Skin photoprotection by natural polyphenols: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and DNA repair mechanisms

Orbea variegata (L.) Haw in skin carcinogenesis: insights from an in vivo male Swiss mouse model study

Skin cancer is the most widespread type of malignant tumor representing a major public health concern. Considering the numerous side effects associated with conventional treatments, phytotherapy may be regarded as a viable medicinal alternative. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of Orbea variegata (L.) Haw, an ornamental plant, in treating skin cancer using an animal model induced by a combination of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and sulfuric acid treatment. The hydroethanolic extract of Orbea variegata underwent phytochemical characterization, identifying the presence of reducing sugars, coumarins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins through qualitative screening. Quantitative analysis demonstrated significant amounts of phenolic compounds (29.435 ± 0.571 mg GAE/g of dry extract), flavonoids (6.711 ± 0.272 mg QE/g of dry extract), and tannins (274.037 ± 11.3 mg CE/g of dry extract). The administration the hydroethanolic extract in two concentrations (1 or 2 g/kg) to male Swiss mice exhibited no marked adverse effects, as evidenced by serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme activity levels. In addition, the extract significantly reduced skin hyperplasia and inflammation induced by UV/sulfuric acid treatment as noted in tissue analyses and decreased protein expression of nuclear proliferation marker (Ki-67). This improvement was associated with a marked decrease in oxidative stress, as indicated by diminished lipid peroxidation levels, and restoration of the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) to control levels. Our findings demonstrated the potential of Orbea variegata hydroethanolic extract to be considered as a treatment for skin cancer, exhibiting its apparent safety and efficacy in reducing inflammation and carcinogenesis in a UV/sulfuric acid-induced Swiss mouse model, attributed to its phytochemical content and associated antioxidant activities.

Expected role of photodynamic therapy to relieve skin damage in nuclear or radiological emergency: Review

Nuclear and radiological accidents can occur due to poor management, in transportation, radiation therapy and nuclear wards in hospitals, leading to extreme radiation exposure and serious consequences for human health. Additionally, in many of previous radiological accidents, skin damage was observed in patients and survivors due to the high radiation exposure. However, as part of a medical countermeasures in a nuclear/radiological emergency, it is critical to plan for the treatment of radiation-induced skin damage. Hence, the new, non-invasive technology of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is projected to be more effectively used for treating skin damage caused by high-dose radiation. PDT plays an important role in treating, repairing skin damage and promoting wound healing as evidenced by research. This review, highlighted and recommended potential impacts of PDT to repair and decrease radiation-induced skin tissue damage. Moreover, we have suggested some photosensitizer (PS) agent as radio-mitigator drugs to decrease radiobiological effects.

A review of the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, synthetic biology and comprehensive utilization of Silybum marianum

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, a herbaceous plant with a long history in traditional medicine for the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases, particularly in Europe, which has attracted attention for its remarkable therapeutic effect. This review systematically summarizes the research progress in the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, comprehensive utilization and synthetic biology of S. marianum. Up to now, more than 20 types of flavonolignan components have been isolated from S. marianum. In addition, the rearch on fatty acids and triterpenoids is also constantly improving. Among them, silybin is the most active compound in flavonolignans components. Its pharmacological effects in vivo and in vitro include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumour, hypoglycaemic, neuroprotective and immunoregulatory properties. The use of coniferyl alcohol and taxifolin as substrates to produce silybin and isosilybin under the action of enzyme catalysis is the commonly used biosynthetic pathway of silymarin, which provides support for a comprehensive analysis of the synthetic pathway of silymarin. In addition to medicinal use, the extracts of plants also have broad application prospects in the production of food, healthcare products, cosmetics and other aspects. In addition, the chemical composition, pharmacological mechanism and synthetic biology of S. marianum need to be further studied, which is very important for its clinical efficacy and resource development.

Full-spectrum cannabidiol reduces UVB damage through the inhibition of TGF-β1 and the NLRP3 inflammasome

The thermodynamic characteristics, antioxidant potential, and photoprotective benefits of full-spectrum cannabidiol (FS-CBD) against UVB-induced cellular death were examined in this study. In silico analysis of CBD showed antioxidant capacity via proton donation and UV absorption at 209.09, 254.73, and 276.95 nm, according to the HAT and SPLET methodologies. FS-CBD protected against UVB-induced bacterial death for 30 min. FS-CBD protected against UVB-induced cell death by 42% (1.5 μg/mL) and 35% (3.5 μg/mL) in an in vitro keratinocyte cell model. An in vivo acute irradiated CD-1et/et mouse model (UVB-irradiated for 5 min) presented very low photoprotection when FS-CBD was applied cutaneously, as determined by histological analyses. In vivo skin samples showed that FS-CBD regulated inflammatory responses by inhibiting the inflammatory markers TGF-β1 and NLRP3. The docking analysis showed that the CBD molecule had a high affinity for TGF-β1 and NLRP3, indicating that protection against inflammation might be mediated by blocking these proinflammatory molecules. This result was corroborated by the docking interactions between CBD and TGF-β1 and NLRP3, which resulted in a high affinity and inhibition of both proteins The present work suggested a FS-CBD moderate photoprotective agent against UVB light-induced skin damage and that this effect is partially mediated by its anti-inflammatory activity.

Olea europaea leaf exosome-like nanovesicles encapsulated in a hyaluronic acid / tannic acid hydrogel dressing with dual "defense-repair" effects for treating skin photoaging

Photoaging, primarily caused by ultraviolet (UV) light, is the major factor in extrinsic skin aging. Existing anti-photoaging strategies mainly focus on early sun protection or repairing damaged skin, lacking a comprehensive treatment strategy. Therefore, this study developed a dressing that actively shields against UV radiation and repairs photoaged skin, offering double protection. This study utilized exosome-like nanovesicles derived from Olea europaea leaves (OLELNVs), enhancing them into a potent core biomaterial with high-dose effects and skin-friendly, non-cytotoxic inhibition of cell aging. These nanovesicles were incorporated into a cross-linked hyaluronic acid (HA) and tannic acid (TA) hydrogel with strong UV-absorbing properties, creating the OLELNVs@HA/TA hydrogel system. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that OLELNVs@HA/TA hydrogel can effectively reduce UV-induced skin damage and promote skin repair and regeneration. Additionally, RNA-seq and clustering analysis of miR168a-5p predicted targets revealed significant down-regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, mediating inflammatory aging responses. Overall, the OLELNVs@HA/TA hydrogel represents a novel dual-strategy approach for clinical application in combating photoaging.

The effect of tomato and lycopene on clinical characteristics and molecular markers of UV-induced skin deterioration: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention trials

Lycopene as a natural antioxidant that have been studied for ultraviolet radiation (UVR) photo protection and is one of the most effective carotenoids to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review aims to summarize the protective effect of tomato and lycopene on skin photo damage and skin photoaging in healthy subjects by reviewing the existing population intervention experiments. A total of five electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched from inceptions to January 2021 without any restriction. Out of 19336 publications identified, 21 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were meta-analysis. Overall, interventions supplementing tomato and lycopene were associated with significant reductions in Δa*, MMP-1, ICAM-1 and skin pigmentation; while tomato and lycopene supplementation were associated with significant increase in MED, skin thickness and skin density. Based on the results of this systematic review and meta-analysis, supplementation with tomato and lycopene could reduce skin erythema formation and improve the appearance and pigmentation of the skin, thereby preventing light-induced skin photodamage and skin photoaging. Lycopene-rich products could be used as endogenous sun protection and may be a potential nutraceutical for sun protection.

Dermatological guide for primary care physicians: full body skin checks, skin cancer detection, and patient education on self-skin checks and sun protection

Dermatological conditions and skin cancers are common health concerns that require early detection and intervention. Primary care physicians play a crucial role in recognizing these conditions and serving as the first line of defense against skin cancers. This guide provides a systematic approach to conducting thorough skin examinations and enhancing understanding of common presentations of precancerous and cancerous lesions. We emphasize the importance of performing annual full-body skin exams to facilitate early detection and management of skin conditions, including a step-by-step, systematic protocol for conducting these exams, comprising preparing the patient, documenting findings, educating the patient, and considering biopsy or referral for suspicious lesions. Furthermore, we explore the atypical features of skin lesions that raise clinical suspicion and warrant further investigation. We describe the characteristics of common skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. We stress the importance of patient education on self-skin checks and sun protection measures. By incorporating the knowledge and skills presented in this guide, primary care physicians can confidently perform thorough full-body skin checks, identify common dermatological findings and early signs of skin cancers, and provide comprehensive care to patients. This will help ensure optimal outcomes in dermatological health.

