1
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Wray R, Wang J, Blount P, Iscla I. Activation of a Bacterial Mechanosensitive Channel, MscL, Underlies the Membrane Permeabilization of Dual-Targeting Antibacterial Compounds. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070970. [PMID: 35884223 PMCID: PMC9312261 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to antibiotics is a serious and worsening threat to human health worldwide, and there is an urgent need to develop new antibiotics that can avert it. One possible solution is the development of compounds that possess multiple modes of action, requiring at least two mutations to acquire resistance. Compound SCH-79797 both avoids resistance and has two mechanisms of action: one inhibiting the folate pathway, and a second described as “membrane permeabilization”; however, the mechanism by which membranes from bacterial cells, but not the host, are disrupted has remained mysterious. The opening of the bacterial mechanosensitive channel of large conductance, MscL, which ordinarily serves the physiological role of osmotic emergency release valves gated by hypoosmotic shock, has been previously demonstrated to affect bacterial membrane permeabilization. MscL allows the rapid permeabilization of both ions and solutes through the opening of the largest known gated pore, which has a diameter of 30 Å. We found that SCH-79797 and IRS-16, a more potent derivative, directly bind to the MscL channel and produce membrane permeabilization as a result of its activation. These findings suggest that possessing or adding an MscL-activating component to an antibiotic compound could help to lower toxicity and evade antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Wray
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Junmei Wang
- Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, PA 15261, USA
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (P.B.); (I.I.)
| | - Paul Blount
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (P.B.); (I.I.)
| | - Irene Iscla
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (P.B.); (I.I.)
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2
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Zhang L, Shen Y, Qiu L, Yu F, Hu X, Wang M, Sun Y, Pan Y, Zhang K. The suppression effect of SCH-79797 on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2061113. [PMID: 35480051 PMCID: PMC9037171 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2061113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Purpose Methods and Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Shen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Qiu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangzheng Yu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangyu Hu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Sun
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yihuai Pan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Kamel NM, El-Tanbouly DM, Abdallah DM, Sayed HM. PAR1, a therapeutic target for remote lung injury associated with hind limb ischemia/reperfusion: ERK5/KLF2-dependent lung capillary barrier preservation. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 354:109809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Michael E, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Lipopeptide Pepducins as Therapeutic Agents. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2383:307-333. [PMID: 34766299 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1752-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Pepducins are lipidated peptides that target the intracellular loops of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in order to modulate transmembrane signaling to internally located effectors. With a wide array of potential activities ranging from partial, biased, or full agonism to antagonism, pepducins represent a versatile class of compounds that can be used to potentially treat diverse human diseases or be employed as novel tools to probe complex mechanisms of receptor activation and signaling in cells and in animals. Here, we describe a number of different pepducins including an advanced compound, PZ-128, that has successfully progressed through phase 2 clinical trials in cardiac patients demonstrating safety and efficacy in suppressing myonecrosis and arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Michael
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lidija Covic
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Chu SJ, Tang SE, Pao HP, Wu SY, Liao WI. Protease-Activated Receptor-1 Antagonist Protects Against Lung Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:752507. [PMID: 34658893 PMCID: PMC8514687 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.752507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 is a thrombin-activated receptor that plays an essential role in ischemia/reperfusion (IR)-induced acute inflammation. PAR-1 antagonists have been shown to alleviate injuries in various IR models. However, the effect of PAR-1 antagonists on IR-induced acute lung injury (ALI) has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate whether PAR-1 inhibition could attenuate lung IR injury. Lung IR was induced in an isolated perfused rat lung model. Male rats were treated with the specific PAR-1 antagonist SCH530348 (vorapaxar) or vehicle, followed by ischemia for 40 min and reperfusion for 60 min. To examine the role of PAR-1 and the mechanism of SCH530348 in lung IR injury, western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis of lung tissue were performed. In vitro, mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE-12) were treated with SCH530348 or vehicle and subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR). We found that SCH530348 decreased lung edema and neutrophil infiltration, attenuated thrombin production, reduced inflammatory factors, including cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, mitigated lung cell apoptosis, and downregulated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in IR-injured lungs. In addition, SCH530348 prevented HR-induced NF-κB activation and inflammatory chemokine production in MLE12 cells. Our results demonstrate that SCH530348 exerts protective effects by blocking PAR-1 expression and modulating the downstream PI3K, NF-κB and MAPK pathways. These findings indicate that the PAR-1 antagonist protects against IR-induced ALI and is a potential therapeutic candidate for lung protection following IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jye Chu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-En Tang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ping Pao
- The Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Wu
- Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-I Liao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Schrank CL, Wilt IK, Monteagudo Ortiz C, Haney BA, Wuest WM. Using membrane perturbing small molecules to target chronic persistent infections. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1312-1324. [PMID: 34458737 PMCID: PMC8372208 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00151e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After antibiotic treatment, a subpopulation of bacteria often remains and can lead to recalcitrant infections. This subpopulation, referred to as persisters, evades antibiotic treatment through numerous mechanisms such as decreased uptake of small molecules and slowed growth. Membrane perturbing small molecules have been shown to eradicate persisters as well as render these populations susceptible to antibiotic treatment. Chemotype similarities have emerged suggesting amphiphilic heteroaromatic compounds possess ideal properties to increase membrane fluidity and such molecules warrant further investigation as effective agents or potentiators against persister cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid K Wilt
- Department of Chemistry Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | | | | | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA 30322 USA
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7
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Bode MF, Schmedes CM, Egnatz GJ, Bharathi V, Hisada YM, Martinez D, Kawano T, Weithauser A, Rosenfeldt L, Rauch U, Palumbo JS, Antoniak S, Mackman N. Cell type-specific roles of PAR1 in Coxsackievirus B3 infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14264. [PMID: 34253819 PMCID: PMC8275627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is widely expressed in humans and mice, and is activated by a variety of proteases, including thrombin. Recently, we showed that PAR1 contributes to the innate immune response to viral infection. Mice with a global deficiency of PAR1 expressed lower levels of CXCL10 and had increased Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis compared with control mice. In this study, we determined the effect of cell type-specific deletion of PAR1 in cardiac myocytes (CMs) and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) on CVB3-induced myocarditis. Mice lacking PAR1 in either CMs or CFs exhibited increased CVB3 genomes, inflammatory infiltrates, macrophages and inflammatory mediators in the heart and increased CVB3-induced myocarditis compared with wild-type controls. Interestingly, PAR1 enhanced poly I:C induction of CXCL10 in rat CFs but not in rat neonatal CMs. Importantly, activation of PAR1 reduced CVB3 replication in murine embryonic fibroblasts and murine embryonic cardiac myocytes. In addition, we showed that PAR1 reduced autophagy in murine embryonic fibroblasts and rat H9c2 cells, which may explain how PAR1 reduces CVB3 replication. These data suggest that PAR1 on CFs protects against CVB3-induced myocarditis by enhancing the anti-viral response whereas PAR1 on both CMs and fibroblasts inhibits viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Bode
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Clare M Schmedes
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Grant J Egnatz
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Vanthana Bharathi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yohei M Hisada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - David Martinez
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tomohiro Kawano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alice Weithauser
- CharitéCentrum 11 Cardiovascular Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leah Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ursula Rauch
- CharitéCentrum 11 Cardiovascular Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph S Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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8
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Kuliopulos A, Gurbel PA, Rade JJ, Kimmelstiel CD, Turner SE, Bliden KP, Fletcher EK, Cox DH, Covic L. PAR1 (Protease-Activated Receptor 1) Pepducin Therapy Targeting Myocardial Necrosis in Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2990-3003. [PMID: 33028101 PMCID: PMC7682800 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective: Arterial thrombosis leading to ischemic injury worsens the prognosis of many patients with cardiovascular disease. PZ-128 is a first-in-class pepducin that reversibly inhibits PAR1 (protease-activated receptor 1) on platelets and other vascular cells by targeting the intracellular surface of the receptor. The TRIP-PCI (Thrombin Receptor Inhibitory Pepducin in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention) trial was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of PZ-128 in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization with intent to perform percutaneous coronary intervention. Approach and Results: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial, 100 patients were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive PZ-128 (0.3 or 0.5 mg/kg), or placebo in a 2-hour infusion initiated just before the start of cardiac catheterization, on top of standard oral antiplatelet therapy. Rates of the primary end point of bleeding were not different between the combined PZ-128 doses (1.6%, 1/62) and placebo group (0%, 0/35). The secondary end points of major adverse coronary events at 30 and 90 days did not significantly differ but were numerically lower in the PZ-128 groups (0% and 2% in the PZ-128 groups, 6% and 6% with placebo, p=0.13, p=0.29, respectively). In the subgroup of patients with elevated baseline cardiac troponin I, the exploratory end point of 30-day major adverse coronary events + myocardial injury showed 83% events in the placebo group versus 31% events in the combined PZ-128 drug groups, an adjusted relative risk of 0.14 (95% CI, 0.02–0.75); P=0.02. Conclusions: In this first-in-patient experience, PZ-128 added to standard antiplatelet therapy appeared to be safe, well tolerated, and potentially reduced periprocedural myonecrosis, thus providing the basis for further clinical trials. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02561000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athan Kuliopulos
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.K., S.E.T., E.K.F., D.H.C., L.C.)
| | - Paul A Gurbel
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Translational Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA and Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., K.P.B.)
| | - Jeffrey J Rade
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.J.R)
| | - Carey D Kimmelstiel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (C.D.K.)
| | - Susan E Turner
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.K., S.E.T., E.K.F., D.H.C., L.C.)
| | - Kevin P Bliden
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Translational Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA and Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., K.P.B.)
| | - Elizabeth K Fletcher
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.K., S.E.T., E.K.F., D.H.C., L.C.)
| | - Daniel H Cox
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.K., S.E.T., E.K.F., D.H.C., L.C.)
| | - Lidija Covic
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.K., S.E.T., E.K.F., D.H.C., L.C.)
