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Laurier D, Billarand Y, Klokov D, Leuraud K. The scientific basis for the use of the linear no-threshold (LNT) model at low doses and dose rates in radiological protection. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2023; 43:024003. [PMID: 37339605 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/acdfd7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The linear no-threshold (LNT) model was introduced into the radiological protection system about 60 years ago, but this model and its use in radiation protection are still debated today. This article presents an overview of results on effects of exposure to low linear-energy-transfer radiation in radiobiology and epidemiology accumulated over the last decade and discusses their impact on the use of the LNT model in the assessment of radiation-related cancer risks at low doses. The knowledge acquired over the past 10 years, both in radiobiology and epidemiology, has reinforced scientific knowledge about cancer risks at low doses. In radiobiology, although certain mechanisms do not support linearity, the early stages of carcinogenesis comprised of mutational events, which are assumed to play a key role in carcinogenesis, show linear responses to doses from as low as 10 mGy. The impact of non-mutational mechanisms on the risk of radiation-related cancer at low doses is currently difficult to assess. In epidemiology, the results show excess cancer risks at dose levels of 100 mGy or less. While some recent results indicate non-linear dose relationships for some cancers, overall, the LNT model does not substantially overestimate the risks at low doses. Recent results, in radiobiology or in epidemiology, suggest that a dose threshold, if any, could not be greater than a few tens of mGy. The scientific knowledge currently available does not contradict the use of the LNT model for the assessment of radiation-related cancer risks within the radiological protection system, and no other dose-risk relationship seems more appropriate for radiological protection purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Laurier
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Yann Billarand
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Dmitry Klokov
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Klervi Leuraud
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Azimzadeh O, Merl-Pham J, Subramanian V, Oleksenko K, Krumm F, Mancuso M, Pasquali E, Tanaka IB, Tanaka S, Atkinson MJ, Tapio S, Moertl S. Late Effects of Chronic Low Dose Rate Total Body Irradiation on the Heart Proteome of ApoE -/- Mice Resemble Premature Cardiac Ageing. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3417. [PMID: 37444528 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiologic studies support an association between chronic low-dose radiation exposure and the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The molecular mechanisms underlying the adverse effect of chronic low dose exposure are not fully understood. To address this issue, we have investigated changes in the heart proteome of ApoE deficient (ApoE-/-) C57Bl/6 female mice chronically irradiated for 300 days at a very low dose rate (1 mGy/day) or at a low dose rate (20 mGy/day), resulting in cumulative whole-body doses of 0.3 Gy or 6.0 Gy, respectively. The heart proteomes were compared to those of age-matched sham-irradiated ApoE-/- mice using label-free quantitative proteomics. Radiation-induced proteome changes were further validated using immunoblotting, enzyme activity assays, immunohistochemistry or targeted transcriptomics. The analyses showed persistent alterations in the cardiac proteome at both dose rates; however, the effect was more pronounced following higher dose rates. The altered proteins were involved in cardiac energy metabolism, ECM remodelling, oxidative stress, and ageing signalling pathways. The changes in PPARα, SIRT, AMPK, and mTOR signalling pathways were found at both dose rates and in a dose-dependent manner, whereas more changes in glycolysis and ECM remodelling were detected at the lower dose rate. These data provide strong evidence for the possible risk of cardiac injury following chronic low dose irradiation and show that several affected pathways following chronic irradiation overlap with those of ageing-associated heart pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Azimzadeh
- Section of Radiation Biology, Federal Office of Radiation Protection (BfS), 85764 Nauenberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Vikram Subramanian
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kateryna Oleksenko
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Krumm
- Section of Radiation Biology, Federal Office of Radiation Protection (BfS), 85764 Nauenberg, Germany
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pasquali
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Ignacia B Tanaka
- Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES), Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES), Rokkasho, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Michael J Atkinson
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Soile Tapio
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simone Moertl
- Section of Radiation Biology, Federal Office of Radiation Protection (BfS), 85764 Nauenberg, Germany
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Wang P, Li YW, Lu X, Liu Y, Tian XL, Gao L, Liu QJ, Fan L, Tian M. Low-dose ionizing radiation: Effects on the proliferation and migration of lens epithelial cells via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 888:503637. [PMID: 37188435 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Eye lens opacification (cataract) induced by ionizing radiation is an important concern for radiation protection. Human lens epithelial cells (HLE-B3) were irradiated with γ-rays and radiation effects, including cell proliferation, cell migration, cell cycle distribution, and other changes related to the β-catenin pathway, were determined after 8-72 h and 7 d. In an in vivo model, mice were irradiated; DNA damage (γH2AX foci) in the cell nucleus of the anterior capsule of the lens was detected within 1 h, and radiation effects on the anterior and posterior lens capsules were observed after 3 months. Low-dose ionizing radiation promoted cell proliferation and migration. The expression levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-Myc were significantly increased in HLE-B3 cells after irradiation and β-catenin was translocated into the cell nucleus (activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway). In C57BL/6 J mouse lens, even a very low irradiation dose (0.05 Gy) induced the formation of γH2AX foci, 1 h after irradiation. At 3 months, migratory cells were found in the posterior capsule; expression of β-catenin was increased and it was clustered at the nucleus in the epithelial cells of the lens anterior capsule. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may an important role in promoting abnormal proliferation and migration of lens epithelial cells after low-dose irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Yu-Wen Li
- National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, NHC, Beijing 102308, PR China
| | - Xue Lu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Ya Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Xue-Lei Tian
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Ling Gao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Qing-Jie Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Li Fan
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, PR China.
