1
|
Lundqvist C, Schary DP, Jacobsson J, Korhonen L, Timpka T. Aligning categories of mental health conditions with intervention types in high-performance sports: A narrative cornerstone review and classification framework. J Sci Med Sport 2024:S1440-2440(24)00150-6. [PMID: 38796375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that psychiatric disorders are as prevalent amongst high-performance athletes as in general populations, challenging the myth of invulnerability. Despite efforts of sport organisations to highlight the significance of athletes' mental health, it is still many times tough to combine the sport performance ethos with a discourse on mental health. This narrative cornerstone review examines challenges related to definitions and classifications of athlete mental health in high-performance sports and how these influence assessments and the implementation of interventions. We discuss challenges with concept creep and psychiatrisation and outline their consequences for sport healthcare professionals. Based on this, we present a framework that aligns different categories of athlete mental health conditions (from the reduction of wellbeing to psychiatric disorders) with intervention types (from the provision of supporting environments to pharmacotherapy). We conclude that researchers and sport practitioners need to carefully consider conceptual creep and the risk of pathologising normal and healthy, albeit emotionally aversive, reactions to athlete lifeworld events when assessing athlete mental health. A clear separation of terminology denoting the athlete's resources to handle the lifeworld (including salutogenic factors) and terms describing psychiatric conditions and their management is necessary to avoid misguidance in intervention planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lundqvist
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Sweden; Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Sweden.
| | - David P Schary
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Performance, Winthrop University, USA. https://twitter.com/DrDavidSchary
| | - Jenny Jacobsson
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Society and Health, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Laura Korhonen
- Barnafrid and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Toomas Timpka
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Society and Health, Linköping University, Sweden; Regional Executive Office, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Petzold MB, Betzler F, Plag J, Ströhle A, Bendau A. Advising activity-knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors regarding the recommendation of physical activity in clinical psychologists. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01819-7. [PMID: 38714563 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular physical activity comes with multiple benefits for physical but also mental health and can be a pivotal element in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. Clinical psychologists play an important role in supporting their patients in increasing physical activity levels. Up to date, there is only little research on recommendation of physical activity in psychologists worldwide and no such research for psychologists in Germany. Aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors regarding physical activity in psychologists in Germany. METHODS We assessed knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors regarding physical activity among a sample of clinical psychologists in Germany using the "Exercise in Mental Illness Questionnaire-German" (EMIQ-G) in a cross-sectional online survey. RESULTS 454 participants were included in the analysis. Participants reported moderate levels of knowledge and self-confidence in recommending physical activity. Only 14% of the participants received formal training regarding physical activity recommendation. Most participants recommended physical activity to their patients, primarily through personal discussions and referrals to exercise professionals. About one third did not give any recommendations regarding intensity. Strength training was only recommended by a minority. CONCLUSION There is a need for greater integration of information and instructions regarding the recommendation of physical activity in the treatment of people with mental disorders in the training and further education of psychologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Bruno Petzold
- Department of Psychology, Medical School Berlin, Mecklenburgische Str. 57, 14197, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Felix Betzler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Plag
- Department of Medicine, Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
- Oberberg Fachklinik Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia Bendau
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Berger K, Schiefner F, Rudolf M, Awiszus F, Junne F, Vogel M, Lohmann CH. Long-term effects of doping with anabolic steroids during adolescence on physical and mental health. ORTHOPADIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024:10.1007/s00132-024-04498-3. [PMID: 38653791 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-024-04498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic doping programs like in the GDR were applied in adolescent competitive athletes to induce supramaximal athletic performance. The substances had adverse somatic and psychological effects. The psychological development of the young athletes was impaired and they suffered in adulthood from long-term effects and secondary diseases even years after the doping period. METHOD The study compared three groups: competitive athletes with doping (I), competitive athletes without doping (II) and persons with no sports activities (III). Somatic and psychological diseases were analyzed to identify the adverse effects of doping in the most vulnerable phase of development in adolescence. Participants were asked to supply a patient history and completed a questionnaire with standardized psychological tests. RESULTS The doping cohort had a higher rate of somatic diseases, psychological disorders and social and professional difficulties. The differences were gender-specific with males more often having impaired liver function, depression, tumors and difficulties associated with the workplace . The doping group reported more emotional and physical neglect during childhood. They proved to be less optimistic but more pessimistic, to perceive less social support and to be more depressive. The study identified less extraversion and more neuroticism. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurred in a small number of participants in the doping group. Doping is associated with psychiatric variables. Predictors were the subscale identifying feelings of the Toronto alexithymia scale 20 (TAS-20), the sense of coherence and the Beck depression inventory 2 (BDI-II) and the Beck depression inventory (BDI). CONCLUSION Physical and psychosocial effects imply correlation with the application of doping substances but might not only be due to the side effects of these substances but also caused by the system, which exerts great psychological pressure and stress during adolescence, a highly vulnerable phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Berger
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - F Schiefner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Rudolf
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - F Awiszus
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - F Junne
- Department for Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Vogel
- Department for Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - C H Lohmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mehren A, Philipsen A. [Is Physical Activity a Treatment Option for ADHD?]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER- UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2024; 52:124-133. [PMID: 38335974 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Is Physical Activity a Treatment Option for ADHD? Abstract: Physical activity as an option for the prevention and treatment of psychiatric disorders is increasingly becoming the focus of research. In particular, because of improvements in cognitive functioning, attentional performance, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, physical exercise could be a promising treatment option for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this narrative review, we present and evaluate the current state of research on exercise effects in children and adolescents as well as in adults with ADHD. While studies of the short-term effects of a single bout of physical activity indicate robust effects on attention and inhibitory control, results on the impact on further symptoms of ADHD as well as in adults are mixed. Randomized controlled trials of longer-term physical activity are scarce and show high heterogeneity. Nevertheless, they are encouraging for further research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Mehren
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Deutschland
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bendau A, Petzold MB, Kaminski J, Plag J, Ströhle A. Exercise as Treatment for "Stress-Related" Mental Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:420-436. [PMID: 37779399 PMCID: PMC10845075 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666230927103308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial impact of physical activity on preventing and treating mental disorders has captured growing (research) interest. This article aims to provide a concise overview of essential evidence regarding the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of physical activity for individuals with mental disorders clustered as "stress-related" conditions. Empirical findings (e.g., longitudinalprospective studies, interventional randomized-controlled-trials, reviews, meta-analyses) regarding the effects of physical activity in the prevention and treatment of stress-related mental disorders are summarized. Furthermore, potential mechanisms underlying these effects are discussed, and recommendations regarding the use of physical activity are outlined. The majority of studies indicate good efficacy of physical activity in prospectively lowering the risk for the incidence of subsequent stress-related mental disorders as well as in the treatment of manifest disorders. Most evidence targets unipolar depressive disorder and, secondly, anxiety disorders. Research regarding posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and somatoform disorders is promising but scarce. Physical activity seems to be useful as a stand-alone-treatment as well as in combination with other psychotherapeutic or pharmacological treatments. Multiple intertwined physiological, psychological, and social mechanisms are assumed to mediate the beneficial effects. Recommendations regarding physical activity can orientate on official guidelines but should consider the individual needs and circumstances of each subject. In summary, physical activity seems to be effective in the prevention and treatment of stressrelated mental disorders and, therefore, should be fostered in healthcare-settings. Future studies are needed to clarify partly inconsistent patterns of results and to close research gaps, e.g., concerning somatoform disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Bendau
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Moritz Bruno Petzold
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, MSB Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Kaminski
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Plag