Protective effect of Helianthus annuus seed byproduct extract on ultraviolet radiation-induced injury in skin cells

Helianthus annuus seed byproduct is a residual product obtained after seed oil extraction. The present study investigated the preventive and repair effects of the H. annuus seed byproduct ethanol extract (HSE) on ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced injury in human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaTs) and human skin fibroblasts (HSFs). Results revealed that the total phenolic acid and oligosaccharide content in HSE was >50%. HSE had a stronger preventive effect on UVR-induced injury than the repair effect. Moreover, phenolic acids were the main active component of HSE mediating the preventative effect. In HaCaTs and HSFs, HSE prevented UVR-induced injury by inhibiting excessive ROS production. It reduced the secretion of tumor necrosis TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 by inhibiting the level of ROS, thus reducing inflammation-mediated injury to skin cells. In addition, HSE inhibited the expression of various mRNA kinases in the MAPK-ERK/p38/JNK pathway. This downregulated the expression of activator protein-1 (AP-1) mRNA and further reduced the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 as well as reduced UVR-induced injury to the cells. In conclusion, HSE is a broad-spectrum, natural UV filter with high efficiency and low toxicity that has the potential to be used in sunscreen products.

Arzanol, a natural phloroglucinol α-pyrone, protects HaCaT keratinocytes against H2O2-induced oxidative stress, counteracting cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species generation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial depolarization

Skin oxidative stress results in structural damage, leading to premature senescence, and pathological conditions such as inflammation and cancer. The plant-derived prenylated pyrone-phloroglucinol heterodimer arzanol, isolated from Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum (Willd.) Nyman aerial parts, exhibits anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. This study explored the arzanol protection against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced oxidative damage in HaCaT human keratinocytes in terms of its ability to counteract cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Arzanol safety on HaCaT cells was preliminarily examined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and microscopic observation. The arzanol pre-incubation (5-100 μM, for 24 h) did not induce cytotoxicity and morphological alterations. The phloroglucinol, at 50 μM, significantly protected keratinocytes against cytotoxicity induced by 2 h-incubation with 2.5 and 5 mM H2O2, decreased cell ROS production induced by 1 h-exposure to all tested H2O2 concentrations (0.5-5 mM), as determined by the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) assay, and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS] method). The 2-h incubation of keratinocytes with H2O2 determined a significant increase of apoptotic cells versus control cells, evaluated by NucView® 488 assay, from the dose of 2.5 mM. Moreover, an evident mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, monitored by fluorescent mitochondrial dye MitoView™ 633, was assessed at 5 mM H2O2. Arzanol pre-treatment (50 μM) exerted a strong significant protective effect against apoptosis, preserving the mitochondrial membrane potential of HaCaT cells at the highest H2O2 concentrations. Our results validate arzanol as an antioxidant agent for the prevention/treatment of skin oxidative-related disorders, qualifying its potential use for cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical applications.

Design of Bombyx mori (B. mori) Silk Fibroin Microspheres for Developing Biosafe Sunscreen

Sunscreens play a crucial role in protecting the skin from ultraviolet (UV) damage. However, present commercial sunscreens have a tendency to generate free radicals in the UV window, resulting in serious inflammatory responses and health problems. In this study, we demonstrate that silk fibroin microspheres (SFMPs) assembled from regenerated silk fibroin (SF) could scavenge free radicals while preventing UV irradiation and thus present a promising sunscreen. The SFMP reflected more UV light than SF and presented a higher stability than that of organic commercial sunscreens. In vitro analysis proved that SFMP could more efficiently scavenge the hydroxy radical and reduce the intracellular reactive oxygen than titanium dioxide (TiO2). In vivo experiments exhibited that SFMP provided stronger skin protection against UV irradiation than commercial sunscreens and TiO2. Furthermore, SFMP treatment significantly inhibited the skin inflammatory response. This work suggests that the SFMP has great potential to be developed into a biosafe sunscreen.

Punicalagin from pomegranate ameliorates TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced inflammatory responses in HaCaT cells via regulation of SIRT1/STAT3 axis and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

Punicalagin (PUN) was isolated from the peel of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), is a polyphenol with anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant activities. However, it remains unclear whether PUN alleviates the inflammation and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in pro-inflammatory cytokines-induced human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Here, we investigated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) mixture-stimulated HaCaT cells were treated with various concentrations of PUN, followed by analyzed the expression of inflammation-related mediators and evaluate anti-inflammatory-related pathways. Our results demonstrated that PUN ≤ 100 μM did not reduce HaCaT cell viability, and PUN ≥ 3 μM was sufficient to decrease interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), CCL17 and CCL20 concentrations. We found that PUN ≥ 10 μM and ≥ 3 μM significantly increased sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression and inhibited signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation, respectively. PUN downregulated inflammation-related proteins cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), enhanced nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Moreover, PUN decreased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and inhibited monocyte adhesion to inflamed HaCaT cells. PUN also suppressed inflammatory-related pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways in TNF-α/IFN-γ- stimulated HaCat cells. Collectively, there is significant evidence that PUN has effective protective defenses against TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced skin inflammation by enhancing SIRT1 to mediate STAT3 and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Proanthocyanidins Ameliorate LPS-Inhibited Osteogenesis of PDLSCs by Restoring Lysine Lactylation

Periodontitis is a bacteria-induced inflammatory disease characterized by the progressive destruction of periodontal supporting tissues. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, which is an important stem cell source for endogenous periodontal tissue regeneration. Lysine lactylation (Kla) is a novel post-translational modification of proteins that is recently thought to be associated with osteogenic differentiation. Here, we found that lactylation levels are reduced both in the periodontal tissue of rats with periodontitis and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human PDLSCs. Proanthocyanidins were able to promote the osteogenesis of inflamed PDLSCs by restoring lactylation levels. Mechanistically, proanthocyanidins increased lactate production and restored the lactylation levels of PDLSCs, which recovered osteogenesis of inflamed PDLSCs via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These results provide evidence on how epigenetic regulation by pharmacological agents influence the osteogenic phenotype of stem cells and the process of periodontal tissue repair. Our current study highlights the valuable potential of natural product proanthocyanidins in the regenerative engineering of periodontal tissues.

Evaluation of the photoprotective and antioxidant potential of an avobenzone derivative

Solar radiation can cause damage to the skin, and the use of sunscreens is one of the main protective measures. However, photounstable ultraviolet (UV) filters can generate photoproducts and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Adding antioxidants, such as resveratrol, to enhance the action of UV filters in sunscreens is an interesting strategy for reducing the damage caused by UV radiation exposure. However, new compounds must have their stability, safety and efficacy guaranteed. Avobenzone, a commonly used UV filter, stands out as a promising candidate for structural modification to enhance its stability. Its molecular hybridization with other UV filters and antioxidants can lead to safer and more effective compounds. In this study, the photoprotective and antioxidant potential of a derivative of avobenzone, hybridized with resveratrol's molecule, was evaluated using in vitro models of cells in monolayer and reconstructed human skin (RHS). Phototoxic potential was assessed using fibroblasts, while the antioxidant activity was measured using the DCFH2-DA probe in HaCaT keratinocytes and in-house RHS. The derivative exhibited UV absorption and demonstrated photostability. It did not exhibit any phototoxic nor photoreactivity potential. Additionally, it was able to photo stabilize a combination of photounstable UV filters, avobenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate, and to reduce their phototoxic potential. In terms of antioxidant activity, the derivative successfully protected against UVA-induced ROS production in the HaCaT keratinocytes model, showing statistical equivalence to the antioxidant control, quercetin (10 μg/mL). Furthermore, experiments conducted in the RHS model demonstrated a significant reduction of 30.7% in ROS generation compared to the irradiated control. This study demonstrated that structural modifications of avobenzone can lead to the development of a broad spectrum (absorbing UVB and UVA II radiation, as well as a portion of the UVA I radiation), non-phototoxic, non-photoreactive and photostable derivative for sunscreen and anti-aging formulations. This derivative enhances protection against oxidative stress induced by UV radiation and improves the effectiveness of sun protection. In addition to the monolayer model, the use of a standardized in-house RHS model was highly relevant for evaluating the effects of UV radiation and skin aging. This model closely mimics human physiological conditions and enables the testing of new compounds and the investigation of protective mechanisms against skin damage.