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9
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Han X, Nieman MT. The domino effect triggered by the tethered ligand of the protease activated receptors. Thromb Res 2020; 196:87-98. [PMID: 32853981 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have a unique activation mechanism. Unlike other GPCRs that can be activated by free ligands, under physiological conditions, PARs are activated by the tethered ligand, which is a part of their N-terminus that is unmasked by proteolysis. It has been 30 years since the first member of the family, PAR1, was identified. In this review, we will discuss this unique tethered ligand mediate receptor activation of PARs in detail: how they interact with the proteases, the complex structural rearrangement of the receptors upon activation, and the termination of the signaling. We also summarize the structural studies of the PARs and how single nucleotide polymorphisms impact the receptor reactivity. Finally, we review the current strategies for inhibiting PAR function with therapeutic targets for anti-thrombosis. The focus of this review is PAR1 and PAR4 as they are the thrombin signal mediators on human platelets and therapeutics targets. We also include the structural studies of PAR2 as it informs the mechanism of action for PARs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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10
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Madhusudhan T, Ghosh S, Wang H, Dong W, Gupta D, Elwakiel A, Stoyanov S, Al-Dabet MM, Krishnan S, Biemann R, Nazir S, Zimmermann S, Mathew A, Gadi I, Rana R, Zeng-Brouwers J, Moeller MJ, Schaefer L, Esmon CT, Kohli S, Reiser J, Rezaie AR, Ruf W, Isermann B. Podocyte Integrin- β 3 and Activated Protein C Coordinately Restrict RhoA Signaling and Ameliorate Diabetic Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:1762-1780. [PMID: 32709711 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019111163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (dNP), now the leading cause of ESKD, lacks efficient therapies. Coagulation protease-dependent signaling modulates dNP, in part via the G protein-coupled, protease-activated receptors (PARs). Specifically, the cytoprotective protease-activated protein C (aPC) protects from dNP, but the mechanisms are not clear. METHODS A combination of in vitro approaches and mouse models evaluated the role of aPC-integrin interaction and related signaling in dNP. RESULTS The zymogen protein C and aPC bind to podocyte integrin-β 3, a subunit of integrin-α v β 3. Deficiency of this integrin impairs thrombin-mediated generation of aPC on podocytes. The interaction of aPC with integrin-α v β 3 induces transient binding of integrin-β 3 with G α13 and controls PAR-dependent RhoA signaling in podocytes. Binding of aPC to integrin-β 3 via its RGD sequence is required for the temporal restriction of RhoA signaling in podocytes. In podocytes lacking integrin-β 3, aPC induces sustained RhoA activation, mimicking the effect of thrombin. In vivo, overexpression of wild-type aPC suppresses pathologic renal RhoA activation and protects against dNP. Disrupting the aPC-integrin-β 3 interaction by specifically deleting podocyte integrin-β 3 or by abolishing aPC's integrin-binding RGD sequence enhances RhoA signaling in mice with high aPC levels and abolishes aPC's nephroprotective effect. Pharmacologic inhibition of PAR1, the pivotal thrombin receptor, restricts RhoA activation and nephroprotects RGE-aPChigh and wild-type mice.Conclusions aPC-integrin-α v β 3 acts as a rheostat, controlling PAR1-dependent RhoA activation in podocytes in diabetic nephropathy. These results identify integrin-α v β 3 as an essential coreceptor for aPC that is required for nephroprotective aPC-PAR signaling in dNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thati Madhusudhan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany .,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sanchita Ghosh
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dheerendra Gupta
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elwakiel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stoyan Stoyanov
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Moh'd Mohanad Al-Dabet
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Madaba, Amman, Jordan
| | - Shruthi Krishnan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald Biemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sumra Nazir
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Silke Zimmermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Akash Mathew
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ihsan Gadi
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rajiv Rana
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Hospital and Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcus J Moeller
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University Hospital of the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Hospital and Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Charles T Esmon
- Coagulation Biology Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Shrey Kohli
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alireza R Rezaie
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany .,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Yokono Y, Hanada K, Narita M, Tatara Y, Kawamura Y, Miura N, Kitayama K, Nakata M, Nozaka M, Kato T, Kudo N, Tsushima M, Toyama Y, Itoh K, Tomita H. Blockade of PAR-1 Signaling Attenuates Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis in Renin-Overexpressing Hypertensive Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015616. [PMID: 32495720 PMCID: PMC7429042 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.015616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Although PAR‐1 (protease‐activated receptor‐1) exerts important functions in the pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system, the role of PAR‐1 signaling in heart failure development remains largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that PAR‐1 signaling inhibition has protective effects on the progression of cardiac remodeling induced by chronic renin–angiotensin system activation using renin‐overexpressing hypertensive (Ren‐Tg) mice. Methods and Results We treated 12‐ to 16‐week‐old male wild‐type (WT) mice and Ren‐Tg mice with continuous subcutaneous infusion of the PAR‐1 antagonist SCH79797 or vehicle for 4 weeks. The thicknesses of interventricular septum and the left ventricular posterior wall were greater in Ren‐Tg mice than in WT mice, and SCH79797 treatment significantly decreased these thicknesses in Ren‐Tg mice. The cardiac fibrosis area and monocyte/macrophage deposition were greater in Ren‐Tg mice than in WT mice, and both conditions were attenuated by SCH79797 treatment. Cardiac mRNA expression levels of PAR‐1, TNF‐α (tumor necrosis factor‐α), TGF‐β1 (transforming growth factor‐β1), and COL3A1 (collagen type 3 α1 chain) and the ratio of β‐myosin heavy chain (β‐MHC) to α‐MHC were all greater in Ren‐Tg mice than in WT mice; SCH79797 treatment attenuated these increases in Ren‐Tg mice. Prothrombin fragment 1+2 concentration and factor Xa in plasma were greater in Ren‐Tg mice than in WT mice, and both conditions were unaffected by SCH79797 treatment. In isolated cardiac fibroblasts, both thrombin and factor Xa enhanced ERK1/2 (extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2) phosphorylation, and SCH79797 pretreatment abolished this enhancement. Furthermore, gene expression of PAR‐1, TGF‐β1, and COL3A1 were enhanced by factor Xa, and all were inhibited by SCH79797. Conclusions The results indicate that PAR‐1 signaling is involved in cardiac remodeling induced by renin–angiotensin system activation, which may provide a novel therapeutic target for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Yokono
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Kenji Hanada
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Masato Narita
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Yota Tatara
- Department of Glycotechnology Center for Advanced Medical Research Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Yousuke Kawamura
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Naotake Miura
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kitayama
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Masamichi Nakata
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Masashi Nozaka
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Tomo Kato
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Natsumi Kudo
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Michiko Tsushima
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Yuichi Toyama
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Ken Itoh
- Department of Stress Response Science Center for Advanced Medical Research Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tomita
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
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12
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A Dual-Mechanism Antibiotic Kills Gram-Negative Bacteria and Avoids Drug Resistance. Cell 2020; 181:1518-1532.e14. [PMID: 32497502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance and declining discovery of new antibiotics has created a global health crisis. Of particular concern, no new antibiotic classes have been approved for treating Gram-negative pathogens in decades. Here, we characterize a compound, SCH-79797, that kills both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria through a unique dual-targeting mechanism of action (MoA) with undetectably low resistance frequencies. To characterize its MoA, we combined quantitative imaging, proteomic, genetic, metabolomic, and cell-based assays. This pipeline demonstrates that SCH-79797 has two independent cellular targets, folate metabolism and bacterial membrane integrity, and outperforms combination treatments in killing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) persisters. Building on the molecular core of SCH-79797, we developed a derivative, Irresistin-16, with increased potency and showed its efficacy against Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a mouse vaginal infection model. This promising antibiotic lead suggests that combining multiple MoAs onto a single chemical scaffold may be an underappreciated approach to targeting challenging bacterial pathogens.
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13
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Kolpakov MA, Guo X, Rafiq K, Vlasenko L, Hooshdaran B, Seqqat R, Wang T, Fan X, Tilley DG, Kostyak JC, Kunapuli SP, Houser SR, Sabri A. Loss of Protease-Activated Receptor 4 Prevents Inflammation Resolution and Predisposes the Heart to Cardiac Rupture After Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 2020; 142:758-775. [PMID: 32489148 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.044340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac rupture is a major lethal complication of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Despite significant advances in reperfusion strategies, mortality from cardiac rupture remains high. Studies suggest that cardiac rupture can be accelerated by thrombolytic therapy, but the relevance of this risk factor remains controversial. METHODS We analyzed protease-activated receptor 4 (Par4) expression in mouse hearts with MI and investigated the effects of Par4 deletion on cardiac remodeling and function after MI by echocardiography, quantitative immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. RESULTS Par4 mRNA and protein levels were increased in mouse hearts after MI and in isolated cardiomyocytes in response to hypertrophic and inflammatory stimuli. Par4-deficient mice showed less myocyte apoptosis, reduced infarct size, and improved functional recovery after acute MI relative to wild-type (WT). Conversely, Par4-/- mice showed impaired cardiac function, greater rates of myocardial rupture, and increased mortality after chronic MI relative to WT. Pathological evaluation of hearts from Par4-/- mice demonstrated a greater infarct expansion, increased cardiac hemorrhage, and delayed neutrophil accumulation, which resulted in impaired post-MI healing compared with WT. Par4 deficiency also attenuated neutrophil apoptosis in vitro and after MI in vivo and impaired inflammation resolution in infarcted myocardium. Transfer of Par4-/- neutrophils, but not of Par4-/- platelets, in WT recipient mice delayed inflammation resolution, increased cardiac hemorrhage, and enhanced cardiac dysfunction. In parallel, adoptive transfer of WT neutrophils into Par4-/- mice restored inflammation resolution, reduced cardiac rupture incidence, and improved cardiac function after MI. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal essential roles of Par4 in neutrophil apoptosis and inflammation resolution during myocardial healing and point to Par4 inhibition as a potential therapy that should be limited to the acute phases of ischemic insult and avoided for long-term treatment after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Kolpakov
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.A.K., X.G., L.V., B.H., R.S., T.W., X.F., D.G.T., J.C.K., S.P.K., S.R.H., A.S.)
| | - Xinji Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.A.K., X.G., L.V., B.H., R.S., T.W., X.F., D.G.T., J.C.K., S.P.K., S.R.H., A.S.)
| | - Khadija Rafiq
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (K.R.)
| | - Liudmila Vlasenko
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.A.K., X.G., L.V., B.H., R.S., T.W., X.F., D.G.T., J.C.K., S.P.K., S.R.H., A.S.)
| | - Bahman Hooshdaran
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.A.K., X.G., L.V., B.H., R.S., T.W., X.F., D.G.T., J.C.K., S.P.K., S.R.H., A.S.)
| | - Rachid Seqqat
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.A.K., X.G., L.V., B.H., R.S., T.W., X.F., D.G.T., J.C.K., S.P.K., S.R.H., A.S.)
| | - Tao Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.A.K., X.G., L.V., B.H., R.S., T.W., X.F., D.G.T., J.C.K., S.P.K., S.R.H., A.S.)
