternative physiological methods to increase the yield of withanolides. Prior use of elicitors like salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, fungal extracts, and even mechanical wounding have shown to increase the withanolide biosynthesis with limited success; however, the commercial viability and logistics of application are debatable. In this investigation, we tested the simple nitrogeneous fertilizers pertaining to the enhancement of withaferin A biosynthesis. Application of ammonium sulfate improved the sterol contents required for the withanolide biosynthesis and correlated to higher expression of pathway genes like FPPS, SMT1, SMT2, SMO1, SMO2, and ODM. Increased expression of a gene homologous to allene oxide cyclase, crucial in jasmonic acid biosynthetic pathway, suggested the involvement of jasmonate signaling. High levels of WRKY gene transcripts indicated transcriptional regulation of the pathway genes. Increase in transcript level could be correlated with a corresponding increase in the protein levels for WsSMT1 and WsWRKY1. The withaferin A increase was also demonstrated in the potted plants growing in the glasshouse and in the open field. These results implicated simple physiological management of nitrogen fertilizer signal to improve the yield of secondary metabolite through probable involvement of jasmonate signal and WRKY transcription factor for the first time, in W. somnifera besides improving the foliage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaifali Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Yadav
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anup Kumar Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhra Rastogi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madan Mohan Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Verma
- Soil Science Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anirban Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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SHILPHA J, JAYASHRE M, JOE VIRGIN LARGIA M, RAMESH M. Direct shoot organogenesis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation of Solanum trilobatum L. Turk J Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1509-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Saema S, Rahman LU, Singh R, Niranjan A, Ahmad IZ, Misra P. Ectopic overexpression of WsSGTL1, a sterol glucosyltransferase gene in Withania somnifera, promotes growth, enhances glycowithanolide and provides tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:195-211. [PMID: 26518426 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of sterol glycosyltransferase (SGTL1) gene of Withania somnifera showing its involvement in glycosylation of withanolide that leads to enhanced growth and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Withania somnifera is widely used in Ayurvedic medicines for over 3000 years due to its therapeutic properties. It contains a variety of glycosylated steroids called withanosides that possess neuroregenerative, adaptogenic, anticonvulsant, immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities. The WsSGTL1 gene specific for 3β-hydroxy position has a catalytic specificity to glycosylate withanolide and sterols. Glycosylation not only stabilizes the products but also alters their physiological activities and governs intracellular distribution. To understand the functional significance and potential of WsSGTL1 gene, transgenics of W. somnifera were generated using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Stable integration and overexpression of WsSGTL1 gene were confirmed by Southern blot analysis followed by quantitative real-time PCR. The WsGTL1 transgenic plants displayed number of alterations at phenotypic and metabolic level in comparison to wild-type plants which include: (1) early and enhanced growth with leaf expansion and increase in number of stomata; (2) increased production of glycowithanolide (majorly withanoside V) and campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol in glycosylated forms with reduced accumulation of withanolides (withaferin A, withanolide A and withanone); (3) tolerance towards biotic stress (100 % mortality of Spodoptera litura), improved survival capacity under abiotic stress (cold stress) and; (4) enhanced recovery capacity after cold stress, as indicated by better photosynthesis performance, chlorophyll, anthocyanin content and better quenching regulation of PSI and PSII. Our data demonstrate overexpression of WsSGTL1 gene which is responsible for increase in glycosylated withanolide and sterols, and confers better growth and tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Saema
- Tissue Culture and Plant Transformation Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
- Department of Bioscience, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Laiq Ur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Ruchi Singh
- Tissue Culture and Plant Transformation Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Abhishek Niranjan
- Tissue Culture and Plant Transformation Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | | | - Pratibha Misra
- Tissue Culture and Plant Transformation Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India.
