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Jin X, Chen Y, Xu B, Tian H. Exercise-Mediated Protection against Air Pollution-Induced Immune Damage: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Directions. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:247. [PMID: 38666859 PMCID: PMC11047937 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution, a serious risk factor for human health, can lead to immune damage and various diseases. Long-term exposure to air pollutants can trigger oxidative stress and inflammatory responses (the main sources of immune impairment) in the body. Exercise has been shown to modulate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant statuses, enhance immune cell activity, as well as protect against immune damage caused by air pollution. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in the protective effects of exercise on pollutant-induced damage and the safe threshold for exercise in polluted environments remain elusive. In contrast to the extensive research on the pathogenesis of air pollution and the preventive role of exercise in enhancing fitness, investigations into exercise resistance to injury caused by air pollution are still in their infancy. In this review, we analyze evidence from humans, animals, and cell experiments on the combined effects of exercise and air pollution on immune health outcomes, with an emphasis on oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and immune cells. We also propose possible mechanisms and directions for future research on exercise resistance to pollutant-induced damage in the body. Furthermore, we suggest strengthening epidemiological studies at different population levels and investigations on immune cells to guide how to determine the safety thresholds for exercise in polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bingxiang Xu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (X.J.); (Y.C.)
| | - Haili Tian
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (X.J.); (Y.C.)
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2
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He T, Song T. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes: a narrative review. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2023; 51:549-557. [PMID: 36373406 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2022.2148137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is the most common chronic disease among elite athletes and when left untreated, can impact both respiratory health and sports performance. In recent years, there has been an increase in the awareness and detection of EIB in elite athletes. This narrative review aims to evaluate the risk, prevention, diagnosis, medication, and anti-doping policies of EIB in elite athletes, and to provide more references for athletes with EIB. The results showed that athletes of endurance, winter, and water sports generally have a higher prevalence of EIB than athletes of other sports. Adaptive warm-up before formal exercise and using heat exchange masks at low temperatures are effective ways for athletes to prevent EIB. For physicians, the exercise challenge test and eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea are the recommended diagnostic methods for EIB in athletes. The treatment of athletes with EIB is medication-based, such as inhaled corticosteroids and beta-2 agonists, but current anti-doping policies should be considered when used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchang He
- Department of research, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tienan Song
- Department of research, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Pourmanaf H, Nikoukheslat S, Sari-Sarraf V, Amirsasan R, Vakili J, Mills DE. The acute effects of endurance exercise on epithelial integrity of the airways in athletes and non-athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Med 2023; 220:107457. [PMID: 37951313 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute endurance exercise may induce airway epithelium injury. However, the response of epithelial integrity markers of the airways including club cell secretory protein (CC16) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) to endurance exercise have not been systematically reviewed. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the acute effects of endurance exercise on markers of epithelial integrity of the airways (CC16, SP-D and the CC16/SP-D ratio) in athletes and non-athletes. METHODS A systematic search was performed utilizing PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, and hand searching bibliographies of retrieved articles through to September 2022. Based on the inclusion criteria, articles with available data about the acute effects of endurance exercise on serum or plasma concentrations of CC16, SP-D and CC16/SP-D ratio in athletes and non-athletes were included. Quality assessment of studies and statistical analysis were conducted via Review Manager 5.4 software. RESULTS The search resulted in 908 publications. Finally, thirteen articles were included in the review. Acute endurance exercise resulted in an increase in CC16 (P = 0.0006, n = 13) and CC16/SP-D ratio (P = 0.005, n = 2) whereas SP-D (P = 0.47, n = 3) did not change significantly. Subgroup analysis revealed that the type (P = 0.003), but not the duration of exercise (P = 0.77) or the environmental temperature (P = 0.06) affected the CC16 response to endurance exercise. CONCLUSIONS Acute endurance exercise increases CC16 and the CC16/SP-D ratio, as markers of epithelial integrity, but not SP-D in athletes and non-athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Pourmanaf
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeid Nikoukheslat
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Sari-Sarraf
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Amirsasan
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Vakili
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dean E Mills
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia; Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Health Research, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia.
