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McMillan IO, Liang L, Su G, Song X, Drago K, Yang H, Alvarez C, Sood A, Gibson J, Woods RJ, Wang C, Liu J, Zhang F, Brett TJ, Wang L. TREM2 on microglia cell surface binds to and forms functional binary complexes with heparan sulfate modified with 6-O-sulfation and iduronic acid. J Biol Chem 2024:107691. [PMID: 39159814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-2 (TREM2), a pivotal innate immune receptor, orchestrates functions such as inflammatory responses, phagocytosis, cell survival, and neuroprotection. TREM2 variants R47H and R62H have been associated with Alzheimer's disease, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Our previous research established that TREM2 binds to heparan sulfate (HS) and variants R47H and R62H exhibit reduced affinity for HS. Building upon this groundwork, our current study delves into the interplay between TREM2 and HS and its impact on microglial function. We confirm TREM2's binding to cell surface HS and demonstrate that TREM2 interacts with HS, forming HS-TREM2 binary complexes on microglia cell surfaces. Employing various biochemical techniques, including Surface Plasmon Resonance, low molecular weight HS microarray screening, and serial HS mutant cell surface binding assays, we demonstrate TREM2's robust affinity for HS, and the effective binding requires a minimum HS size of approximately 10 saccharide units. Notably, TREM2 selectively binds specific HS structures, with 6-O-sulfation and, to a lesser extent, the iduronic acid residue playing crucial roles. N-sulfation and 2-O-sulfation are dispensable for this interaction. Furthermore, we reveal that 6-O-sulfation is essential for HS-TREM2 ternary complex formation on the microglial cell surface, and HS and its 6-O-sulfation are necessary for TREM2-mediated ApoE3 uptake in microglia. By delineating the interaction between HS and TREM2 on the microglial cell surface and demonstrating its role in facilitating TREM2-mediated ApoE uptake by microglia, our findings provide valuable insights that can inform targeted interventions for modulating microglial functions in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilayda Ozsan McMillan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Li Liang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Guowei Su
- Glycan Therapeutics, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Xuehong Song
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kelly Drago
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Claudia Alvarez
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Amika Sood
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - James Gibson
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Tom J Brett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Mattsson-Carlgren N. Disentangling genetic risks for development and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2024; 147:2604-2606. [PMID: 39018494 PMCID: PMC11292895 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This scientific commentary refers to ‘Towards cascading genetic risk in Alzheimer’s disease’ by Altmann et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awae176).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Mattsson-Carlgren
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
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Narasimhan S, Holtzman DM, Apostolova LG, Cruchaga C, Masters CL, Hardy J, Villemagne VL, Bell J, Cho M, Hampel H. Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease trajectories and the next-generation clinical care pathway. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:1236-1252. [PMID: 38898183 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, progressive primary neurodegenerative disease. Since pivotal genetic studies in 1993, the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE ε4) has remained the strongest single genome-wide associated risk variant in AD. Scientific advances in APOE biology, AD pathophysiology and ApoE-targeted therapies have brought APOE to the forefront of research, with potential translation into routine AD clinical care. This contemporary Review will merge APOE research with the emerging AD clinical care pathway and discuss APOE genetic risk as a conduit to genomic-based precision medicine in AD, including ApoE's influence in the ATX(N) biomarker framework of AD. We summarize the evidence for APOE as an important modifier of AD clinical-biological trajectories. We then illustrate the utility of APOE testing and the future of ApoE-targeted therapies in the next-generation AD clinical-diagnostic pathway. With the emergence of new AD therapies, understanding how APOE modulates AD pathophysiology will become critical for personalized AD patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight ADRC, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Liana G Apostolova
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Neurosciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Colin L Masters
- Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Dementia Research Institute, Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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Quiroz YT, Aguillon D, Aguirre-Acevedo DC, Vasquez D, Zuluaga Y, Baena AY, Madrigal L, Hincapié L, Sanchez JS, Langella S, Posada-Duque R, Littau JL, Villalba-Moreno ND, Vila-Castelar C, Ramirez Gomez L, Garcia G, Kaplan E, Rassi Vargas S, Ossa JA, Valderrama-Carmona P, Perez-Corredor P, Krasemann S, Glatzel M, Kosik KS, Johnson K, Sperling RA, Reiman EM, Sepulveda-Falla D, Lopera F, Arboleda-Velasquez JF. APOE3 Christchurch Heterozygosity and Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer's Disease. N Engl J Med 2024; 390:2156-2164. [PMID: 38899694 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2308583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variants in APOE and PSEN1 (encoding apolipoprotein E and presenilin 1, respectively) alter the risk of Alzheimer's disease. We previously reported a delay of cognitive impairment in a person with autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease caused by the PSEN1 E280A variant who also had two copies of the apolipoprotein E3 Christchurch variant (APOE3 Ch). Heterozygosity for the APOE3 Ch variant may influence the age at which the onset of cognitive impairment occurs. We assessed this hypothesis in a population in which the PSEN1 E280A variant is prevalent. METHODS We analyzed data from 27 participants with one copy of the APOE3 Ch variant among 1077 carriers of the PSEN1 E280A variant in a kindred from Antioquia, Colombia, to estimate the age at the onset of cognitive impairment and dementia in this group as compared with persons without the APOE3 Ch variant. Two participants underwent brain imaging, and autopsy was performed in four participants. RESULTS Among carriers of PSEN1 E280A who were heterozygous for the APOE3 Ch variant, the median age at the onset of cognitive impairment was 52 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 51 to 58), in contrast to a matched group of PSEN1 E280A carriers without the APOE3 Ch variant, among whom the median age at the onset was 47 years (95% CI, 47 to 49). In two participants with the APOE3 Ch and PSEN1 E280A variants who underwent brain imaging, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomographic (PET) imaging showed relatively preserved metabolic activity in areas typically involved in Alzheimer's disease. In one of these participants, who underwent 18F-flortaucipir PET imaging, tau findings were limited as compared with persons with PSEN1 E280A in whom cognitive impairment occurred at the typical age in this kindred. Four studies of autopsy material obtained from persons with the APOE3 Ch and PSEN1 E280A variants showed fewer vascular amyloid pathologic features than were seen in material obtained from persons who had the PSEN1 E280A variant but not the APOE3 Ch variant. CONCLUSIONS Clinical data supported a delayed onset of cognitive impairment in persons who were heterozygous for the APOE3 Ch variant in a kindred with a high prevalence of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. (Funded by Good Ventures and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakeel T Quiroz
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - David Aguillon
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Daniel C Aguirre-Acevedo
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Daniel Vasquez
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Yesica Zuluaga
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Ana Y Baena
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Lucia Madrigal
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Liliana Hincapié
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Justin S Sanchez
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Stephanie Langella
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Rafael Posada-Duque
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Jessica L Littau
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Nelson D Villalba-Moreno
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Clara Vila-Castelar
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Liliana Ramirez Gomez
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Gloria Garcia
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Elizabeth Kaplan
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Sofia Rassi Vargas
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - J Alejandro Ossa
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Pablo Valderrama-Carmona
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Paula Perez-Corredor
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Markus Glatzel
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Keith Johnson
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Eric M Reiman
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Francisco Lopera
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
| | - Joseph F Arboleda-Velasquez
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., S.L., C.V.-C., L.R.G., E.K., K.J., R.A.S.), the Departments of Neurology (Y.T.Q., J.S.S., L.R.G., K.J., R.A.S.), Psychiatry (Y.T.Q., S.L., C.V.-C., E.K.), and Ophthalmology (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.J., R.A.S.), and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear (P.P.-C., J.F.A.-V.) - all in Boston; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Y.T.Q., D.A., D.C.A-A., D.V., Y.Z., A.Y.B., L.M., L.H., R.P.-D., G.G., S.R.V., J.A.O., P.V.-C., F.L.); the Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.L.L., N.D.V.-M., S.K., M.G., D.S-F.); the Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara (K.S.K.); and the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Arizona State University, Tempe - all in Arizona (E.M.R.)