| | - Mei Tian
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, PR China.
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Tarkiainen J, Nadhum M, Heikkilä A, Rinta-Kiikka I, Joutsen A. RADIATION DOSE OF THE EYE LENS IN CT EXAMINATIONS OF THE BRAIN IN CLINICAL PRACTICE-THE EFFECT OF RADIOGRAPHER TRAINING TO OPTIMISE GANTRY TILT AND SCAN LENGTH. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2023; 199:391-398. [PMID: 36691891 PMCID: PMC10077499 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lenses are always exposed to radiation in brain computed tomography (CT) scans. However, the lens dose can be reduced by excluding lens from scanning area by optimising gantry tilt and scan length. The object of this study is to retrospectively analyse if the optimisation by gantry tilt and scan length have been adequate in the CT scan of the brain, and to prospectively analyse the effect of radiographer training to the quality of the CT examinations. This study was conducted in two parts. In all, 329 brain CTs performed in the Tampere University Hospital from 2017 to 2019 were revised retrospectively. The prospective part included 51 brain CT studies conducted in October 2021. Dose to the eye of the lens was modelled using CT-Expo using zero-degree beam angle and scan lengths to expose the lens either to the primary or scattered radiation. Non-zero gantry tilt had been used in a large proportion of the CT examinations in the retrospective setting, 84.8%. However, the lenses were successfully excluded from the scan area in only 1.8% of the examinations. In the prospective part, the gantry tilt was used in 98% of the studies and the proportion of successful examinations rose from 1.8 to 11.8%. The lens dose decreased significantly when the eyes were excluded from the imaging area. The modelled lens dose in the large retrospective part was 25.9 mGy (17.8-49.2 mGy) when the eyes were included and 1.5 mGy (0.4-1.9 mGy) when the eyes were excluded. The lens dose was similar in the small prospective part. Despite the gantry tilt is widely used, unnecessary lens irradiation occurs extensively because of suboptimal gantry tilt and scan length. The training of radiographers reduces the radiation exposure to the lens by more optimal gantry tilt and scan length.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miia Nadhum
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical Imaging Center, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Annele Heikkilä
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical Imaging Center, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Irina Rinta-Kiikka
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Atte Joutsen
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical Imaging Center, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
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Abstract
PURPOSE Cataract (opacification of the ocular lens) is a typical tissue reaction (deterministic effect) following ionizing radiation exposure, for which prevention dose limits have been recommended in the radiation protection system. Manifestations of radiation cataracts can vary among individuals, but such potential individual responses remain uncharacterized. Here we review relevant literature and discuss implications for radiation protection. This review assesses evidence for significant modification of radiation-induced cataractogenesis by age at exposure, sex and genetic factors based on current scientific literature. CONCLUSIONS In addition to obvious physical factors (e.g. dose, dose rate, radiation quality, irradiation volume), potential factors modifying individual responses for radiation cataracts include sex, age and genetics, with comorbidity and coexposures also having important roles. There are indications and preliminary data identifying such potential modifiers of radiation cataract incidence or risk, although no firm conclusions can yet be drawn. Further studies and a consensus on the evidence are needed to gain deeper insights into factors determining individual responses regarding radiation cataracts and the implications for radiation protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G R Barnard
- UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Division (RCEHD), Didcot, UK
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo, Japan
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Barnard S, Uwineza A, Kalligeraki A, McCarron R, Kruse F, Ainsbury EA, Quinlan RA. Lens Epithelial Cell Proliferation in Response to Ionizing Radiation. Radiat Res 2022; 197:92-99. [PMID: 33984857 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00294.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Lens epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation are naturally well regulated and controlled, a characteristic essential for lens structure, symmetry and function. The effect of ionizing radiation on lens epithelial cell proliferation has been demonstrated in previous studies at high acute doses, but the effect of dose and dose rate on proliferation has not yet been considered. In this work, mice received single acute doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 Gy of radiation, at dose rates of 0.063 and 0.3 Gy/min. Eye lenses were isolated postirradiation at 30 min up until 14 days and flat-mounted. Then, cell proliferation rates were determined using biomarker Ki67. As expected, radiation increased cell proliferation 2 and 24 h postirradiation transiently (undetectable 14 days postirradiation) and was dose dependent (changes were very significant at 2 Gy; P = 0.008). A dose-rate effect did not reach significance in this study (P = 0.054). However, dose rate and lens epithelial cell region showed significant interactions (P < 0.001). These observations further our mechanistic understanding of how the lens responds to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barnard
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Mountjoy Science Site, Durham DH13LE, United Kingdom
| | - A Uwineza
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Mountjoy Science Site, Durham DH13LE, United Kingdom
| | - A Kalligeraki
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Mountjoy Science Site, Durham DH13LE, United Kingdom