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.A.K., X.G., L.V., B.H., R.S., T.W., X.F., D.G.T., J.C.K., S.P.K., S.R.H., A.S.)
| | - Douglas G Tilley
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.A.K., X.G., L.V., B.H., R.S., T.W., X.F., D.G.T., J.C.K., S.P.K., S.R.H., A.S.)
| | - John C Kostyak
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.A.K., X.G., L.V., B.H., R.S., T.W., X.F., D.G.T., J.C.K., S.P.K., S.R.H., A.S.)
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.A.K., X.G., L.V., B.H., R.S., T.W., X.F., D.G.T., J.C.K., S.P.K., S.R.H., A.S.)
| | - Steven R Houser
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.A.K., X.G., L.V., B.H., R.S., T.W., X.F., D.G.T., J.C.K., S.P.K., S.R.H., A.S.)
| | - Abdelkarim Sabri
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.A.K., X.G., L.V., B.H., R.S., T.W., X.F., D.G.T., J.C.K., S.P.K., S.R.H., A.S.)
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14
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Davidson SM, Andreadou I, Barile L, Birnbaum Y, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Cohen MV, Downey JM, Girao H, Pagliaro P, Penna C, Pernow J, Preissner KT, Ferdinandy P. Circulating blood cells and extracellular vesicles in acute cardioprotection. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1156-1166. [PMID: 30590395 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During an ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the myocardium undergoes a prolonged period of ischaemia. Reperfusion therapy is essential to minimize cardiac injury but can paradoxically cause further damage. Experimental procedures to limit ischaemia and reperfusion (IR) injury have tended to focus on the cardiomyocytes since they are crucial for cardiac function. However, there is increasing evidence that non-cardiomyocyte resident cells in the heart (as discussed in a separate review in this Spotlight series) as well as circulating cells and factors play important roles in this pathology. For example, erythrocytes, in addition to their main oxygen-ferrying role, can protect the heart from IR injury via the export of nitric oxide bioactivity. Platelets are well-known to be involved in haemostasis and thrombosis, but beyond these roles, they secrete numerous factors including sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P), platelet activating factor, and cytokines that can all strongly influence the development of IR injury. This is particularly relevant given that most STEMI patients receive at least one type of platelet inhibitor. Moreover, there are large numbers of circulating vesicles in the blood, including microvesicles and exosomes, which can exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on IR injury. Some of these effects are mediated by the transfer of microRNA (miRNA) to the heart. Synthetic miRNA molecules may offer an alternative approach to limiting the response to IR injury. We discuss these and other circulating factors, focussing on potential therapeutic targets relevant to IR injury. Given the prevalence of comorbidities such as diabetes in the target patient population, their influence will also be discussed. This article is part of a Cardiovascular Research Spotlight Issue entitled 'Cardioprotection Beyond the Cardiomyocyte', and emerged as part of the discussions of the European Union (EU)-CARDIOPROTECTION Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, CA16225.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, UK
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lucio Barile
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation and Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Yochai Birnbaum
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and The Texas Heart Institute, Baylor St. Luke Medical Center, MS BCM620, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - Hector A Cabrera-Fuentes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Department of Microbiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation.,Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael V Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - James M Downey
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Henrique Girao
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Penna
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - John Pernow
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klaus T Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest 1089, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
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15
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Antiapoptotic Effect by PAR-1 Antagonist Protects Mouse Liver Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Surg Res 2019; 246:568-583. [PMID: 31653415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulation disturbances in several liver diseases lead to thrombin generation, which triggers intracellular injury via activation of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). Little is known about the thrombin/PAR-1 pathway in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). The present study aimed to clarify whether a newly selective PAR-1 antagonist, vorapaxar, can attenuate liver damage caused by hepatic IRI, with a focus on apoptosis and the survival-signaling pathway. METHODS A 60-min hepatic partial-warm IRI model was used to evaluate PAR-1 expression in vivo. Subsequently, IRI mice were treated with or without vorapaxar (with vehicle). In addition, hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) pretreated with or without vorapaxar (with vehicle) were incubated during hypoxia-reoxygenation in vitro. RESULTS In naïve livers, PAR-1 was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis to be located on hepatic SECs, and IRI strongly enhanced PAR-1 expression. In IRI mice models, vorapaxar treatment significantly decreased serum transaminase levels, improved liver histological damage, reduced the number of apoptotic cells as evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining (median: 135 versus 25, P = 0.004), and induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) cell survival signaling (phospho-ERK/total ERK 1/2: 0.96 versus 5.34, P = 0.004). Pretreatment of SECs with vorapaxar significantly attenuated apoptosis and induced phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 in vitro (phospho-ERK/total ERK 1/2: 0.66 versus 3.04, P = 0.009). These changes were abolished by the addition of PD98059, the ERK 1/2 pathway inhibitor, before treatment with vorapaxar. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study revealed that hepatic IRI induces significant enhancement of PAR-1 expression on SECs, which may be associated with suppression of survival signaling pathways such as ERK 1/2, resulting in severe apoptosis-induced hepatic damage. Thus, the selective PAR-1 antagonist attenuates hepatic IRI through an antiapoptotic effect by the activation of survival-signaling pathways.
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16
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Lebas H, Yahiaoui K, Martos R, Boulaftali Y. Platelets Are at the Nexus of Vascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:132. [PMID: 31572732 PMCID: PMC6749018 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are important actors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Current antiplatelet drugs that inhibit platelet aggregation have been shown to be effective in CVD treatment. However, the management of bleeding complications is still an issue in vascular diseases. While platelets can act individually, they interact with vascular cells and leukocytes at sites of vascular injury and inflammation. The main goal remains to better understand platelet mechanisms in thrombo-inflammatory diseases and provide new lines of safe treatments. Beyond their role in hemostasis and thrombosis, recent studies have reported the role of several aspects of platelet functions in CVD progression. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of platelet mechanisms involved in several vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Lebas
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Katia Yahiaoui
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Martos
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Yacine Boulaftali
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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17
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Hertig V, Brezai A, Bergeron A, Villeneuve L, Gillis MA, Calderone A. p38α MAPK inhibition translates to cell cycle re-entry of neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and de novo nestin expression in response to thrombin and after apex resection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8203. [PMID: 31160695 PMCID: PMC6547723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that p38α MAPK inhibition leads to cell cycle re-entry of neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes (NNVMs) and de novo nestin expression in response to thrombin and after apex resection of the neonatal rat heart. Thrombin (1 U/ml) treatment of 1-day old NNVMs did not induce cell cycle re-entry or nestin expression. Acute exposure of NNVMs to thrombin increased p38α MAPK and HSP27 phosphorylation and p38α/β MAPK inhibitor SB203580 abrogated HSP27 phosphorylation. Thrombin and SB203580 co-treatment of NNVMs led to bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and nestin expression. SB203580 (5 mg/kg) administration immediately after apex resection of 1-day old neonatal rat hearts and continued for two additional days shortened the fibrin clot length sealing the exposed left ventricular chamber. SB203580-treatment increased the density of troponin-T(+)-NNVMs that incorporated bromodeoxyuridine and expressed nuclear phosphohistone-3. Nestin(+)-NNVMs were selectively detected at the border of the fibrin clot and SB203580 potentiated the density that re-entered the cell cycle. These data suggest that the greater density of ventricular cardiomyocytes and nestin(+)-ventricular cardiomyocytes that re-entered the cell cycle after SB203580 treatment of the apex-resected neonatal rat heart during the acute phase of fibrin clot formation may be attributed in part to inhibition of thrombin-mediated p38α MAPK signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hertig
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andra Brezai
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Bergeron
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Villeneuve
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Angelino Calderone
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. .,Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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18
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Bulani Y, Sharma SS. Argatroban Attenuates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Rats by Reducing Fibrosis, Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Protease-Activated Receptor Expression. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2018; 31:255-267. [PMID: 28695302 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-017-6732-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic diabetes is associated with cardiovascular dysfunctions. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the serious cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes. Despite significant efforts in understanding the pathophysiology of DCM, management of DCM is not adequate due to its complex pathophysiology. Recently, involvement of protease-activated receptors (PARs) has been postulated in cardiovascular diseases. These receptors are activated by thrombin, trypsin, or other serine proteases. Expression of PAR has been shown to be increased in cardiac diseases such as myocardial infarction, viral myocarditis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, the role of PAR in DCM has not been elucidated yet. Therefore, in the present study, we have investigated the role of PAR in the condition of DCM using a pharmacological approach. We used argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor for targeting PAR. METHODS Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced by high-fat feeding along with low dose streptozotocin (STZ 35 mg/kg, i.p. single dose) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. After 16 weeks of diabetes induction, animals were treated with argatroban at 0.3 and 1 mg/kg dose daily for 4 weeks. After 20 weeks, ventricular functions were measured using ventricular catheterization. Cardiac histology, TUNEL staining, and immunoblotting were performed to evaluate cardiac fibrosis, DNA fragmentation, and expression level of different proteins, respectively. RESULTS T2DM was associated with cardiac structural and functional disturbances as evidenced from impaired cardiac functional parameters and increased fibrosis. There was a significant increase in PAR expression after 20 weeks of diabetes induction. Four weeks argatroban treatment ameliorated metabolic alterations (reduced plasma glucose and cholesterol), ventricular dysfunctions (improved systolic and diastolic functions), cardiac fibrosis (reduced percentage area of collagen in picro-sirius red staining), and apoptosis (reduced TUNEL positive nuclei). Reduced expression of PAR1 and PAR4 in the argatroban-treated group indicates a response towards inhibition of thrombin. In addition, AKT (Ser-473), GSK-3β (Ser-9), p-65 NFĸB phosphorylation, TGF-β, COX-2, and caspase-3 expression were reduced significantly along with an increase in SERCA expression in argatroban-treated diabetic rats which indicated the anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic potential of argatroban in DCM. CONCLUSION This study suggests the ameliorative effects of argatroban in diabetic cardiomyopathy by improving ventricular functions and reducing fibrosis, inflammation, apoptosis, and PAR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Bulani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, SAS, Nagar (Mohali), Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, SAS, Nagar (Mohali), Punjab, 160062, India.