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Murakami R, Watanabe H, Hashimoto H, Kashiwagi-Hakozaki M, Hashimoto T, Karch CM, Iwatsubo T, Okano H. Inhibitory Roles of Apolipoprotein E Christchurch Astrocytes in Curbing Tau Propagation Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Models. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1709232024. [PMID: 38649269 PMCID: PMC11170944 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1709-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene affect the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The APOE Christchurch (APOE Ch) variant has been identified as the most prominent candidate for preventing the onset and progression of AD. In this study, we generated isogenic APOE3Ch/3Ch human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from APOE3/3 healthy control female iPSCs and induced them into astrocytes. RNA expression analysis revealed the inherent resilience of APOE3Ch/3Ch astrocytes to induce a reactive state in response to inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, cytokine treatment changed astrocytic morphology with more complexity in APOE3/3 astrocytes, but not in APOE3Ch/3Ch astrocytes, indicating resilience of the rare variant to a reactive state. Interestingly, we observed robust morphological alterations containing more intricate processes when cocultured with iPSC-derived cortical neurons, in which APOE3Ch/3Ch astrocytes reduced complexity compared with APOE3/3 astrocytes. To assess the impacts of tau propagation effects, we next developed a sophisticated and sensitive assay utilizing cortical neurons derived from human iPSCs, previously generated from donors of both sexes. We showed that APOE3Ch/3Ch astrocytes effectively mitigated tau propagation within iPSC-derived neurons. This study provides important experimental evidence of the characteristic functions exhibited by APOE3Ch/3Ch astrocytes, thereby offering valuable insights for the advancement of novel clinical interventions in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Murakami
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Research fellow of Japan Society of the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watanabe
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideko Hashimoto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mayu Kashiwagi-Hakozaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Hashimoto
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-0031, Japan
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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6
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Almeida MC, Eger SJ, He C, Audouard M, Nikitina A, Glasauer SMK, Han D, Mejía-Cupajita B, Acosta-Uribe J, Villalba-Moreno ND, Littau JL, Elcheikhali M, Rivera EK, Carrettiero DC, Villegas-Lanau CA, Sepulveda-Falla D, Lopera F, Kosik KS. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing demonstrates an autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease profile and possible mechanisms of disease protection. Neuron 2024; 112:1778-1794.e7. [PMID: 38417436 PMCID: PMC11156559 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Highly penetrant autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD) comprises a distinct disease entity as compared to the far more prevalent form of AD in which common variants collectively contribute to risk. The downstream pathways that distinguish these AD forms in specific cell types have not been deeply explored. We compared single-nucleus transcriptomes among a set of 27 cases divided among PSEN1-E280A ADAD carriers, sporadic AD, and controls. Autophagy genes and chaperones clearly defined the PSEN1-E280A cases compared to sporadic AD. Spatial transcriptomics validated the activation of chaperone-mediated autophagy genes in PSEN1-E280A. The PSEN1-E280A case in which much of the brain was spared neurofibrillary pathology and harbored a homozygous APOE3-Christchurch variant revealed possible explanations for protection from AD pathology including overexpression of LRP1 in astrocytes, increased expression of FKBP1B, and decreased PSEN1 expression in neurons. The unique cellular responses in ADAD and sporadic AD require consideration when designing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Camila Almeida
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Center for Natural and Humans Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, SP 09608020, Brazil
| | - Sarah J Eger
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Caroline He
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Morgane Audouard
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Arina Nikitina
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Stella M K Glasauer
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Dasol Han
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Barbara Mejía-Cupajita
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Juliana Acosta-Uribe
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Nelson David Villalba-Moreno
- Molecular Neuropathology of Alzheimer's Disease, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Lisa Littau
- Molecular Neuropathology of Alzheimer's Disease, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Megan Elcheikhali
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Erica Keane Rivera
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Daniel Carneiro Carrettiero
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Center for Natural and Humans Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, SP 09608020, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Molecular Neuropathology of Alzheimer's Disease, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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7
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Meshref M, Ghaith HS, Hammad MA, Shalaby MMM, Ayasra F, Monib FA, Attia MS, Ebada MA, Elsayed H, Shalash A, Bahbah EI. The Role of RIN3 Gene in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: a Comprehensive Review. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3528-3544. [PMID: 37995081 PMCID: PMC11087354 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a globally prevalent form of dementia that impacts diverse populations and is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and impairments in executive memory. Although the exact mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis remain unclear, it is commonly accepted that the aggregation of misfolded proteins, such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles, plays a critical role. Additionally, AD is a multifactorial condition influenced by various genetic factors and can manifest as either early-onset AD (EOAD) or late-onset AD (LOAD), each associated with specific gene variants. One gene of particular interest in both EOAD and LOAD is RIN3, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. This gene plays a multifaceted role in AD pathogenesis. Firstly, upregulation of RIN3 can result in endosomal enlargement and dysfunction, thereby facilitating the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Secondly, RIN3 has been shown to impact the PICLAM pathway, affecting transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier. Lastly, RIN3 has implications for immune-mediated responses, notably through its influence on the PTK2B gene. This review aims to provide a concise overview of AD and delve into the role of the RIN3 gene in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Meshref
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Faris Ayasra
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | | | - Mohamed S Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Hanaa Elsayed
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ali Shalash
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eshak I Bahbah
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt.
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8
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Thierry M, Ponce J, Martà-Ariza M, Askenazi M, Faustin A, Leitner D, Pires G, Kanshin E, Drummond E, Ueberheide B, Wisniewski T. The influence of APOE ε4 on the pTau interactome in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:91. [PMID: 38772917 PMCID: PMC11108952 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
APOEε4 is the major genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although APOEε4 is known to promote Aβ pathology, recent data also support an effect of APOE polymorphism on phosphorylated Tau (pTau) pathology. To elucidate these potential effects, the pTau interactome was analyzed across APOE genotypes in the frontal cortex of 10 advanced AD cases (n = 5 APOEε3/ε3 and n = 5 APOEε4/ε4), using a combination of anti-pTau pS396/pS404 (PHF1) immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry (MS). This proteomic approach was complemented by an analysis of anti-pTau PHF1 and anti-Aβ 4G8 immunohistochemistry, performed in the frontal cortex of 21 advanced AD cases (n = 11 APOEε3/ε3 and n = 10 APOEε4/ε4). Our dataset includes 1130 and 1330 proteins enriched in IPPHF1 samples from APOEε3/ε3 and APOEε4/ε4 groups (fold change ≥ 1.50, IPPHF1 vs IPIgG ctrl). We identified 80 and 68 proteins as probable pTau interactors in APOEε3/ε3 and APOEε4/ε4 groups, respectively (SAINT score ≥ 0.80; false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 5%). A total of 47/80 proteins were identified as more likely to interact with pTau in APOEε3/ε3 vs APOEε4/ε4 cases. Functional enrichment analyses showed that they were significantly associated with the nucleoplasm compartment and involved in RNA processing. In contrast, 35/68 proteins were identified as more likely to interact with pTau in APOEε4/ε4 vs APOEε3/ε3 cases. They were significantly associated with the synaptic compartment and involved in cellular transport. A characterization of Tau pathology in the frontal cortex showed a higher density of plaque-associated neuritic crowns, made of dystrophic axons and synapses, in APOEε4 carriers. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy was more frequent and severe in APOEε4/ε4 cases. Our study supports an influence of APOE genotype on pTau-subcellular location in AD. These results suggest a facilitation of pTau progression to Aβ-affected brain regions in APOEε4 carriers, paving the way to the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Thierry
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, Science Building, Rm 1023J, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jackeline Ponce
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Proteomics Laboratory, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mitchell Martà-Ariza
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, Science Building, Rm 1023J, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, USA
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Arline Faustin
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, Science Building, Rm 1023J, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dominique Leitner
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, Science Building, Rm 1023J, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geoffrey Pires
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, Science Building, Rm 1023J, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evgeny Kanshin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Proteomics Laboratory, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eleanor Drummond
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Proteomics Laboratory, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, Science Building, Rm 1023J, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, USA.