| | - R McCarron
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - F Kruse
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - E A Ainsbury
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - R A Quinlan
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Mountjoy Science Site, Durham DH13LE, United Kingdom
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7
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Ainsbury EA, Barnard SGR. Sensitivity and latency of ionising radiation-induced cataract. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108772. [PMID: 34562436 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
When managed with appropriate radiation protection procedures, ionising radiation is of great benefit to society. Opacification of the lens, and vision impairing cataract, have recently been recognised at potential effects of relatively low dose radiation exposure, on the order of 1 Gy or below. Within the last 10 years, understanding of the effects of low dose ionising radiation on the lens has increased, particularly in terms of DNA damage and responses, and how multiple radiation or other events in the lens might contribute to the overall risk of cataract. However, gaps remain, not least in the understanding of how radiation interacts with other risk factors such as aging, as well as the relative radiosensitivity of the lens compared to tissues of the body. This paper reviews the current literature in the field of low dose radiation cataract, with a particular focus on sensitivity and latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ainsbury
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot Oxford, OX11 ORQ, UK.
| | - Stephen G R Barnard
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot Oxford, OX11 ORQ, UK.
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8
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Boyd A, Byrne S, Middleton RJ, Banati RB, Liu GJ. Control of Neuroinflammation through Radiation-Induced Microglial Changes. Cells 2021; 10:2381. [PMID: 34572030 PMCID: PMC8468704 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system, play a pivotal role in the modulation of neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation has been implicated in many diseases of the CNS, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. It is well documented that microglial activation, initiated by a variety of stressors, can trigger a potentially destructive neuroinflammatory response via the release of pro-inflammatory molecules, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. However, the potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects that microglia are also thought to exhibit have been under-investigated. The application of ionising radiation at different doses and dose schedules may reveal novel methods for the control of microglial response to stressors, potentially highlighting avenues for treatment of neuroinflammation associated CNS disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. There remains a need to characterise the response of microglia to radiation, particularly low dose ionising radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Boyd
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia; (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.J.M.); (R.B.B.)
| | - Sarah Byrne
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia; (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.J.M.); (R.B.B.)
| | - Ryan J. Middleton
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia; (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.J.M.); (R.B.B.)
| | - Richard B. Banati
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia; (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.J.M.); (R.B.B.)
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia; (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.J.M.); (R.B.B.)
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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Ahmadi M, Barnard S, Ainsbury E, Kadhim M. Early Responses to Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation in Cellular Lens Epithelial Models. Radiat Res 2021; 197:78-91. [PMID: 34324666 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00284.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cataract is the leading cause of visual impairment which can result in blindness. Cataract formation has been associated with radiation exposure; however, the mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon is still lacking. The goal of this study was to investigate mechanisms of cataract induction in isolated lens epithelial cells (LEC) exposed to ionizing radiation. Human LECs from different genetic backgrounds (SV40 immortalized HLE-B3 and primary HLEC cells) were exposed to varying doses of 137Cs gamma rays (0, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 Gy), at low (0.065 Gy/min) and higher (0.3 Gy/min) dose rates. Different assays were used to measure LEC response for, e.g., viability, oxidative stress, DNA damage studies, senescence and changes to telomere length/telomerase activity at two time points (1 h and 24 h, or 24 h and 15 days, depending on the type of assay and expected response time). The viability of cells decreased in a dose-dependent manner within 24 h of irradiation. Measurement of reactive oxygen species showed an increase at 1 h postirradiation, which was alleviated within 24 h. This was consistent with DNA damage results showing high DNA damage after 1 h postirradiation which reduced significantly (but not completely) within 24 h. Induction of senescence was also observed 15 days postirradiation, but this was not attributed to telomere erosion or telomerase activity reduction. Overall, these findings provide a mechanistic understanding of low-dose radiation-induced cataractogenesis which will ultimately help to inform judgements on the magnitude of risk and improve existing radiation protection procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ahmadi
- Genomic Instability and Cell Communication Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Kidney Genetics Group, Academic Unit of Nephrology, The Medical School, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Barnard