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Oberberg Fachklinik Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Smith A, Buadze A, Colangelo J, Liebrenz M. A Review of Mental Health Issues in High-Performance and Elite-Level Cycling. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:1034-1042. [PMID: 37524113 DOI: 10.1055/a-2145-6355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the public health benefits of cycling in the general population, mental health issues may be evident in high-performance and elite-level competitive domains. With prominent riders disclosing their experiences with psychiatric symptoms, distinctive socioenvironmental factors could exacerbate psychopathological vulnerabilities. This suggests a need for greater mental health awareness amongst stakeholders, supplemented by actions from international and national federations and regulators. To synthesise relevant observations about psychiatric concerns in high-performance and elite-level cycling, we conducted a keyword search of articles in APA PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus based on specified exclusion criteria. Thirteen papers were identified that examined mental health issues in high-performance and/or elite-level cycling per classifications from the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision. A large proportion of articles illustrated eating disorder symptomatology, but others discussed attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorder, depression, sleep wake disorders, and substance use disorder. Existing literature underlines important considerations for all stakeholders within the cycling community around mental health initiatives and care provisions, which are currently lacking across the sport. Such programmes could incorporate consensus statements, psychiatric screening, psychoeducation, stigma-reducing policies, and athlete advocacy. These can help mitigate socioenvironmental risk factors and prioritise athlete wellbeing over performance-centred motivations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Smith
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ana Buadze
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jill Colangelo
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Liebrenz
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Berwinkel A, Driessen M, Beblo T, Weigelt M. Combined physical activity training versus aerobic activity training in unipolar depressive disorder: a quasi-randomised evaluation study. NEUROPSYCHIATRIE : KLINIK, DIAGNOSTIK, THERAPIE UND REHABILITATION : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT OSTERREICHISCHER NERVENARZTE UND PSYCHIATER 2023; 37:206-213. [PMID: 37084073 DOI: 10.1007/s40211-023-00464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The positive effect of sport and exercise interventions on the treatment of unipolar depressive disorder (UDD) is well documented with respect to aerobic exercise. However, few studies have determined the effectiveness of other types of interventions (e.g., weight training, body and mind oriented, qigong or progressive muscle relaxation). Additionally, the effectiveness of specific combined sport and exercise approaches has rarely been investigated. Therefore, recommendations for the use of sport and exercise therapy to treat UDD have been developed. METHODS This quasi-randomised study used a pretest/posttest design to compare the effectiveness of two different interventions (aerobic activity training vs. combined physical activity training) on psychiatric outcome parameters in a day clinic psychiatric setting. A total of 62 participants were quasi-randomised to one of the two conditions. Affective, cognitive, psychosocial and neuropsychological changes were assessed by a battery of questionnaires before (t1) and after (t2) treatment. Accelerometers were used to assess energy consumption. RESULTS The results show that both training interventions have similar effects on the treatment of UDD. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the effectiveness of different physical activities in the treatment of UDD and provide further information for good clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Berwinkel
- Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Remterweg 69-71, 33617, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Martin Driessen
- Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Remterweg 69-71, 33617, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Beblo
- Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Remterweg 69-71, 33617, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Matthias Weigelt
- Department Sport & Gesundheit, Universität Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Augustin N, Bendau A, Heuer S, Kaminski J, Ströhle A. Resistance Training in Depression. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 120:757-762. [PMID: 37656468 PMCID: PMC10745562 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 320 million people around the world suffer from depression. Physical activity and sports are effective treatment strategies. Endurance training has already been intensively studied, but any potential antidepressant effect of resistance training is unknown at present, nor is it clear whether this could yield any relevant benefit in clinical use. METHODS The PubMed database was selectively searched for recent studies and review articles concerning the use, efficacy, and safety of resistance training in persons with depressive symptoms and diagnosed depression. RESULTS Two meta-analyses revealed that resistance training alleviated depressive symptoms with a low to moderate effect size (0.39-0.66). Resistance training in patients with diagnosed depression was studied in seven randomized controlled trials, in which the duration of the intervention ranged from eight weeks to eight months. In six of these trials, the depressive symptoms were reduced. In one trial, a persistent benefit was seen in the resistance-training group at 26 months of follow-up (adherence, 33%). Moreover, resistance training improved strength, quality of life, and quality of sleep. No serious adverse events occurred; this indicates that resistance training in depression is safe. CONCLUSION Resistance training seems to have an antidepressant effect. Open questions remain concerning its effects in different age groups, as well as the optimal training parameters. Further high-quality trials will be needed to document the effect of resistance training more conclusively and to enable the formulation of treatment recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah Augustin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the Charité Campus Mitte
| | - Antonia Bendau
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the Charité Campus Mitte
- HMU Health and -Medical University Potsdam
| | - Selina Heuer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the Charité Campus Mitte
| | - Jan Kaminski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the Charité Campus Mitte
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the Charité Campus Mitte
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang X, Sun T, Han D, Lin H, Zhang H, Hou X. The effect of yoga classes on the mental health of female college students. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1244-1250. [PMID: 37695564 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health problems have become prominent among college students. The purpose of this study was to to explore the influence of yoga course on female college students' mental health. METHODS Three hundred fifty-four female college students enrolled in Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 2020 or 2021 were selected and divided into three groups according to whether they took PE courses and the content of PE courses: No physical education group (control group) (N.=131), aerobics group (N.=120), and yoga group (N.=103), questionnaire survey was conducted before, at the middle (8 weeks), and at the end of the course. The patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and Connor- Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) were used to evaluate the mental health status of female college students at different time points. RESULTS The demographic characteristics of the three groups showed no significant differences. Repeated measures Analysis of Variance showed that there were time main effect, group and time interaction effect and group main effect in patients' health questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and Connor- Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) among the three groups before and after practice. Patient health score: The score of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 in yoga group at 16 weeks, at 8 weeks, before practice (P<0.05), and the scores of yoga group at 8 weeks and 16 weeks were lower than those of control group and aerobics group (P< 0.05). For CD-RISC: the score of yoga group at16 weeks, 8 weeks, before practice (P<0.05), and the scores at 8 and 16 weeks were higher than those of aerobics group and control group (P<0.05); There was no significant difference before and after exercise between the control group and the aerobics group (P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The teaching of yoga course can enhance the level of psychological resilience, improve depression and anxiety, promote mental health, and improve subjective well-being and improve the quality of college life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Huang
- School of Health and Physical Education, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Exercise and Physical Fitness Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxu Han
- School of Health and Physical Education, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Lin
- School of Health and Physical Education, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hanyue Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Hou
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China -
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cansler R, Heidrich J, Whiting A, Tran D, Hall P, Tyler WJ. Influence of CrossFit and Deep End Fitness training on mental health and coping in athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1061492. [PMID: 37849685 PMCID: PMC10577405 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1061492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is known to improve mental health. Athletes can experience unique physical and emotional stressors, which can deteriorate mental health and cognitive function. Training apathy can lead to cognitive dissonance and further degrade performance by promoting maladaptive, avoidance coping strategies. Introduction of psychosocial and training variables, such as those used in CrossFit (CF) and other community-based fitness programs with strong peer support have been shown to help reduce training apathy and negative affect. Here, we explored whether addition of psychophysiological variation, experienced as "hunger for air" during underwater breath-hold exercises, could provide unique mental health benefits for athletes. We studied the influence of CF and Deep End Fitness (DEF), a community-based underwater fitness program, on several outcome measures of mental health and emotional well-being in volunteer athletes. We observed a significant reduction in stress scores of both the control CF training group and the experimental DEF group. We found that DEF produced a significant improvement in positive affect while CF training did not. Further supportive of our hypothesis that the psychological and biological stressors experienced in underwater, breath-hold training cause positive adaptive changes and benefits, DEF training uniquely increased problem-based coping. While our observations demonstrate both CF and DEF training can improve mental health in athletes, DEF produced additional, unique benefits to positive coping and attitudes of athletes. Future studies should further evaluate the broader benefits of community-based, underwater training programs on psychological and physiological health in athletes and the public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Cansler