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19
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Altieri P, Bertolotto M, Fabbi P, Sportelli E, Balbi M, Santini F, Brunelli C, Canepa M, Montecucco F, Ameri P. Thrombin induces protease-activated receptor 1 signaling and activation of human atrial fibroblasts and dabigatran prevents these effects. Int J Cardiol 2018; 271:219-227. [PMID: 29801760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data with animal cells and models suggest that thrombin activates cardiac fibroblasts (Fib) to myofibroblasts (myoFib) via protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) cleavage, and in this way promotes adverse atrial remodeling and, thereby, atrial fibrillation (AF). OBJECTIVE Here, we explored the effects of thrombin on human atrial Fib and whether they are antagonized by the clinically available direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran. METHODS Fib isolated from atrial appendages of patients without AF undergoing elective cardiac surgery were evaluated for PAR expression and treated with thrombin with or without dabigatran. PAR1 cleavage, downstream signaling and myoFib markers were investigated by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Collagen synthesis, activity of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2 and proliferation were assessed by Picro-Sirius red staining, gelatinolytic zymography and BrdU incorporation, respectively. Fib function was studied as capability to contract a collagen gel and stimulate the chemotaxis of peripheral blood monocytes from healthy volunteers. RESULTS Primary human atrial Fib expressed PAR1, while levels of the other PARs were very low. Thrombin triggered PAR1 cleavage and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and Akt, elicited a switch to myoFib enriched for αSMA, fibronectin and type I collagen, and induced paracrine/autocrine transforming growth factor beta-1, cyclooxygenase-2, endothelin-1 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2); conversely, MMP-2 activity decreased. Thrombin-primed cells displayed enhanced proliferation, formed discrete collagen-containing cellular nodules, and stimulated the contraction of a collagen gel. Furthermore, their conditioned medium caused monocytes to migrate. All these effects were prevented by dabigatran. CONCLUSION These results with human cells complete the knowledge about thrombin actions on cardiac Fib and strengthen the translational potential of the emerging paradigm that pharmacological blockade of thrombin may counteract molecular and cellular events underlying AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Altieri
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Bertolotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; First Clinic of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fabbi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Elena Sportelli
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Cardiovascular Surgery Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Manrico Balbi
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Santini
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Cardiovascular Surgery Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Claudio Brunelli
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Canepa
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; First Clinic of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Pietro Ameri
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.
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20
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Flaumenhaft R, De Ceunynck K. Targeting PAR1: Now What? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:701-716. [PMID: 28558960 PMCID: PMC5580498 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a ubiquitously expressed class of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that enable cells to respond to proteases in the extracellular environment in a nuanced and dynamic manner. PAR1 is the archetypal family member and has been the object of large-scale drug development programs since the 1990s. Vorapaxar and drotrecogin-alfa are approved PAR1-targeted therapeutics, but safety concerns have limited the clinical use of vorapaxar and questions regarding the efficacy of drotrecogin-alfa led to its withdrawal from the market. New understanding of mechanisms of PAR1 function, discovery of improved strategies for modifying PAR1 function, and identification of novel indications for PAR1 modulators have provided new opportunities for therapies targeting PAR1. In this review, we critically evaluate prospects for the next generation of PAR1-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Karen De Ceunynck
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Bushi D, Stein ES, Golderman V, Feingold E, Gera O, Chapman J, Tanne D. A Linear Temporal Increase in Thrombin Activity and Loss of Its Receptor in Mouse Brain following Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2017; 8:138. [PMID: 28443061 PMCID: PMC5385331 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain thrombin activity is increased following acute ischemic stroke and may play a pathogenic role through the protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). In order to better assess these factors, we obtained a novel detailed temporal and spatial profile of thrombin activity in a mouse model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo). METHODS Thrombin activity was measured by fluorescence spectroscopy on coronal slices taken from the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres 2, 5, and 24 h following pMCAo (n = 5, 6, 5 mice, respectively). Its spatial distribution was determined by punch samples taken from the ischemic core and penumbra and further confirmed using an enzyme histochemistry technique (n = 4). Levels of PAR1 were determined using western blot. RESULTS Two hours following pMCAo, thrombin activity in the stroke core was already significantly higher than the contralateral area (11 ± 5 vs. 2 ± 1 mU/ml). At 5 and 24 h, thrombin activity continued to rise linearly (r = 0.998, p = 0.001) and to expand in the ischemic hemisphere beyond the ischemic core reaching deleterious levels of 271 ± 117 and 123 ± 14 mU/ml (mean ± SEM) in the basal ganglia and ischemic cortex, respectively. The peak elevation of thrombin activity in the ischemic core that was confirmed by fluorescence histochemistry was in good correlation with the infarcts areas. PAR1 levels in the ischemic core decreased as stroke progressed and thrombin activity increased. CONCLUSION In conclusion, there is a time- and space-related increase in brain thrombin activity in acute ischemic stroke that is closely related to the progression of brain damage. These results may be useful in the development of therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke that involve the thrombin-PAR1 pathway in order to prevent secondary thrombin related brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Bushi
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Shavit Stein
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Valery Golderman
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Feingold
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orna Gera
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Tanne
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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22
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Yang JN, Chen J, Xiao M. A protease-activated receptor 1 antagonist protects against global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury after asphyxial cardiac arrest in rabbits. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:242-249. [PMID: 28400806 PMCID: PMC5361508 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.199011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury is partially mediated by thrombin, which causes brain damage through protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). However, the role and mechanisms underlying the effects of PAR1 activation require further elucidation. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of the PAR1 antagonist SCH79797 in a rabbit model of global cerebral ischemia induced by cardiac arrest. SCH79797 was intravenously administered 10 minutes after the model was established. Forty-eight hours later, compared with those administered saline, rabbits receiving SCH79797 showed markedly decreased neuronal damage as assessed by serum neuron specific enolase levels and less neurological dysfunction as determined using cerebral performance category scores. Additionally, in the hippocampus, cell apoptosis, polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, and c-Jun levels were decreased, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation levels were increased. All of these changes were inhibited by the intravenous administration of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway inhibitor LY29004 (3 mg/kg) 10 minutes before the SCH79797 intervention. These findings suggest that SCH79797 mitigates brain injury via anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, possibly by modulating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase/c-Jun and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ning Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China; Department of Immunology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
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23
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Preconditioning is hormesis part I: Documentation, dose-response features and mechanistic foundations. Pharmacol Res 2016; 110:242-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Wang Y, Liu J, Zhu T, Zhang L, He X, Zhang JZ. Predicted PAR1 inhibitors from multiple computational methods. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Spronk HMH, De Jong AM, Verheule S, De Boer HC, Maass AH, Lau DH, Rienstra M, van Hunnik A, Kuiper M, Lumeij S, Zeemering S, Linz D, Kamphuisen PW, Ten Cate H, Crijns HJ, Van Gelder IC, van Zonneveld AJ, Schotten U. Hypercoagulability causes atrial fibrosis and promotes atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2016; 38:38-50. [PMID: 27071821 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atrial fibrillation (AF) produces a hypercoagulable state. Stimulation of protease-activated receptors by coagulation factors provokes pro-fibrotic, pro-hypertrophic, and pro-inflammatory responses in a variety of tissues. We studied the effects of thrombin on atrial fibroblasts and tested the hypothesis that hypercoagulability contributes to the development of a substrate for AF. METHODS AND RESULTS In isolated rat atrial fibroblasts, thrombin enhanced the phosphorylation of the pro-fibrotic signalling molecules Akt and Erk and increased the expression of transforming growth factor β1 (2.7-fold) and the pro-inflammatory factor monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (6.1-fold). Thrombin also increased the incorporation of 3H-proline, suggesting enhanced collagen synthesis by fibroblasts (2.5-fold). All effects could be attenuated by the thrombin inhibitor dabigatran. In transgenic mice with a pro-coagulant phenotype (TMpro/pro), the inducibility of AF episodes lasting >1 s was higher (7 out of 12 vs. 1 out of 10 in wild type) and duration of AF episodes was longer compared with wild type mice (maximum episode duration 42.8 ± 68.4 vs. 0.23 ± 0.39 s). In six goats with persistent AF treated with nadroparin, targeting Factor Xa-mediated thrombin generation, the complexity of the AF substrate was less pronounced than in control animals (LA maximal activation time differences 23.3 ± 3.1 ms in control vs. 15.7 ± 2.1 ms in nadroparin, P < 0.05). In the treated animals, AF-induced α-smooth muscle actin expression was lower and endomysial fibrosis was less pronounced. CONCLUSION The hypercoagulable state during AF causes pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory responses in adult atrial fibroblasts. Hypercoagulability promotes the development of a substrate for AF in transgenic mice and in goats with persistent AF. In AF goats, nadroparin attenuates atrial fibrosis and the complexity of the AF substrate. Inhibition of coagulation may not only prevent strokes but also inhibit the development of a substrate for AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri M H Spronk
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Margreet De Jong
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Verheule
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty C De Boer
- Department of Nephrology and the Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander H Maass
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis H Lau
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Rienstra
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arne van Hunnik
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Kuiper
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn Lumeij
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stef Zeemering
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dominik Linz
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany
| | - Pieter Willem Kamphuisen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Ten Cate
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry J Crijns
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle C Van Gelder
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Jan van Zonneveld
- Department of Nephrology and the Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Schotten
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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26
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Huang L, Zhang L, Ju H, Li Q, Pan JSC, Al-Lawati Z, Sheikh-Hamad D. Stanniocalcin-1 inhibits thrombin-induced signaling and protects from bleomycin-induced lung injury. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18117. [PMID: 26640170 PMCID: PMC4671147 DOI: 10.1038/srep18117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin-induced and proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1)-mediated signaling increases ROS production, activates ERK, and promotes inflammation and fibroblast proliferation in bleomycin-induced lung injury. Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) activates anti-oxidant pathways, inhibits inflammation and provides cytoprotection; hence, we hypothesized that STC1 will inhibit thrombin/PAR1 signaling and protect from bleomycin-induced pneumonitis. We determined thrombin level and activity, thrombin-induced PAR-1-mediated signaling, superoxide generation and lung pathology after intra-tracheal administration of bleomycin to WT and STC1 Tg mice. Lungs of bleomycin-treated WT mice display: severe pneumonitis; increased generation of superoxide; vascular leak; increased thrombin protein abundance and activity; activation of ERK; greater cytokine/chemokine release and infiltration with T-cells and macrophages. Lungs of STC1 Tg mice displayed none of the above changes. Mechanistic analysis in cultured pulmonary epithelial cells (A549) suggests that STC1 inhibits thrombin-induced and PAR1-mediated ERK activation through suppression of superoxide. In conclusion, STC1 blunts bleomycin-induced rise in thrombin protein and activity, diminishes thrombin-induced signaling through PAR1 to ERK, and inhibits bleomycin-induced pneumonitis. Moreover, our study identifies a new set of cytokines/chemokines, which play a role in the pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced lung injury. These findings broaden the array of potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of lung diseases characterized by thrombin activation, oxidant stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Huang
- Division of Nephrology and Selzman Institute for Kidney Health/Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lin Zhang
- Center of General Surgery, Chengdu General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area Command, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Division of Nephrology and Selzman Institute for Kidney Health/Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Huiming Ju
- Division of Nephrology and Selzman Institute for Kidney Health/Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 25009, Jiangsu, P.R.China
| | - Qingtian Li
- Division of Nephrology and Selzman Institute for Kidney Health/Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jenny Szu-Chin Pan
- Division of Nephrology and Selzman Institute for Kidney Health/Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zahraa Al-Lawati
- Division of Nephrology and Selzman Institute for Kidney Health/Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David Sheikh-Hamad
- Division of Nephrology and Selzman Institute for Kidney Health/Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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27
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Protease-activated receptor 4 deficiency offers cardioprotection after acute ischemia reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 90:21-9. [PMID: 26643815 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor (PAR)4 is a low affinity thrombin receptor with less understood function relative to PAR1. PAR4 is involved in platelet activation and hemostasis, but its specific actions on myocyte growth and cardiac function remain unknown. This study examined the role of PAR4 deficiency on cardioprotection after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in mice. When challenged by in vivo or ex vivo IR, PAR4 knockout (KO) mice exhibited increased tolerance to injury, which was manifest as reduced infarct size and a more robust functional recovery compared to wild-type mice. PAR4 KO mice also showed reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and putative signaling shifts in survival pathways in response to IR. Inhibition of PAR4 expression in isolated cardiomyocytes by shRNA offered protection against thrombin and PAR4-agonist peptide-induced apoptosis, while overexpression of wild-type PAR4 significantly enhanced the susceptibility of cardiomyocytes to apoptosis, even under low thrombin concentrations. Further studies implicate Src- and epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent activation of JNK on the proapoptotic effect of PAR4 in cardiomyocytes. These findings reveal a pivotal role for PAR4 as a regulator of cardiomyocyte survival and point to PAR4 inhibition as a therapeutic target offering cardioprotection after acute IR injury.