- Departments of Pathology and Psychiatry, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, Science Building, Rm 1017, 435 East 30 Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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9
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Naguib S, Torres ER, Lopez-Lee C, Fan L, Bhagwat M, Norman K, Lee SI, Zhu J, Ye P, Wong MY, Patel T, Mok SA, Luo W, Sinha S, Zhao M, Gong S, Gan L. APOE3-R136S mutation confers resilience against tau pathology via cGAS-STING-IFN inhibition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.25.591140. [PMID: 38712164 PMCID: PMC11071490 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.25.591140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The Christchurch mutation (R136S) on the APOE3 (E3S/S) gene is associated with low tau pathology and slowdown of cognitive decline despite the causal PSEN1 mutation and high levels of amyloid beta pathology in the carrier1. However, the molecular effects enabling E3S/S mutation to confer protection remain unclear. Here, we replaced mouse Apoe with wild-type human E3 or E3S/S on a tauopathy background. The R136S mutation markedly mitigated tau load and protected against tau-induced synaptic loss, myelin loss, and spatial learning. Additionally, the R136S mutation reduced microglial interferon response to tau pathology both in vivo and in vitro, suppressing cGAS-STING activation. Treating tauopathy mice carrying wild-type E3 with cGAS inhibitor protected against tau-induced synaptic loss and induced similar transcriptomic alterations to those induced by the R136S mutation across brain cell types. Thus, cGAS-STING-IFN inhibition recapitulates the protective effects of R136S against tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Naguib
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Authors contributed equally
| | - Eileen Ruth Torres
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Authors contributed equally
| | - Chloe Lopez-Lee
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Authors contributed equally
| | - Li Fan
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Maitreyee Bhagwat
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Kendra Norman
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Se-In Lee
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jingjie Zhu
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Pearly Ye
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Man Ying Wong
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Tark Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Sue-Ann Mok
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Wenjie Luo
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Subhash Sinha
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Mingrui Zhao
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Shiaoching Gong
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Li Gan
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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10
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de Vries LE, Jongejan A, Monteiro Fortes J, Balesar R, Rozemuller AJM, Moerland PD, Huitinga I, Swaab DF, Verhaagen J. Gene-expression profiling of individuals resilient to Alzheimer's disease reveals higher expression of genes related to metallothionein and mitochondrial processes and no changes in the unfolded protein response. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:68. [PMID: 38664739 PMCID: PMC11046840 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Some individuals show a discrepancy between cognition and the amount of neuropathological changes characteristic for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This phenomenon has been referred to as 'resilience'. The molecular and cellular underpinnings of resilience remain poorly understood. To obtain an unbiased understanding of the molecular changes underlying resilience, we investigated global changes in gene expression in the superior frontal gyrus of a cohort of cognitively and pathologically well-defined AD patients, resilient individuals and age-matched controls (n = 11-12 per group). 897 genes were significantly altered between AD and control, 1121 between resilient and control and 6 between resilient and AD. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that the expression of metallothionein (MT) and of genes related to mitochondrial processes was higher in the resilient donors. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified gene modules related to the unfolded protein response, mitochondrial processes and synaptic signaling to be differentially associated with resilience or dementia. As changes in MT, mitochondria, heat shock proteins and the unfolded protein response (UPR) were the most pronounced changes in the GSEA and/or WGCNA, immunohistochemistry was used to further validate these processes. MT was significantly increased in astrocytes in resilient individuals. A higher proportion of the mitochondrial gene MT-CO1 was detected outside the cell body versus inside the cell body in the resilient compared to the control group and there were higher levels of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and X-box-binding protein 1 spliced (XBP1s), two proteins related to heat shock proteins and the UPR, in the AD donors. Finally, we show evidence for putative sex-specific alterations in resilience, including gene expression differences related to autophagy in females compared to males. Taken together, these results show possible mechanisms involving MTs, mitochondrial processes and the UPR by which individuals might maintain cognition despite the presence of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk E de Vries
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Monteiro Fortes
- Department of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rawien Balesar
- Department of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Perry D Moerland
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Department of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Kondkar AA, Azad TA, Sultan T, Khatlani T, Alshehri AA, Radhakrishnan R, Lobo GP, Alsirhy E, Almobarak FA, Osman EA, Al-Obeidan SA. APOE ε2-Carriers Are Associated with an Increased Risk of Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma in Patients of Saudi Origin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4571. [PMID: 38674156 PMCID: PMC11050284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphisms (rs429358 and rs7412) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) in a Saudi cohort. Genotyping of 437 DNA samples (251 controls, 92 PACG, 94 PXG) was conducted using PCR-based Sanger sequencing. The results showed no significant differences in the allele and genotype frequencies of rs429358 and rs7412 between the PACG/PXG cases and controls. Haplotype analysis revealed ε3 as predominant, followed by ε4 and ε2 alleles, with no significant variance in PACG/PXG. However, APOE genotype analysis indicated a significant association between ε2-carriers and PACG (odds ratio = 4.82, 95% CI 1.52-15.26, p = 0.007), whereas no notable association was observed with PXG. Logistic regression confirmed ε2-carriers as a significant predictor for PACG (p = 0.008), while age emerged as significant for PXG (p < 0.001). These findings suggest a potential role of ε2-carriers in PACG risk within the Saudi cohort. Further validation and larger-scale investigations are essential to elucidate the precise role of APOE in PACG pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf A. Kondkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
- Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taif A. Azad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
| | - Tahira Sultan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
| | - Tanvir Khatlani
- Department of Blood and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University of Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A. Alshehri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Imam Abdulrahman Alfaisal Hospital, Riyadh 14723, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakesh Radhakrishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55347, USA; (R.R.)
| | - Glenn P. Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55347, USA; (R.R.)
| | - Ehab Alsirhy
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
| | - Faisal A. Almobarak
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
| | - Essam A. Osman
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
| | - Saleh A. Al-Obeidan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
- Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Bhattarai P, Gunasekaran TI, Belloy ME, Reyes-Dumeyer D, Jülich D, Tayran H, Yilmaz E, Flaherty D, Turgutalp B, Sukumar G, Alba C, McGrath EM, Hupalo DN, Bacikova D, Le Guen Y, Lantigua R, Medrano M, Rivera D, Recio P, Nuriel T, Ertekin-Taner N, Teich AF, Dickson DW, Holley S, Greicius M, Dalgard CL, Zody M, Mayeux R, Kizil C, Vardarajan BN. Rare genetic variation in fibronectin 1 (FN1) protects against APOEε4 in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:70. [PMID: 38598053 PMCID: PMC11006751 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) significantly increases in individuals carrying the APOEε4 allele. Elderly cognitively healthy individuals with APOEε4 also exist, suggesting the presence of cellular mechanisms that counteract the pathological effects of APOEε4; however, these mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that APOEε4 carriers without dementia might carry genetic variations that could protect them from developing APOEε4-mediated AD pathology. To test this, we leveraged whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data in the National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Family Based Study (NIA-AD FBS), Washington Heights/Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP), and Estudio Familiar de Influencia Genetica en Alzheimer (EFIGA) cohorts and identified potentially protective variants segregating exclusively among unaffected APOEε4 carriers. In homozygous unaffected carriers above 70 years old, we identified 510 rare coding variants. Pathway analysis of the genes harboring these variants showed significant enrichment in extracellular matrix (ECM)-related processes, suggesting protective effects of functional modifications in ECM proteins. We prioritized two genes that were highly represented in the ECM-related gene ontology terms, (FN1) and collagen type VI alpha 2 chain (COL6A2) and are known to be expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), for postmortem validation and in vivo functional studies. An independent analysis in a large cohort of 7185 APOEε4 homozygous carriers found that rs140926439 variant in FN1 was protective of AD (OR = 0.29; 95% CI [0.11, 0.78], P = 0.014) and delayed age at onset of disease by 3.37 years (95% CI [0.42, 6.32], P = 0.025). The FN1 and COL6A2 protein levels were increased at the BBB in APOEε4 carriers with AD. Brain expression of cognitively unaffected homozygous APOEε4 carriers had significantly lower FN1 deposition and less reactive gliosis compared to homozygous APOEε4 carriers with AD, suggesting that FN1 might be a downstream driver of APOEε4-mediated AD-related pathology and cognitive decline. To validate our findings, we used zebrafish models with loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in fn1b-the ortholog for human FN1. We found that fibronectin LOF reduced gliosis, enhanced gliovascular remodeling, and potentiated the microglial response, suggesting that pathological accumulation of FN1 could impair toxic protein clearance, which is ameliorated with FN1 LOF. Our study suggests that vascular deposition of FN1 is related to the pathogenicity of APOEε4, and LOF variants in FN1 may reduce APOEε4-related AD risk, providing novel clues to potential therapeutic interventions targeting the ECM to mitigate AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabesh Bhattarai
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tamil Iniyan Gunasekaran
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael E Belloy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dolly Reyes-Dumeyer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dörthe Jülich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Hüseyin Tayran
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elanur Yilmaz
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Delaney Flaherty
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Bengisu Turgutalp
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gauthaman Sukumar
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Camille Alba
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Elisa Martinez McGrath
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Daniel N Hupalo
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Dagmar Bacikova
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Yann Le Guen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rafael Lantigua
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York, New York, USA
| | - Martin Medrano
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra, Santiago, Dominican Republic
| | - Diones Rivera
- Department of Neurology, CEDIMAT, Plaza de la Salud, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
- School of Medicine, Universidad Pedro Henriquez Urena (UNPHU), Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Patricia Recio
- Department of Neurology, CEDIMAT, Plaza de la Salud, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Tal Nuriel
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Andrew F Teich
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Scott Holley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Michael Greicius
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- The American Genome Center, Center for Military Precision Health, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Zody
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Caghan Kizil
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Badri N Vardarajan
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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13