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Deep End Fitness, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Ali Whiting
- Deep End Fitness, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Don Tran
- Deep End Fitness, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Prime Hall
- Deep End Fitness, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - William J. Tyler
- Deep End Fitness, San Diego, CA, United States
- IST, LLC, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stephens LE, Bowers EP, Schmalz DL, Duffy LN, Lenhoff J. A mixed method approach to evaluating eating-related psychopathologies in collegiate student-athletes. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:1761-1774. [PMID: 34243701 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1947304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the presence of body image concerns, drive for muscularity, and disordered eating behaviors in collegiate student-athletes. PARTICIPANTS One hundred and one NCAA Division I student-athletes participated in Phase I; 15 of these also participated in Phase II. METHODS This study employed a mixed method, sequential explanatory design. Participants first completed survey measures assessing body image concern, drive for muscularity, and eating behaviors. These results influenced open-ended, semi-structured interviews, which were thematically analyzed. RESULTS Body image and disordered eating behaviors were of greater concern than drive for muscularity. Student-athletes reported engaging in eating behaviors as opposed to not eating, yet these eating behaviors trended toward disordered behaviors such as obsessive "healthy eating" or orthorexia. CONCLUSIONS This study took a novel methodological approach to examining student-athlete body image and eating behaviors. Results emphasize the need for further support and education for student-athletes around body image and eating behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Stephens
- Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Edmond P Bowers
- Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Dorothy L Schmalz
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Lauren N Duffy
- Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vasiliu O. Current trends and perspectives in the exploration of anorexia athletica-clinical challenges and therapeutic considerations. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1214398. [PMID: 37528996 PMCID: PMC10389266 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1214398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite athletes are exposed to a considerable amount of physical and psychological stress throughout their entire professional life, but the exploration of the consequences of this stressful regimen on mental health is still in its early stages. Eating disorders (EDs), substance use disorders, and behavioral addictions represent only several domains that are worth more investigation in this vulnerable population, in order to find preventative and therapeutic strategies. The exploration of EDs in athletes is important because this population is very vulnerable to the impact that weight and body shape may have on their professional performances, and epidemiological studies support this concern, i.e., the prevalence of EDs in athletes is significantly higher than in the general population. This article is dedicated to the synthesis of available data regarding a specific pathology reported in elite athletes, i.e., anorexia athletica (AA), based on a narrative reviewing methodology. The information about risk factors, pathophysiology, positive and differential diagnosis, epidemiology, structured evaluation, and treatment of AA have been summarized and future research directions have been highlighted. While tentative diagnostic criteria for AA and a self-administered questionnaire exist, its pathophysiology is still insufficiently explored, and the treatment is not based on good-quality trials. According to the retrieved data, more research targeting the physical and mental health of elite athletes, especially those practicing esthetic sports, is needed, in order to implement adequate screening and early intervention programs. Future studies targeting various sub-populations of elite athletes, i.e., esthetic vs. non-esthetic sports, individuals presenting a history of ED vs. those without such a history, and those practicing individual sports vs. team sports are needed to reach the objective of improving the quality of life in this population.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mousavi E, Sadeghi-Bahmani D, Khazaie H, Brühl AB, Stanga Z, Brand S. The Effect of a Modified Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Program on Symptoms of Stress and Depression and on Saliva Cortisol and Serum Creatine Kinase among Male Wrestlers. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11111643. [PMID: 37297782 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11111643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of the present study were two-fold: to investigate whether, compared to an active control condition, a modified mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program could (1) reduce symptoms of stress and depression, and (2) regulate salivary cortisol and serum creatine kinase (CK) concentrations, two physiological stress markers. METHODS Thirty male wrestlers (Mage = 26.73 years) were randomly assigned either to the MBSR intervention or the active control condition. Both at the beginning and at the end of the intervention, the participants completed questionnaires on perceived stress and depression; in parallel, salivary samples were collected to measure cortisol in saliva, while blood samples were collected to assess serum CK. The study lasted for eight consecutive weeks. The intervention consisted of 16 group sessions (90 min each); the active control condition had an identical schedule, though without bona fide interventions. During the study period, the participants kept their sleeping, nutritional and exercising schedules unaltered. RESULTS Over time, symptoms of stress and depression decreased; the level of decrease was more prominent in the MBSR condition than the active control condition (significant p values and large effect sizes of interaction). Further, cortisol and creatine kinase concentrations also decreased more in the MBSR condition compared to the active control condition (large effect sizes of interaction). CONCLUSIONS The present study's findings suggest that among male wrestlers, a modified MBSR intervention have the potential to reduce both psychological (stress and depression) and physiological (cortisol and creatine kinase) indices as compared to an active control condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mousavi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran 19395-4697, Iran
| | - Dena Sadeghi-Bahmani
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Habibolah Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Annette Beatrix Brühl
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zeno Stanga
- Centre of Competence for Military and Disaster Medicine, Swiss Armed Forces, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Serge Brand
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Sport Science and Psychosocial Health, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
- Substance Use Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran 1416634793, Iran
- Center for Disaster Psychiatry and Disaster Psychology, Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The emerging field of sports psychiatry has been developing steadily in recent years. This is not just a health concern but is likely to impact sporting performance and achievement significantly. An overview of sports psychiatry is provided. Psychiatric disorders of all varieties can and do present in sporting populations. Sports psychiatry keeps evolving to drive forward the importance of good mental health in sport as in life.
Collapse
|
15
|
Shen Y, Cicchella A. Health Consequences of Intensive E-Gaming: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1968. [PMID: 36767334 PMCID: PMC9915906 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to examine the links among the different factors that determine harmful or even deadly events in professional and semiprofessional intensive Esports players. Cases of serious injuries or even death in young (<35 years old) male professional Esports players are reported every year. Fatalities and injuries in professional Esports players (PEGS) have only affected male players, and these events have mostly been concentrated in Asia. Studies in the literature have reported several causes and mechanisms of injuries. Links between injuries and previous comorbidities have emerged from the extant literature; obesity and/or metabolic disorders, seizures (associated with overstimulation of the eyes), heart malfunctions, high basal and abrupt increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP), prolonged stress, and poor posture have been associated with injuries. Several clinical signs have been identified and the question emerges whether or not self-regulation by Esports associations or public health authorities is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinhao Shen
- International College of Football, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Antonio Cicchella
- International College of Football, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department for Quality-of-Life Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Psychosocial aspects of sports medicine in pediatric athletes: Current concepts in the 21 st century. Dis Mon 2022:101482. [PMID: 36100481 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral aspects of organized sports activity for pediatric athletes are considered in a world consumed with winning at all costs. In the first part of this treatise, we deal with a number of themes faced by our children in their sports play. These concepts include the lure of sports, sports attrition, the mental health of pediatric athletes (i.e., effects of stress, anxiety, depression, suicide in athletes, ADHD and stimulants, coping with injuries, drug use, and eating disorders), violence in sports (i.e., concepts of the abused athlete including sexual abuse), dealing with supervisors (i.e., coaches, parents), peers, the talented athlete, early sports specialization and sports clubs. In the second part of this discussion, we cover ergolytic agents consumed by young athletes in attempts to win at all costs. Sports doping agents covered include anabolic steroids (anabolic-androgenic steroids or AAS), androstenedione, dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA), human growth hormone (hGH; also its human recombinant homologue: rhGH), clenbuterol, creatine, gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), amphetamines, caffeine and ephedrine. Also considered are blood doping that includes erythropoietin (EPO) and concepts of gene doping. In the last section of this discussion, we look at disabled pediatric athletes that include such concepts as athletes with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), myelomeningocele, cerebral palsy, wheelchair athletes, and amputee athletes; also covered are pediatric athletes with visual impairment, deafness, and those with intellectual disability including Down syndrome. In addition, concepts of autonomic dysreflexia, boosting and atlantoaxial instability are emphasized. We conclude that clinicians and society should protect our precious pediatric athletes who face many challenges in their involvement with organized sports in a world obsessed with winning. There is much we can do to help our young athletes find benefit from sports play while avoiding or blunting negative consequences of organized sport activities.