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Rosser F, Balmes J. Ozone and childhood respiratory health: A primer for US pediatric providers and a call for a more protective standard. Pediatr Pulmonol 2023; 58:1355-1366. [PMID: 36815617 PMCID: PMC10121852 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Ground level ozone is a potent respiratory toxicant with decades of accumulated data demonstrating respiratory harms to children. Despite the ubiquity of ozone in the United States, impacting both urban and rural communities, the associated harms of exposure to this important air pollutant are often infrequently or inadequately covered during medical training including pulmonary specialization. Thus, many providers caring for children's respiratory health may have limited knowledge of the harms which may result in reduced discussion of ozone pollution during clinical encounters. Further, the current US air quality standard for ozone does not adequately protect children. In this nonsystematic review, we present basic background information for healthcare providers caring for children's respiratory health, review the US process for setting air quality standards, discuss the respiratory harms of ozone for healthy children and those with underlying respiratory disease, highlight the urgent need for a more protective ozone standard to adequately protect children's respiratory health, review impacts of climate change on ozone levels, and provide information for discussion in clinical encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Rosser
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John Balmes
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
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Marmett B, Carvalho RB, Silva GND, Dorneles GP, Romão PRT, Nunes RB, Rhoden CR. The role of O 3 exposure and physical activity status on redox state, inflammation, and pulmonary toxicity of young men: A cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116020. [PMID: 37119842 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to traffic-related air pollutants, such as NO2 and O3, are associated with detrimental health effects, becoming one of the greatest public health issues worldwide. Exercising in polluted environments could result in harmful outcomes for health and may blunt the physiological adaptations of exercise training. This study aimed to investigate the influence of physical activity and O3 exposure on redox status, an inflammatory marker, response to stress, and pulmonary toxicity of healthy young individuals. We performed a cross-sectional study with 100 individuals that, based on their exposure to O3 and physical fitness (PF) level, were distributed in four groups: Low PF + Low O3; Low PF + High O3; High PF + Low O3; High PF + High O3. We evaluated personal exposure to NO2 and O3, physical activity level, variables of oxidative stress (SOD, ROS, CAT, GSH, TBARS), pulmonary toxicity (CC16), and inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, HSP70). Spearman correlation test to check the association among the variables was used and to compare groups we used one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc and Kruskal Wallis test followed by Dunn's post hoc. O3 levels correlated with physical activity (r = 0.25; p = 0.01) but not with age or markers of body composition (p > 0.05). The individuals with high physical fitness that were less exposed to O3 presented higher CAT activity (p < 0.001), lower TBARS (p < 0.01) and IL-1β concentrations (p < 0.01), higher IL-6 (p < 0.05) and IL-10 concentrations (p < 0.05), lower IL-6:1L-10 ratio (p < 0.05), lower CC16 levels (p < 0.05), and higher HSP70 concentration (p < 0.05). Physical activity could result in higher exposure to O3 that could partially blunt some exercise adaptations, while high physical fitness improved the antioxidant defense system, systemic inflammatory mediators, and pulmonary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Marmett
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Roseana Boek Carvalho
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gedaias Noronha da Silva
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilson Pires Dorneles
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Barcos Nunes
- Research Department - Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense, Gravataí, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Ramos Rhoden
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Williamson-Reisdorph CM, Quindry TS, Christison KS, Gurney SC, Tiemessen KG, Cuddy J, Hailes W, Slivka D, Ruby BC, Quindry JC. Training in a Hot Environment Fails to Elicit Changes in the Blood Oxidative Stress Response. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:81-92. [PMID: 37229416 PMCID: PMC10203834 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/161586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental temperature can impact exercise-induced blood oxidative stress; however, the effects of heat acclimation on this response have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of hot (33°C) and room temperature (20°C) environments on post-exercise blood oxidative stress responses following 15 temperature acclimation sessions. Untrained participants (n = 38, 26 ± 7 years, VO2peak = 38.0 ± 7.2 years) completed 15 temperature acclimation sessions of a cycling bout at an intensity perceived as "hard" in either a hot (33°C) or room temperature (20°C) environment. Pre and post acclimation exercise tolerance trials were conducted, which involved cycling at 50% Wpeak for one hour. Blood sampling occurred before exercise, immediately after, two hours, and four hours after the exercise tolerance trials. Blood samples were analyzed for oxidative stress markers including lipid hydroperoxides, 8-isoprostanes, protein carbonyls, 3-nitrotyrosine, ferric-reducing ability of plasma, and Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity. Exercise-dependent increases were observed in lipid hydroperoxides, Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity, and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (p < 0.001). Considering exercise-induced elevations in markers of blood oxidative stress, there were no differences observed between environmental temperatures before or after the acclimation training period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiffany S. Quindry