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de Vries LE, Huitinga I, Kessels HW, Swaab DF, Verhaagen J. The concept of resilience to Alzheimer's Disease: current definitions and cellular and molecular mechanisms. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:33. [PMID: 38589893 PMCID: PMC11003087 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Some individuals are able to maintain their cognitive abilities despite the presence of significant Alzheimer's Disease (AD) neuropathological changes. This discrepancy between cognition and pathology has been labeled as resilience and has evolved into a widely debated concept. External factors such as cognitive stimulation are associated with resilience to AD, but the exact cellular and molecular underpinnings are not completely understood. In this review, we discuss the current definitions used in the field, highlight the translational approaches used to investigate resilience to AD and summarize the underlying cellular and molecular substrates of resilience that have been derived from human and animal studies, which have received more and more attention in the last few years. From these studies the picture emerges that resilient individuals are different from AD patients in terms of specific pathological species and their cellular reaction to AD pathology, which possibly helps to maintain cognition up to a certain tipping point. Studying these rare resilient individuals can be of great importance as it could pave the way to novel therapeutic avenues for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk E de Vries
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helmut W Kessels
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Department of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Korczyn AD, Grinberg LT. Is Alzheimer disease a disease? Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:245-251. [PMID: 38424454 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-00940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Dementia, a prevalent condition among older individuals, has profound societal implications. Extensive research has resulted in no cure for what is perceived as the most common dementing illness: Alzheimer disease (AD). AD is defined by specific brain abnormalities - amyloid-β plaques and tau protein neurofibrillary tangles - that are proposed to actively influence the neurodegenerative process. However, conclusive evidence of amyloid-β toxicity is lacking, the mechanisms leading to the accumulation of plaques and tangles are unknown, and removing amyloid-β has not halted neurodegeneration. So, the question remains, are we making progress towards a solution? The complexity of AD is underscored by numerous genetic and environmental risk factors, and diverse clinical presentations, suggesting that AD is more akin to a syndrome than to a traditional disease, with its pathological manifestation representing a convergence of pathogenic pathways. Therefore, a solution requires a multifaceted approach over a single 'silver bullet'. Improved recognition and classification of conditions that converge in plaques and tangle accumulation and their treatment requires the use of multiple strategies simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos D Korczyn
- Departments of Neurology, Physiology and Pharmacology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Perez-Corredor P, Vanderleest TE, Vacano GN, Sanchez JS, Villalba-Moreno ND, Marino C, Krasemann S, Mendivil-Perez MA, Aguillón D, Jiménez-Del-Río M, Baena A, Sepulveda-Falla D, Lopera F, Quiroz YT, Arboleda-Velasquez JF, Mazzarino RC. APOE3 Christchurch modulates β-catenin/Wnt signaling in iPS cell-derived cerebral organoids from Alzheimer's cases. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1373568. [PMID: 38571814 PMCID: PMC10987717 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1373568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A patient with the PSEN1 E280A mutation and homozygous for APOE3 Christchurch (APOE3Ch) displayed extreme resistance to Alzheimer's disease (AD) cognitive decline and tauopathy, despite having a high amyloid burden. To further investigate the differences in biological processes attributed to APOE3Ch, we generated induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived cerebral organoids from this resistant case and a non-protected control, using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to modulate APOE3Ch expression. In the APOE3Ch cerebral organoids, we observed a protective pattern from early tau phosphorylation. ScRNA sequencing revealed regulation of Cadherin and Wnt signaling pathways by APOE3Ch, with immunostaining indicating elevated β-catenin protein levels. Further in vitro reporter assays unexpectedly demonstrated that ApoE3Ch functions as a Wnt3a signaling enhancer. This work uncovered a neomorphic molecular mechanism of protection of ApoE3 Christchurch, which may serve as the foundation for the future development of protected case-inspired therapeutics targeting AD and tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Perez-Corredor
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Timothy E. Vanderleest
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Justin S. Sanchez
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nelson D. Villalba-Moreno
- Molecular Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s Disease, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Marino
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - David Aguillón
- The Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Ana Baena
- The Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Molecular Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s Disease, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francisco Lopera
- The Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Yakeel T. Quiroz
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- The Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph F. Arboleda-Velasquez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Randall C. Mazzarino
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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16
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Hata Y, Nakase M, Ichimata S, Yoshida K, Nishida N. Neuropathology of patients with preclinical or early clinical Alzheimer's disease with pathogenic PSEN1_p. L392V: Comparison of advanced siblings. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:2291-2296. [PMID: 38215435 PMCID: PMC10984492 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropathological investigation of presymptomatic or early symptomatic presenilin-1 (PSEN1) mutation carriers in familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) is extremely scarce. METHODS We report the autopsy findings of brothers with familial AD. Case 1 is a 45-year-old man without obvious cognitive impairment, who committed suicide. Case 2 is a 57-year-old older brother of Case 1 with advanced AD symptoms, who died of hypothermia during wondering. RESULTS In both cases, abundant amyloid plaques positive for amyloid β (Aβ) were found throughout the brain. Progression of neuronal loss and increasing amount and extension of neurofibrillary tangle pathology were evident in Case 2. Genetic investigation revealed a PSEN1_p. L392V mutation in both cases. DISCUSSION The present study shows a possible neuropathological boundary between symptomatic and preclinical AD with pathogenic PSEN1 mutation. Additional clinicopathological investigation for familial AD-related mutation carriers may be significant to explore the association between familial AD and suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hata
- Department of Legal MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Mio Nakase
- Department of Legal MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaToyamaJapan
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Shojiro Ichimata
- Department of Legal MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Koji Yoshida
- Department of Legal MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Naoki Nishida
- Department of Legal MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaToyamaJapan
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17
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Blumenfeld J, Yip O, Kim MJ, Huang Y. Cell type-specific roles of APOE4 in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:91-110. [PMID: 38191720 PMCID: PMC11073858 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE), which translates to the APOE4 isoform, is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Within the CNS, APOE is produced by a variety of cell types under different conditions, posing a challenge for studying its roles in AD pathogenesis. However, through powerful advances in research tools and the use of novel cell culture and animal models, researchers have recently begun to study the roles of APOE4 in AD in a cell type-specific manner and at a deeper and more mechanistic level than ever before. In particular, cutting-edge omics studies have enabled APOE4 to be studied at the single-cell level and have allowed the identification of critical APOE4 effects in AD-vulnerable cellular subtypes. Through these studies, it has become evident that APOE4 produced in various types of CNS cell - including astrocytes, neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes and vascular cells - has diverse roles in AD pathogenesis. Here, we review these scientific advances and propose a cell type-specific APOE4 cascade model of AD. In this model, neuronal APOE4 emerges as a crucial pathological initiator and driver of AD pathogenesis, instigating glial responses and, ultimately, neurodegeneration. In addition, we provide perspectives on future directions for APOE4 research and related therapeutic developments in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Blumenfeld
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Yip
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Min Joo Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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18
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Marino C, Perez‐Corredor P, O'Hare M, Heuer A, Chmielewska N, Gordon H, Chandrahas AS, Gonzalez‐Buendia L, Delgado‐Tirado S, Doan TH, Vanderleest TE, Arevalo‐Alquichire S, Obar RA, Ortiz‐Cordero C, Villegas A, Sepulveda‐Falla D, Kim LA, Lopera F, Mahley R, Huang Y, Quiroz YT, Arboleda‐Velasquez JF. APOE Christchurch-mimetic therapeutic antibody reduces APOE-mediated toxicity and tau phosphorylation. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:819-836. [PMID: 37791598 PMCID: PMC10916992 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We discovered that the APOE3 Christchurch (APOE3Ch) variant may provide resistance to Alzheimer's disease (AD). This resistance may be due to reduced pathological interactions between ApoE3Ch and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). METHODS We developed and characterized the binding, structure, and preclinical efficacy of novel antibodies targeting human ApoE-HSPG interactions. RESULTS We found that one of these antibodies, called 7C11, preferentially bound ApoE4, a major risk factor for sporadic AD, and disrupts heparin-ApoE4 interactions. We also determined the crystal structure of a Fab fragment of 7C11 and used computer modeling to predict how it would bind to ApoE. When we tested 7C11 in mouse models, we found that it reduced recombinant ApoE-induced tau pathology in the retina of MAPT*P301S mice and curbed pTau S396 phosphorylation in brains of systemically treated APOE4 knock-in mice. Targeting ApoE-HSPG interactions using 7C11 antibody may be a promising approach to developing new therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Marino
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Paula Perez‐Corredor
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Michael O'Hare
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Annie Heuer
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Natalia Chmielewska
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Harper Gordon
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Anita S. Chandrahas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lucia Gonzalez‐Buendia
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Santiago Delgado‐Tirado
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Tri H. Doan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Timothy E. Vanderleest
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Said Arevalo‐Alquichire
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Robert A. Obar
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Andres Villegas
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Diego Sepulveda‐Falla
- Molecular Neuropathology of Alzheimer's DiseaseInstitute of NeuropathologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Leo A. Kim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Robert Mahley
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological DiseaseSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular DiseaseSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PathologyUCSFSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of MedicineUCSFSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteUCSFSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological DiseaseSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular DiseaseSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PathologyUCSFSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUCSFSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yakeel T. Quiroz
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Joseph F. Arboleda‐Velasquez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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19
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Chen Y, Song S, Parhizkar S, Lord J, Zhu Y, Strickland MR, Wang C, Park J, Travis Tabor G, Jiang H, Li K, Davis AA, Yuede CM, Colonna M, Ulrich JD, Holtzman DM. APOE3ch alters microglial response and suppresses Aβ-induced tau seeding and spread. Cell 2024; 187:428-445.e20. [PMID: 38086389 PMCID: PMC10842861 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
A recent case report described an individual who was a homozygous carrier of the APOE3 Christchurch (APOE3ch) mutation and resistant to autosomal dominant Alzheimer's Disease (AD) caused by a PSEN1-E280A mutation. Whether APOE3ch contributed to the protective effect remains unclear. We generated a humanized APOE3ch knock-in mouse and crossed it to an amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque-depositing model. We injected AD-tau brain extract to investigate tau seeding and spreading in the presence or absence of amyloid. Similar to the case report, APOE3ch expression resulted in peripheral dyslipidemia and a marked reduction in plaque-associated tau pathology. Additionally, we observed decreased amyloid response and enhanced microglial response around plaques. We also demonstrate increased myeloid cell phagocytosis and degradation of tau aggregates linked to weaker APOE3ch binding to heparin sulfate proteoglycans. APOE3ch influences the microglial response to Aβ plaques, which suppresses Aβ-induced tau seeding and spreading. The results reveal new possibilities to target Aβ-induced tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sihui Song