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Sivanandhan G, Kapil Dev G, Theboral J, Selvaraj N, Ganapathi A, Manickavasagam M. Sonication, Vacuum Infiltration and Thiol Compounds Enhance the Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation Frequency of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124693. [PMID: 25927703 PMCID: PMC4416026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have established a stable transformation protocol via Agrobacterium tumafacines for the pharmaceutically important Withania somnifera. Six day-old nodal explants were used for 3 day co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harbouring the vector pCAMIBA2301. Among the different injury treatments, sonication, vacuum infiltration and their combination treatments tested, a vacuum infiltration for 10 min followed by sonication for 10 sec with A. tumefaciens led to a higher transient GUS expression (84% explants expressing GUS at regenerating sites). In order to improve gene integration, thiol compounds were added to co-cultivation medium. A combined treatment of L-Cys at 100 mg/l, STS at 125 mg/l, DTT at 75 mg/l resulted in a higher GUS expression (90%) in the nodal explants. After 3 days of co-cultivation, the explants were subjected to three selection cycles with increasing concentrations of kanamycin [100 to 115 mg/l]. The integration and expression of gusA gene in T0 and T1 transgenic plants were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Southern blott analysis. These transformed plants (T0 and T1) were fertile and morphologically normal. From the present investigation, we have achieved a higher transformation efficiency of (10%). Withanolides (withanolide A, withanolide B, withanone and withaferin A) contents of transformed plants (T0 and T1) were marginally higher than control plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshan Sivanandhan
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305 764, South Korea
| | - Gnajothi Kapil Dev
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeevaraj Theboral
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natesan Selvaraj
- Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Botany, Periyar E.V.R College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli 620 023, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Andy Ganapathi
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Markandan Manickavasagam
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Pandey V, Dhar YV, Gupta P, Bag SK, Atri N, Asif MH, Trivedi PK, Misra P. Comparative interactions of withanolides and sterols with two members of sterol glycosyltransferases from Withania somnifera. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:120. [PMID: 25888493 PMCID: PMC4407318 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sterol glycosyltransferases (SGTs) are ubiquitous but one of the most diverse group of enzymes of glycosyltransferases family. Members of this family modulate physical and chemical properties of secondary plant products important for various physiological processes. The role of SGTs has been demonstrated in the biosynthesis of pharmaceutically important molecules of medicinal plants like Withania somnifera. Results Analysis suggested conserved behaviour and high similarity in active sites of WsSGTs with other plant GTs. Substrate specificity of WsSGTs were analysed through docking performance of WsSGTs with different substrates (sterols and withanolides). Best docking results of WsSGTL1 in the form of stable enzyme-substrate complex having lowest binding energies were obtained with brassicasterol, transandrosteron and WsSGTL4 with solasodine, stigmasterol and 24-methylene cholesterol. Conclusion This study reveals topological characters and conserved nature of two SGTs from W. somnifera (WsSGTs) i.e. WsSGTL1 and WsSGTL4. However, besides being ubiquitous in nature and with broad substrate specificity, difference between WsSGTL1 and WsSGTL4 is briefly described by difference in stability (binding energy) of enzyme-substrate complexes through comparative docking. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0563-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Pandey
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India. .,Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Yogeshwar Vikram Dhar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India.
| | - Parul Gupta
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India.
| | - Sumit K Bag
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India.
| | - Neelam Atri
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Mehar Hasan Asif
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India.
| | - Prabodh Kumar Trivedi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India.
| | - Pratibha Misra
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India.
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Saema S, Rahman LU, Niranjan A, Ahmad IZ, Misra P. RNAi-mediated gene silencing of WsSGTL1 in W.somnifera affects growth and glycosylation pattern. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1078064. [PMID: 26357855 PMCID: PMC4854344 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1078064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sterol glycosyltransferases (SGTs) belong to family 1 of glycosyltransferases (GTs) and are enzymes responsible for synthesis of sterol-glucosides (SGs) in many organisms. WsSGTL1 is a SGT of Withania somnifera that has been found associated with plasma membranes. However its biological function in W.somnifera is largely unknown. In the present study, we have demonstrated through RNAi silencing of WsSGTL1 gene that it performs glycosylation of withanolides and sterols resulting in glycowithanolides and glycosylated sterols respectively, and affects the growth and development of transgenic W.somnifera. For this, RNAi construct (pFGC1008-WsSGTL1) was made and genetic transformation was done by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. HPLC analysis depicts the reduction of withanoside V (the glycowithanolide of W.somnifera) and a large increase of withanolides (majorly withaferin A) content. Also, a significant decrease in level of glycosylated sterols has been observed. Hence, the obtained data provides an insight into the biological function of WsSGTL1 gene in W.somnifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Saema
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute; Lucknow; Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Bioscience; Integral University; Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Laiq ur Rahman
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants; Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Niranjan
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute; Lucknow; Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Iffat Zareen Ahmad