Collapse
|
17
|
Habelt L, Kemmler G, Defrancesco M, Spanier B, Henningsen P, Halle M, Sperner-Unterweger B, Hüfner K. Why do we climb mountains? An exploration of features of behavioural addiction in mountaineering and the association with stress-related psychiatric disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 273:639-647. [PMID: 35980451 PMCID: PMC10085896 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Common knowledge implies that individuals engaging in outdoor sports and especially in regular and extreme mountaineering are exceptionally healthy and hardened. Physical activity in outdoor environments has a positive effect on physical and mental health. However, regular and/or extreme mountaineering might share similarities with behavioural addictions and could thus also have a negative impact on health. In this cross-sectional web-based questionnaire study, we collected data on exercise and mountaineering addiction (Exercise Addiction Inventory; original and adapted version for mountaineering; Exercise Dependence Scale adapted version for mountaineering). Further surveyed parameters included mountaineering habits, Risk-Taking Inventory, Sensation-Seeking/Emotion Regulation/Agency Scale (SEAS), resilience, self-perceived stress, physical activity in metabolic units and mental health. Comparisons were performed between individuals with symptoms of addiction to mountaineering (MA) and individuals without symptoms of addiction to mountaineering or sports in general (CO) using non-parametric analyses. We analysed data from 335 participants, n = 88 thereof with addiction to mountaineering (MA) and n = 247 control participants (CO). The MA group scored significantly higher with regards to self-perceived stress (p < 0.001) and included a significantly higher number of individuals affected by symptoms of depression (p < 0.001), symptoms of anxiety (p < 0.001), symptoms of eating disorders (p < 0.001), alcohol abuse or dependence (p < 0.001), illicit drug abuse (p = 0.050), or current and history of psychiatric disorders (p < 0.001). Individuals with MA showed higher values in all SEAS subscales as well as increased risk-taking (p < 0.001). Regular and extreme mountaineering can display features of a behavioural addiction and is associated with psychiatric disorders. Behavioural addiction in mountaineering is associated with higher levels of sensation-seeking, emotion regulation, and agency, as well as increased risk-taking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Habelt
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Kemmler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Defrancesco
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bianca Spanier
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Henningsen
- Department of Psychosomatics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Halle
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Sperner-Unterweger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Hüfner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ströhle A, Bendau A, Augustin N, Esch AD, Große J, Kaminski J, Petzold MB, Plag J, Schmidt M, Schütte M, Strehle N, Wendt N. [Sports psychiatry and psychotherapy]. DER NERVENARZT 2022; 93:742-753. [PMID: 35781520 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-022-01342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sports psychiatry and psychotherapy is a relatively young field and is comprised of two key segments: the special features of the diagnostics and therapy of mental disorders in elite athletes and the use of exercise and sports in the development and treatment of mental disorders. Although all mental disorders can in principle also occur in (elite) athletes, there are additionally sport-specific mental disorders, such as anorexia athletica and other eating disorders, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, misuse of and dependency on performance-enhancing substances (doping) and muscle dysmorphia. Many high-quality clinical trials over the past two decades have been able to demonstrate a therapeutic efficacy of physical activity and sport in the treatment of various mental disorders. All clinicians active in psychiatry and psychotherapy should possess a basic knowledge of sports psychiatry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ströhle
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Antonia Bendau
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
- HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Deutschland
| | - Noah Augustin
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Anna Dania Esch
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Julia Große
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Jan Kaminski
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
- Psychologisches Institut, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Moritz Bruno Petzold
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Jens Plag
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Alexianer Krankenhaus Hedwigshöhe, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Maike Schmidt
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Martina Schütte
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
- Zentrum für praktische Sportpsychologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Deutschland
| | - Nicola Strehle
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Nora Wendt
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Forys WJ, Tokuhama-Espinosa T. The Athlete’s Paradox: Adaptable Depression. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10070105. [PMID: 35878116 PMCID: PMC9320389 DOI: 10.3390/sports10070105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We proposed that an athlete’s depressive symptoms may be different from the general population in etiology if considered from the context of a depressive disorder. By shifting focus from a limited notion of symptoms onto a comprehensive model of depression, the full scope of the phenomenon becomes clearer. This paper investigated the relationship between neurotransmitters and allostatic load to explain the incidence of depression among elite athletes. This literature review extensively analyzed exercise-induced neurohormonal imbalance resulting in depressive states among athletes. The research revealed that 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), extensive psychological demands, social stigma, and overtraining syndrome (OTS) may all contribute to a unique version of depression. The research revealed that the biological standards of athletes differ from those of non-athletes, to the point that the new model may be useful, thereby introducing the new term “Adaptable Depression (AD)” to the literature. This framework suggests a new direction for future research to precisely measure the neurotransmitter-related brain changes that result in “Adaptable Depression” in athletes and to establish a better understanding of the depressive tipping point.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Jasmina Forys
- Division of Continuing Education, Harvard University, 51 Brattle Street, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Extension School, Harvard University, 51 Brattle Street, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang L, Ma J, Wu W, Fang Y, Liu F, Yang Q, Hu X, Gu X, He Z, Sun D, Jin L, Zhang X. Effect of aerobic exercise as a treatment on type 2 diabetes mellitus with depression-like behavior zebrafish. Life Sci 2022; 300:120578. [PMID: 35489565 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is the most known complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Aerobic exercise improves glycemic control in T2DM, although the underlying mechanisms of comorbid depression-like behaviors in T2DM have not yet been fully elucidated. METHODS 120 zebrafish were randomly assigned to four groups: Control, T2DM, T2DM + metformin, and T2DM + aerobic exercise. Then, all animals except the control group were fed with high glucose fairy shrimp (~40 g/kg/day) and exposed reserpine (40 μg/ml for 20 min) for 10 days. Here, behavioral tests were used for model verification. Following the verification, all groups were treated as before. Additionally, the T2DM + metformin group received metformin (~10.6 mg/kg/day) at the same time, while the T2DM + aerobic exercise group received aerobic exercise 30 min/day. Finally, blood glucose and behavioral tests, as well as protein and molecular levels were determined at Day 11 and 12. RESULTS Aerobic exercise alleviated depressive-like behavior and enhanced the levels of antidepressant biomarkers (NE, 5-HIAA) in zebrafish after 10 consecutive days of exercise. Additionally, 10 consecutive days of aerobic exercise decreased the levels of inflammatory biomarkers (IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-4) and depressive biomarkers (cortisol). Meanwhile, it also aided in the reduction of CD11b, IL-6, IL-6R, and caspase-3 expression to combat the neuroinflammation induced by T2DM, mediated the BDNF-TrkB pathway, and increased Bcl-2/Bax levels. CONCLUSION Given the remarkable similarity in neurochemistry between humans and zebrafish, this study supports the effectiveness of aerobic exercise as clinical guidance in preventing and treating T2DM complicated with depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yimeng Fang
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qinsi Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiang Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xuejiang Gu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhiying He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Da Sun
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liang L, Zheng Y, Ge Q, Zhang F. Exploration and Strategy Analysis of Mental Health Education for Students in Sports Majors in the Era of Artificial Intelligence. Front Psychol 2022; 12:762725. [PMID: 35308079 PMCID: PMC8928123 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.762725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore new educational strategies suitable for the mental health education of college students. Big data and artificial intelligence (AI) are combined to evaluate the mental health education of college students in sports majors. First, the research status on the mental health education of college students is introduced. The internet of things (IoT) on mental health education, a structure based on big data and convolutional neural network (CNN), is constructed. Next, the survey design and questionnaire survey are carried out. Finally, the questionnaire data are analyzed and compared with the mental health status under traditional education. The results show that the CNN model has good accuracy and ability to distinguish symptoms, so it can be applied to the existing psychological work in colleges. In the symptom comparison survey, under the traditional education and big data network, the number of college students with mild mental health problems is found to be 158 (84.9%) and 170 (91.4%), respectively. It indicates that the number of college students with moderate mental health problems decreases significantly. In the comparative investigation of the severity of mental problems, the number of students with normal mental health, subhealth, and serious mental health problems under the background of traditional mental health education is 125 (67.2%), 56 (30.1%), and 5 (2.7%), respectively. The mental health status of college students under the influence of big data networks on mental health education is better than that of traditional mental health education. There are 140 students with normal mental health, a year-on-year increase of 16.7%. In the comparative survey of specific mental disorders, students with obsessive-compulsive symptoms under traditional mental health education account for 22.0% of the total sample, having the largest proportion. In the subhealth psychological group under the big data network on mental health education, the number of hostile students decreases by 7, which is the psychological factor with the most obvious improvement. Hence, the proposed path of mental health education is feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liang
- College of Sports Science, Changsha Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Physical Education Institute, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Qiluo Ge
- Department of Literature and Law, Nanchang Jiaotong Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Fengrui Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Community Sports Activities and Community Residents’ Mental Health. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:3836758. [PMID: 35265298 PMCID: PMC8901323 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3836758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A full understanding of mental health can improve people's ability to identify mental diseases and cope with psychological problems, so as to improve the ability of the whole community to resist mental diseases. Community health education is particularly important in community mental health service. The traditional health education mode is carried out through lectures or paper brochures, and the effect is not significant, so we need to constantly improve the health education mode. Through the development of community mental health education and service, we can improve people's mental health quality and promote family happiness and social stability. Based on this, this study mainly analyzes the relationship between community sports activities and mental health of community residents. Physical exercise can reduce stress reaction, regulate emotion, enhance mental health, prevent, and treat mental diseases. Therefore, physical exercise has been used not only as a method to enhance physical fitness but also as an important means to regulate psychology.