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Katherine S. Christison
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Shae C. Gurney
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Kathryn G. Tiemessen
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - John Cuddy
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Walter Hailes
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Dustin Slivka
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Brent C. Ruby
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - John C. Quindry
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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Marmett B, Carvalho RB, Nunes RB, Rhoden CR. Exposure to O 3 and NO 2 in physically active adults: an evaluation of physiological parameters and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:4269-4284. [PMID: 34988724 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous air pollutants ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have a large public health relevance and trigger environmental health risk. On the other hand, despite the health benefits, exercise practices might increase the susceptibility to air pollutants exposure. However, there are innumerous lifestyle factors besides physical activity habits that must be considered in the daily air pollution exposure and are still not fully comprehended. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of O3 and NO2 exposure on cardiorespiratory fitness, lipid accumulation product (LAP), and environmental health risk during the entire daily routine of physically active adults that exercise in outdoor and indoor environments. One hundred and twenty healthy young men were assigned to untrained (n = 52), indoor exercise (n = 36), and outdoor exercise (n = 32) groups, following their lifestyle exercise habits, and O3 and NO2 were assessed by personal monitoring. Exercised groups demonstrated higher healthy eating index (HEI) (p < 0.001), physical activity (PA) (p < 0.001), metabolic equivalent of task (MET) (p < 0.001), and peak oxygen uptake VO2peak (p < 0.001), while outdoor group had lower LAP index (p < 0.001) and higher O3 concentration (p = 0.0442). Environmental health risk demonstrated no difference (p > 0.05). The higher O3 concentration was positively correlated with the risk quotient (p = 0.003) and MET (p = 0.020), and a negative correlation between LAP and VO2peak was observed (p < 0.001). In conclusion, physically active individuals might have a lower risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases despite the higher O3 concentration exposure, and the exposure during exercise did not represent an additional health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Marmett
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
| | - Roseana Boek Carvalho
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Barcos Nunes
- Research Department-Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia Sul-Rio-Grandense, Gravataí, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Ramos Rhoden
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
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Cold air exposure at - 15 °C induces more airway symptoms and epithelial stress during heavy exercise than rest without aggravated airway constriction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2533-2544. [PMID: 36053365 PMCID: PMC9613713 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Exposure to cold air may harm the airways. It is unclear to what extent heavy exercise adds to the cold-induced effects on peripheral airways, airway epithelium, and systemic immunity among healthy individuals. We investigated acute effects of heavy exercise in sub-zero temperatures on the healthy airways. Methods Twenty-nine healthy individuals underwent whole body exposures to cold air in an environmental chamber at − 15 °C for 50 min on two occasions; a 35-min exercise protocol consisting of a 5-min warm-up followed by 2 × 15 min of running at 85% of VO2max vs. 50 min at rest. Lung function was measured by impulse oscillometry (IOS) and spirometry before and immediately after exposures. CC16 in plasma and urine, and cytokines in plasma were measured before and 60 min after exposures. Symptoms were surveyed pre-, during and post-trials. Results FEV1 decreased after rest (− 0.10 ± 0.03 L, p < 0.001) and after exercise (− 0.06 ± 0.02 L, p = 0.012), with no difference between trials. Exercise in − 15 °C induced greater increases in lung reactance (X5; p = 0.023), plasma CC16 (p < 0.001) as well as plasma IL-8 (p < 0.001), compared to rest. Exercise induced more intense symptoms from the lower airways, whereas rest gave rise to more general symptoms. Conclusion Heavy exercise during cold air exposure at − 15 °C induced signs of an airway constriction to a similar extent as rest in the same environment. However, biochemical signs of airway epithelial stress, cytokine responses, and symptoms from the lower airways were more pronounced after the exercise trial. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-022-05004-3.