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Ainsbury
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Munira Kadhim
- Genomic Instability and Cell Communication Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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10
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Garrett L, Ung MC, Einicke J, Zimprich A, Fenzl F, Pawliczek D, Graw J, Dalke C, Hölter SM. Complex Long-term Effects of Radiation on Adult Mouse Behavior. Radiat Res 2021; 197:67-77. [PMID: 34237145 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00281.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that a single radiation event (0.063, 0.125 or 0.5 Gy, 0.063 Gy/min) in adult mice (age 10 weeks) can have delayed dose-dependent effects on locomotor behavior 18 months postirradiation. The highest dose (0.5 Gy) reduced, whereas the lowest dose (0.063 Gy) increased locomotor activity at older age independent of sex or genotype. In the current study we investigated whether higher doses administered at a higher dose rate (0.5, 1 or 2 Gy, 0.3 Gy/min) at the same age (10 weeks) cause stronger or earlier effects on a range of behaviors, including locomotion, anxiety, sensorimotor and cognitive behavior. There were clear dose-dependent effects on spontaneous locomotor and exploratory activity, anxiety-related behavior, body weight and affiliative social behavior independent of sex or genotype of wild-type and Ercc2S737P heterozygous mice on a mixed C57BL/6JG and C3HeB/FeJ background. In addition, smaller genotype- and dose-dependent radiation effects on working memory were evident in males, but not in females. The strongest dose-dependent radiation effects were present 4 months postirradiation, but only effects on affiliative social behaviors persisted until 12 months postirradiation. The observed radiation-induced behavioral changes were not related to alterations in the eye lens, as 4 months postirradiation anterior and posterior parts of the lens were still normal. Overall, we did not find any sensitizing effect of the mutation towards radiation effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Garrett
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marie-Claire Ung
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Einicke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annemarie Zimprich
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Felix Fenzl
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Daniel Pawliczek
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Dalke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University Munich, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
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11
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Barnard SGR, McCarron R, Mancuso M, De Stefano I, Pazzaglia S, Pawliczek D, Dalke C, Ainsbury EA. Radiation-induced DNA Damage and Repair in Lens Epithelial Cells of both Ptch1(+/-) and Ercc2(+/-) Mutated Mice. Radiat Res 2021; 197:36-42. [PMID: 33652474 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00264.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest an increased incidence and risk of cataract after low-dose (<2 Gy) ionizing radiation exposures. However, the biological mechanism(s) of this process are not fully understood. DNA damage and repair are thought to have a contributing role in radiation-induced cataractogenesis. Recently we have reported an inverse dose-rate effect, as well as the low-dose response, of DNA damage and repair in lens epithelial cells (LECs). Here, we present further initial findings from two mutated strains (Ercc2+/- and Ptch1+/-) of mice, both reportedly susceptible to radiation-induced cataract, and their DNA damage and repair response to low-dose and low-dose-rate gamma rays. Our results support the hypothesis that the lens epithelium responds differently to radiation than other tissues, with reported radiation susceptibility to DNA damage not necessarily translating to the LECs. Genetic predisposition and strain(s) of mice have a significant role in radiation-induced cataract susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G R Barnard
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom.,Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Mountjoy Science Site, Durham DH13LE, United Kingdom
| | - R McCarron
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - M Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - I De Stefano
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - S Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - D Pawliczek
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - C Dalke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - E A Ainsbury
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
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12
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Kunze S, Cecil A, Prehn C, Möller G, Ohlmann A, Wildner G, Thurau S, Unger K, Rößler U, Hölter SM, Tapio S, Wagner F, Beyerlein A, Theis F, Zitzelsberger H, Kulka U, Adamski J, Graw J, Dalke C. Posterior subcapsular cataracts are a late effect after acute exposure to 0.5 Gy ionizing radiation in mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:529-540. [PMID: 33464160 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1876951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The long-term effect of low and moderate doses of ionizing radiation on the lens is still a matter of debate and needs to be evaluated in more detail. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a detailed histological analysis of eyes from B6C3F1 mice cohorts after acute gamma irradiation (60Co source; 0.063 Gy/min) at young adult age of 10 weeks with doses of 0.063, 0.125, and 0.5 Gy. Sham irradiated (0 Gy) mice were used as controls. To test for genetic susceptibility heterozygous Ercc2 mutant mice were used and compared to wild-type mice of the same strain background. Mice of both sexes were included in all cohorts. Eyes were collected 4 h, 12, 18 and 24 months after irradiation. For a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms, metabolomics analyses were performed in lenses and plasma samples of the same mouse cohorts at 4 and 12 h as well as 12, 18 and 24 months after irradiation. For this purpose, a targeted analysis was chosen. RESULTS This analysis revealed histological changes particularly in the posterior part of the lens that rarely can be observed by using Scheimpflug imaging, as we reported previously. We detected a significant increase of posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSCs) 18 and 24 months after irradiation with 0.5 Gy (odds ratio 9.3; 95% confidence interval 2.1-41.3) independent of sex and genotype. Doses below 0.5 Gy (i.e. 0.063 and 0.125 Gy) did not significantly increase the frequency of PSCs at any time point. In lenses, we observed a clear effect of sex and aging but not of irradiation or genotype. While metabolomics analyses of plasma from the same mice showed only a sex effect. CONCLUSIONS This article demonstrates a significant radiation-induced increase in the incidence of PSCs, which could not be identified using Scheimpflug imaging as the only diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kunze
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Cecil
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Möller
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Ohlmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhild Wildner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Thurau
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ute Rößler
- Department Radiation Protection and Health, Federal Office of Radiation Protection, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Soile Tapio
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Wagner
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Horst Zitzelsberger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kulka
- Department Radiation Protection and Health, Federal Office of Radiation Protection, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jochen Graw
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Dalke
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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13
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Pawliczek D, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, de Angelis MH, Quinlan R, Graw J, Dalke C. On the Nature of Murine Radiation-Induced Subcapsular Cataracts: Optical Coherence Tomography-Based Fine Classification, In Vivo Dynamics and Impact on Visual Acuity. Radiat Res 2021; 197:7-21. [PMID: 33631790 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00163.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is widely known to induce various kinds of lens cataracts, of which posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSCs) have the highest prevalence. Despite some studies regarding the epidemiology and biology of radiation-induced PSCs, the mechanism underscoring the formation of this type of lesions and their dose dependency remain uncertain. Within the current study, our team investigated the in vivo characteristics of PSCs in B6C3F1 mice (F1-hybrids of BL6 × C3H) that received 0.5-2 Gy γ-ray irradiation after postnatal day 70. For purposes of assessing lenticular damages, spectral domain optical coherence tomography was utilized, and the visual acuity of the mice was measured to analyze their levels of visual impairment, and histological sections were then prepared in to characterize in vivo phenotypes. Three varying in vivo phenotype anterior and posterior lesions were thus revealed and correlated with the applied doses to understand their marginal influence on the visual acuity of the studied mice. Histological data indicated no significantly increased odds ratios for PSCs below a dose of 1 Gy at the end of the observation time. Furthermore, our team demonstrated that when the frequencies of the posterior and anterior lesions were calculated at early time points, their responses were in accordance with a deterministic model, whereas at later time points, their responses were better described via a stochastic model. The current study will aid in honing the current understanding of radiation-induced cataract formation and contributes greatly to addressing the fundamental questions of lens dose response within the field of radiation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pawliczek
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabê de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZB), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roy Quinlan
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Jochen Graw
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Dalke
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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14
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Pawliczek D, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Hrabě de Angelis M, Graw J, Dalke C. Ionising radiation causes vision impairment in neonatal B6C3F1 mice. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108432. [PMID: 33454312 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ionising radiation interacts with lenses and retinae differently. In human lenses, posterior subcapsular cataracts are the predominant observation, whereas retinae of adults are comparably resistant to even relatively high doses. In this study, we demonstrate the effects of 2 Gy of low linear energy transfer ionising radiation on eyes of B6C3F1 mice aged postnatal day 2. Optical coherence tomography and Scheimpflug imaging were utilised for the first time to monitor murine lenses and retinae in vivo. The visual acuity of the mice was determined and histological analysis was conducted. Our results demonstrated that visual acuity was reduced by as much as 50 % approximately 9 months after irradiation in irradiated mice. Vision impairment was caused by retinal atrophy and inner cortical cataracts. These results help to further our understanding of the risk of ionising radiation for human foeti (∼ 8 mo), which follow the same eye development stages as neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pawliczek
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZB), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Dalke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany.