Collapse
|
23
|
Bendau A, Petzold M, Ströhle A. Bewegung, körperliche Aktivität und Sport bei depressiven Erkrankungen. NEUROTRANSMITTER 2022. [PMCID: PMC8852946 DOI: 10.1007/s15016-021-9343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
24
|
Smith AJ, Buadze A, Claussen MC, Seifritz E, Liebrenz-Rosenstock M. On the same team: A call for increased medicolegal knowledge exchanges between forensic psychiatry and sports psychiatry. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1041891. [PMID: 36419973 PMCID: PMC9676247 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1041891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Buadze
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Private Clinic Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland.,Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hofmann CG, Claussen MC. The Three-Level Curriculum Sports Psychiatry and an Evaluation of the First Course "Basic Health Care in Sports Psychiatry". PRAXIS 2022; 110:180-184. [PMID: 35291857 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to scientific progress and diversification in medicine and psychiatry, there is a need for specialization in sports psychiatry. Therefore, the SSSPP has been developing a curriculum on sports psychiatry. Different backgrounds and approaches within the above-mentioned areas are presented here since they have influenced the development of the three-level curriculum. The structure of the three-level curriculum, which contains theory, practical experience, and supervision, encompassing 80 hours of additional training, will also be explained. Within this curriculum, basic knowledge in sports medicine, sports psychology, sports science, and applied sports theory will also be taught. Other subjects include sports and exercise on mental disorders, mental disorders in competitive sports, sports as a coping strategy, and other contents. Moreover, different contents and key topics of the curriculum's three levels will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Private Clinic Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland
- Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jónsdóttir MK, Kristófersdóttir KH, Runólfsdóttir S, Kristensen ISU, Sigurjónsdóttir HÁ, Eggertsdóttir Claessen LÓ, Kristjánsdóttir H. Concussion among female athletes in Iceland: Stress, depression, anxiety, and quality of life. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2021.2004916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María K. Jónsdóttir
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Silja Runólfsdóttir
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Ingunn S. U. Kristensen
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Helga Á. Sigurjónsdóttir
- Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Lára Ósk Eggertsdóttir Claessen
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Hamraborg Primary Health Care Center, Kópavogur, Iceland
| | - Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir
- Physical Activity, Physical Education, Sport and Health (PAPESH) Research Centre, Sports Science Department, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ghanemi A, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Measuring Exercise-Induced Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine Expression as a Molecular Tool to Optimize Personalized Medicine. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111832. [PMID: 34828438 PMCID: PMC8621187 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The numerous exercise benefits for health as well as applications for diseases has lead to exercise being prescribed in many pathological conditions. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene expression is stimulated by exercise and SPARC has been suggested as a molecular mediator of exercise. Therefore, we suggest using this property for personalized medicine. This can be achieved by prescribing the exercise with a pattern (duration, intensity, etc.) that corresponds to the optimum SPARC/Sparc expression. We expect this approach to optimize the exercise therapy in both the preventive and curative contexts. In the research field, measuring exercise -dependent expression of Sparc would represent a molecular tool to further optimize the selection of exercise animal models as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.G.); (M.Y.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mayumi Yoshioka
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.G.); (M.Y.)
| | - Jonny St-Amand
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.G.); (M.Y.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(418)-654-2296; Fax: +1-(418)-654-2761
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tikka SK, Garg S, Siddiqui MA. Prescribing Physical Activity in Mental Health: A Focused Review on the Latest Evidence, Recommendations, Challenges, and Relevance to India. Indian J Psychol Med 2021; 43:535-541. [PMID: 35210683 PMCID: PMC8826198 DOI: 10.1177/0253717620972330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Krishna Tikka
- Dept. of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Shobit Garg
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M Aleem Siddiqui
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pisani S, Mueller C, Huntley J, Aarsland D, Kempton MJ. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of physical activity in people with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment with a comparison to donepezil. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 36:1471-1487. [PMID: 34490652 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical exercise may benefit people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise have shown conflicting findings and it is unclear if positive outcomes are comparable to a commonly used cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil. METHODS Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, SCOPUS were searched for RCTs of physical activity compared to a control condition, and donepezil compared to placebo in people with AD and MCI. Effect sizes were calculated from pre- and post-MMSE and ADAS-Cog scores and pooled using a random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Ninteen RCTs were included in the exercise meta-analysis (AD, N = 524; MCI, N = 1269). Physical exercise improved MMSE scores in AD (Hedges' g = 0.46) and MCI groups (g = 0.63). For the MCI group, exercise appeared to have a stronger effect for those with lower MMSE scores at baseline (p = 0.022). 18 RCTs were included in the donepezil meta-analysis (AD, N = 2984, MCI, N = 1559). In people with AD, donepezil improved cognition (MMSE g = 0.23; ADAS-Cog, g = -0.17) but there was no evidence of improved cognition in MCI. CONCLUSIONS Physical exercise improved cognition in both AD and MCI groups. Where comparisons were possible, the effect size for physical exercise was generally comparable to donepezil. These results strengthen the evidence base for exercise as an effective intervention in AD and MCI, and future clinical trials should examine exercise type, intensity and frequency, in addition to cholinesterase inhibitors to determine the most effective interventions for AD and MCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pisani
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Mueller
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Huntley
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Matthew J Kempton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sun CW, Wang YJ, Fang YQ, He YQ, Wang X, So BCL, Shum DHK, Yan C. The effect of physical activity on anhedonia in individuals with depressive symptoms. Psych J 2021; 11:214-226. [PMID: 34530499 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of antidepressants has been demonstrated for anhedonia in patients with depression. However, antidepressants may cause side-effects, such as cardiovascular dysfunction. Although physical activity has minor side-effects, it may serve as an alternative for improving anhedonia and depression. We sought to investigate whether physical activity reduces the level of anhedonia in individuals with depression. Fifty-six university students with moderate depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory total score > 16) were divided into three training groups: the Running Group (RG, n = 19), the Stretching Group (SG, n = 19), and the Control Group (n = 18). We employed the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task and the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) to evaluate hedonic capacity. All participants in the RG and SG received 8 weeks of jogging and stretching training, respectively. The RG experienced an increase in the level of arousal during anticipation of a future reward and recalled less negativity towards the loss condition. The SG exhibited enhanced scores on the Anticipatory and Consummatory Pleasure subscales of the TEPS after training. Moreover, in the RG, greater improvements in anticipatory arousal ratings for pleasure and remembered valence ratings for negative affect were associated with longer training duration, lower maximum heart rate, and higher consumed calories during training. To conclude, physical activity is effective in improving anticipatory anhedonia in individuals with depressive symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Jing Wang
- Department of Psychology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qian He
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Billy C L So
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - David H K Shum
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dang L. PHYSICAL EXERCISES IN RELIEVING THE CURRENT STATE OF DEPRESSION. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127082021_0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical exercise has become a common method at home and abroad as a means of psychotherapy and mental health. Objective: Observing the current situation and characteristics of physical exercise and depressive disorders and examining the influence of physical exercise on depressive disorders in the human body. Methods: The article compares and analyzes the relationship between human physical exercise and the level of depression and body self-esteem from the perspective of psychology. Results: The incidence of depression is higher. There are significant differences in the attitude towards physical exercise and the degree of depression in the three types of subjects in the study. Physical exercise is conducive to the relief of depression. Conclusion: Physical exercise is one of the effective ways to improve the depressive state of the human body. The effect of an exercise has no relation with the specific exercise method selected. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
Collapse
|
32
|
Lundqvist C, Andersson G. Let's Talk About Mental Health and Mental Disorders in Elite Sports: A Narrative Review of Theoretical Perspectives. Front Psychol 2021; 12:700829. [PMID: 34267715 PMCID: PMC8275956 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this article is to discuss: (a) the various theoretical perspectives on mental health and mental health disorders adopted in sport psychology, and (b) how the adoption of these various theoretical perspectives in studies might impact upon the interpretations and conclusions in research about the mental health of participants in elite sports. Well-being as a target construct, holistic models, the single continuum or stage models, and Keyes' dual-continuum model of mental health are described, together with a sports psychiatric view of mental health. The strengths and limitations of various mental health perspectives are discussed. We conclude that mental health is a complex construct and that the sport psychology literature, much like the clinical psychology literature, has struggled to reach a consensus regarding a definition or a feasible approach to investigating mental health. For the researcher, it becomes important to make explicit the underlying theoretical perspective adopted and the operationalization upon which conclusions about elite athletes' mental health are based so that an increased knowledge base with high scientific credibility can be established and consolidated over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lundqvist