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samira Parhizkar
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer Lord
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yiyang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael R. Strickland
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chanung Wang
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jiyu Park
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - G. Travis Tabor
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kevin Li
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Albert A. Davis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carla M. Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason D. Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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20
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Liao SY, Tan YD. Sister haplotypes and recombination disequilibrium: a new approach to identify associations of haplotypes with complex diseases. Front Genet 2024; 14:1295327. [PMID: 38292437 PMCID: PMC10825010 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1295327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Haplotype-based association analysis has several advantages over single-SNP association analysis. However, to date all haplotype-disease associations have not excluded recombination interference among multiple loci and hence some results might be confounded by recombination interference. Association of sister haplotypes with a complex disease, based on recombination disequilibrium (RD) was presented. Sister haplotypes can be determined by translating notation of DNA base haplotypes to notation of genetic genotypes. Sister haplotypes provide haplotype pairs available for haplotype-disease association analysis. After performing RD tests in control and case cohorts, a two-by-two contingency table can be constructed using sister haplotype pair and case-control pair. With this standard two-by-two table, one can perform classical Chi-square test to find statistical haplotype-disease association. Applying this method to a haplotype dataset of Alzheimer disease (AD), association of sister haplotypes containing ApoE3/4 with risk for AD was identified under no RD. Haplotypes within gene IL-13 were not associated with risk for breast cancer in the case of no RD and no association of haplotypes in gene IL-17A with risk for coronary artery disease were detected without RD. The previously reported associations of haplotypes within these genes with risk for these diseases might be due to strong RD and/or inappropriate haplotype pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Yao Liao
- Institute of Gerontology, Center for Genetics, Sichuan Academy & Sichuan Provincial People Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan-De Tan
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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21
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Bhattarai P, Gunasekaran TI, Reyes-Dumeyer D, Jülich D, Tayran H, Yilmaz E, Flaherty D, Lantigua R, Medrano M, Rivera D, Recio P, Ertekin-Taner N, Teich AF, Dickson DW, Holley S, Mayeux R, Kizil C, Vardarajan BN. Rare genetic variation in Fibronectin 1 ( FN1 ) protects against APOEe4 in Alzheimer's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.02.573895. [PMID: 38260431 PMCID: PMC10802344 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.02.573895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) significantly increases in individuals carrying the APOEε4 allele. Elderly cognitively healthy individuals with APOEε4 also exist, suggesting the presence of cellular mechanisms that counteract the pathological effects of APOEε4 ; however, these mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that APOEε4 carriers without dementia might carry genetic variations that could protect them from developing APOEε4- mediated AD pathology. To test this, we leveraged whole genome sequencing (WGS) data in National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Family Based Study (NIA-AD FBS), Washington Heights/Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP), and Estudio Familiar de Influencia Genetica en Alzheimer (EFIGA) cohorts and identified potentially protective variants segregating exclusively among unaffected APOEε4 carriers. In homozygous unaffected carriers above 70 years old, we identified 510 rare coding variants. Pathway analysis of the genes harboring these variants showed significant enrichment in extracellular matrix (ECM)-related processes, suggesting protective effects of functional modifications in ECM proteins. We prioritized two genes that were highly represented in the ECM-related gene ontology terms, (FN1) and collagen type VI alpha 2 chain ( COL6A2 ) and are known to be expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), for postmortem validation and in vivo functional studies. The FN1 and COL6A2 protein levels were increased at the BBB in APOEε4 carriers with AD. Brain expression of cognitively unaffected homozygous APOEε4 carriers had significantly lower FN1 deposition and less reactive gliosis compared to homozygous APOEε4 carriers with AD, suggesting that FN1 might be a downstream driver of APOEε4 -mediated AD-related pathology and cognitive decline. To validate our findings, we used zebrafish models with loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in fn1b - the ortholog for human FN1 . We found that fibronectin LOF reduced gliosis, enhanced gliovascular remodeling and potentiated the microglial response, suggesting that pathological accumulation of FN1 could impair toxic protein clearance, which is ameliorated with FN1 LOF. Our study suggests vascular deposition of FN1 is related to the pathogenicity of APOEε4 , LOF variants in FN1 may reduce APOEε4 -related AD risk, providing novel clues to potential therapeutic interventions targeting the ECM to mitigate AD risk.
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22
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Nelson MR, Liu P, Agrawal A, Yip O, Blumenfeld J, Traglia M, Kim MJ, Koutsodendris N, Rao A, Grone B, Hao Y, Yoon SY, Xu Q, De Leon S, Choenyi T, Thomas R, Lopera F, Quiroz YT, Arboleda-Velasquez JF, Reiman EM, Mahley RW, Huang Y. The APOE-R136S mutation protects against APOE4-driven Tau pathology, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:2104-2121. [PMID: 37957317 PMCID: PMC10689245 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), leading to earlier age of clinical onset and exacerbating pathologies. There is a critical need to identify protective targets. Recently, a rare APOE variant, APOE3-R136S (Christchurch), was found to protect against early-onset AD in a PSEN1-E280A carrier. In this study, we sought to determine if the R136S mutation also protects against APOE4-driven effects in LOAD. We generated tauopathy mouse and human iPSC-derived neuron models carrying human APOE4 with the homozygous or heterozygous R136S mutation. We found that the homozygous R136S mutation rescued APOE4-driven Tau pathology, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. The heterozygous R136S mutation partially protected against APOE4-driven neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation but not Tau pathology. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing revealed that the APOE4-R136S mutation increased disease-protective and diminished disease-associated cell populations in a gene dose-dependent manner. Thus, the APOE-R136S mutation protects against APOE4-driven AD pathologies, providing a target for therapeutic development against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine R Nelson
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ayushi Agrawal
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Yip
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Blumenfeld
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michela Traglia
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Min Joo Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Koutsodendris
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antara Rao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian Grone
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yanxia Hao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Seo Yeon Yoon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qin Xu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samuel De Leon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tenzing Choenyi
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reuben Thomas
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph F Arboleda-Velasquez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric M Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Robert W Mahley
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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23
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Sudwarts A, Thinakaran G. Alzheimer's genes in microglia: a risk worth investigating. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:90. [PMID: 37986179 PMCID: PMC10662636 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite expressing many key risk genes, the role of microglia in late-onset Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology is somewhat ambiguous, with various phenotypes reported to be either harmful or protective. Herein, we review some key findings from clinical and animal model investigations, discussing the role of microglial genetics in mediating perturbations from homeostasis. We note that impairment to protective phenotypes may include prolonged or insufficient microglial activation, resulting in dysregulated metabolomic (notably lipid-related) processes, compounded by age-related inflexibility in dynamic responses. Insufficiencies of mouse genetics and aggressive transgenic modelling imply severe limitations in applying current methodologies for aetiological investigations. Despite the shortcomings, widely used amyloidosis and tauopathy models of the disease have proven invaluable in dissecting microglial functional responses to AD pathophysiology. Some recent advances have brought modelling tools closer to human genetics, increasing the validity of both aetiological and translational endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Sudwarts
- Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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24
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Connolly KJ, Margaria J, Di Biase E, Cooper O, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Loss of Lipid Carrier ApoE Exacerbates Brain Glial and Inflammatory Responses after Lysosomal GBA1 Inhibition. Cells 2023; 12:2564. [PMID: 37947642 PMCID: PMC10647680 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tightly regulated and highly adaptive lipid metabolic and transport pathways are critical to maintaining brain cellular lipid homeostasis and responding to lipid and inflammatory stress to preserve brain function and health. Deficits in the lipid handling genes APOE and GBA1 are the most significant genetic risk factors for Lewy body dementia and related dementia syndromes. Parkinson's disease patients who carry both APOE4 and GBA1 variants have accelerated cognitive decline compared to single variant carriers. To investigate functional interactions between brain ApoE and GBA1, in vivo GBA1 inhibition was tested in WT versus ApoE-deficient mice. The experiments demonstrated glycolipid stress caused by GBA1 inhibition in WT mice induced ApoE expression in several brain regions associated with movement and dementia disorders. The absence of ApoE in ApoE-KO mice amplified complement C1q elevations, reactive microgliosis and astrocytosis after glycolipid stress. Mechanistically, GBA1 inhibition triggered increases in cell surface and intracellular lipid transporters ABCA1 and NPC1, respectively. Interestingly, the absence of NPC1 in mice also triggered elevations of brain ApoE levels. These new data show that brain ApoE, GBA1 and NPC1 functions are interconnected in vivo, and that the removal or reduction of ApoE would likely be detrimental to brain function. These results provide important insights into brain ApoE adaptive responses to increased lipid loads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Penelope J. Hallett
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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25
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Kosik KS. Search Strategies for Alzheimer Protector Genes. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:613-617. [PMID: 37574772 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Large families with autosomal dominant mutations leading to Alzheimer's disease and related conditions can show putative protective gene variants; however, no systematic search strategy exists to find these genes. Described here are the unique demographic circumstances and genetic setting in which the discovery of protective variants is likely. The identification of these genes may reveal pathways with therapeutic implications. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:613-617.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Kosik
- The Neuroscience Research Institute and The Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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26