Wound healing potential of extract from Sambucus nigra L. leaves and its fractions

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Sambucus nigra L. (Viburnaceae), commonly known as black elderberry, is a native species throughout Europe and Western Asia. Elderberry leaves have been used in traditional European medicine, mainly externally, to treat skin and mucosal diseases. They are usually used as decoctions for washing hemorrhoids, ulcers, insect bites, wounds, scrapes, and gingivitis.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Our work aimed to scientifically verify the traditional use of the plant material in treating wounds and skin inflammations accompanied by its phytochemical characterization.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The effect of 70% (v/v) ethanolic extract and its fractions of different polarities on the inflammatory response of cells involved in wound healing (fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and neutrophils) was investigated. In addition, their effect on the migration of keratinocytes to the scratch site in an in vitro wound healing assay and their impact on the activity of the enzymes involved in skin inflammation, were assessed. The chemical composition was analyzed by UHPLC-DAD-MSn, and the structure of the isolated compounds was determined by NMR.

RESULTS

The supportive effect of the elderberry leaves extract towards wound healing and modulation of the inflammatory response was demonstrated by induction of the keratinocytes. Additionally, the extract was shown to affect the cellular secretion of TNF-α and interleukins -1β, -6, and -8. Examinations of fractionated extract have shown that active principles were mainly contained in dichloromethane fraction. Eleven chemical constituents belonging to flavonoids, cyanogenic glycosides, and lignans were isolated and characterized.

CONCLUSION

The beneficial effect of S. nigra leaves in treating skin diseases has been partially verified and supports its traditional use in skin ailments of different etiologies.

Characterization and Anti-Ultraviolet Radiation Activity of Proanthocyanidin-Rich Extracts from Cinnamomum camphora by Ultrasonic-Assisted Method

The ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method was employed to separate Cinnamomum camphora proanthocyanidin-rich extracts (PCEs). This extraction process was optimized by the Box-Behnken design, and the optimal conditions, on a laboratory scale, were as follows: an ethanol concentration of 75%, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 24 mL/g, an ultrasonic time of 39 min, and an ultrasonic power of 540 W. Under the obtained conditions, the PCE yield extracted by UAE was higher than that from heat reflux extraction and soaking extraction. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis was employed to characterize the phloroglucinolysis products of the C. camphora PCEs, by which epigallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate were identified as the terminal units; epigallocatechin, epicatechin, and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate were recognized as extension units. The C. camphora PCEs possessed higher anti-ultraviolet activity in vitro compared with the commercially available sunscreen additive of benzophenone with respect to their ethanol solutions (sun protection factor of 27.01 ± 0.68 versus 1.96 ± 0.07 at a concentration of 0.09 mg/mL) and sunscreens (sun protection factor of 17.36 ± 0.62 versus 14.55 ± 0.47 at a concentration of 20%). These results demonstrate that C. camphora PCEs possess an excellent ultraviolet-protection ability and are promising green sunscreen additives that can replace commercial additives.

Effect of tea polyphenols on chitosan packaging for food preservation: Physicochemical properties, bioactivity, and nutrition

Chitosan packaging has been widely studied for food preservation, the application of which is expanded by the incorporation of tea polyphenols. This paper reviews the influence of tea polyphenols incorporation on chitosan-based packaging from the perspectives of physicochemical properties, bioactivity used for food preservation, and nutritional value. The physicochemical properties included optical properties, mechanical properties, water solubility, moisture content, and water vapor barrier property, concluding that the addition of tea polyphenols improved the opacity, water solubility, and water vapor barrier property of chitosan packaging, and the mechanical properties and water content were decreased. The bioactivity used for food preservation, that is antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, is enhanced by tea polyphenols, improving the preservation of food like meat, fruits, and vegetables. In the future, efforts will be needed to improve the mechanical properties of composite film and adjust the formula of tea polyphenols/chitosan composite film to apply to different foods. Besides, the identification and development of high nutritional value tea polyphenol/chitosan composite film is a valuable but challenging task. This review is expected to scientifically guide the application of tea polyphenols in chitosan packaging.

Characterization and comparative evaluation of wound healing potential of Ajugarin I and Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth

Ajuga bracteosa (family: Lamiaceae), commonly known as kauri booti, is an important ethnomedicinal plant. The current research was conducted to appraise and compare the in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial profiles as well as in vivo wound healing potentials of Ajugarin I and A. bracteosa extract. Ajugarin I and polyphenols in A. bracteosa were enumerated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis that confirmed significant amounts of Ajugarin I (2.2 ± 0.02 μg/mg DW) and other phenolic compounds (14 out of 17 standards). A. bracteosa (374.4 ± 0.20 µg AAE/mg of DW, 201.9 ± 0.20 µg AAE/mg of DW, 87 ± 0.30%) showed a higher antioxidant profile compared to Ajugarin I (221.8 ± 0.50 µg AAE/mg of DW, 51.8 ± 0.40 µg AAE/mg of DW, 27.65 ± 0.80%) with 1.86-, 3.89-, and 3.15-fold greater activity in ferric reducing antioxidant power, total antioxidant capacity, and free radical scavenging assays, respectively. Likewise, A. bracteosa showed antibacterial activity against 3/5 strains (MIC 25-200 μg/ml) than Ajugarin I (2/5 strains; MIC 50-200 μg/ml). Hemolytic (<2% hemolysis) and dermal toxicity tests rendered both samples non-toxic. Additionally, A. bracteosa (100 ± 2.34% at day 12; 9.33 ± 0.47 days) demonstrated 1.11- and 1.24-fold higher percent wound contraction and epithelization time, respectively, than Ajugarin I (95.6 ± 1.52% at day 12; 11.6 ± 0.47 days) as assessed by an excision wound model in mice. Histopathological examination further reinforced the better wound healing potential of A. bracteosa with good epithelization, collagen synthesis, fibroblast proliferation, and revascularization. Briefly, we endorse the significant comparative antioxidant, antibacterial, and wound healing activities of A. bracteosa and Ajugarin I and present these as prospective candidates for wound healing drugs.

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and photoprotective activity of standardised Gaultheria procumbens L. leaf, stem, and fruit extracts in UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Gaultheria procumbens L. is a polyphenolic-rich medicinal and food plant. Its leaves, stems, and fruits are traditional anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial herbal medicines used to treat internal and external inflammation-related ailments, including rheumatic diseases, influenza, the common cold, fever, and skin and periodontal problems. Moreover, G. procumbens leaf extract is used for skin care as an anti-ageing and anti-wrinkle ingredient.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Various environmental factors, especially solar ultraviolet radiation, accelerate skin ageing by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation. Despite the dermoprotective and anti-ageing applications, the impact of G. procumbens on human dermal fibroblasts is unknown. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and photoprotective activity of G. procumbens standardised leaf, stem, and fruit extracts in cellular models, including human dermal fibroblasts (Hs68 cells) under UVA-irradiation, the primary pro-ageing skin stressor.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Hs68 fibroblasts were pre-treated (24h) with G. procumbens extracts (0.5-100 μg/mL) or reference compounds followed by UVA-irradiation (8 J/cm2). Cell viability and metabolic activity were measured by CCK-8 and MTT assays in human Hs68 and mouse L929 fibroblasts, respectively. The ROS level, SOD, and GST activities were estimated by fluorescence and spectrophotometric techniques. The pro-inflammatory potential (NF-κB transcription factor activation) was checked using THP1-Blue™ NF-κB cells, and the anti-inflammatory activity was studied by measuring IL-8, ICAM-1, and NF-κB levels and phosphorylation of Erk kinase in LPS-stimulated Hs68 cells by spectrophotometry and confocal microscopy. The UVA-induced DNA damage and cell migration were evaluated by comet and scratch assays, respectively.