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gerhard Andersson
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fox-Harding C, Harris SA, Rogers SL, Vial S, Beranek P, Turner M, Cruickshank T. A Survey to Evaluate the Association of COVID-19 Restrictions on Perceived Mood and Coping in Australian Community Level Athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:624267. [PMID: 33829154 PMCID: PMC8021018 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.624267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Highlights: No differences in coping or well-being in Australian community athletes based on the level of support received during COVID-19 restrictions.Community level athletes had better coping when a training program was provided.No difference between individual or team community athletes for well-being or coping scores. Australian community level athletes faced unprecedented changes to their training and competition options as the global COVID-19 pandemic took a stronghold. This disruption was predicted to have a negative impact on emotional well-being as communities braced through periods of social isolation and physical distancing requirements. This study provides an Australian perspective on the emotional well-being of community level athletes and the extent to which they coped during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emotional well-being and coping were measured using the Brief Emotional Experience Scale and the 28-item Brief Cope Scale. Both instruments were administered along with other questions pertaining to participant demographics and training status via an online survey between April and June 2020. The survey was disseminated to community athletes through word-of-mouth and social media platforms. No significant differences in emotional well-being were observed between athlete groups as a result of COVID-19 and its associated restrictions. Coping scores also appeared to be preserved in Australian community athletes, which contrasts the impact expected as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. While tentative, the observed preservation in coping may have buffered potential declines in emotional well-being, which has been documented in professional and semi-professional athletes and the general population. These unexpected findings and tentative suppositions warrant further investigation and highlight the importance of conducting a country- or region-specific approach to examining the impact of COVID-19 on community athletes, as responses to COVID-19 are undoubtedly not consistent throughout the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Fox-Harding
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia,*Correspondence: Caitlin Fox-Harding
| | - Sarah Ann Harris
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia,Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Shane L. Rogers
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Shayne Vial
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Philipp Beranek
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mitchell Turner
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Travis Cruickshank
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia,Centre for Precision Health, ECU Strategic Research Centre, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia,Perron Institute, QE II Medical Centre, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cezar NODC, Ansai JH, de Andrade LP. Home‐based multimodal exercise program in older people with Alzheimer disease: Randomized controlled trial protocol. PHYSIOTHERAPY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 26:e1899. [DOI: 10.1002/pri.1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Hotta Ansai
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Larissa Pires de Andrade
- Department of Physical Therapy Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yao L, Fang H, Leng W, Li J, Chang J. Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Mental Health in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:748257. [PMID: 34867538 PMCID: PMC8634786 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.748257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The recommendation of exercise programs in the senior population may benefit inactive and sedentary individuals and improve and help to treat specific health conditions. The purpose of this review is to summarize the published evidence from RCT studies of aerobic exercise interventions for mental health in older adults over the last 20 years. Methods: A literature search was conducted using electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed/Medline, and ProQuest. Results: A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. The subjects of these studies were aged 60 years or older and had various physical health statuses. In 15 studies, the mean effect size for the experimental outcome was 0.56 ± 0.39 (95%CI: 0.36-0.76). One-way ANOVA indicated no significant differences in the intervention duration [F (2,15) = 0.919, p = 0.420], subject category [F (2,15) = 0.046, p = 0.955], or measurement category [F (3,14) = 0.967, p = 0.436]. However, there were significant differences in exercise frequencies [F (2,15) = 6.03, p = 0.012]. Conclusion: The available evidence suggests that aerobic exercise is beneficial for improving the mental health of adults aged 60 years and older. The intervention effect can be achieved regardless of the type of subject and the duration of the intervention. Further, the present study indicates that low-frequency, long-term and regular aerobic exercise is more effective for older adults. Therefore, we recommend that older adults to exercise at a low frequency depending on their physical condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Motor Quotient, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hanliu Fang
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wanchun Leng
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Ministry of Sports, Shandong Technology and Business University, Yantai, China
| | - Jindong Chang
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Motor Quotient, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Henkel K. [Exercise and physical training as interventions in gerontopsychiatry]. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 53:728-734. [PMID: 33231761 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-020-01810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of mental disorders in older adults is often restricted by limitations in efficacy and tolerability of pharmacologically dominated standard therapeutic strategies. Therefore, nonpharmacological therapeutic alternatives and supplements play a crucial role in these patients. Structured exercise and training are interventions that are associated with a high level of evidence in prevention and treatment of mental and cognitive disorders. This article is based on a selective search of the literature and provides an overview of the current scientific evidence with respect to the mechanisms of action, the effects on frequently occurring clinical disorders and modalities of the exercise interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Henkel
- Klinik für Gerontopsychiatrie, Klinikum Christophsbad Göppingen, Faurndauer Str. 6-28, 73035, Göppingen, Deutschland. .,Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
[Implementation of exercise therapy in daily clinical practice in psychiatric clinics in Germany]. DER NERVENARZT 2020; 91:642-650. [PMID: 31463534 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-019-0782-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exercise therapy has proven to be effective in the treatment of multiple mental illnesses. As mental disorders result in tremendous costs for the healthcare system as well as a huge burden for the affected individuals, improving treatment strategies according to latest scientific evidence should be of highest priority. In 2016 a first study provided indications that only a minority of patients are treated with exercise therapy during their stay in hospital. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the actual extent of exercise therapy usage in psychiatric inpatients in Germany, thereby giving a scientific foundation to the call for a better standard of care. To achieve this, a retrospective analysis was performed on pre-existing data from 2693 patients who were treated in 1 of 4 participating university hospitals. Only 23% of these patients participated in exercise therapy with a mean training duration of 36 min per week. Patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia or patients with multiple comorbidities were even less likely to participate in exercise therapy. With these findings it becomes evident that the healthcare situation concerning exercise therapy is insufficient. Solid evidence for the effectiveness of exercise therapy, the current treatment guidelines as well as the positive side effects, especially when compared to side effects of pharmacotherapy (i.e. weight gain) should motivate healthcare officials to make an effort to improve this situation.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of the present paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of mental health concerns in young athletes, with a focus on common disorders, as well as population-specific risk factors. RECENT FINDINGS Athletes experience similar mental health concerns as non-athlete peers, such as anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation, ADHD, eating disorders, and substance abuse. However, they also experience unique stressors that put them at risk for the development or exacerbation of mental health disorders. Student athletes have to balance academics with rigorous training regimens while focusing on optimal performance and managing high expectations. Physical injuries, overtraining, concussion, sleep disorders, and social identity are some of the factors that also impact the mental health of student athletes. Existing literature highlights the need to develop proactive mental health and wellness education for young athletes, and to develop services that recognize the unique needs of this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Xanthopoulos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Tami Benton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jason Lewis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Julia A Case
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christina L Master
- Pediatric and Adolescent Sports Medicine, Division of Pediatric Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Background: Sport has been identified as one of the 7 best investments for increasing physical activity levels across the life span. Several questions remain on how to effectively utilize youth sport as a strategy for increasing physical activity and improving health in youth. The purpose of this paper is to identify the main research priorities in the areas of youth sport and physical activity for health.Methods: An international expert panel was convened, selected to cover a wide spectrum of topics related to youth sport. The group developed a draft set of potential research priorities, and relevant research was scoped. Through an iterative process, the group reached consensus on the top 10 research priorities.Results: The 10 research priorities were identified related to sport participation rates, physical activity from sport, the contribution of sport to health, and the overall return on investment from youth sport. For each research priority, the current evidence is summarized, key research gaps are noted, and immediate research needs are suggested.Conclusion: The identified research priorities are intended to guide researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to increase the evidence base on which to base the design, delivery, and policies of youth sport programs to deliver health benefits.