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28
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Gu X, Zhang X, Lu G, Li Y, Li X, Huang H, Zeng J, Tang L. Effects of thrombin and thrombin receptor activation on cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:654-669. [PMID: 26064435 PMCID: PMC4455342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin and thrombin receptor activation impact cardiomyocyte contraction and ventricular remodeling. However, there is some controversy regarding their effects in cardiac function, especially in cardiac dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A rat AMI model was created by left coronary artery ligation (LCA). Cardiac functional parameters, including the maximum left ventricular (LV) systolic pressure (LVSPmax), LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and the rise and fall rates in LV pressure (dp/dt max and dp/dt min, respectively), were measured. Hirudin decreased cardiac function within 120 minutes after AMI, whereas treatment with thrombin receptor-activating peptide (TRAP) reversed this hirudin-induced decrease in cardiac function. The mRNA and protein expression levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) subtypes in infarct area tissues were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoreaction. Hirudin decreased the expression levels of IP3R-1, -2, and -3 in the infarct area for up to 40 minutes after AMI, whereas TRAP treatment reversed these hirudin-induced effects. Treatment with the IP3R antagonist 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2.5 mg/kg) eliminated the effect of TRAP on the hirudin-induced decrease in cardiac function after AMI. Finally, TRAP increased the maximum binding capacity of the three IP3R subtypes, but only enhanced the affinity of IP3R-2. Thrombin and thrombin receptor activation improved cardiac function after AMI by an IP3R-mediated pathway, probably through the IP3R-2 subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Gu
- Division of Cardiology, Xiangtan Central HospitalXiangtan, China
- Division of Cardiology, Yuebei Remin Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Shantou UniversityShaoguan, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Cerebropathia Department, Gansu Province Hospital of TCMLanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Guihua Lu
- Division of Cardiology, The First Aaffiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangmen Central HospitalJiangmen, China
| | - He Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Xiangtan Central HospitalXiangtan, China
| | - Jianping Zeng
- Division of Cardiology, Xiangtan Central HospitalXiangtan, China
| | - Lilong Tang
- Division of Cardiology, Xiangtan Central HospitalXiangtan, China
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Contribution of protease-activated receptor 1 in status epilepticus-induced epileptogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 78:68-76. [PMID: 25843668 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations and studies on different animal models of acquired epilepsy consistently demonstrate that blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage can be an important risk factor for developing recurrent seizures. However, the involved signaling pathways remain largely unclear. Given the important role of thrombin and its major receptor in the brain, protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), in the pathophysiology of neurological injury, we hypothesized that PAR1 may contribute to status epilepticus (SE)-induced epileptogenesis and that its inhibition shortly after SE will have neuroprotective and antiepileptogenic effects. Adult rats subjected to lithium-pilocarpine SE were administrated with SCH79797 (a PAR1 selective antagonist) after SE termination. Thrombin and PAR1 levels and neuronal cell survival were evaluated 48h following SE. The effect of PAR1 inhibition on animal survival, interictal spikes (IIS) and electrographic seizures during the first two weeks after SE and behavioral seizures during the chronic period was evaluated. SE resulted in a high mortality rate and incidence of IIS and seizures in the surviving animals. There was a marked increase in thrombin, decrease in PAR1 immunoreactivity and hippocampal cell loss in the SE-treated rats. Inhibition of PAR1 following SE resulted in a decrease in mortality and morbidity, increase in neuronal cell survival in the hippocampus and suppression of IIS, electrographic and behavioral seizures following SE. These data suggest that the PAR1 signaling pathway contributes to epileptogenesis following SE. Because breakdown of the BBB occurs frequently in brain injuries, PAR1 inhibition may have beneficial effects in a variety of acquired injuries leading to epilepsy.
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30
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Chao B, Li BX, Xiao X. The chemistry and pharmacology of privileged pyrroloquinazolines. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015; 6:510-520. [PMID: 25937878 PMCID: PMC4412478 DOI: 10.1039/c4md00485j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has plummeted the cost of whole genome sequencing, which has provided a long list of putative drug targets for a variety of diseases ranging from infectious diseases to cancers. The majority of these drug targets are still awaiting high-quality small molecule ligands to validate their therapeutic potential and track their druggability. Screening compound libraries based on privileged scaffolds is an efficient strategy to identify potential ligands to distinct biological targets. 7H-Pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinazoline (PQZ) is a potential privileged heterocyclic scaffold with diverse pharmacological properties. A number of biological targets have been identified for different derivatives of PQZ. This review summarized the synthetic strategies to access the chemical space associated with PQZ and discussed their unique biological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chao
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Bingbing X. Li
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Xiangshu Xiao
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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31
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Stein ES, Itsekson-Hayosh Z, Aronovich A, Reisner Y, Bushi D, Pick CG, Tanne D, Chapman J, Vlachos A, Maggio N. Thrombin induces ischemic LTP (iLTP): implications for synaptic plasticity in the acute phase of ischemic stroke. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7912. [PMID: 25604482 PMCID: PMC4300504 DOI: 10.1038/srep07912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute brain ischemia modifies synaptic plasticity by inducing ischemic long-term potentiation (iLTP) of synaptic transmission through the activation of N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR). Thrombin, a blood coagulation factor, affects synaptic plasticity in an NMDAR dependent manner. Since its activity and concentration is increased in brain tissue upon acute stroke, we sought to clarify whether thrombin could mediate iLTP through the activation of its receptor Protease-Activated receptor 1 (PAR1). Extracellular recordings were obtained in CA1 region of hippocampal slices from C57BL/6 mice. In vitro ischemia was induced by acute (3 minutes) oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). A specific ex vivo enzymatic assay was employed to assess thrombin activity in hippocampal slices, while OGD-induced changes in prothrombin mRNA levels were assessed by (RT)qPCR. Upon OGD, thrombin activity increased in hippocampal slices. A robust potentiation of excitatory synaptic strength was detected, which occluded the ability to induce further LTP. Inhibition of either thrombin or its receptor PAR1 blocked iLTP and restored the physiological, stimulus induced LTP. Our study provides important insights on the early changes occurring at excitatory synapses after ischemia and indicates the thrombin/PAR1 pathway as a novel target for developing therapeutic strategies to restore synaptic function in the acute phase of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Shavit Stein
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | | | - Anna Aronovich
- 1] Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel [2] Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yair Reisner
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Doron Bushi
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Tanne
- 1] Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel [2] Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- 1] Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel [2] Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicola Maggio
- 1] Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel [2] Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
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Bode MF, Mackman N. Protective and pathological roles of tissue factor in the heart. Hamostaseologie 2014; 35:37-46. [PMID: 25434707 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-09-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tissue factor (TF) is expressed in the heart where it is required for haemostasis. High levels of TF are also expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and likely contribute to atherothrombosis after plaque rupture. Indeed, risk factors for atherothrombosis, such as diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, smoking and hypertension, are associated with increased TF expression in circulating monocytes, microparticles and plasma. Several therapies that reduce atherothrombosis, such as statins, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers and anti-platelet drugs, are associated with reduced TF expression. In addition to its haemostatic and pro-thrombotic functions, the TF : FVIIa complex and downstream coagulation proteases activate cells by cleavage of protease-activated receptors (PARs). In mice, deficiencies in either PAR-1 or PAR-2 reduce cardiac remodelling and heart failure after ischaemia-reperfusion injury. This suggests that inhibition of coagulation proteases and PARs may be protective in heart attack patients. In contrast, the TF/thrombin/PAR-1 pathway is beneficial in a mouse model of Coxsackievirus B3-induced viral myocarditis. We found that stimulation of PAR-1 increases the innate immune response by enhancing TLR3-dependent IFN-β expression. Therefore, inhibition of the TF/thrombin/PAR-1 pathway in patients with viral myocarditis could have detrimental effects. CONCLUSION The TF : FVIIa complex has both protective and pathological roles in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Mackman
- Nigel Mackman, Ph.D., FAHA, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, 111 Mason Farm Road, 2312B Medical Biomolecular Research Bldg., CB #7126, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA, E-mail:
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Antoniak S, Sparkenbaugh E, Pawlinski R. Tissue factor, protease activated receptors and pathologic heart remodelling. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:893-900. [PMID: 25104210 DOI: 10.1160/th14-03-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor is the primary initiator of coagulation cascade and plays an essential role in haemostasis and thrombosis. In addition, tissue factor and coagulation proteases contribute to many cellular responses via activation of protease activated receptors. The heart is an organ with high levels of constitutive tissue factor expression. This review focuses on the role of tissue factor, coagulation proteases and protease activated receptors in heart haemostasis and the pathological heart remodelling associated with myocardial infarction, viral myocarditis and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafal Pawlinski
- Rafal Pawlinski, PhD, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 320A Mary Ellen Jones Bldg, 98 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA, Tel: 919 843 8387, Fax: 919 843 4896, E-mail:
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Unexpected anti-hypertrophic responses to low-level stimulation of protease-activated receptors in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 387:1001-7. [PMID: 25082750 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Activators of protease-activated receptors PAR-1 and PAR-2 such as thrombin and synthetic hexapeptides promote hypertrophy of isolated neonatal cardiomyocytes at pathological concentrations. Since PAR-activating proteases often show dual actions at low vs. high concentrations, the potential hypertrophic effects of low-level PAR activation were examined. In H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the hypertrophic marker atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was significantly increased only by higher concentrations of thrombin, trypsin or the synthetic PAR-2 agonist SLIGRL. The dual PAR-1/PAR-2 agonist SFLLRN did not influence basal ANP mRNA expression in H9c2 cells. Low concentration of thrombin or trypsin (up to 0.1 U/mL) or of the synthetic ligands SFLLRN and SLIGRL (1 μM); however, all suppressed ANP mRNA expression stimulated by angiotensin II (Ang II). The PAR-1 selective ligand TFLLRN exerted a comparable effect as SFLLRN. In adult rat cardiomyocytes, protein synthesis determined by [(3)H]phenylalanine incorporation was not increased by various PAR agonists at concentrations tenfold lower than conventionally used to study PAR function in vitro (10 μM for SFLLRN or SLIGRL, 0.1 U/mL for thrombin or trypsin). The positive control endothelin-1 (ET-1, 60 nM) however significantly increased protein synthesis in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Addition of low concentrations of PAR agonists to cardiomyocytes treated with ET-1 or Ang II suppressed [(3)H]phenylalanine incorporation induced by the hypertrophic stimuli. The inhibitory effect of SFLLRN effect was partially reversed by the PAR-1 antagonist RWJ56110. These findings suggest that physiological concentrations of PAR activators may suppress hypertrophy, in contrast to the pro-hypertrophic effects evident at high concentrations. PAR-1 and PAR-2 may dynamically control cardiomyocyte growth, with the net effect critically dependent upon local agonist concentrations. The precise significance of proposed concept of bimodal PAR function in cardiomyocytes remains to be defined, particularly in vivo where hemodynamic and other regulatory factors may counteract or mask the direct cellular actions described here.