- Department of Bioscience; Integral University; Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratibha Misra
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute; Lucknow; Uttar Pradesh, India
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Singh S, Pal S, Shanker K, Chanotiya CS, Gupta MM, Dwivedi UN, Shasany AK. Sterol partitioning by HMGR and DXR for routing intermediates toward withanolide biosynthesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:617-33. [PMID: 24749735 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Withanolides biosynthesis in the plant Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is hypothesized to be diverged from sterol pathway at the level of 24-methylene cholesterol. The conversion and translocation of intermediates for sterols and withanolides are yet to be characterized in this plant. To understand the influence of mevalonate (MVA) and 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathways on sterols and withanolides biosynthesis in planta, we overexpressed the WsHMGR2 and WsDXR2 in tobacco, analyzed the effect of transient suppression through RNAi, inhibited MVA and MEP pathways and fed the leaf tissue with different sterols. Overexpression of WsHMGR2 increased cycloartenol, sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol compared to WsDXR2 transgene lines. Increase in cholesterol was, however, marginally higher in WsDXR2 transgenic lines. This was further validated through transient suppression analysis, and pathway inhibition where cholesterol reduction was found higher due to WsDXR2 suppression and all other sterols were affected predominantly by WsHMGR2 suppression in leaf. The transcript abundance and enzyme analysis data also correlate with sterol accumulation. Cholesterol feeding did not increase the withanolide content compared to cycloartenol, sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol. Hence, a preferential translocation of carbon from MVA and MEP pathways was found differentiating the sterols types. Overall results suggested that MVA pathway was predominant in contributing intermediates for withanolides synthesis mainly through the campesterol/stigmasterol route in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
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Udayakumar R, Kasthurirengan S, Mariashibu TS, Sahaya Rayan JJ, Ganapathi A, Kim SC, Kim JJ, Choi CW. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Withania somnifera using nodal explants. ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM 2014; 36:1969-1980. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s11738-014-1572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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20
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Pandey V, Niranjan A, Atri N, Chandrashekhar K, Mishra MK, Trivedi PK, Misra P. WsSGTL1 gene from Withania somnifera, modulates glycosylation profile, antioxidant system and confers biotic and salt stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco. PLANTA 2014; 239:1217-31. [PMID: 24610300 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation of sterols, catalysed by sterol glycosyltransferases (SGTs), improves the sterol solubility, chemical stability and compartmentalization, and helps plants to adapt to environmental changes. The SGTs in medicinal plants are of particular interest for their role in the biosynthesis of pharmacologically active substances. WsSGTL1, a SGT isolated from Withania somnifera, was expressed and functionally characterized in transgenic tobacco plants. Transgenic WsSGTL1-Nt lines showed an adaptive mechanism through demonstrating late germination, stunted growth, yellowish-green leaves and enhanced antioxidant system. The reduced chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence with decreased photosynthetic parameters were observed in WsSGTL1-Nt plants. These changes could be due to the enhanced glycosylation by WsSGTL1, as no modulation in chlorophyll biogenesis-related genes was observed in transgenic lines as compared to wildtype (WT) plants. Enhanced accumulation of main sterols like, campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol in glycosylated form was observed in WsSGTL1-Nt plants. Apart from these, other secondary metabolites related to plant's antioxidant system along with activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT; two to fourfold) were enhanced in WsSGTL1-Nt as compared to WT. WsSGTL1-Nt plants showed significant resistance towards Spodoptera litura (biotic stress) with up to 27 % reduced larval weight as well as salt stress (abiotic stress) with improved survival capacity of leaf discs. The present study demonstrates that higher glycosylation of sterols and enhanced antioxidant system caused by expression of WsSGTL1 gene confers specific functions in plants to adapt under different environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Pandey
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
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21
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Secondary Metabolites of Traditional Medical Plants: A Case Study of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41787-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Akhtar N, Gupta P, Sangwan NS, Sangwan RS, Trivedi PK. Cloning and functional characterization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene from Withania somnifera: an important medicinal plant. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:613-22. [PMID: 22936023 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is one of the most valuable medicinal plants synthesizing a large number of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites known as withanolides, the C28-steroidal lactones derived from triterpenoids. Though the plant has been well characterized in terms of phytochemical profiles as well as pharmaceutical activities, not much is known about the biosynthetic pathway and genes responsible for biosynthesis of these compounds. In this study, we have characterized the gene encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR; EC 1.1.1.34) catalyzing the key regulatory step of the isoprenoid biosynthesis. The 1,728-bp full-length cDNA of Withania HMGR (WsHMGR) encodes a polypeptide of 575 amino acids. The amino acid sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis suggest that WsHMGR has typical structural features of other known plant HMGRs. The relative expression analysis suggests that WsHMGR expression varies in different tissues as well as chemotypes and is significantly elevated in response to exposure to salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and mechanical injury. The functional color assay in Escherichia coli showed that WsHMGR could accelerate the biosynthesis of carotenoids, establishing that WsHMGR encoded a functional protein and may play a catalytic role by its positive influence in isoprenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal Akhtar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