Collapse
|
40
|
Wells KR, Jeacocke NA, Appaneal R, Smith HD, Vlahovich N, Burke LM, Hughes D. The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) and National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC) position statement on disordered eating in high performance sport. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:1247-1258. [PMID: 32661127 PMCID: PMC7588409 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identification, evaluation and management of disordered eating (DE) is complex. DE exists along the spectrum from optimised nutrition through to clinical eating disorders (EDs). Individual athletes can move back and forth along the spectrum of eating behaviour at any point in time over their career and within different stages of a training cycle. Athletes are more likely to present with DE than a clinical ED. Overall, there is a higher prevalence of DE and EDs in athletes compared with non-athletes. Additionally, athletes participating in aesthetic, gravitational and weight-class sports are at higher risk of DE and EDs than those in sports without these characteristics. The evaluation and management of DE requires a cohesive team of professional practitioners consisting of, at minimum, a doctor, a sports dietitian and a psychologist, termed within this statement as the core multidisciplinary team. The Australian Institute of Sport and the National Eating Disorders Collaboration have collaborated to provide this position statement, containing guidelines for athletes, coaches, support staff, clinicians and sporting organisations. The guidelines support the prevention and early identification of DE, and promote timely intervention to optimise nutrition for performance in a safe, supported, purposeful and individualised manner. This position statement is a call to action to all involved in sport to be aware of poor self-image and poor body image among athletes. The practical recommendations should guide the clinical management of DE in high performance sport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley R Wells
- AIS Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nikki A Jeacocke
- Performance Services, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Renee Appaneal
- Athlete Availability, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Hilary D Smith
- National Eating Disorders Collaboration, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole Vlahovich
- AIS Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Louise M Burke
- AIS Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Hughes
- AIS Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ärztliche Vorbildfunktion bezüglich körperlicher Aktivität für Patienten mit psychischen Erkrankungen. PSYCHOTHERAPEUT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00278-020-00421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Körperliche Aktivität spielt eine bedeutende Rolle bei der Behandlung psychischer Störungen. Psychiatern/ärztlichen Psychotherapeuten kommt eine Schlüsselrolle dabei zu, ihren Patienten körperliche Aktivität zu empfehlen. Zum Empfehlungsverhalten dieses Kollektivs liegen bisher keine Untersuchungen vor.
Ziele der Arbeit
Das Empfehlungsverhalten in Bezug auf körperliche Aktivität sowie verhaltensbezogene und motivationale Korrelate, die das Empfehlungsverhalten potenziell beeinflussen, bei deutschen Psychiatern/ärztlichen Psychotherapeuten sollte untersucht werden.
Material und Methoden
Insgesamt beantworteten 151 deutsche Psychiater/ärztliche Psychotherapeuten (Alter: M = 32,5 Jahre; Geschlecht: 47,0 % weiblich) einen Onlinefragebogen bezüglich körperlicher Aktivität. Dabei wurden das Empfehlungsverhalten körperlicher Aktivität, die Einstellung, das eigene Aktivitätsverhalten und die Selbstkonkordanz eigener Motivation, körperlich aktiv zu sein, erfasst.
Ergebnisse
Die meisten Psychiater/ärztliche Psychotherapeuten gaben an, körperliche Aktivität einigen (54,5 %, n = 82) oder all ihren Patienten zu empfehlen (33,8 %, n = 51). Das Empfehlungsverhalten korrelierte signifikant positiv mit der Selbstkonkordanz der Motivation (r = 0,19) sowie mit der Einstellung zur Bedeutsamkeit körperlicher Aktivität (r = 0,16). Hingegen bestand keine signifikante Korrelation zwischen dem eignen Aktivitätsniveau und dem Empfehlungsverhalten der Psychiater/ärztlichen Psychotherapeuten (r = 0,04).
Schlussfolgerung
Ein Großteil der Psychiater/ärztlichen Psychotherapeuten empfiehlt körperliche Aktivität. Positiv auf das Empfehlungsverhalten wirkten sich insbesondere die Einschätzung der körperlichen Aktivität als bedeutsam sowie eine hohe Selbstkonkordanz der eigenen Motivation, körperlich aktiv zu sein, aus. Interventionsprogramme, die das Empfehlungsverhalten von Psychiatern/ärztlichen Psychotherapeuten steigern wollen, sollten auf die Selbstkonkordanz der Motivation der Psychiater/ärztlichen Psychotherapeuten, körperlich aktiv zu sein, fokussieren und sich nicht nur auf die Bedeutsamkeit körperlicher Aktivität konzentrieren.