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Bathla S, Datta D, Liang F, Barthelemy N, Wiseman R, Slusher BS, Asher J, Zeiss C, Ekanayake‐Alper D, Holden D, Terwilliger G, Duque A, Arellano J, van Dyck C, Bateman RJ, Xie Z, Nairn AC, Arnsten AFT. Chronic GCPII (glutamate-carboxypeptidase-II) inhibition reduces pT217Tau levels in the entorhinal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices of aged macaques. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2023; 9:e12431. [PMID: 37915375 PMCID: PMC10617575 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Current approaches for treating sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) focus on removal of amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ1-42) or phosphorylated tau, but additional strategies are needed to reduce neuropathology at earlier stages prior to neuronal damage. Longstanding data show that calcium dysregulation is a key etiological factor in sAD, and the cortical neurons most vulnerable to tau pathology show magnified calcium signaling, for example in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and entorhinal cortex (ERC). In primate dlPFC and ERC, type 3 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR3s) are predominately post-synaptic, on spines, where they regulate cAMP-calcium signaling, a process eroded by inflammatory glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) actions. The current study tested whether enhancing mGluR3 regulation of calcium via chronic inhibition of GCPII would reduce tau hyperphosphorylation in aged macaques with naturally-occurring tau pathology. Methods Aged rhesus macaques were treated daily with the GCPII inhibitor, 2-MPPA (2-3-mercaptopropyl-penanedioic acid (2-MPPA)),Aged rhesus macaques were treated daily with the GCPII inhibitor, 2-MPPA (2-3-mercaptopropyl-penanedioic acid (2-MPPA)). Results Aged macaques that received 2-MPPA had significantly lower pT217Tau levels in dlPFC and ERC, and had lowered plasma pT217Tau levels from baseline. pT217Tau levels correlated significantly with GCPII activity in dlPFC. Both 2-MPPA- and vehicle-treated monkeys showed cognitive improvement; 2-MPPA had no apparent side effects. Exploratory CSF analyses indicated reduced pS202Tau with 2-MPPA administration, confirmed in dlPFC samples. Discussion These data provide proof-of-concept support that GCPII inhibition can reduce tau hyperphosphorylation in the primate cortices most vulnerable in sAD. GCPII inhibition may be particularly helpful in reducing the risk of sAD caused by inflammation. These data in nonhuman primates should encourage future research on this promising mechanism. Highlights Inflammation is a key driver of sporadic Alzheimer's disease.GCPII inflammatory signaling in brain decreases mGluR3 regulation of calcium.Chronic inhibition of GCPII inflammatory signaling reduced pT217Tau in aged monkeys.GCPII inhibition is a novel strategy to help prevent tau pathology at early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shveta Bathla
- Departments of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Dibyadeep Datta
- Departments of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Departments of NeuroscienceYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of AnesthesiologyHarvard University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Nicolas Barthelemy
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Robyn Wiseman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Drug DiscoveryJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Drug DiscoveryJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jennifer Asher
- Departments of Comparative MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Caroline Zeiss
- Departments of Comparative MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Dil Ekanayake‐Alper
- Departments of Comparative MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Daniel Holden
- Departments of RadiologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Gordon Terwilliger
- Departments of Comparative MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Departments of NeuroscienceYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Jon Arellano
- Departments of NeuroscienceYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Christopher van Dyck
- Departments of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Departments of RadiologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Departments of Comparative MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Angus C. Nairn
- Departments of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Amy F. T. Arnsten
- Departments of NeuroscienceYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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27
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Zhao T, Zhong T, Zhang M, Xu Y, Zhang M, Chen L. Alzheimer's Disease: Causal Effect between Obesity and APOE Gene Polymorphisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13531. [PMID: 37686334 PMCID: PMC10487910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently studies on the correlation between obesity and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still unclear. In addition, few indicators have been used to evaluate obesity, which has failed to comprehen-sively study the correlations between body fat mass, body fat distribution, and AD. Thus, this study innovatively utilized bioinformatics and Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore the key targets of obesity-induced AD, and investigate the causal associations between different types of obesity and key targets. The common targets of obesity and AD were screened using the GeneCards database, and functional and pathway annotations were carried out, thereby revealing the key target. MR analysis was conducted between body anthropometric indexes of obesity and the key target using an IVW model. Bioinformatics analysis revealed Apolipoprotein E (APOE) as the key target of obesity-induced AD. MR results showed that body mass index (BMI) had a negative causal association with APOE2, while body fat percentage (BFP) and trunk fat percentage (TFP) had no significant causal association with APOE2; BMI, BFP, and TFP had a negative causal association with APOE3, and none had any significant causal association with APOE4. In conclusion, there is a correlation between obesity and AD, which is mainly due to the polymorphism of the APOE gene rather than adipose tissue distribution. APOE3 carriers may be more susceptible to obesity, while the risk of AD caused by APOE2 and APOE4 may not be induced by obesity. This study sheds new light on current disputes. At the same time, it is suggested to regulate the body fat mass of APOE3 carriers in the early stage, and to reduce the risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Tangsheng Zhong
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (M.Z.)
| | - Meishuang Zhang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (Y.X.)
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Sepulveda-Falla D, Lanau CAV, White C, Serrano GE, Acosta-Uribe J, Mejía-Cupajita B, Villalba-Moreno ND, Lu P, Glatzel M, Kofler JK, Ghetti B, Frosch MP, Restrepo FL, Kosik KS, Beach TG. Comorbidities in Early-Onset Sporadic versus Presenilin-1 Mutation-Associated Alzheimer's Disease Dementia: Evidence for Dependency on Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathological Changes. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.08.14.23294081. [PMID: 37646002 PMCID: PMC10462216 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.14.23294081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Autopsy studies have demonstrated that comorbid neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disease occur in the great majority of subjects with Alzheimer disease dementia (ADD), and are likely to additively alter the rate of decline or severity of cognitive impairment. The most important of these are Lewy body disease (LBD), TDP-43 proteinopathy and cerebrovascular disease, including white matter rarefaction (WMR) and cerebral infarcts. Comorbidities may interfere with ADD therapeutic trials evaluation of ADD clinical trials as they may not respond to AD-specific molecular therapeutics. It is possible, however, that at least some comorbidities may be, to some degree, secondary consequences of AD pathology, and if this were true then effective AD-specific therapeutics might also reduce the extent or severity of comorbid pathology. Comorbidities in ADD caused by autosomal dominant mutations such as those in the presenilin-1 (PSEN1) gene may provide an advantageous perspective on their pathogenesis, and deserve attention because these subjects are increasingly being entered into clinical trials. As ADD associated with PSEN1 mutations has a presumed single-cause etiology, and the average age at death is under 60, any comorbidities in this setting may be considered as at least partially secondary to the causative AD mechanisms rather than aging, and thus indicate whether effective ADD therapeutics may also be effective for comorbidities. In this study, we sought to compare the rates and types of ADD comorbidities between subjects with early-onset sporadic ADD (EOSADD; subjects dying under age 60) versus ADD associated with different types of PSEN1 mutations, the most common cause of early-onset autosomal dominant ADD. In particular, we were able to ascertain, for the first time, the prevalences of a fairly complete set of ADD comorbidities in United States (US) PSEN1 cases as well as the Colombian E280A PSEN1 kindred. Data for EOSADD and US PSEN1 subjects (with multiple different mutation types) was obtained from the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center (NACC). Colombian cases all had the E280A mutation and had a set of neuropathological observations classified, like the US cases according to the NACC NP10 definitions. Confirmatory of earlier reports, NACC-defined Alzheimer Disease Neuropathological Changes (ADNC) were consistently very severe in early-onset cases, whether sporadic or in PSEN1 cases, but were slightly less severe in EOSADD. Amyloid angiopathy was the only AD-associated pathology type with widely-differing severity scores between the 3 groups, with median scores of 3, 2 and 1 in the PSEN1 Colombia, PSEN1 US and EOSADD cases, respectively. Apoliprotein E genotype did not show significant proportional group differences for the possession of an E-4 or E-2 allele. Of ADD comorbidities, LBD was most common, being present in more than half of all cases in all 3 groups. For TDP-43 co-pathology, the Colombian PSEN1 group was the most affected, at about 27%, vs 16% and 11% for the US PSEN1 and sporadic US cases, respectively. Notably, hippocampal sclerosis and non-AD tau pathological conditions were not present in any of the US or Colombian PSEN1 cases, and was seen in only 3% of the EOSADD cases. Significant large-vessel atherosclerosis was present in a much larger percentage of Colombian PSEN1 cases, at almost 20% as compared to 0% and 3% of the US PSEN1 and EOSADD cases, respectively. Small-vessel disease, or arteriolosclerosis, was much more common than large vessel disease, being present in all groups between 18% and 37%. Gross and microscopic infarcts, however, as well as gross or microscopic hemorrhages, were generally absent or present at very low percentages in all groups. White matter rarefaction (WMR) was remarkably common, at almost 60%, in the US PSEN1 group, as compared to about 18% in the EOSADD cases, a significant difference. White matter rarefaction was not assessed in the Colombian PSEN1 cases. The results presented here, as well as other evidence, indicates that LBD, TDP-43 pathology and WMR, as common comorbidities with autosomal dominant and early-onset sporadic ADD, should be considered when planning clinical trials with such subjects as they may increase variability in response rates. However, they may be at least partially dependent on ADNC and thus potentially addressable by anti-amyloid or and/anti-tau therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52 20246 Hamburg, Gebäude Nord 27 / Raum 02.005
| | | | - Charles White
- Neuropathology Section, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351
| | - Juliana Acosta-Uribe
- Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara
| | - Barbara Mejía-Cupajita
- Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara
| | - Nelson David Villalba-Moreno
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52 20246 Hamburg, Gebäude Nord 27 / Raum 02.005
| | - Pinzhang Lu
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52 20246 Hamburg, Gebäude Nord 27 / Raum 02.005
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52 20246 Hamburg, Gebäude Nord 27 / Raum 02.005
| | - Julia K Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351
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Lopera F, Custodio N, Rico-Restrepo M, Allegri RF, Barrientos JD, Garcia Batres E, Calandri IL, Calero Moscoso C, Caramelli P, Duran Quiroz JC, Jansen AM, Mimenza Alvarado AJ, Nitrini R, Parodi JF, Ramos C, Slachevsky A, Brucki SMD. A task force for diagnosis and treatment of people with Alzheimer's disease in Latin America. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1198869. [PMID: 37497015 PMCID: PMC10367107 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1198869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a substantial burden to patients, their caregivers, health systems, and society in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This impact is exacerbated by limited access to diagnosis, specialized care, and therapies for AD within and among nations. The region has varied geographic, ethnic, cultural, and economic conditions, which create unique challenges to AD diagnosis and management. To address these issues, the Americas Health Foundation convened a panel of eight neurologists, geriatricians, and psychiatrists from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru who are experts in AD for a three-day virtual meeting to discuss best practices for AD diagnosis and treatment in LAC and create a manuscript offering recommendations to address identified barriers. In LAC, several barriers hamper diagnosing and treating people with dementia. These barriers include access to healthcare, fragmented healthcare systems, limited research funding, unstandardized diagnosis and treatment, genetic heterogeneity, and varying social determinants of health. Additional training for physicians and other healthcare workers at the primary care level, region-specific or adequately adapted cognitive tests, increased public healthcare insurance coverage of testing and treatment, and dedicated search strategies to detect populations with gene variants associated with AD are among the recommendations to improve the landscape of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Nilton Custodio
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Ricardo F. Allegri
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Instituto Neurológico Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Estuardo Garcia Batres
- Geriatric Unit, New Hope, Interior Hospital Atención Medica Siloé, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Ismael L. Calandri
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Instituto Neurológico Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristian Calero Moscoso
- Department of Neurology, HCAM Memory and Behavior Unit, University of Hospital Carlos Andrade Marin HCAM, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juan Carlos Duran Quiroz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Functional Sciences, Physiology Division, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | - Alberto José Mimenza Alvarado
- Memory Disorders Clinic, Neurological Geriatrics Program, Department of Geriatrics, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Group, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose F. Parodi