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23
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Mishra S, Sangwan RS, Bansal S, Sangwan NS. Efficient genetic transformation of Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens from leaf explants of in vitro multiple shoot culture. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:451-8. [PMID: 22766977 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and reproducible Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Withania coagulans was achieved using leaf explants of in vitro multiple shoot culture. The Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 harboring the binary vector pIG121Hm containing β-glucuronidase gene (gusA) under the control of CaMV35S promoter was used in the development of transformation protocol. The optimal conditions for the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of W. coagulans were found to be the co-cultivation of leaf explants for 20 min to agrobacterial inoculum (O.D. 0.4) followed by 3 days of co-cultivation on medium supplemented with 100 μM acetosyringone. Shoot bud induction as well as differentiation occurred on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 10.0 μM 6-benzylaminopurine, 8.0 μM indole 3-acetic acid, and 50.0 mgl(-1) kanamycin after three consecutive cycles of selection. Elongated shoots were rooted using a two-step procedure involving root induction in a medium containing 2.5 μM indole 3-butyric acid for 1 week and then transferred to hormone free one-half MS basal for 2 weeks. We were successful in achieving 100 % frequency of transient GUS expression with 5 % stable transformation efficiency using optimized conditions. PCR analysis of T0 transgenic plants showed the presence of gusA and nptII genes confirming the transgenic event. Histochemical GUS expression was observed in the putative transgenic W. coagulans plants. Thin layer chromatography showed the presence of similar type of withanolides in the transgenic and non-transgenic regenerated plants. A. tumefaciens mediated transformation system via leaf explants developed in this study will be useful for pathway manipulation using metabolic engineering for bioactive withanolides in W. coagulans, an important medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrati Mishra
- Metabolic & Structural Biology Division, Central Institute of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
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Gupta P, Agarwal AV, Akhtar N, Sangwan RS, Singh SP, Trivedi PK. Cloning and characterization of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway genes for isoprenoid biosynthesis from Indian ginseng, Withania somnifera. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:285-95. [PMID: 22526204 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) is one of the most valuable medicinal plants used in Ayurvedic and other indigenous medicines. Pharmaceutical activities of this herb are associated with presence of secondary metabolites known as withanolides, a class of phytosteroids synthesized via mevalonate (MVA) and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathways. Though the plant has been well characterized in terms of phytochemical profiles as well as pharmaceutical activities, not much is known about the genes responsible for biosynthesis of these compounds. In this study, we have characterized two genes encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS; EC 2.2.1.7) and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductase (DXR; EC 1.1.1.267) enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. The full-length cDNAs of W. somnifera DXS (WsDXS) and DXR (WsDXR) of 2,154 and 1,428 bps encode polypeptides of 717 and 475 amino acids residues, respectively. The expression analysis suggests that WsDXS and WsDXR are differentially expressed in different tissues (with maximal expression in flower and young leaf), chemotypes of Withania, and in response to salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, as well as in mechanical injury. Analysis of genomic organization of WsDXS shows close similarity with tomato DXS in terms of exon-intron arrangements. This is the first report on characterization of isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway genes from Withania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Gupta
- National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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Mehrotra M, Sanyal I, Amla DV. High-efficiency Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and regeneration of insect-resistant transgenic plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:1603-1616. [PMID: 21516347 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To develop an efficient genetic transformation system of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), callus derived from mature embryonic axes of variety P-362 was transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring p35SGUS-INT plasmid containing the uidA gene encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS) and the nptII gene for kanamycin selection. Various factors affecting transformation efficiency were optimized; as Agrobacterium suspension at OD(600) 0.3 with 48 h of co-cultivation period at 20°C was found optimal for transforming 10-day-old MEA-derived callus. Inclusion of 200 μM acetosyringone, sonication for 4 s with vacuum infiltration for 6 min improved the number of GUS foci per responding explant from 1.0 to 38.6, as determined by histochemical GUS assay. For introducing the insect-resistant trait into chickpea, binary vector pRD400-cry1Ac was also transformed under optimized conditions and 18 T(0) transgenic plants were generated, representing 3.6% transformation frequency. T(0) transgenic plants reflected Mendelian inheritance pattern of transgene segregation in T(1) progeny. PCR, RT-PCR, and Southern hybridization analysis of T(0) and T(1) transgenic plants confirmed stable integration of transgenes into the chickpea genome. The expression level of Bt-Cry protein in T(0) and T(1) transgenic chickpea plants was achieved maximum up to 116 ng mg(-1) of soluble protein, which efficiently causes 100% mortality to second instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera as analyzed by an insect mortality bioassay. Our results demonstrate an efficient and rapid transformation system of chickpea for producing non-chimeric transgenic plants with high frequency. These findings will certainly accelerate the development of chickpea plants with novel traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Mehrotra
- Plant Transgenic Lab, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India.
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