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15
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Paunesku T, Stevanović A, Popović J, Woloschak GE. Effects of low dose and low dose rate low linear energy transfer radiation on animals - review of recent studies relevant for carcinogenesis. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:757-768. [PMID: 33289582 PMCID: PMC9216178 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1859155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Carcinogenic effects of radiation are often assumed to be universally understood, more often than, for example, carcinogenic effects of many different chemicals. This in turn leads to an assumption that any dose of radiation, delivered at any dose rate, poses a serious health challenge. This remains an issue of dispute and low dose radiation research is focused on understanding whether these exposures contribute to cancer incidence. This review is focused on the low linear energy transfer (low LET) radiation exposures for which the data is the most abundant in recent years. Materials and methods: Review of the literature between 2008 and today, highlighting some of the most diverse studies in low dose research. Results: Low dose and low dose rate, low LET ionizing radiation animal studies suggest that the effects of exposure very much depend on animal genotype and health status.Conclusions: Only the integration of all of the data from different models and studies will lead to a fuller understanding of low dose radiation effects. Therefore, we hope to see an increase in international archival efforts and exchange of raw data information opening the possibilities for new types of meta analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aleksandra Stevanović
- Multidisciplinary Studies of History and Philosophy of Natural Sciences and Technology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Popović
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gayle E Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Ainsbury EA, Dalke C, Hamada N, Benadjaoud MA, Chumak V, Ginjaume M, Kok JL, Mancuso M, Sabatier L, Struelens L, Thariat J, Jourdain JR. Radiation-induced lens opacities: Epidemiological, clinical and experimental evidence, methodological issues, research gaps and strategy. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106213. [PMID: 33276315 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In 2011, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommended reducing the occupational equivalent dose limit for the lens of the eye from 150 mSv/year to 20 mSv/year, averaged over five years, with no single year exceeding 50 mSv. With this recommendation, several important assumptions were made, such as lack of dose rate effect, classification of cataracts as a tissue reaction with a dose threshold at 0.5 Gy, and progression of minor opacities into vision-impairing cataracts. However, although new dose thresholds and occupational dose limits have been set for radiation-induced cataract, ICRP clearly states that the recommendations are chiefly based on epidemiological evidence because there are a very small number of studies that provide explicit biological and mechanistic evidence at doses under 2 Gy. Since the release of the 2011 ICRP statement, the Multidisciplinary European Low Dose Initiative (MELODI) supported in April 2019 a scientific workshop that aimed to review epidemiological, clinical and biological evidence for radiation-induced cataracts. The purpose of this article is to present and discuss recent related epidemiological and clinical studies, ophthalmic examination techniques, biological and mechanistic knowledge, and to identify research gaps, towards the implementation of a research strategy for future studies on radiation-induced lens opacities. The authors recommend particularly to study the effect of ionizing radiation on the lens in the context of the wider, systemic effects, including in the retina, brain and other organs, and as such cataract is recommended to be studied as part of larger scale programs focused on multiple radiation health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ainsbury
- Public Health England (PHE) Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Oxon, United Kingdom.
| | - Claudia Dalke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany.
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mohamed Amine Benadjaoud
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), BP 17, 31 avenue de la division Leclerc, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Vadim Chumak
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Ukraine.
| | | | - Judith L Kok
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, (ENEA), Rome, Italy.
| | - Laure Sabatier
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Saclay, France.
| | | | - Juliette Thariat
- Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire IN2P3/ENSICAEN -UMR6534 - Unicaen - Normandie University, France
| | - Jean-René Jourdain
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), BP 17, 31 avenue de la division Leclerc, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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17
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Lee HJ, Lee SH, Lee JH, Kim Y, Seong KM, Jin YW, Min KJ. Role of Commensal Microbes in the γ-Ray Irradiation-Induced Physiological Changes in Drosophila melanogaster. Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010031. [PMID: 33374132 PMCID: PMC7824294 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation induces biological/physiological changes and affects commensal microbes, but few studies have examined the relationship between the physiological changes induced by irradiation and commensal microbes. This study investigated the role of commensal microbes in the γ-ray irradiation-induced physiological changes in Drosophila melanogaster. The bacterial load was increased in 5 Gy irradiated flies, but irradiation decreased the number of operational taxonomic units. The mean lifespan of conventional flies showed no significant change by irradiation, whereas that of axenic flies was negatively correlated with the radiation dose. γ-Ray irradiation did not change the average number of eggs in both conventional and axenic flies. Locomotion of conventional flies was decreased after 5 Gy radiation exposure, whereas no significant change in locomotion activity was detected in axenic flies after irradiation. γ-Ray irradiation increased the generation of reactive oxygen species in both conventional and axenic flies, but the increase was higher in axenic flies. Similarly, the amounts of mitochondria were increased in irradiated axenic flies but not in conventional flies. These results suggest that axenic flies are more sensitive in their mitochondrial responses to radiation than conventional flies, and increased sensitivity leads to a reduced lifespan and other physiological changes in axenic flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Jin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (S.-H.L.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Shin-Hae Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (S.-H.L.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Ji-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (S.-H.L.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Yongjoong Kim
- Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (Y.K.); (K.M.S.); (Y.W.J.)
| | - Ki Moon Seong
- Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (Y.K.); (K.M.S.); (Y.W.J.)
| | - Young Woo Jin
- Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (Y.K.); (K.M.S.); (Y.W.J.)