RESULTS

The extracts did not affect the metabolic activity of mouse L929 fibroblasts and the viability of unirradiated human Hs68 cells. Additionally, the extracts noticeably enhanced the viability of UVA-irradiated Hs68 cells up to 115-120% (p < 0.001) for stem and leaf extract at 25 μg/mL. All extracts in a wide concentration range (0.5-100 μg/mL) did not activate monocytes or induce the NF-κB transcription factor in LPS-stimulated Hs68 fibroblasts. On the other hand, the extracts (5-25 μg/mL) restored the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, i.e., SOD and GST, up to 120-140% (p < 0.001) in the UVA-irradiated Hs68 cells. Moreover, a statistically significant reduction of ROS, IL-8, ICAM-1, and NF-κB levels by up to 48%, 88%, 43%, and 39%, respectively (p < 0.001) and strong suppression of Erk kinase activation was observed for the extracts (25-50 μg/mL) in LPS-stimulated human fibroblasts. The total DNA damage (% tail DNA) in irradiated Hs68 cells was also strongly decreased by up to 66-69% (p < 0.001) at 50 μg/mL. However, the treatment with the extracts did not relevantly enhance the cell migration of Hs68 fibroblasts.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that G. procumbens may effectively protect human skin fibroblast from UVA irradiation. The leaf and stem extracts were the most potent antioxidants, while fruit and stem extracts revealed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity. The observed effects support the traditional use of aerial plant parts (leaves, stems, and fruits) in treating inflammation-related skin disorders cross-linked with oxidative stress and the topical application of Gaultheria extracts as anti-ageing agents intended for skin care.

Skin Protection by Carotenoid Pigments

Sunlight, despite its benefits, can pose a threat to the skin, which is a natural protective barrier. Phototoxicity caused by overexposure, especially to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), results in burns, accelerates photoaging, and causes skin cancer formation. Natural substances of plant origin, i.e., polyphenols, flavonoids, and photosynthetic pigments, can protect the skin against the effects of radiation, acting not only as photoprotectors like natural filters but as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory remedies, alleviating the effects of photodamage to the skin. Plant-based formulations are gaining popularity as an attractive alternative to synthetic filters. Over the past 20 years, a large number of studies have been published to assess the photoprotective effects of natural plant products, primarily through their antioxidant, antimutagenic, and anti-immunosuppressive activities. This review selects the most important data on skin photodamage and photoprotective efficacy of selected plant carotenoid representatives from in vivo studies on animal models and humans, as well as in vitro experiments performed on fibroblast and keratinocyte cell lines. Recent research on carotenoids associated with lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, liposomes, and micelles is reviewed. The focus was on collecting those nanomaterials that serve to improve the bioavailability and stability of carotenoids as natural antioxidants with photoprotective activity.

Effects of four polyphenols on mouse wound healing and the gene expression profile of resveratrol action

Studies have demonstrated the potent effects of polyphenols on cutaneous wound healing. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying polyphenol activity are incompletely understood. Herein, mice were experimentally wounded, intragastrically treated with four polyphenols, resveratrol, tea polyphenols, genistein, and quercetin; and monitored for 14 days. Resveratrol was the most effective compound, promoting wound healing starting at day 7 after wounding, by enhancing cell proliferation and reducing apoptosis and subsequently promoting epidermal and dermal repair, collagen synthesis and scar maturation. RNA sequencing was performed in control and resveratrol-treated tissues on day 7 after wounding. Resveratrol treatment upregulated 362 genes and downregulated 334 genes. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with different biological processes (keratinization, immunity, and inflammation), molecular functions (cytokine and chemokine activities), and cellular components (extracellular region and matrix). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis indicated that DEGs were predominantly enriched in inflammatory and immunological pathways, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, chemokine signaling, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling. These results show that resveratrol accelerates wound healing by promoting keratinization and dermal repair and attenuating immune and inflammatory responses.

Potential antiaging activity of secretome gel of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) in UV-induced mice models

Objectives

Skin aging is a degenerative process that can be induced by UV irradiation. UV radiation can produce reactive oxidate stress which causes premature aging. This study aims to examine the antiaging potential of secretome gel (SC) from human Wharton Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hWJ-MSCs) in a UVB-induced mice model.

Materials and Methods

The secretome was obtained from hWJ-MSCs and made in gel form. Male mice were radiated by UVB for 15 min twice daily for 14 days. The gel was topically applied to the mice's dorsal skin. Two treatments of secretome gel: secretome 1 is applied once and secretome 2 is applied twice daily after UVB radiation. TGF-β1, IL-10, and IL-18 gene expression was determined using RT-PCR. Hematoxylin Eosin staining was used to observe the inflammation and collagen density of skin tissue. An immunohistochemistry assay was used to analyze the protein expression of P53, COL4A1, MMP-2, and MMP-13. The data were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA test followed by the Tukey post hoc test (P<0.05).

Results

UVB induction caused loss of collagen, increasing inflammation and high expression of aging mediators. SC increased the gene expression of TGF-β1 and IL-10 and decreased IL-18 gene expression. Histopathological tests showed that SG increased collagen density, lowered inflammation, and repaired cell damage in skin tissue. Immunohistochemistry test showed that SC decreased MMP-2, MMP-13, and P53 expression, in contrast, increased COL4A1.

Conclusion

The secretome gel of hWJ-MSCs showed antiaging activities with potential for preventing and curing skin aging.

Development of gelatin/agarose active coatings functionalized with Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil for enhancing storability of 'Booth 7' avocado

Novel active coating from gelatin/agarose (GA) functionalized with Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil (OGO) had been developed as a medium to evaluate their properties before being applied for avocado preservation. The resultant coating films showed enhanced mechanical, water-barrier, bactericidal, antioxidant, and UV-shielding properties by adding OGO. The best tensile strength (2.91 MPa) and flexibility (45.82 %) was found in the GA film containing 5 % (w/w) of OGO (GA-OGO-5). Furthermore, this coating formulation presented moderate antibacterial activities against Listeria, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Escherichia. The GA-OGO-5 coating film also divulged the highest hydrophobicity and adequate antioxidant function (30.75 μg/mL) and thus, was chosen to coat on 'Booth 7' avocados by dipping method. The GA-OGO-5 coating layers were to be efficient to decline the respiration rate of avocado during 6-day storage at 25 °C and 64 %RH. Peel color, weight loss (5.22 %), total soluble solids (8.14 %), and solution pH (6.79) at the end of storage also indicated that the GA-OGO-5 coating presented the best effectiveness for enhancing the storability of avocado as compared to uncoated and GA-treated fruit. Therefore, the GA-OGO coating has been considered as an alternative post-harvest technique to enhance the avocado storability and could be further commercialized for industry application.

Protective Mechanisms of Polyphenol-Enriched Blueberry Preparation in Preventing Inflammation in the Skin against UVB-Induced Damage in an Animal Model

UVB significantly impacts the occurrence of cutaneous disorders, ranging from inflammatory to neoplastic diseases. Polyphenols derived from plants have been found to exhibit photoprotective effects against various factors that contribute to skin cancer. During the fermentation of the polyphenol-enriched blueberry preparation (PEBP), small oligomers of polyphenols were released, thus enhancing their photoprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of PEBP on UVB-induced skin inflammation. Topical preparations of polyphenols were applied to the skin of dorsally shaved mice. Mice were subsequently exposed to UVB and were sacrificed 90 min after UVB exposure. This study revealed that pretreatment with PEBP significantly inhibited UVB-induced recruitment of mast and neutrophil cells and prevented the loss of skin thickness. Furthermore, the findings show that PEBP treatment resulted in the downregulation of miR-210, 146a, and 155 and the upregulation of miR-200c and miR-205 compared to the UVB-irradiated mice. Additionally, PEBP was found to reduce the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα, inhibiting COX-2 and increasing IL-10 after UVB exposure. Moreover, DNA methylation analysis indicated that PEBP might potentially reduce the activation of inflammation-related pathways such as MAPK, Wnt, Notch, and PI3K-AKT signaling. Our finding suggests that topical application of PEBP treatment may effectively prevent UVB-induced skin damage by inhibiting inflammation.