- Centro de Investigación del Envejecimiento, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | - Claudia Ramos
- Antioquia Neurosciences Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Andrea Slachevsky
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sonia María Dozzi Brucki
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Group, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Sepulveda-Falla D. Resistant and Resilient mutations in protection against familial Alzheimer's disease: learning from nature. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:36. [PMID: 37264439 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Molecular Neuropathology of Alzheimer's Disease, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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31
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Huang X. A Concise Review on Oxidative Stress-Mediated Ferroptosis and Cuproptosis in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:1369. [PMID: 37408203 PMCID: PMC10216514 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which was first identified more than a century ago, has become a pandemic that exacts enormous social burden and economic tolls as no measure of combating devastated AD is currently available. Growing etiopathological, genetic, and biochemical data indicate that AD is a heterogeneous, polygenic, multifactorial, and complex disease. However, its exact etiopathology remains to be determined. Numerous experimental data show that cerebral iron and copper dyshomeostasis contribute to Aβ amyloidosis and tauopathy, two neuropathological hallmarks of AD. Moreover, increasing experimental evidence suggests ferroptosis, an iron-dependent and nonapoptotic form of cell death, may be involved in the neurodegenerative process in the AD brain. Thus, the anti-ferroptosis approach may be an efficacious therapeutic strategy for AD patients. Furthermore, it remains to be further determined whether cuproptosis, a copper-dependent and distinct form of regulated cell death, also plays a contributing role in AD neurodegeneration. We hope this concise review of recent experimental studies of oxidative stress-mediated ferroptosis and cuproptosis in AD may spur further investigations on this timely and essential line of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Huang
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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32
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Li Y, Chang J, Chen X, Liu J, Zhao L. Advances in the Study of APOE and Innate Immunity in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230179. [PMID: 37182889 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disease of the nervous system (CNS) with an insidious onset. Clinically, it is characterized by a full range of dementia manifestations including memory impairment, aphasia, loss of speech, loss of use, loss of recognition, impairment of visuospatial skills, and impairment of executive function, as well as changes in personality and behavior. The exact cause of AD has not yet been identified. Nevertheless, modern research indicates that genetic factors contribute to 70% of human's risk of AD. Apolipoprotein (APOE) accounts for up to 90% of the genetic predisposition. APOE is a crucial gene that cannot be overstated. In addition, innate immunity plays a significant role in the etiology and treatment of AD. Understanding the different subtypes of APOE and their interconnections is of paramount importance. APOE and innate immunity, along with their relationship to AD, are primary research motivators for in-depth research and clinical trials. The exploration of novel technologies has led to an increasing trend in the study of AD at the cellular and molecular levels and continues to make more breakthroughs and progress. As of today, there is no effective treatment available for AD around the world. This paper aims to summarize and analyze the role of APOE and innate immunity, as well as development trends in recent years. It is anticipated that APOE and innate immunity will provide a breakthrough for humans to hinder AD progression in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Chang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Chen
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
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33
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Langworth-Green C, Patel S, Jaunmuktane Z, Jabbari E, Morris H, Thom M, Lees A, Hardy J, Zandi M, Duff K. Chronic effects of inflammation on tauopathies. Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:430-442. [PMID: 37059510 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Tauopathies are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterised by the aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau into filamentous inclusions within neurons and glia. Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent tauopathy. Despite years of intense research efforts, developing disease-modifying interventions for these disorders has been very challenging. The detrimental role that chronic inflammation plays in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is increasingly recognised; however, it is largely ascribed to the accumulation of amyloid β, leaving the effect of chronic inflammation on tau pathology and neurofibrillary tangle-related pathways greatly overlooked. Tau pathology can independently arise secondary to a range of triggers that are each associated with inflammatory processes, including infection, repetitive mild traumatic brain injury, seizure activity, and autoimmune disease. A greater understanding of the chronic effects of inflammation on the development and progression of tauopathies could help forge a path for the establishment of effective immunomodulatory disease-modifying interventions for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saisha Patel
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK; Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, University College London, London, UK; Division of Neuropathology, University College London, London, UK; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Edwin Jabbari
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Huw Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Neurology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Maria Thom
- Division of Neuropathology, University College London, London, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Lees
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK; Reta Lila Weston Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK; Reta Lila Weston Institute, University College London, London, UK; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Zandi
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Karen Duff
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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34
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Lopera F, Marino C, Chandrahas AS, O'Hare M, Villalba-Moreno ND, Aguillon D, Baena A, Sanchez JS, Vila-Castelar C, Ramirez Gomez L, Chmielewska N, Oliveira GM, Littau JL, Hartmann K, Park K, Krasemann S, Glatzel M, Schoemaker D, Gonzalez-Buendia L, Delgado-Tirado S, Arevalo-Alquichire S, Saez-Torres KL, Amarnani D, Kim LA, Mazzarino RC, Gordon H, Bocanegra Y, Villegas A, Gai X, Bootwalla M, Ji J, Shen L, Kosik KS, Su Y, Chen Y, Schultz A, Sperling RA, Johnson K, Reiman EM, Sepulveda-Falla D, Arboleda-Velasquez JF, Quiroz YT. Resilience to autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease in a Reelin-COLBOS heterozygous man. Nat Med 2023; 29:1243-1252. [PMID: 37188781 PMCID: PMC10202812 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We characterized the world's second case with ascertained extreme resilience to autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD). Side-by-side comparisons of this male case and the previously reported female case with ADAD homozygote for the APOE3 Christchurch (APOECh) variant allowed us to discern common features. The male remained cognitively intact until 67 years of age despite carrying a PSEN1-E280A mutation. Like the APOECh carrier, he had extremely elevated amyloid plaque burden and limited entorhinal Tau tangle burden. He did not carry the APOECh variant but was heterozygous for a rare variant in RELN (H3447R, termed COLBOS after the Colombia-Boston biomarker research study), a ligand that like apolipoprotein E binds to the VLDLr and APOEr2 receptors. RELN-COLBOS is a gain-of-function variant showing stronger ability to activate its canonical protein target Dab1 and reduce human Tau phosphorylation in a knockin mouse. A genetic variant in a case protected from ADAD suggests a role for RELN signaling in resilience to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Lopera
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Claudia Marino
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anita S Chandrahas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael O'Hare
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David Aguillon
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Baena
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Justin S Sanchez
- Department of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clara Vila-Castelar
- Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liliana Ramirez Gomez
- Department of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalia Chmielewska
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel M Oliveira
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Lisa Littau
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Hartmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kyungeun Park
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Schoemaker
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Santiago Delgado-Tirado
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Said Arevalo-Alquichire
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kahira L Saez-Torres
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dhanesh Amarnani
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leo A Kim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randall C Mazzarino
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harper Gordon
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yamile Bocanegra
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andres Villegas
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Xiaowu Gai
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Moiz Bootwalla
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jianling Ji
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lishuang Shen
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Yi Su
- The Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Yinghua Chen
- The Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Aaron Schultz
- Department of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- Department of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith Johnson
- Department of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric M Reiman
- The Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Arizona State University, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Joseph F Arboleda-Velasquez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
- Department of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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35
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Andrade-Guerrero J, Santiago-Balmaseda A, Jeronimo-Aguilar P, Vargas-Rodríguez I, Cadena-Suárez AR, Sánchez-Garibay C, Pozo-Molina G, Méndez-Catalá CF, Cardenas-Aguayo MDC, Diaz-Cintra S, Pacheco-Herrero M, Luna-Muñoz J, Soto-Rojas LO. Alzheimer's Disease: An Updated Overview of Its Genetics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043754. [PMID: 36835161 PMCID: PMC9966419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. It is classified as familial and sporadic. The dominant familial or autosomal presentation represents 1-5% of the total number of cases. It is categorized as early onset (EOAD; <65 years of age) and presents genetic mutations in presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), or the Amyloid precursor protein (APP). Sporadic AD represents 95% of the cases and is categorized as late-onset (LOAD), occurring in patients older than 65 years of age. Several risk factors have been identified in sporadic AD; aging is the main one. Nonetheless, multiple genes have been associated with the different neuropathological events involved in LOAD, such as the pathological processing of Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and Tau protein, as well as synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunctions, neurovascular alterations, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, among others. Interestingly, using genome-wide association study (GWAS) technology, many polymorphisms associated with LOAD have been identified. This review aims to analyze the new genetic findings that are closely related to the pathophysiology of AD. Likewise, it analyzes the multiple mutations identified to date through GWAS that are associated with a high or low risk of developing this neurodegeneration. Understanding genetic variability will allow for the identification of early biomarkers and opportune therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Andrade-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Alberto Santiago-Balmaseda
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Paola Jeronimo-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Isaac Vargas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ana Ruth Cadena-Suárez
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad-Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuatitlan 53150, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Garibay
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico
| | - Glustein Pozo-Molina
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Claudia Fabiola Méndez-Catalá
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Maria-del-Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo
- Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Sofía Diaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mar Pacheco-Herrero
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros 51000, Dominican Republic
| | - José Luna-Muñoz
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad-Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuatitlan 53150, Edomex, Mexico
- National Brain Bank-UNPHU, Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, Santo Domingo 1423, Dominican Republic
- Correspondence: (J.L.-M.); (L.O.S.-R.); Tel.: +52-55-45-23-41-20 (J.L.-M.); +52-55-39-37-94-30 (L.O.S.-R.)