Collapse
|
42
|
Körperliche Aktivität in der Prävention und Behandlung von Angsterkrankungen. PSYCHOTHERAPEUT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00278-020-00414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
43
|
Giannopoulou I, Kotopoulea-Nikolaidi M, Daskou S, Martyn K, Patel A. Mindfulness in Eating Is Inversely Related to Binge Eating and Mood Disturbances in University Students in Health-Related Disciplines. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020396. [PMID: 32024270 PMCID: PMC7071141 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between mindful eating, disordered eating and mood in university students in health-related disciplines. A total of 221 university students participated in the study; 102 students studied sport and exercise science (SS), 54 students pharmacy sciences (PS), and 65 students health sciences (HS). Participants completed the Binge Eating Scale (BES), the Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ), and the Profile of Mood State questionnaire (POMS). 41% of the students were classified as binge eaters and 57% were above the POMS threshold of depression. Binge eaters were found to have significantly lower MEQ score and significantly higher total mood disturbance scores (TMD) compared to non-binge eaters (p < 0.01). Students with a high depression score exhibited no differences in the MEQ score but a significantly higher BES score compared to non-depressed students (p < 0.01). Gender differences were found in the MEQ with females exhibiting significantly higher scores in the MEQ score and in all MEQ subscales compared to males, with the exception of the emotional subscale that females were noted to have a lower score compared to males (p < 0.01). The MEQ score was inversely related to the BES score (r = −0.30, p < 0.01) and TMD (r = −0.21, p < 0.05). The MEQ score was a significant negative predictor of the variance of the binge eating behavior of the students (B = −3.17, p < 0.001). In conclusion, mindfulness in eating is inversely related to the binge eating behavior and mood state of university students studying health-related subjects and is a significant negative predictor of disordered eating behavior in this high risk population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ifigeneia Giannopoulou
- Senior Lecturer in Sport and Exercise Physiology and Nutrition Sciences University of Brighton, Hillbrow, Denton Road, Eastbourne BN20 7SR, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +77-0290-2446
| | | | - Sofia Daskou
- Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK;
| | - Kathy Martyn
- University of Brighton, School of Health Sciences, Eastbourne BN2 07SR, UK;
| | - Ashani Patel
- Senior Lecturer in Sport and Exercise Physiology and Nutrition Sciences University of Brighton, Hillbrow, Denton Road, Eastbourne BN20 7SR, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ströhle A, Gensichen J, Domschke K. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 155:611-620. [PMID: 30282583 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders are the most common type of mental illness in Europe, with a 12-month prevalence of 14% among persons aged 14 to 65. Their onset is usually in adolescence or early adulthood. The affected patients often develop further mental or somatic illnesses (sequential comorbidity). METHODS This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective search in PubMed. RESULTS The group of anxiety disorders includes generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), phobic disorders, panic disorders, and two disorders that are often restricted to childhood-separation anxiety and selective mutism. A comprehensive differential diag- nostic evaluation is essential, because anxiety can be a principal manifestation of other types of mental or somatic illness as well. Psychotherapy and treatment with psychoactive drugs are the therapeutic strategies of first choice. Of all types of psycho- therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy has the best documented efficacy. Modern antidepressants are the drugs of first choice for the treatment of panic disorders, agoraphobia, social phobia, and GAS; pregabalin is a further drug of first choice for GAS. CONCLUSION In general, anxiety disorders can now be effectively treated. Patients should be informed of the therapeutic options and should be involved in treatment planning. Current research efforts are centered on individualized and therefore, it is hoped, even more effective treatment approaches than are available at present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Institute of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Freiburg
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rice SM, Gwyther K, Santesteban-Echarri O, Baron D, Gorczynski P, Gouttebarge V, Reardon CL, Hitchcock ME, Hainline B, Purcell R. Determinants of anxiety in elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:722-730. [PMID: 31097452 PMCID: PMC6579501 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective To identify and quantify determinants of anxiety symptoms and disorders experienced by elite athletes. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Five online databases (PubMed, SportDiscus, PsycINFO, Scopus and Cochrane) were searched up to November 2018 to identify eligible citations. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Articles were included if they were published in English, were quantitative studies and measured a symptom-level anxiety outcome in competing or retired athletes at the professional (including professional youth), Olympic or collegiate/university levels. Results and summary We screened 1163 articles; 61 studies were included in the systematic review and 27 of them were suitable for meta-analysis. Overall risk of bias for included studies was low. Athletes and non-athletes had no differences in anxiety profiles (d=−0.11, p=0.28). Pooled effect sizes, demonstrating moderate effects, were identified for (1) career dissatisfaction (d=0.45; higher anxiety in dissatisfied athletes), (2) gender (d=0.38; higher anxiety in female athletes), (3) age (d=−0.34; higher anxiety for younger athletes) and (4) musculoskeletal injury (d=0.31; higher anxiety for injured athletes). A small pooled effect was found for recent adverse life events (d=0.26)—higher anxiety in athletes who had experienced one or more recent adverse life events. Conclusion Determinants of anxiety in elite populations broadly reflect those experienced by the general population. Clinicians should be aware of these general and athlete-specific determinants of anxiety among elite athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Rice
- Research and Translation, Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Gwyther
- Research and Translation, Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olga Santesteban-Echarri
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Baron
- Center for Health and Sport, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Paul Gorczynski
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, The Netherlands.,AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia L Reardon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,University Health Services, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mary E Hitchcock
- Ebling Library for the Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brian Hainline
- National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Rosemary Purcell
- Research and Translation, Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Increasing physical activity and healthy diet in outpatients with mental disorders: a randomized-controlled evaluation of two psychological interventions. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:529-542. [PMID: 30194668 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While physical activity (PA) can play an important role in the treatment of mental disorders (MD), large proportions of patients with MD do not meet PA recommendations. The aim of this trial was to evaluate whether structured psychological intervention (MoVo-LISA) is effective in helping outpatients with MD to increase their level of PA. As active control group (CG) we modified MoVo-LISA to target healthy diet behavior. METHODS N = 83 outpatients with MD (F1-F4) were randomized to the two conditions. PA (self-report and accelerometry), dietary behavior, social-cognitive determinants of health behavior change, psychiatric symptoms and health-related quality of life were assessed at baseline, 1 and 12 weeks after the intervention. RESULTS Significant time*group interaction effects for objectively measured PA, dietary behavior and fruit and vegetable consumption indicated differential effects of the interventions on these outcomes. PA increased in the MoVo-LISA group (IG) from baseline to follow-up while it decreased in CG. IG showed a significant higher level of objectively measured PA at follow-up compared to CG. Dietary behavior and fruit and vegetable consumption significantly increased from baseline to follow-up in CG, but not IG. IG showed a significant increase in some, but not all social cognitive determinants of health behavior change. CONCLUSIONS MoVo-LISA is effective in helping outpatients with MD to increase their level of PA in short- and mid-term. The used intervention strategies are effective for the promotion of healthy diet in patients with MD as well.
Collapse
|
47
|
Schmitt A, Reich-Erkelenz D, Hasan A, Falkai P. Aerobic exercise in mental disorders: from basic mechanisms to treatment recommendations. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:483-484. [PMID: 31250087 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019-01037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Daniela Reich-Erkelenz
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hüfner K, Sperner-Unterweger B, Brugger H. Going to Altitude with a Preexisting Psychiatric Condition. High Alt Med Biol 2019; 20:207-214. [PMID: 31343257 PMCID: PMC6763955 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2019.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders have a high lifetime prevalence affecting about 30% of the global population. Not much is known about high altitude (HA) sojourns in individuals living with a psychiatric condition. This lack of scientific evidence contrasts with the anticipated increase in numbers of individuals with preexisting psychiatric conditions seeking medical advice on HA exposure. Not only are there risks associated with a HA climb, but physical activity in general is known to improve symptoms of many psychiatric disorder and enhance measures of mental well-being like quality of life and resilience. There are additional positive effects of alpine environments on mental health beyond those of physical activity. All individuals going to HA with a preexisting psychiatric condition should be in a state of stable disease with no recent change in medication. Specific considerations and recommendations apply to individual psychiatric disorders. During the HA sojourn the challenge is to separate altitude-related symptoms such as insomnia from prodromal symptoms of the underlying disorder (e.g., depressive episode) or altitude-related hyperventilation from panic attacks. In case an individual with preexisting anxiety disorder decides to go to HA there might be a predisposition toward acute mountain sickness (AMS), but it should always be considered that many symptoms of anxiety and AMS overlap. Any medication that is anticipated to be taken during ascent or at HA should be tested for compatibility with the psychiatric condition and medication before the trip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hüfner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Clinic for Psychiatry II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Sperner-Unterweger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Clinic for Psychiatry II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Brugger
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hainline B, Reardon CL. Breaking a taboo: why the International Olympic Committee convened experts to develop a consensus statement on mental health in elite athletes. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:665-666. [PMID: 31097449 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hainline
- Sport Science Institute, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Claudia L Reardon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Currie A, Gorczynski P, Rice SM, Purcell R, McAllister-Williams RH, Hitchcock ME, Hainline B, Reardon CL. Bipolar and psychotic disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:746-753. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar and psychotic disorders are relatively common and likely to have a significant impact on quality of life and functioning which, in the context of elite sport, includes a potential negative impact on sporting performance. For this narrative review article, the literature on bipolar and psychotic disorders in elite athletes was comprehensively searched, and little empirical research was found. A diagnosis of bipolar or psychotic disorders may be challenging in elite athletes because of complicating factors related to the modifying role of exercise and potential precipitating impact of substance use. Medications used to treat bipolar and psychotic disorders may have side effects particularly problematic for elite athletes. Future research should be tailored to the specific characteristics and needs of elite athletes and to the sporting context in which the disorders may arise. Specifically, further research is needed on the prevalence and incidence of these conditions in elite athletes and the impact of both the disorders and their treatments on sporting performance.
Collapse
|