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Abstract
Since the industrial revolution, air pollution has become a major problem causing several health problems involving the airways as well as the cardiovascular, reproductive, or neurological system. According to the WHO, about 3.6 million deaths every year are related to inhalation of polluted air, specifically due to pulmonary diseases. Polluted air first encounters the airways, which are a major human defense mechanism to reduce the risk of this aggressor. Air pollution consists of a mixture of potentially harmful compounds such as particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and heavy metals, each having its own effects on the human body. In the last decades, a lot of research investigating the underlying risks and effects of air pollution and/or its specific compounds on the airways, has been performed, involving both in vivo and in vitro experiments. The goal of this review is to give an overview of the recent data on the effects of air pollution on healthy and diseased airways or models of airway disease, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Therefore, we focused on studies involving pollution and airway symptoms and/or damage both in mice and humans.
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Pulmonary Effects Due to Physical Exercise in Polluted Air: Evidence from Studies Conducted on Healthy Humans. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11072890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Physical inactivity has caused serious effects on the health of the population, having an impact on the quality of life and the cost of healthcare for many countries. This has motivated government and private institutions to promote regular physical activity, which, paradoxically, can involve health risks when it is carried out in areas with poor air quality. This review collects information from studies conducted on healthy humans related to the pulmonary effects caused by the practice of physical activity when there is poor air quality. In addition, several challenges related to the technological and educational areas, as well as to applied and basic research, have been identified to facilitate the rational practice of exercise in poor air quality conditions.
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Marmett B, Carvalho RB, Dorneles GP, Nunes RB, Rhoden CR. Should I stay or should I go: Can air pollution reduce the health benefits of physical exercise? Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:109993. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Acute effects of short-term exposure to air pollution while being physically active, the potential for modification: A review of the literature. Prev Med 2020; 139:106195. [PMID: 32652130 PMCID: PMC8043242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The science behind the combined effect of (and possible interaction between) physical activity and air pollution exposure on health endpoints is not well established, despite the fact that independent effects of physical activity and air pollution on health are well known. The objective of this review is to systematically assess the available literature pertaining to exposure to air pollution while being physically active, in order to assess statistical interaction. Articles published during 2000-2020 were identified by searching PubMed, Science Direct, and ProQuest Agricultural & Environmental Science Database for terms encompassing air pollution and exercise/physical activity. Articles were included if they examined the following four scenarios: at rest in clean air, physical activity in clean air, at rest in polluted air, and physical activity in polluted air. Risk of bias assessment was performed on all included articles. We identified 25 articles for inclusion and determined risk of bias was low to moderate. Nine articles identified evidence of statistical interaction between air pollution exposure and physical activity, while 16 identified no such interaction. However, pollutant levels, exercise intensity, and the population studied appeared to influence statistical interaction. Even in low levels of air pollution, low-intensity activities (i.e., walking), may intensify the negative impacts of air pollution, particularly among those with pre-existing conditions. However, among healthy adults, the review suggests that exercise is generally beneficial even in high air pollution environments. Particularly, the review indicates that moderate to high-intensity exercise may neutralize any short-term negative effects of air pollution.
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13
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Pourmanaf H, Hamzehzadeh A, Nikniaz L. The effect of physical preparedness levels on serum levels of CC16, SP-D and lung function in endurance runners. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Siquier-Coll J, Bartolomé I, Pérez-Quintero M, Muñoz D, Robles MC, Maynar-Mariño M. Influence of a high-temperature programme on serum, urinary and sweat levels of selenium and zinc. J Therm Biol 2020; 88:102492. [PMID: 32125980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effect of hyperthermia on the antioxidant system in the human organism is well known. AIM The objective of this study was to observe the effects of heat on the concentration of Se and Zn, elements related to antioxidant systems. METHODS Twenty-nine subjects voluntarily participated in this study. They were divided into a control group (CG; n = 14) and an experimental group (EG; n = 15). All of them underwent two incremental tests until exhaustion in normothermia (22 °C, 20-40%RH) and hyperthermia (42 °C, 20-40%RH). EG experienced nine sessions of repeated heat exposure at high temperatures (100 °C, 20%RH) for three weeks (HEHT). After the intervention, the initial measurements were repeated. Urine and blood samples were collected before and after each test. Additionally, sweat samples were collected after tests in hyperthermia. RESULTS There were no significant changes in serum. An increase in the elimination of Zn and Se in EG was observed in urine after HEHT (p < .05). The elimination of Zn by sweating decreased after HEHT in EG (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to heat at high temperatures increases the urinary excretion of Se and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Siquier-Coll
- Department of Physiology. School of Sport Sciences. University of Extremadura, Spain.