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Tao KM, Tao Y, Chen CY, Yang LQ, Lu ZJ, Sun YM, Huang SD, Yu WF. Proteinase-activated Receptor 1 Contributed to Up-regulation of Enkephalin in Keratinocytes of Patients with Obstructive Jaundice. Anesthesiology 2014; 121:127-39. [PMID: 24614324 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Skin synthesis of endogenous opioids such as enkephalin is considered to be increased in cholestatic rodents, which may induce antinociception in cholestatic liver disease. No studies have reported yet the expression of skin enkephalin in patients with cholestasis.
Methods:
Electrical pain threshold, postoperative morphine consumption, and skin enkephalin expression were measured in patients with jaundice (n = 18) and control patients (n = 16). Male Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 52) and human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT were used in vivo and in vitro studies, respectively. Nociceptive thresholds and plasma and skin levels of methionine-enkephalin were compared in protease-activated receptors-1–antagonized and control bile duct–ligated rats. In in vitro study, the effect on thrombin-induced enkephalin expression was examined and the role of extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 and p38 was investigated.
Results:
The authors found that: (1) the electrical pain threshold (mean ± SD) was 1.1 ± 0.1 mA in control patients, whereas it was significantly increased in patients with jaundice (1.7 ± 0.3 mA); 48-h postoperative morphine consumption was approximately 50% higher in the control group than that in the group with jaundice; (2) Skin keratinocytes enkephalin expression was increased in the patients with jaundice; (3) Protease-activated receptors-1 antagonist 1 μg·kg−1·day−1 treatment to the bile duct–ligated rats significantly reduced plasma levels of methionine-enkephalin, nociceptive thresholds, and keratinocytes enkephalin expression; and (4) protease-activated receptors-1 activation induced enkephalin expression through phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 and p38 in keratinocytes.
Conclusion:
Protease-activated receptors-1 activation in peripheral keratinocytes may play an important role in the local synthesis of enkephalin during cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ming Tao
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (K.-M.T., Y.T., C.-Y.C., L.-Q.Y., Z.-J.L., Y.-M.S., W.-F.Y.); and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Institute of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (S.-D.H.)
| | - Yong Tao
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (K.-M.T., Y.T., C.-Y.C., L.-Q.Y., Z.-J.L., Y.-M.S., W.-F.Y.); and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Institute of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (S.-D.H.)
| | - Cai-Yang Chen
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (K.-M.T., Y.T., C.-Y.C., L.-Q.Y., Z.-J.L., Y.-M.S., W.-F.Y.); and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Institute of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (S.-D.H.)
| | - Li-Qun Yang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (K.-M.T., Y.T., C.-Y.C., L.-Q.Y., Z.-J.L., Y.-M.S., W.-F.Y.); and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Institute of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (S.-D.H.)
| | - Zhi-Jie Lu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (K.-M.T., Y.T., C.-Y.C., L.-Q.Y., Z.-J.L., Y.-M.S., W.-F.Y.); and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Institute of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (S.-D.H.)
| | - Yu-Ming Sun
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (K.-M.T., Y.T., C.-Y.C., L.-Q.Y., Z.-J.L., Y.-M.S., W.-F.Y.); and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Institute of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (S.-D.H.)
| | - Sheng-Dong Huang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (K.-M.T., Y.T., C.-Y.C., L.-Q.Y., Z.-J.L., Y.-M.S., W.-F.Y.); and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Institute of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (S.-D.H.)
| | - Wei-Feng Yu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (K.-M.T., Y.T., C.-Y.C., L.-Q.Y., Z.-J.L., Y.-M.S., W.-F.Y.); and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Institute of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (S.-D.H.)
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Role of protease-activated receptors for the innate immune response of the heart. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2014; 24:249-55. [PMID: 25066486 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of G-protein-coupled receptors with a unique activation mechanism via cleavage by the serine proteases of the coagulation cascade, immune cell-released proteases, and proteases from pathogens. Pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria, cause myocarditis and heart failure and PAR1 was shown to positively regulate the anti-viral innate immune response via interferon β during virus-induced myocarditis. In contrast, PAR2 negatively regulated the innate immune response and inhibited the interferon β expression. Thus, PARs play a central role for the innate immune response in the heart.
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Aerts L, Hamelin MÈ, Rhéaume C, Lavigne S, Couture C, Kim W, Susan-Resiga D, Prat A, Seidah NG, Vergnolle N, Riteau B, Boivin G. Modulation of protease activated receptor 1 influences human metapneumovirus disease severity in a mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72529. [PMID: 24015257 PMCID: PMC3755973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection causes acute respiratory tract infections (RTI) which can result in hospitalization of both children and adults. To date, no antiviral or vaccine is available for this common viral infection. Immunomodulators could represent an interesting strategy for the treatment of severe viral infection. Recently, the role of protease-activated receptors (PAR) in inflammation, coagulation and infection processes has been of growing interest. Herein, the effects of a PAR1 agonist and a PAR1 antagonist on hMPV infection were investigated in BALB/c mice. Intranasal administration of the PAR1 agonist resulted in increased weight loss and mortality of infected mice. Conversely, the PAR1 antagonist was beneficial to hMPV infection by decreasing weight loss and clinical signs and by significantly reducing pulmonary inflammation, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (including IL-6, KC and MCP-1) and recruitment of immune cells to the lungs. In addition, a significant reduction in pulmonary viral titers was also observed in the lungs of PAR1 antagonist-treated mice. Despite no apparent direct effect on virus replication during in vitro experiments, an important role for PAR1 in the regulation of furin expression in the lungs was shown for the first time. Further experiments indicated that the hMPV fusion protein can be cleaved by furin thus suggesting that PAR1 could have an effect on viral infectivity in addition to its immunomodulatory properties. Thus, inhibition of PAR1 by selected antagonists could represent an interesting strategy for decreasing the severity of paramyxovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Aerts
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Hamelin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantal Rhéaume
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sophie Lavigne
- Department of Anatomo-pathology, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Couture
- Department of Anatomo-pathology, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - WooJin Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Delia Susan-Resiga
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Annik Prat
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nabil G. Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Beatrice Riteau
- Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, Université Lyon, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Lyon, France
- Centre de Tours-Nouzilly Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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Yeh CH, Chen TP, Wang YC, Fang SW, Wun TC. Potent cardioprotection from ischemia-reperfusion injury by a two-domain fusion protein comprising annexin V and Kunitz protease inhibitor. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:1454-63. [PMID: 23746209 PMCID: PMC3752160 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable evidence suggests that coagulation proteases (tissue factor [TF]/activated factor VII [FVIIa]/FXa/thrombin) and their target protease activated receptors (PAR-1/PAR-2) play important roles in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury. We hypothesized that localized inhibition of TF/FVIIa on the membrane surfaces of ischemic cells could effectively block coagulation cascade and subsequent PAR-1/PAR-2 cell signaling, thereby protecting the myocardium from I-R injury. OBJECTIVES We recently developed an annexin V-Kunitz inhibitor fusion protein (ANV-6L15) that could specifically bind to anionic phospholipids on the membrane surfaces of apoptotic cells and efficiently inhibit the membrane-anchored TF/FVIIa. In this study, we investigated the cardioprotective effect of ANV-6L15 in a rat cardiac I-R model in comparison with that of hirudin. METHODS Left coronary artery occlusion was maintained for 45 min followed by 4 h of reperfusion in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. One minute before or 2 min after coronary ligation, rats received an intravenous bolus injection of ANV-6L15 (2.5-250 μg kg(-1) ), vehicle, or hirudin via bolus injection and continuous infusion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS ANV-6L15 dose-dependently reduced infarct size by up to 87% and decreased plasma levels of cardiac troponin I, tumor necrosis factor-α, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, by up to 97%, 96%, and 66%, respectively, with little impact on the coagulation parameters. ANV-6L15 also ameliorated hemodynamic derangements, attenuated neutrophil infiltration and reduced Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive apoptotic cardiomyocytes. Hirudin was less efficacious even at supraclinical dose. ANV-6L15 confers exceptionally potent cardioprotection and is a promising drug candidate for the prevention of myocardial I-R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsiao Yeh
- Division of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Keelung, 222 Mai-Chin Road, Keelung, Taiwan ROC 204
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan, Taiwan ROC 333
| | - Tzu-Ping Chen
- Division of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Keelung, 222 Mai-Chin Road, Keelung, Taiwan ROC 204