| | - Kyung-Jin Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (S.-H.L.); (J.-H.L.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Ung MC, Garrett L, Dalke C, Leitner V, Dragosa D, Hladik D, Neff F, Wagner F, Zitzelsberger H, Miller G, de Angelis MH, Rößler U, Vogt Weisenhorn D, Wurst W, Graw J, Hölter SM. Dose-dependent long-term effects of a single radiation event on behaviour and glial cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:156-169. [PMID: 33264576 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1857455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The increasing use of low-dose ionizing radiation in medicine requires a systematic study of its long-term effects on the brain, behaviour and its possible association with neurodegenerative disease vulnerability. Therefore, we analysed the long-term effects of a single low-dose irradiation exposure at 10 weeks of age compared to medium and higher doses on locomotor, emotion-related and sensorimotor behaviour in mice as well as on hippocampal glial cell populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS We determined the influence of radiation dose (0, 0.063, 0.125 or 0.5 Gy), time post-irradiation (4, 12 and 18 months p.i.), sex and genotype (wild type versus mice with Ercc2 DNA repair gene point mutation) on behaviour. RESULTS The high dose (0.5 Gy) had early-onset adverse effects at 4 months p.i. on sensorimotor recruitment and late-onset negative locomotor effects at 12 and 18 months p.i. Notably, the low dose (0.063 Gy) produced no early effects but subtle late-onset (18 months) protective effects on sensorimotor recruitment and exploratory behaviour. Quantification and morphological characterization of the microglial and the astrocytic cells of the dentate gyrus 24 months p.i. indicated heightened immune activity after high dose irradiation (0.125 and 0.5 Gy) while conversely, low dose (0.063 Gy) induced more neuroprotective features. CONCLUSION This is one of the first studies demonstrating such long-term and late-onset effects on brain and behaviour after a single radiation event in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Ung
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lillian Garrett
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Dalke
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Dragosa
- Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Daniela Hladik
- Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Wagner
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Horst Zitzelsberger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gregor Miller
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabĕ de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ute Rößler
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Vogt Weisenhorn
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Developmental Genetics, Faculty of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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19
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Three-dimensional data capture and analysis of intact eye lenses evidences emmetropia-associated changes in epithelial cell organization. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16898. [PMID: 33037268 PMCID: PMC7547080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ and tissue development are highly coordinated processes; lens growth and functional integration into the eye (emmetropia) is a robust example. An epithelial monolayer covers the anterior hemisphere of the lens, and its organization is the key to lens formation and its optical properties throughout all life stages. To better understand how the epithelium supports lens function, we have developed a novel whole tissue imaging system using conventional confocal light microscopy and a specialized analysis software to produce three-dimensional maps for the epithelium of intact mouse lenses. The open source software package geometrically determines the anterior pole position, the equatorial diameter, and three-dimensional coordinates for each detected cell in the epithelium. The user-friendly cell maps, which retain global lens geometry, allow us to document age-dependent changes in the C57/BL6J mouse lens cell distribution characteristics. We evidence changes in epithelial cell density and distribution in C57/BL6J mice during the establishment of emmetropia between postnatal weeks 4-6. These epithelial changes accompany a previously unknown spheroid to lentoid shape transition of the lens as detected by our analyses. When combined with key findings from previous mouse genetic and cell biological studies, we suggest a cytoskeleton-based mechanism likely underpins these observations.
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20
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Laskowski L, Williams D, Seymour C, Mothersill C. Environmental and industrial developments in radiation cataractogenesis. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 98:1074-1082. [PMID: 32396040 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1767820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This review discusses recent developments in our understanding of biological and physiological mechanisms underlying radiation cataractogenesis. The areas discussed include effects of low-dose exposures to the lens including potential relevance of non-targeted effects, the development of new personal-protective equipment (PPE) and standards in clinical and nuclear settings motivated by the updated ICRP recommendations to mitigate exposures to the lens of the eye. The review also looks at evidence from the field linking cataracts in birds and mammals to low dose exposures.Conclusions: The review suggests that there is evidence that cataractogenesis is not a tissue reaction (deterministic effect) but rather is a low dose effect which shows a saturable dose response relationship similar to that seen for non-targeted effects in general. The review concludes that new research is needed to determine the dose response relationship in environmental studies where field data are contradictory and lab studies confined to rodent models for human exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Laskowski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - David Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambrige, UK
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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21
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Spectral domain - Optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) as a monitoring tool for alterations in mouse lenses. Exp Eye Res 2020; 190:107871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Martinez Marignac V, Mondragon L, Gloria O, Cervantes L, Cantero F, Favant J. Preclinical study of genuine essiac formula: A cancer treatment eight-herbs' tea minimizes DNA insult of X-rays. CLINICAL CANCER INVESTIGATION JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/ccij.ccij_73_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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23