The Enhanced Skin Permeation of Flavonoids Via the Application of a Coamorphous in a Microemulsion Formulation

Improving the permeability and solubility of poorly water-soluble compounds is a major difficulty in skin permeation. In this study, we investigated whether using a pharmaceutical technique such as applying coamorphous to a microemulsion enhances the skin permeation of polyphenolic compounds. The melt-quenching technique created the coamorphous system between naringenin (NRG) and hesperetin (HPT), two polyphenolic compounds with poor water solubility. By creating a supersaturated state, the aqueous solution of coamorphous NRG/HPT demonstrated improved NRG and HPT skin permeation. However, as both compounds precipitated, the supersaturation ratio decreased. In contrast to crystal compounds, incorporating coamorphous material into microemulsions enabled the preparation of microemulsions in a wider formulation range. Additionally, compared to microemulsions with crystal compounds and an aqueous suspension of coamorphous, microemulsions with coamorphous NRG/HPT increased skin permeation of both compounds by more than four times. These results suggested that interactions between NRG and HPT are maintained in the microemulsion and enhance both compounds' skin permeation. An approach for improving the skin permeation of poorly water-soluble chemicals would be to apply a coamorphous system to a microemulsion.

Dietary Bioactive Compounds: Implications for Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Nowadays, it has been amply demonstrated how an appropriate diet and lifestyle are essential for preserving wellbeing and preventing illnesses [...].

Skin microbiome bacteria enriched following long sun exposure can reduce oxidative damage

Sun exposure is harmful to the skin and increases the risk of skin aging and skin cancer. Here we examined the effects of daily exposure to sun radiation on the skin microbiome in order to determine whether skim microbiome bacteria can contribute to protection from solar damage. Skin swabs were collected from ten lifeguards before and after the summer to analyse the skin microbiome. The results indicate that specific skin microbiome bacteria were enriched following the seasonal sun exposure. Especially interesting were two bacterial families - Sphingomonas and Erythrobacteraceae - which may have the ability to protect against UV radiation as they produce potentially protective compounds. We concentrated on a Sphingomonas strain and could show that it was highly resistant to UV irradiation and was able to reduce reactive oxygen species levels in human keratinocytes. These results provide a proof-of-concept for the role of the skin microbiome in protection from solar radiation.

Extremophilic Solutions: The Role of Deinoxanthin in Counteracting UV-Induced Skin Harm

This research delved into the protective capacities of deinoxanthin, a carotenoid present in Deinococcus radiodurans, against UVA- and UVB-mediated skin damage using human fibroblast foreskin cells (HFF-1). Using the MTT assay, HFF-1 cells treated with 10 µM DNX displayed 20% and 31.7% higher viability than the positive (Vitamin C-treated) and negative (DNX-untreated) control groups, respectively, upon 100 mJ/cm2 UVB exposure. At 24 J/cm2 UVA, 20 µM DNX-treated cells showed 80.6% viability, exceeding the positive and negative control groups by 28.6% and 33.6%, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that cells treated with DNX and exposed to 24 J/cm2 UVA exhibited a 69.32% reduction in apoptotic processes compared to untreated cells. Similarly, when exposed to 100 mJ/cm2 UVB, DNX-treated cells demonstrated a 72.35% decrease in apoptotic processes relative to their untreated counterparts. DNX also displayed dose-dependent inhibition on tyrosinase activity. The study emphasized DNX's antioxidative capacity, evident in its modulation of superoxide dismutase activity and measurements of Malondialdehyde and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. DNX-treated cells exhibited higher hydroxyproline levels, suggesting healthier collagen production. Additionally, the wound-healing assay method confirmed an accelerated healing rate in DNX-treated cells. Conclusively, DNX offers significant protection against UV-induced skin damage, emphasizing its potential for skincare and therapeutics.

Polyphenols from Mediterranean Plants: Biological Activities for Skin Photoprotection in Atopic Dermatitis, Psoriasis, and Chronic Urticaria

Polyphenols are a diverse class of natural compounds that are widely distributed in various fruits, vegetables, and herbs. They possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and bring benefits in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Studies suggested that polyphenols may improve cardiovascular health and may have neuroprotective effects. The Mediterranean region is a vast area. Although the territory encompasses a wide variety of cultures and dietary patterns, there are some commonalities in terms of the plant-based foods and their polyphenol content. Such polyphenols have been studied for their potential photoprotective effects on the skin. We focused on nutraceutical effects of Mediterranean plants in skin photoprotection in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and chronic urticaria. Results highlight the importance of exploring natural compounds for therapeutic purposes. The wide variety of polyphenols found in different foods and plants allows for a diverse range of pharmacological effects. The Mediterranean diet, rich in polyphenol-containing foods, is associated with a lower incidence of various chronic diseases, including dermatological conditions. While more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action and optimal dosing of polyphenols, there is initial evidence to support their potential use as adjunctive therapy for atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and chronic urticaria.

Nutrient synergy: definition, evidence, and future directions

Nutrient synergy refers to the concept that the combined effects of two or more nutrients working together have a greater physiological impact on the body than when each nutrient is consumed individually. While nutrition science traditionally focuses on isolating single nutrients to study their effects, it is recognized that nutrients interact in complex ways, and their combined consumption can lead to additive effects. Additionally, the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) provide guidelines to prevent nutrient deficiencies and excessive intake but are not designed to assess the potential synergistic effects of consuming nutrients together. Even the term synergy is often applied in different manners depending on the scientific discipline. Considering these issues, the aim of this narrative review is to investigate the potential health benefits of consuming different nutrients and nutrient supplements in combination, a concept we define as nutrient synergy, which has gained considerable attention for its impact on overall well-being. We will examine how nutrient synergy affects major bodily systems, influencing systemic health. Additionally, we will address the challenges associated with promoting and conducting research on this topic, while proposing potential solutions to enhance the quality and quantity of scientific literature on nutrient synergy.

Ultrafast excited-state energy dissipation pathway of diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB) via the nanoparticles

The organic UVA filter is popularized in sunscreen cosmetics due to the advantages of excellent light stability and high molar extinction coefficient. However, the poor water solubility of organic UV filters has been a common problem. Given that nanoparticles (NPs) can significantly improve the water solubility of organic chemicals. Meanwhile, the excited-state relaxation pathways of NPs might differ from their solution. Here, the NPs of diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB), a popular organic UVA filter, were prepared by an advanced ultrasonic micro-flow reactor. The surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) was selected as an effective stabilizer to prevent the self-aggregation of the NPs for DHHB. Femtosecond transient ultrafast spectroscopy (fs-TA) and theoretical calculations were utilized to trace and explain the excited-state evolution of DHHB in NPs suspension and its solution. The results reveal that the surfactant-stabilized NPs of DHHB reserve a similarly good performance of ultrafast excited-state relaxation. The stability characterization experiments demonstrate that the strategy of surfactant-stabilized NPs for sunscreen chemicals can maintain its stability and enhance the water solubility of DHHB compared with that of the solution phase. Therefore, the surfactant-stabilized NPs of organic UV filters are an effective method to improve water solubility and keep the stability from aggregation and photoexcitation.

Dendrobium nobile Lindl Polysaccharides Attenuate UVB-induced Photodamage by Regulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and MMPs Expression in Mice Model

Acute ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation predominantly leads to various skin disorders caused by photodamage. The major causes of UVB-induced photodamage include oxidative stress, inflammatory infiltration and collagen degradation. The aim of the study was to elucidate whether DNP had protective effect on the skin of KM mice when exposed to UVB irradiation. The DNP protective properties to skin appearance and histopathological alterations in KM mice were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, toluidine blue staining, Gomori staining and Masson's trichrome staining and mast cell staining. In this study, DNP pretreatment promoted the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, while decreased malondialdehyde level in UVB-irradiated skin, along with downregulation of proteins expression of matrix metalloproteinases and reduction in the level of the proinflammatory cytokines. Based on these findings, we demonstrated that DNP displayed strong ameliorative effects on UVB-induced acute photodamage for the first time, indicating that it would be a promoting ingredient candidate that could be used in antiphotodamage.