| | - Yao-Chang Wang
- Division of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Keelung, 222 Mai-Chin Road, Keelung, Taiwan ROC 204
| | - Shu-Wen Fang
- Division of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Keelung, 222 Mai-Chin Road, Keelung, Taiwan ROC 204
| | - Tze-Chein Wun
- EVAS Therapeutics, LLC, 613 Huntley Heights Drive, Ballwin MO 63021, USA
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Sonin DL, Wakatsuki T, Routhu KV, Harmann LM, Petersen M, Meyer J, Strande JL. Protease-activated receptor 1 inhibition by SCH79797 attenuates left ventricular remodeling and profibrotic activities of cardiac fibroblasts. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2013; 18:460-75. [PMID: 23598708 DOI: 10.1177/1074248413485434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibroblast activity promotes adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling that underlies the development of ischemic cardiomyopathy. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent stimulus for fibrosis, and the extracellular signal-regulated kinases(ERK) 1/2 pathway also contributes to the fibrotic response. The thrombin receptor, protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), has been shown to play an important role in the excessive fibrosis in different tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a PAR1 inhibitor, SCH79797, on cardiac fibrosis, tissue stiffness and postinfarction remodeling, and effects of PAR1 inhibition on thrombin-induced TGF-β and (ERK) 1/2 activities in cardiac fibroblasts. METHODS We used a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, isolated cardiac fibroblasts, and 3-dimensional (3D) cardiac tissue models fabricated to ascertain the contribution of PAR1 activation on cardiac fibrosis and LV remodeling. RESULTS The PAR1 inhibitor attenuated LV dilation and improved LV systolic function of the reperfused myocardium at 28 days. This improvement was associated with a nonsignificant decrease in scar size (%LV) from 23 ± % in the control group (n = 10) to 16% ± 5.5% in the treated group (n = 9; P = .052). In the short term, the PAR1 inhibitor did not rescue infarct size or LV systolic function after 3 days. The PAR1 inhibition abolished thrombin-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation, TGF-β and type I procollagen production, matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 activation, myofibroblasts transformation in vitro, and abrogated the remodeling of 3D tissues induced by chronic thrombin treatment. CONCLUSION These studies suggest PAR1 inhibition initiated after ischemic injury attenuates adverse LV remodeling through late-stage antifibrotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry L Sonin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Antoniak S, Owens AP, Baunacke M, Williams JC, Lee RD, Weithäuser A, Sheridan PA, Malz R, Luyendyk JP, Esserman DA, Trejo J, Kirchhofer D, Blaxall BC, Pawlinski R, Beck MA, Rauch U, Mackman N. PAR-1 contributes to the innate immune response during viral infection. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1310-22. [PMID: 23391721 DOI: 10.1172/jci66125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation is a host defense system that limits the spread of pathogens. Coagulation proteases, such as thrombin, also activate cells by cleaving PARs. In this study, we analyzed the role of PAR-1 in coxsackievirus B3-induced (CVB3-induced) myocarditis and influenza A infection. CVB3-infected Par1(-/-) mice expressed reduced levels of IFN-β and CXCL10 during the early phase of infection compared with Par1(+/+) mice that resulted in higher viral loads and cardiac injury at day 8 after infection. Inhibition of either tissue factor or thrombin in WT mice also significantly increased CVB3 levels in the heart and cardiac injury compared with controls. BM transplantation experiments demonstrated that PAR-1 in nonhematopoietic cells protected mice from CVB3 infection. Transgenic mice overexpressing PAR-1 in cardiomyocytes had reduced CVB3-induced myocarditis. We found that cooperative signaling between PAR-1 and TLR3 in mouse cardiac fibroblasts enhanced activation of p38 and induction of IFN-β and CXCL10 expression. Par1(-/-) mice also had decreased CXCL10 expression and increased viral levels in the lung after influenza A infection compared with Par1(+/+) mice. Our results indicate that the tissue factor/thrombin/PAR-1 pathway enhances IFN-β expression and contributes to the innate immune response during single-stranded RNA viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Coagulation and coagulation signalling in fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1018-27. [PMID: 23298546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Following tissue injury, a complex and coordinated wound healing response comprising coagulation, inflammation, fibroproliferation and tissue remodelling has evolved to nullify the impact of the original insult and reinstate the normal physiological function of the affected organ. Tissue fibrosis is thought to result from a dysregulated wound healing response as a result of continual local injury or impaired control mechanisms. Although the initial insult is highly variable for different organs, in most cases, uncontrolled or sustained activation of mesenchymal cells into highly synthetic myofibroblasts leads to the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and eventually loss of tissue function. Coagulation was originally thought to be an acute and transient response to tissue injury, responsible primarily for promoting haemostasis by initiating the formation of fibrin plugs to enmesh activated platelets within the walls of damaged blood vessels. However, the last 20years has seen a major re-evaluation of the role of the coagulation cascade following tissue injury and there is now mounting evidence that coagulation plays a critical role in orchestrating subsequent inflammatory and fibroproliferative responses during normal wound healing, as well as in a range of pathological contexts across all major organ systems. This review summarises our current understanding of the role of coagulation and coagulation initiated signalling in the response to tissue injury, as well as the contribution of uncontrolled coagulation to fibrosis of the lung, liver, kidney and heart. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fibrosis: Translation of basic research to human disease.
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Khoufache K, Berri F, Nacken W, Vogel AB, Delenne M, Camerer E, Coughlin SR, Carmeliet P, Lina B, Rimmelzwaan GF, Planz O, Ludwig S, Riteau B. PAR1 contributes to influenza A virus pathogenicity in mice. J Clin Invest 2012. [PMID: 23202729 DOI: 10.1172/jci61667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza causes substantial morbidity and mortality, and highly pathogenic and drug-resistant strains are likely to emerge in the future. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is a thrombin-activated receptor that contributes to inflammatory responses at mucosal surfaces. The role of PAR1 in pathogenesis of virus infections is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that PAR1 contributed to the deleterious inflammatory response after influenza virus infection in mice. Activating PAR1 by administering the agonist TFLLR-NH2 decreased survival and increased lung inflammation after influenza infection. Importantly, both administration of a PAR1 antagonist and PAR1 deficiency protected mice from infection with influenza A viruses (IAVs). Treatment with the PAR1 agonist did not alter survival of mice deficient in plasminogen (PLG), which suggests that PLG permits and/or interacts with a PAR1 function in this model. PAR1 antagonists are in human trials for other indications. Our findings suggest that PAR1 antagonism might be explored as a treatment for influenza, including that caused by highly pathogenic H5N1 and oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Khoufache
- Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, EA 4610, Université Lyon1, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Lyon, France
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Ndrepepa G, Neumann FJ, Deliargyris EN, Mehran R, Mehilli J, Ferenc M, Schulz S, Schömig A, Kastrati A, Stone GW. Bivalirudin Versus Heparin Plus a Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitor in Patients With Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention After Clopidogrel Pretreatment. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2012; 5:705-12. [DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.112.972869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background—
The optimal antithrombotic therapy for patients with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention is not well defined. We investigated the efficacy and safety of bivalirudin versus heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (GPI) in patients with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention after clopidogrel pretreatment.
Methods and Results—
This study included 3798 clopidogrel-pretreated patients with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, who were randomly assigned to receive bivalirudin (n=1928) or heparin (unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin; n=1870) plus a GPI in the setting of the Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy (ACUITY) and Intracoronary Stenting and Antithrombotic Regimen: Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (ISAR-REACT) 4 trials. Major end points were a composite of death, recurrent myocardial infarction or urgent target vessel revascularization (efficacy end point), major bleeding (safety end point), and the composite of death, recurrent myocardial infarction, urgent target vessel revascularization, or major bleeding (net adverse clinical events [NACE]) at 30 days. The incidence of the efficacy end point was 10.6% (n=205) in the bivalirudin group versus 10.2% (n=191) in the heparin plus a GPI group (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.85–1.27;
P
=0.69). The incidence of safety end point was 3.4% (n=66) in the bivalirudin group versus 6.3% (n=117) in the heparin plus a GPI group (OR, 0.54 [0.40–0.72];
P
<0.001). NACE occurred in 258 patients (13.4%) in the bivalirudin group versus 275 patients (14.7%) in the heparin plus a GPI group (OR, 0.90 [0.76–1.06];
P
=0.21).
Conclusions—
NACE rates were not significantly different between bivalirudin and heparin plus a GPI in patients with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention after clopidogrel pretreatment. Although no significant difference in efficacy was seen in terms of suppression of adverse ischemic events, bivalirudin was superior to heparin plus a GPI in terms of reducing bleeding events.