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Hladik D, Dalke C, von Toerne C, Hauck SM, Azimzadeh O, Philipp J, Ung MC, Schlattl H, Rößler U, Graw J, Atkinson MJ, Tapio S. CREB Signaling Mediates Dose-Dependent Radiation Response in the Murine Hippocampus Two Years after Total Body Exposure. J Proteome Res 2019; 19:337-345. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hladik
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technical University Munich (TUM), 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Dalke
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, HMGU, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jos Philipp
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marie-Claire Ung
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, HMGU, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Schlattl
- Research Unit Medical Radiation Physics and Diagnostics, HMGU, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ute Rößler
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department SG Radiation Protection and Health, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, HMGU, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael J. Atkinson
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technical University Munich (TUM), 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Soile Tapio
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Barnard SGR, McCarron R, Moquet J, Quinlan R, Ainsbury E. Inverse dose-rate effect of ionising radiation on residual 53BP1 foci in the eye lens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10418. [PMID: 31320710 PMCID: PMC6639373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of dose rate on radiation cataractogenesis has yet to be extensively studied. One recent epidemiological investigation suggested that protracted radiation exposure increases radiation-induced cataract risk: cumulative doses of radiation mostly <100 mGy received by US radiologic technologists over 5 years were associated with an increased excess hazard ratio for cataract development. However, there are few mechanistic studies to support and explain such observations. Low-dose radiation-induced DNA damage in the epithelial cells of the eye lens (LECs) has been proposed as a possible contributor to cataract formation and thus visual impairment. Here, 53BP1 foci was used as a marker of DNA damage. Unexpectedly, the number of 53BP1 foci that persisted in the mouse lens samples after γ-radiation exposure increased with decreasing dose-rate at 4 and 24 h. The C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 0.5, 1 and 2 Gy ƴ-radiation at 0.063 and 0.3 Gy/min and also 0.5 Gy at 0.014 Gy/min. This contrasts the data we obtained for peripheral blood lymphocytes collected from the same animal groups, which showed the expected reduction of residual 53BP1 foci with reducing dose-rate. These findings highlight the likely importance of dose-rate in low-dose cataract formation and, furthermore, represent the first evidence that LECs process radiation damage differently to blood lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G R Barnard
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK.
- Durham University, Department of Biosciences, Durham, UK.
| | - Roisin McCarron
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK
| | - Jayne Moquet
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK
| | - Roy Quinlan
- Durham University, Department of Biosciences, Durham, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Ainsbury
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK
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Cuenca C, Mention PJ, Vergnenegre G, Matthieu PA, Charissoux JL, Marcheix PS. Are orthopedic surgeons exposed to excessive eye irradiation? A prospective study of lens irradiation in orthopedics and traumatology. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2019; 105:569-572. [PMID: 30898557 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous studies in recent years highlighted an increased risk of pathologies related to ionizing radiation in caregivers. A new French decree was adopted on June 4, 2018, dividing by 7.5 the radiation dose authorized in the lens for exposed workers. HYPOTHESIS The hypothesis of the present study was that ocular irradiation in orthopedic surgeons was below the new legal threshold. METHOD The equivalent dose (mSv) received by the lens was prospectively assessed in 10 orthopedic surgeons (5 senior, 5 residents), using 3 passive dosimeters placed at the forehead and either temple. Each intervention of each operator was recorded, with dose per area in the operating room at each use of the fluoroscope. RESULTS All equivalent doses to the lens at the end of the 4 month study period were well below threshold. Doses were not significantly different between forehead and either temple (p=0.7, p=0.6 for the 2 temples). There was no difference according to side of the head (p=0.3). The dose received in the lens correlated with the dose delivered in the room (p=0.004). There were no significant differences in irradiation according to the surgeon's experience (p=0.2) or trauma activity rate (p=0.4). DISCUSSION No studies have reported equivalent doses to the lens exceeding the authorized limit. But none previously measured equivalent dose to the lens according to the axis of irradiation in the eyes. The present study showed that orthopedic surgeons received as much eye radiation laterally as frontally. Ocular radiation protection needs therefore to be as effective laterally as frontally. The surgeon's experience did not emerge as a protective factor against ocular irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Cuenca
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique, CHU de Limoges, 2, avenue Martin-Luther-King, 87042 Limoges cedex, France.
| | - Pierre-Jean Mention
- Service de médecine nucléaire, CHU d'Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 9, France
| | - Guillaume Vergnenegre
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique, CHU de Limoges, 2, avenue Martin-Luther-King, 87042 Limoges cedex, France
| | - Pierre-Alain Matthieu
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique, CHU de Limoges, 2, avenue Martin-Luther-King, 87042 Limoges cedex, France
| | - Jean-Louis Charissoux
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique, CHU de Limoges, 2, avenue Martin-Luther-King, 87042 Limoges cedex, France
| | - Pierre-Sylvain Marcheix
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique, CHU de Limoges, 2, avenue Martin-Luther-King, 87042 Limoges cedex, France
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