Functional diversity of subgroup 5 R2R3-MYBs promoting proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and their key residues and motifs in tea plant

The tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is rich in polyphenolic compounds. Particularly, flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins (PAs) are essential for the flavor and disease-resistance property of tea leaves. The fifth subgroup of R2R3-MYB transcription factors comprises the primary activators of PA biosynthesis. This study showed that subgroup 5 R2R3-MYBs in tea plants contained at least nine genes belonging to the TT2, MYB5, and MYBPA types. Tannin-rich plants showed an expansion in the number of subgroup 5 R2R3-MYB genes compared with other dicotyledonous and monocot plants. The MYBPA-type genes of tea plant were slightly expanded. qRT-PCR analysis and GUS staining analysis of promoter activity under a series of treatments revealed the differential responses of CsMYB5s to biotic and abiotic stresses. In particular, CsMYB5a, CsMYB5b, and CsMYB5e responded to high-intensity light, high temperature, MeJA, and mechanical wounding, whereas CsMYB5f and CsMYB5g were only induced by wounding. Three genetic transformation systems (C. sinensis, Nicotiana tabacum, and Arabidopsis thaliana) were used to verify the biological function of CsMYB5s. The results show that CsMYB5a, CsMYB5b, and CsMYB5e could promote the gene expression of CsLAR and CsANR. However, CsMYB5f and CsMYB5g could only upregulate the gene expression of CsLAR but not CsANR. A series of site-directed mutation and domain-swapping experiments were used to verify functional domains and key amino acids of CsMYB5s responsible for the regulation of PA biosynthesis. This study aimed to provide insight into the induced expression and functional diversity model of PA biosynthesis regulation in tea plants.

Sustainable production of bacterioruberin carotenoid and its derivatives from Arthrobacter agilis NP20 on whey-based medium: optimization and product characterization

Bacterioruberin and its rare glycosylated derivatives are produced by Arthrobacter agilis as an adaptation strategy to low temperature conditions. The high antioxidant properties of bacterioruberin held great promise for different future applications like the pharmaceutical and food industries. Microbial production of bacterioruberin via a cost-effective medium will help increase its commercial availability and industrial use. The presented study aims to optimize the production of the rare C50 carotenoid bacterioruberin and its derivatives from the psychotrophic bacteria Arthrobacter agilis NP20 strain on a whey-based medium as a cost effective and readily available nutritious substrate. The aim of the study is extended to assess the efficiency of whey treatment in terms of estimating total nitrogen content in treated and untreated whey samples. The significance of medium ingredients on process outcome was first tested individually; then the most promising factors were further optimized using Box Behnken design (BBD). The produced carotenoids were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, HPLC-DAD chromatography and HPLC-APCI-MS spectrometry. The maximum pigment yield (5.13 mg/L) was achieved after a 72-h incubation period on a core medium composed of 96% sweet whey supplemented with 0.46% MgSO4 & 0.5% yeast extract and inoculated with 6% (v/v) of a 24 h pre-culture (109 CFU/mL). The cost of the formulated medium was 1.58 $/L compared with 30.1 $/L of Bacto marine broth medium. The extracted carotenoids were identified as bacterioruberin, bis-anhydrobacteriouberin, mono anhydrobacterioruberin, and glycosylated bacterioruberin. The presented work illustrates the possibility of producing bacterioruberin carotenoid from Arthrobacter agilis through a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach using cheese whey-based medium.

Paeonia peregrina Mill Petals as a New Source of Biologically Active Compounds: Chemical Characterization and Skin Regeneration Effects of the Extracts

Paeonia peregrina Mill. is a perennial herbaceous plant species, known for the medicinal value of all of its plant parts, although the chemical composition of the petals is unknown. This study aimed to determine the chemical fingerprint of the petals and also establish the optimal extraction parameters, extraction medium, and extraction method for petals collected from different localities in Serbia. The optimization was performed in order to acquire extracts that are rich in the contents of total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), and also exhibit strong antioxidant activity. In addition, the influence of the extracts on several human skin pathogens was evaluated, as well as their ability to aid wound closure and act as anti-inflammatory agents. Both the extraction medium and the applied technique significantly influenced the skin-beneficial biological activities, while methanol proved to be a more favorable extraction medium. In conclusion, the extraction conditions that yielded the extract with the richest phenolic content with satisfactory biological potential varied between the assays, while the most promising locality in Serbia for the collection of P. peregrina petals was Pančevo (South Banat).

Revealing the Beauty Potential of Grape Stems: Harnessing Phenolic Compounds for Cosmetics

Grape stems have emerged as a promising natural ingredient in the cosmetics industry due to their abundance of phenolic compounds, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds have shown great potential in promoting skin health, fighting signs of aging, and shielding against environmental stressors. With high concentrations of resveratrol, flavonoids, and tannins, grape stems have garnered attention from cosmetic scientists. Research has indicated that phenolic compounds extracted from grape stems possess potent antioxidant abilities, effectively combating free radicals that accelerate aging. Moreover, these compounds have demonstrated the capacity to shield the skin from UV damage, boost collagen production, and enhance skin elasticity. Cosmetic formulations incorporating grape stem extracts have displayed promising results in addressing various skin concerns, including reducing wrinkles, fine lines, and age spots, leading to a more youthful appearance. Additionally, grape stem extracts have exhibited anti-inflammatory properties, soothing irritated skin and diminishing redness. Exploring the potential of grape stem phenolic compounds for cosmetics paves the way for sustainable and natural beauty products. By harnessing the beauty benefits of grape stems, the cosmetics industry can provide effective and eco-friendly solutions for consumers seeking natural alternatives. Ongoing research holds the promise of innovative grape stem-based formulations that could revolutionize the cosmetics market, fully unlocking the potential of these extraordinary botanical treasures.

Obacunone Photoprotective Effects against Solar-Simulated Radiation-Induced Molecular Modifications in Primary Keratinocytes and Full-Thickness Human Skin

Solar radiation can cause damage to the skin, leading to various adverse effects such as sunburn, reactive oxygen species production, inflammation, DNA damage, and photoaging. To study the potential of photoprotective agents, full-thickness skin models are increasingly being used as in vitro tools. One promising approach to photoprotection involves targeting the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2, which is responsible for regulating various cellular defense mechanisms, including the antioxidant response, inflammatory signaling, and DNA repair. Obacunone, a natural triterpenoid, has been identified as a potent Nrf2 agonist. The present study aims to evaluate the relevance of full-thickness (FT) skin models in photoprotection studies and to explore the potential photoprotective effects of obacunone on those models and in human keratinocytes. Phenion^® full-thickness skin models and keratinocytes were incubated with increasing concentrations of obacunone and irradiated with solar-simulated radiation (SSR). Various photodamage markers were evaluated, including histological integrity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, photoaging-related dermal markers, and photocarcinogenesis markers. Increasing doses of SSR were found to modulate various biomarkers related to sun damage in the FT skin models. However, obacunone attenuated cytotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, sunburn reaction, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis in both keratinocytes and full thickness skin models exposed to SSR. These results suggest that obacunone may have potential as a photoprotective agent for preventing the harmful effects of solar radiation on the skin.