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.L.-M.); (L.O.S.-R.); Tel.: +52-55-45-23-41-20 (J.L.-M.); +52-55-39-37-94-30 (L.O.S.-R.)
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Mazzarino RC, Perez-Corredor P, Vanderleest TE, Vacano GN, Sanchez JS, Villalba-Moreno ND, Krausemann S, Mendivil-Perez MA, Aguillón D, Jimenez-Del-Río M, Baena A, Sepulveda-Falla D, Lopera FJ, Quiroz YT, Arboleda-Velasquez JF. APOE3 Christchurch modulates tau phosphorylation and β-catenin/Wnt/Cadherin signaling in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoids from Alzheimer's cases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.11.523290. [PMID: 36712026 PMCID: PMC9882052 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.11.523290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among older adults. APOE3 Christchurch (R136S, APOE3Ch ) variant homozygosity was reported in an individual with extreme resistance to autosomal dominant AD due to the PSEN1 E280A mutation. This subject had a delayed clinical age at onset and resistance to tauopathy and neurodegeneration despite extremely high amyloid plaque burden. We established induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived cerebral organoids from this resistant case and from a non-protected kindred control (with PSEN1 E280A and APOE3/3 ). We used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to successfully remove the APOE3Ch to wild type in iPS cells from the protected case and to introduce the APOE3Ch as homozygote in iPS cells from the non-protected case to examine causality. We found significant reduction of tau phosphorylation (pTau 202/205 and pTau396) in cerebral organoids with the APOE3Ch variant, consistent with the strikingly reduced tau pathology found in the resistant case. We identified Cadherin and Wnt pathways as signaling mechanisms regulated by the APOE3Ch variant through single cell RNA sequencing in cerebral organoids. We also identified elevated β-catenin protein, a regulator of tau phosphorylation, as a candidate mediator of APOE3Ch resistance to tauopathy. Our findings show that APOE3Ch is necessary and sufficient to confer resistance to tauopathy in an experimental ex-vivo model establishing a foundation for the development of novel, protected case-inspired therapeutics for tauopathies, including Alzheimer's.
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Young CB, Johns E, Kennedy G, Belloy ME, Insel PS, Greicius MD, Sperling RA, Johnson KA, Poston KL, Mormino EC. APOE effects on regional tau in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:1. [PMID: 36597122 PMCID: PMC9811772 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND APOE variants are strongly associated with abnormal amyloid aggregation and additional direct effects of APOE on tau aggregation are reported in animal and human cell models. The degree to which these effects are present in humans when individuals are clinically unimpaired (CU) but have abnormal amyloid (Aβ+) remains unclear. METHODS We analyzed data from CU individuals in the Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic AD (A4) and Longitudinal Evaluation of Amyloid Risk and Neurodegeneration (LEARN) studies. Amyloid PET data were available for 4486 participants (3163 Aβ-, 1323 Aβ+) and tau PET data were available for a subset of 447 participants (55 Aβ-, 392 Aβ+). Linear models examined APOE (number of e2 and e4 alleles) associations with global amyloid and regional tau burden in medial temporal lobe (entorhinal, amygdala) and early neocortical regions (inferior temporal, inferior parietal, precuneus). Consistency of APOE4 effects on regional tau were examined in 220 Aβ + CU and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). RESULTS APOE2 and APOE4 were associated with lower and higher amyloid positivity rates, respectively. Among Aβ+ CU, e2 and e4 were associated with reduced (-12 centiloids per allele) and greater (+15 centiloids per allele) continuous amyloid burden, respectively. APOE2 was associated with reduced regional tau in all regions (-0.05 to -0.09 SUVR per allele), whereas APOE4 was associated with greater regional tau (+0.02 to +0.07 SUVR per allele). APOE differences were confirmed by contrasting e3/e3 with e2/e3 and e3/e4. Mediation analyses among Aβ+ s showed that direct effects of e2 on regional tau were present in medial temporal lobe and early neocortical regions, beyond an indirect pathway mediated by continuous amyloid burden. For e4, direct effects on regional tau were only significant in medial temporal lobe. The magnitude of protective e2 effects on regional tau was consistent across brain regions, whereas detrimental e4 effects were greatest in medial temporal lobe. APOE4 patterns were confirmed in Aβ+ ADNI participants. CONCLUSIONS APOE influences early regional tau PET burden, above and beyond effects related to cross-sectional amyloid PET burden. Therapeutic strategies targeting underlying mechanisms related to APOE may modify tau accumulation among Aβ+ individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B Young
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 453 Quarry Rd., Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
| | - Emily Johns
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 453 Quarry Rd., Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Gabriel Kennedy
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 453 Quarry Rd., Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Michael E Belloy
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 453 Quarry Rd., Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Philip S Insel
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael D Greicius
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 453 Quarry Rd., Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith A Johnson
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen L Poston
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 453 Quarry Rd., Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Mormino
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 453 Quarry Rd., Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
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Chen X, Holtzman DM. Emerging roles of innate and adaptive immunity in Alzheimer's disease. Immunity 2022; 55:2236-2254. [PMID: 36351425 PMCID: PMC9772134 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, with characteristic extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated, aggregated tau. Several key regulators of innate immune pathways are genetic risk factors for AD. While these genetic risk factors as well as in vivo data point to key roles for microglia, emerging evidence also points to a role of the adaptive immune response in disease pathogenesis. We review the roles of innate and adaptive immunity, their niches, their communication, and their contributions to AD development and progression. We also summarize the cellular compositions and physiological functions of immune cells in the parenchyma, together with those in the brain border structures that form a dynamic disease-related immune niche. We propose that both innate and adaptive immune responses in brain parenchyma and border structures could serve as important therapeutic targets for treating both the pre-symptomatic and the symptomatic stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Raulin AC, Doss SV, Trottier ZA, Ikezu TC, Bu G, Liu CC. ApoE in Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:72. [PMID: 36348357 PMCID: PMC9644639 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing due to extended lifespans. Among the increasing number of genetic risk factors identified, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene remains the strongest and most prevalent, impacting more than half of all AD cases. While the ε4 allele of the APOE gene significantly increases AD risk, the ε2 allele is protective relative to the common ε3 allele. These gene alleles encode three apoE protein isoforms that differ at two amino acid positions. The primary physiological function of apoE is to mediate lipid transport in the brain and periphery; however, additional functions of apoE in diverse biological functions have been recognized. Pathogenically, apoE seeds amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain with apoE4 driving earlier and more abundant amyloids. ApoE isoforms also have differential effects on multiple Aβ-related or Aβ-independent pathways. The complexity of apoE biology and pathobiology presents challenges to designing effective apoE-targeted therapeutic strategies. This review examines the key pathobiological pathways of apoE and related targeting strategies with a specific focus on the latest technological advances and tools.
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