Clinical Trial Registration—
URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique Identifier: NCT00093158 and NCT00373451.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjin Ndrepepa
- From the Cardiology Department, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (G.N., J.M., S.S., A.S., A.K.); Cardiology Department, Universitäts-Herzzentrums Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Germany (F.J.N., M.F.); Global Medical, The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ (E.N.D.); Cardiology Department, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (R.M.); Cardiology Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.S.); and Cardiology Department,
| | - Franz-Josef Neumann
- From the Cardiology Department, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (G.N., J.M., S.S., A.S., A.K.); Cardiology Department, Universitäts-Herzzentrums Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Germany (F.J.N., M.F.); Global Medical, The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ (E.N.D.); Cardiology Department, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (R.M.); Cardiology Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.S.); and Cardiology Department,
| | - Efthymios N. Deliargyris
- From the Cardiology Department, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (G.N., J.M., S.S., A.S., A.K.); Cardiology Department, Universitäts-Herzzentrums Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Germany (F.J.N., M.F.); Global Medical, The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ (E.N.D.); Cardiology Department, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (R.M.); Cardiology Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.S.); and Cardiology Department,
| | - Roxana Mehran
- From the Cardiology Department, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (G.N., J.M., S.S., A.S., A.K.); Cardiology Department, Universitäts-Herzzentrums Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Germany (F.J.N., M.F.); Global Medical, The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ (E.N.D.); Cardiology Department, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (R.M.); Cardiology Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.S.); and Cardiology Department,
| | - Julinda Mehilli
- From the Cardiology Department, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (G.N., J.M., S.S., A.S., A.K.); Cardiology Department, Universitäts-Herzzentrums Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Germany (F.J.N., M.F.); Global Medical, The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ (E.N.D.); Cardiology Department, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (R.M.); Cardiology Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.S.); and Cardiology Department,
| | - Miroslaw Ferenc
- From the Cardiology Department, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (G.N., J.M., S.S., A.S., A.K.); Cardiology Department, Universitäts-Herzzentrums Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Germany (F.J.N., M.F.); Global Medical, The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ (E.N.D.); Cardiology Department, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (R.M.); Cardiology Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.S.); and Cardiology Department,
| | - Stefanie Schulz
- From the Cardiology Department, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (G.N., J.M., S.S., A.S., A.K.); Cardiology Department, Universitäts-Herzzentrums Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Germany (F.J.N., M.F.); Global Medical, The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ (E.N.D.); Cardiology Department, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (R.M.); Cardiology Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.S.); and Cardiology Department,
| | - Albert Schömig
- From the Cardiology Department, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (G.N., J.M., S.S., A.S., A.K.); Cardiology Department, Universitäts-Herzzentrums Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Germany (F.J.N., M.F.); Global Medical, The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ (E.N.D.); Cardiology Department, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (R.M.); Cardiology Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.S.); and Cardiology Department,
| | - Adnan Kastrati
- From the Cardiology Department, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (G.N., J.M., S.S., A.S., A.K.); Cardiology Department, Universitäts-Herzzentrums Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Germany (F.J.N., M.F.); Global Medical, The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ (E.N.D.); Cardiology Department, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (R.M.); Cardiology Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.S.); and Cardiology Department,
| | - Gregg W. Stone
- From the Cardiology Department, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (G.N., J.M., S.S., A.S., A.K.); Cardiology Department, Universitäts-Herzzentrums Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Germany (F.J.N., M.F.); Global Medical, The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ (E.N.D.); Cardiology Department, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY (R.M.); Cardiology Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.S.); and Cardiology Department,
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Cardiac intercellular communication: are myocytes and fibroblasts fair-weather friends? J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:768-82. [PMID: 23015462 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac fibroblast (CF) has historically been thought of as a quiescent cell of the heart, passively maintaining the extracellular environment for the cardiomyocytes (CM), the functional cardiac cell type. The increasingly appreciated role of the CF, however, extends well beyond matrix production, governing many aspects of cardiac function including cardiac electrophysiology and contractility. Importantly, its contributions to cardiac pathophysiology and pathologic remodeling have created a shift in the field's focus from the CM to the CF as a therapeutic target in the treatment of cardiac diseases. In response to cardiac injury, the CF undergoes a pathologic phenotypic transition into a myofibroblast, characterized by contractile smooth muscle proteins and upregulation of collagens, matrix proteins, and adhesion molecules. Further, the myofibroblast upregulates expression and secretion of a variety of pro-inflammatory, profibrotic mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. These mediators act in both an autocrine fashion to further activate CFs, as well as in a paracrine manner on both CMs and circulating inflammatory cells to induce myocyte dysfunction and chronic inflammation, respectively. Together, cell-specific cytokine-induced effects exacerbate pathologic remodeling and progression to HF. A better understanding of this dynamic intercellular communication will lead to novel targets for the attenuation of cardiac remodeling. Current strategies aimed at targeting cytokines have been largely unsuccessful in clinical trials, lending insights into ways that such intercellular cross talk can be more effectively attenuated. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding CF functions in the heart and will discuss the regulation and signaling behind CF-mediated cytokine production and function. We will then highlight clinical trials that have exploited cytokine cross talk in the treatment of heart failure and provide novel strategies currently under investigation that may more effectively target pathologic CF-CM communication for the treatment of cardiac disease. This review explores novel mechanisms to directly attenuate heart failure progression through inhibition of signaling downstream of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are elevated after cardiac injury.
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Manaenko A, Sun X, Kim CH, Yan J, Ma Q, Zhang JH. PAR-1 antagonist SCH79797 ameliorates apoptosis following surgical brain injury through inhibition of ASK1-JNK in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 50:13-20. [PMID: 23000356 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosurgical procedures inevitably produce intraoperative hemorrhage. The subsequent entry of blood into the brain parenchyma results in the release of large amounts of thrombin, a known contributor to perihematomal edema formation and apoptosis after brain injury. The present study seeks to test 1) the effect of surgically induced brain injury (SBI) on thrombin activity, expression of thrombin's receptor PAR-1, and PAR-1 mediated apoptosis; 2) the effect of thrombin inhibition by argatroban and PAR-1 inhibition by SCH79797 on the development of secondary brain injury in the SBI model on rats. A total of 88 Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into sham, vehicle-, argatroban-, or SCH79797-treated groups. SBI involved partial resection of the right frontal lobe under inhalation isoflurane anesthesia. Sham-operated animals received only craniotomy. Thrombin activity, brain water content, and neurological deficits were measured at 24 h following SBI. Involvement of the Ask1/JNK pathway in PAR-1-induced post-SBI apoptosis was characterized by using Ask1 or JNK inhibitors. We observed that SBI increased thrombin activity, yet failed to demonstrate any effect on PAR-1 expression. Argatroban and SCH79797 reduced SBI-induced brain edema and neurological deficits in a dose-dependent manner. SBI-induced apoptosis seemed mediated by the PAR-1/Ask1/JNK pathways. Administration of SCH79797 ameliorated the apoptosis following SBI. Our findings indicate that PAR-1 antagonist protects against secondary brain injury after SBI by decreasing both brain edema and apoptosis by inactivating PAR-1/Ask1/JNK pathway. The anti-apoptotic effect of PAR-1 antagonists may provide a promising path for therapy following SBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol Manaenko
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.
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47
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Scarisbrick IA, Radulovic M, Burda JE, Larson N, Blaber SI, Giannini C, Blaber M, Vandell AG. Kallikrein 6 is a novel molecular trigger of reactive astrogliosis. Biol Chem 2012; 393:355-67. [PMID: 22505518 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2011-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) is a trypsin-like serine protease upregulated at sites of central nervous system (CNS) injury, including de novo expression by reactive astrocytes, yet its physiological actions are largely undefined. Taken with recent evidence that KLK6 activates G-protein-coupled protease-activated receptors (PARs), we hypothesized that injury-induced elevations in KLK6 contribute to the development of astrogliosis and that this occurs in a PAR-dependent fashion. Using primary murine astrocytes and the Neu7 astrocyte cell line, we show that KLK6 causes astrocytes to transform from an epitheliod to a stellate morphology and to secrete interleukin 6 (IL-6). By contrast, KLK6 reduced expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The stellation-promoting activities of KLK6 were shown to be dependent on activation of the thrombin receptor, PAR1, as a PAR1-specific inhibitor, SCH79797, blocked KLK6-induced morphological changes. The ability of KLK6 to promote astrocyte stellation was also shown to be linked to activation of protein kinase C (PKC). These studies indicate that KLK6 is positioned to serve as a molecular trigger of select physiological processes involved in the development of astrogliosis and that this is likely to occur at least in part by activation of the G-protein-coupled receptor, PAR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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48
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Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines by SCH79797, a selective protease-activated receptor 1 antagonist, protects rat kidney against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Shock 2012; 37:639-44. [PMID: 22592635 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3182507774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) is the most common cause of acute renal failure. It is partially mediated by thrombin as it is attenuated by thrombin inhibition or deletion of its receptor protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). However, the role of PAR1 in renal I/R injury needs to be further elucidated. The present study investigated the effect of PAR1 antagonist, SCH79797 (SCH), on renal protection and downstream effectors involved. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with SCH (25 μg/kg i.p.) or vehicle, 15 min before 45 min of clamping of left renal pedicle after right nephrectomy. To investigate the involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, a group of rats was subjected to pretreatment with an inhibitor of PI3K/Akt (LY 29004, 3 mg/kg i.p.) before renal ischemia and SCH treatment. A sham-operated group served as control and received saline. All rats were killed 24 h after reperfusion or sham operation, and blood samples collected and kidney tissues processed either for immunostaining and histological assessment or for biochemical analysis. SCH79797 markedly attenuated kidney damage histologically and by improving serum creatinine. Both plasma and protein expression of P selectin were markedly reduced as well as neutrophil infiltration, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1, and tumor necrosis factor α. These protective effects of blocking PAR1 receptor were abolished by preadministration of LY29004. These results suggest that PAR1 mediates renal I/R injury and that blocking PAR1 using SCH limits renal injury by an anti-inflammatory effect possibly signaling via PI3K/Akt.
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49
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Abstract
Mechanisms of ischemic neuronal and vascular injury remain obscure. Here we test the hypothesis that thrombin, a blood-borne coagulation factor, contributes to neurovascular injury during acute focal ischemia. Stroke was induced in adult Sprague Dawley rats by occluding the middle cerebral artery. Intra-arterial thrombin infusion during ischemia significantly increased vascular disruption and cellular injury. Intravenous infusion of argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, alleviated neurovascular injury. Immunostaining showed thrombin on neurons in the ischemic core. Using an activatable cell-penetrating peptide engineered to detect thrombin activity, we discovered that thrombin proteolytic activity was specifically associated with neuronal damage during ischemia. Protease activated receptor-1, the presumptive thrombin receptor, appeared to mediate ischemic neurovascular injury. Furthermore, rats receiving thrombin during ischemia showed cognitive deficit, whereas rats receiving argatroban retained intact learning and memory. These results suggest a potential role for thrombin contributing to neurovascular injury and several potential avenues for neuroprotection.
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50
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Snead AN, Insel PA. Defining the cellular repertoire of GPCRs identifies a profibrotic role for the most highly expressed receptor, protease-activated receptor 1, in cardiac fibroblasts. FASEB J 2012; 26:4540-7. [PMID: 22859370 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-213496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have many roles in cell regulation and are commonly used as drug targets, but the repertoire of GPCRs expressed by individual cell types has not been defined. Here we use an unbiased approach, GPCR RT-PCR array, to define the expression of nonchemosensory GPCRs by cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) isolated from Rattus norvegicus. CFs were selected because of their importance for cardiac structure and function and their contribution to cardiac fibrosis, which occurs with advanced age, after acute injury (e.g., myocardial infarction), and in disease states (e.g., diabetes mellitus, hypertension). We discovered that adult rat CFs express 190 GPCRs and that activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), the most highly expressed receptor, raises the expression of profibrotic markers in rat CFs, resulting in a 60% increase in collagen synthesis and conversion to a profibrogenic myofibroblast phenotype. We use siRNA knockdown of PAR1 (90% decrease in mRNA) to show that the profibrotic effects of thrombin are PAR1-dependent. These findings, which define the expression of GPCRs in CFs, provide a proof of principle of an approach to discover previously unappreciated, functionally relevant GPCRs and reveal a potential role for thrombin and PAR1 in wound repair and pathophysiology of the adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron N Snead
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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