The Role of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Skin Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Skin cancer is a prevalent type of cancer worldwide and has a high growth rate compared to other diseases. Although modern targeted therapies have improved the management of cutaneous neoplasms, there is an urgent requirement for a safer, more affordable, and effective chemoprevention and treatment strategy for skin cancer. Nutraceuticals, which are natural substances derived from food, have emerged as a potential alternative or adjunctive treatment option. In this review, we explore the current evidence on the use of omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols (curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, apigenin, resveratrol, and genistein) for the treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), as well as in their prevention. We discuss the mechanisms of action of the aforementioned nutraceuticals and their probable therapeutic benefits in skin cancer. Omega-3 fatty acids, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, apigenin, resveratrol, and genistein have several properties, among which are anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor, which can help to prevent and treat skin cancer. However, their effectiveness is limited due to poor bioavailability. Nanoparticles and other delivery systems can improve their absorption and targeting. More research is needed to evaluate their safety and effectiveness as a natural approach to skin cancer prevention and treatment. These compounds should not replace conventional cancer treatments, but may be used as complementary therapy under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Hyperoside as a UV Photoprotective or Photostimulating Compound-Evaluation of the Effect of UV Radiation with Selected UV-Absorbing Organic Compounds on Skin Cells

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a non-ionizing radiation, which has a cytotoxic potential, and it is therefore necessary to protect against it. Human skin is exposed to the longer-wavelength components of UV radiation (UVA and UVB) from the sun. In the present paper, we focused on the study of eight organic UV-absorbing compounds: astragalin, beta-carotene, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, hyperoside, 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)camphor, pachypodol, and trans-urocanic acid, as possible protectives of skin cells against UVA and UVB radiation. Their protective effects on skin cell viability, ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential, liposomal permeability, and DNA integrity were investigated. Only some of the compounds studied, such as trans-urocanic acid and hyperoside, had a significant effect on the examined hallmarks of UV-induced cell damage. This was also confirmed by an atomic force microscopy study of morphological changes in HaCaT cells or a study conducted on a 3D skin model. In conclusion, hyperoside was found to be a very effective UV-protective compound, especially against UVA radiation. Commonly used sunscreen compounds such as 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, and 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)camphor turned out to be only physical UV filters, and pachypodol with a relatively high absorption in the UVA region was shown to be more phototoxic than photoprotective.

Proanthocyanidins: A novel approach to Henoch‑Schonlein purpura through balancing immunity and arresting oxidative stress via TLR4/MyD88/NF‑κB signaling pathway (Review)

Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP), a recurrent and immunoglobulin (Ig)A-mediated vasculitis, presents not only as skin lesions but also as systemic involvement that can be life-threatening. Although the etiology of HSP remains unknown, immune imbalance and oxidative stress (OS) are primary contributors to its pathogenesis, alongside the abnormal activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)/myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. TLRs, especially TLR4, stimulate downstream signaling molecules such as NF-κB and proinflammatory cytokines, which are released when TLRs combine with the key adapter molecule MyD88. This leads to the activation of T helper (Th) cell 2/Th17 and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The function of regulatory T (Treg) cells is suppressed in the process. Th17/Treg imbalance then produces various inflammatory cytokines to promote proliferation and differentiation of B cells and the secretion of antibodies. IgA is secreted, and it binds to vascular endothelial surface receptors where the complex induces injury of the vascular endothelial cells. Additionally, excessive ROS creates OS that leads to an inflammatory response and vascular cell apoptosis or necrosis, thereby contributing to vascular endothelial damage and HSP occurrence. Proanthocyanidins are active compounds naturally enriched in fruits, vegetables and plants. Proanthocyanidins have diverse properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, immunoregulatory, anticarcinogenic and vascular protective effects. Proanthocyanidins are used in the management of various diseases. Proanthocyanidins regulate T cells, equilibrate immunity and arrest OS by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Considering the pathogenesis of HSP and the properties of proanthocyanidins, the present study hypothesized that these compounds may potentially lead to HSP recovery through modulating the immune equilibrium and preventing OS by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. To the best of our knowledge, however, little is known about the positive effects of proanthocyanidins against HSP. The present review summarizes the potential of proanthocyanidins to treat HSP.

Skin microbiome bacteria enriched following long sun exposure can reduce oxidative damage: a 5-month preliminary study of ten lifeguards

BACKGROUND

The skin microbiome is important for skin health and protection against solar damage. Sun exposure can cause long-term harm and increase the risk of skin aging and skin cancer. Here we examined the effects of daily exposure to sun radiation on the skin microbiome in order to determine whether skin microbiome bacteria can contribute to protection from solar damage.

METHODS

Skin swabs were collected from ten lifeguards before and after the summer season to analyze changes in the skin microbiome. The bacteria which were enriched after the summer were chosen for further studies to assess their response to solar radiation and potential effect on skin health.

RESULT

The study indicates that specific skin microbiome bacteria were enriched after seasonal sun exposure. Two of these, Sphingomonas and Erythrobacteraceae, may have the ability to protect against UV radiation as they produce potentially protective compounds. Indeed, further analysis showed that a Sphingomonas spp. was able to reduce reactive oxygen species levels in human keratinocytes.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that members of the skin microbiome can enhance protection from solar radiation damage and contribute to human health. The findings provide a proof-of-concept for the role of the skin microbiome in promoting skin health.

Anti-Skin Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Effects of the Neoflavonoid Latifolin Isolated from Dalbergia odorifera in HaCaT and BJ-5ta Cells

Skin is the first line of defense in the body against external stimulation and injury. Inflammation and oxidative stress in skin cells are the initiators and promoters of several skin diseases. Latifolin is a natural flavonoid isolated from Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of latifolin. The anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using tumor necrosis factor-α/interferon-γ (TNF-α/IFN-γ)-treated HaCaT cells, revealing that latifolin inhibited the secretion of Interleukin 6 (IL-6); Interleukin 8 (IL-8); Regulated upon Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Presumably Secreted (RANTES); and Macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) while decreasing the expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1). The results of western blots and immunofluorescence demonstrated that the activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NF-κB) cells signaling pathways were significantly inhibited by latifolin. The antioxidant properties were evaluated using t-BHP-induced BJ-5ta cells. Latifolin increased the viability of t-BHP-induced BJ-5ta cells. Additionally, fluorescent staining of reactive oxygen species (ROS) showed that the production of ROS was inhibited by latifolin. Additionally, latifolin reduced the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK. The results indicate that latifolin has potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and may be a candidate natural compound for the treatment of skin diseases.

Phytochemicals in Cancer Treatment and Cancer Prevention-Review on Epidemiological Data and Clinical Trials

Phytochemicals are a non-nutritive substances that are present in plants and contribute significantly to their flavor and color. These biologically active compounds are classified into five major groups, namely phenolics, carotenoids, organosulfur compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, and alkaloids, and are known for their potential health benefits in the prevention of various diseases, including cancer. The purpose of this review article is to explore the potential therapeutic benefits of the dietary phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, phytosterols, carotenoids, and stilbenes, in cancer treatment and prevention based on the epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Although the majority of epidemiological studies report a significant advantage of the heightened phytochemical consumption and increased serum levels of these compounds, linking increased exposure with a lower cancer risk across most cancer types, these effects could not be replicated in the most available clinical trials. In fact, many of these trials were withdrawn early due to a lack of evidence and/or risk of harm. Despite the strong anticancer effect of phytochemicals, as well as their proven efficacy in multiple epidemiological studies, there is still a great need for human studies and clinical trials, with great caution regarding the safety measures. This review article provides an overview of the epidemiological and clinical evidence supporting the potential chemopreventive and anticancer properties of phytochemicals, with a focus on the need for further research in this area.

Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin-Glycerol-Assisted Extraction of Phenolics from Satureja montana L.: Optimization, Anti-Elastase and Anti-Hyaluronidase Properties of the Extracts

A green method for hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-glycerol-assisted extraction (HCGAE) of bioactive phenolics from S. montana, Lamiaceae was optimized using Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology and compared conventional water/ethanol-based extraction. The procedure was aimed at obtaining extracts with the maximum content of total phenols (TP), flavonoids (TF), dihydroxycinnamic acids (TDCA), rosmarinic acid (RA), and luteolin 7-O-glucoside (LG). The impact of glycerol content (0–70%), 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin content (0–0.4 mmol), temperature (20–70 °C), herbal material weight (0.3–0.8 g), extraction duration (5–25 min), and ultrasound power (144–720 W) on the extraction efficiency was analyzed. Four extracts with maximum amounts of target phenols, OPT-TP (5.93 mg/mL), OPT-TDCA-RA (4.17 mg/mL and 1.16 mg/mL, respectively), OPT-TF (0.99 mg/mL), and OPT-LG (0.28 mg/mL) were prepared. Comparison of the content of TDCA, TF, RA, and LG with those obtained in water/ethanol-based extraction demonstrated the superiority of the HCGAE approach for the extraction of phenols from S. montana. The extracts displayed good anti-elastase and excellent anti-hyaluronidase activity. IC50 values of the anti-hyaluronidase activity (1.67 ± 0.06 μL extract/mL, 1.16 ± 0.08 μL extract/mL, 0.85 ± 0.03 μL extract/mL, and 0.79 ± 0.05 μL extract/mL for OPT-TP, OPT-TDCA-RA, OPT-TF, and OPT-LG, respectively) surpassed that of the applied positive control, tannic acid. The observed bioactivity of the optimized extracts makes them promising active ingredients for natural cosmetics. The results of this research indicate that HCGAE is an excellent alternative to conventional water/ethanol-based extraction of phenolics from Satureja montana L.-yielding extracts with potent anti-elastase and anti-hyaluronidase properties suitable for direct use in cosmetic products.

Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin-Based Helichrysum italicum Extracts: Antioxidant and Cosmeceutical Activity and Biocompatibility

Two Helichrysum italicum extracts, OPT-1 (rich in phenolic acids) and OPT-2 (rich in total phenols and flavonoids), were prepared using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD)-assisted extraction. The prepared extracts were rich in phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids. GC-MS analysis of the extracts identified neryl acetate, neo-intermedeol, β-selinene, γ-curcumene, italidione I, and nerol as the main volatile components of the extracts, as well as plant sterols, γ-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol. The antioxidant (DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power, and a carotene linoleic acid assay) and cosmeceutical (anti-hyaluronidase, anti-tyrosinase, anti-lipoxygenase, ovalbumin anti-coagulation, and a UV-absorption assay) activity of the extracts in most of the assays was better than the activity of the applied positive controls. Especially low were the IC50 values of the extracts in the anti-hyaluronidase (14.31 ± 0.29 μL extract/mL and 19.82 ± 1.53 μL extract/mL for OPT-1 and OPT-2, respectively) and the anti-lipoxygenase (0.96 ± 0.11 μL extract/mL and 1.07 ± 0.01 μL extract/mL for OPT-1 and OPT-2, respectively) assays. The extracts were non-toxic to HaCaT cells in concentrations of up to 62.5 µL extract/mL assuring their status as excellent candidates for cosmeceutical product development appropriate for direct use in cosmetic products without solvent evaporation.

Amaryllidaceae alkaloids in skin cancer management: Photoprotective effect on human keratinocytes and anti-proliferative activity in melanoma cells

Skin cancer has high rates of mortality and therapeutic failure. In this study, to develop a multi-agent strategy for skin cancer management, the selective cytotoxicity of several alkaloid fractions and pure alkaloids isolated from Amaryllidaceae species was evaluated in melanoma cells. In addition, UVB-stimulated keratinocytes (HaCaT) were exposed to seven alkaloid fractions characterized by GC-MS, and the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and IL-6, were measured to evaluate their photoprotection effects. The Eucharis caucana (bulb) alkaloid fraction (20 μg/ml) had a clear effect on the viability of melanoma cells, reducing it by 45.7% without affecting healthy keratinocytes. This alkaloid fraction and tazettine (both at 2.5 μg/ml) suppressed UVB-induced ROS production by 31.6% and 29.4%, respectively. The highest anti-inflammatory potential was shown by the Zephyranthes carinata (bulb) alkaloid fraction (10 μg/ml), which reduced IL-6 production by 90.8%. According to the chemometric analysis, lycoramine and tazettine had a photoprotective effect on the UVB-exposed HaCaT cells, attenuating the production of ROS and IL-6. These results suggest that Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have photoprotective and therapeutic potential in skin cancer management, especially at low concentrations.

Anti-Inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Photoprotective Investigation of Red Propolis Extract as Sunscreen Formulation in Polawax Cream

Many activities have been described for propolis, including, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, antioxidant and wound healing properties. Recently, propolis has been highlighted due to its potential application in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, motivating a better understanding of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Propolis and its main polyphenolic compounds presented high antioxidant activity, and effectiveness as broad spectrum UVB and UVA photoprotection sunscreens. Through a qualitative phytochemical screening, the ethanolic red propolis extracts (EEPV) (70% at room temperature and 70% at a hot temperature) presented a positive result for flavonoids and terpenoids. It presented an antioxidant activity for reducing 50% of DPPH of 17 and 12 μg/mL for extraction at room temperature and at a hot temperature, respectively. The UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis allowed the annotation of 40 substances for EEPV-Heated and 42 substances for EEPV-Room Temperature. The IC50 results of the ABTS scavenging activity was 4.7 μg/mL for both extractions, at room temperature and at a hot temperature. Additionally, we also evaluated the cytotoxic profile of propolis extracts against macrophage (RAW 264.7 cells) and keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), which showed non-cytotoxic doses in cell viability assays even after a long period of exposure. In addition, propolis extracts showed antibacterial activity for Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis), demonstrating potential biological activity for the creation of formulations aimed at disease control and prevention.

Antiphotoaging and Skin-Protective Activities of Ardisia silvestris Ethanol Extract in Human Keratinocytes

Ardisia silvestris is a traditional medicinal herb used in Vietnam and several other countries. However, the skin-protective properties of A. silvestris ethanol extract (As-EE) have not been evaluated. Human keratinocytes form the outermost barrier of the skin and are the main target of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV exposure causes skin photoaging via the production of reactive oxygen species. Protection from photoaging is thus a key component of dermatological and cosmetic products. In this research, we found that As-EE can prevent UV-induced skin aging and cell death as well as enhance the barrier effect of the skin. First, the radical-scavenging ability of As-EE was checked using DPPH, ABTS, TPC, CUPRAC, and FRAP assays, and a 3-(4-5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to examine cytotoxicity. Reporter gene assays were used to determine the doses that affect skin-barrier-related genes. A luciferase assay was used to identify possible transcription factors. The anti-photoaging mechanism of As-EE was investigated by determining correlated signaling pathways using immunoblotting analyses. As-EE had no harmful effects on HaCaT cells, according to our findings, and As-EE revealed moderate radical-scavenging ability. With high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, rutin was found to be one of the major components. In addition, As-EE enhanced the expression levels of hyaluronic acid synthase-1 and occludin in HaCaT cells. Moreover, As-EE dose-dependently up-regulated the production of occludin and transglutaminase-1 after suppression caused by UVB blocking the activator protein-1 signaling pathway, in particular, the extracellular response kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Our findings suggest that As-EE may have anti-photoaging effects by regulating mitogen-activated protein kinase, which is good news for the cosmetics and dermatology sectors.

Molecular basis of skin photoaging and therapeutic interventions by plant-derived natural product ingredients: A comprehensive review

Skin areas exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UV) from sunlight are more prone to photoaging than unexposed areas evidenced by several signs which include skin dryness, irregular pigmentation, lentigines, hyperpigmentation, wrinkling, and decreased elasticity. Plant-based natural product ingredients with therapeutic potential against skin photoaging are gaining more attention. This article aims the reviewing the research work done in exploring the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in UV-induced skin photoaging, followed by summarizing the mechanistic insights involved in its therapeutics by natural product-based ingredients. In the mechanistic section of the convoluted procedure of photoaging, we described the effect of UV radiation (UVR) on different cellular macromolecules (direct damage) and subsequently, the deleterious consequences of UVR-generated reactive oxygen species (indirect damage) and signaling pathways activated or inhibited by UV induced ROS generation in various cellular pathologies of skin photoaging like inflammation, extracellular matrix degradation, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and immune suppression. We also discussed the effect of UV radiation on the adipose tissue, and transient receptor potential cation channel V of photoaging skin. In the past few decades, mechanistic studies performed in this area have deciphered various therapeutic targets, opening avenues for different available therapeutic options against this pathological condition. So the remaining portion of the review deals with various natural product-based therapeutic agents available against skin photodamage.

Grape Seed Components as Protectors of Inflammation, DNA Damage, and Cancer

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Oxidative stress is related to the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, including inflammatory processes. Free radicals excess increase not only oxidative stress but also genomic instability. Polyphenols are non-enzymatic antioxidants that act as a defense barrier against free radicals and non-radical oxidants. The purpose of this article was to review published articles relating dietary polyphenols contained in grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts with its potential for reversing DNA damage.

RECENT FINDINGS

Proanthocyanidin components exert pleiotropic actions having several biological, biochemical, and significant pharmacological effects and showed the ability to reduce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts showed the ability to reduce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity through the comet assay and the micronucleus technique.