| | - I Bartolomé
- Department of Physiology. School of Sport Sciences. University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - M Pérez-Quintero
- Department of Physiology. School of Sport Sciences. University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - D Muñoz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M C Robles
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M Maynar-Mariño
- Department of Physiology. School of Sport Sciences. University of Extremadura, Spain
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Effect of aerobic exercise and different levels of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) on pulmonary response in Wistar rats. Life Sci 2020; 254:117355. [PMID: 31987872 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure of particulate matter of <2.5 μm (PM2.5) has been associated with adverse respiratory and the risk of inflammation. While regular physical activity (PA) reduces the risk of many adverse health effects. This study aimed to examine the protection of exercise on adverse pulmonary health induced by PM2.5 exposures in rats. METHODS 80 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups: Sedentary (S), Exercise (E), Sedentary+ Low concentration PM2.5 exposures (S + LPM), Exercise+Low concentration PM2.5 exposures (E + LPM), Sedentary+Medium concentration PM2.5 exposures (S + MPM), Exercise+ Medium concentration PM2.5 exposures (E + MPM), Sedentary+High concentration PM2.5 exposures (S + HPM), and Exercise+ High concentration PM2.5 exposures (E + HPM). The rats in all E-related groups went through 8-week aerobic interval treadmill training (5 days/week, 1 h/day). The PM-related groups of rats were exposed to different concentration PM2.5 exposure in Beijing. After one bout of PM exposure, the pulmonary function, structure of lung tissues and several pulmonary biomarkers were observed. RESULTS 1) Compared with S group, following changes occurred in various S + PM2.5 exposure groups: lung tissues were seriously damaged, local bleeding, pus exudation, and inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as the decline of the SOD, CAT and GSH while the incline of Penh, Ti, Te, MDA, TNF-α and IL-1β were observed. 2) Compared with the corresponding different concentration of S + PM2.5 exposure groups, Penh, Ti, Te, MDA, TNF-α and IL-1β were decreased and CAT and GSH were increased in related E + PM groups respectively. CONCLUSION In summary, the results suggest that acute PM2.5 with different concentrations can cause different degrees of adverse effects on lung, especially in medium and high concentrations. The aerobic interval training improved the pulmonary function and impeded the lesion progression, which is due to effective in impeding the oxidative stress and inflammation.
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dos Santos JDMB, Foster R, Jonckheere AC, Rossi M, Luna Junior LA, Katekaru CM, de Sá MC, Pagani LG, de Almeida FM, Amaral JDB, Vieira RDP, Bachi ALL, Bullens DMA, Vaisberg M. Outdoor Endurance Training with Air Pollutant Exposure Versus Sedentary Lifestyle: A Comparison of Airway Immune Responses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4418. [PMID: 31726719 PMCID: PMC6887780 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although regular exercise-training improves immune/inflammatory status, the influence of air pollutants exposure during outdoor endurance training compared to a sedentary lifestyle has not yet been clarified. This study aimed to compare the immune/inflammatory responses in the airways of street runners and sedentary people after acute and chronic particulate matter (PM) exposure. Forty volunteers (street runners (RUN, n = 20); sedentary people (SED, n = 20)) were evaluated 1 (acute) and 10 (chronic) weeks after PM exposure. Cytokines [interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-17A] in nasal lavage fluid, salivary antibacterial peptides (lactoferrin (LTF), cathelicidin (LL-37), defensin-α 1-3), and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), plasma club cell protein (CC16), and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were analyzed. After acute exposure, the RUN group showed lower levels of IL-13, IL-10, and FeNO, but higher defensin-α than the SED group. After chronic exposure, the RUN group showed elevation of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17A, and a decrease of FeNO levels, whereas the SED group showed elevation of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and a decrease of IL-13 levels. Comparing these groups, the RUN group showed higher levels of SIgA and LTF, and lower FeNO levels than the SED group. In relation to the Th immune response analysis after acute and chronic PM exposure, the RUN group showed a pattern associated with Th1, while in the SED group, a Th2 pattern was found. Both groups showed also a Th17 immune response pattern. Our results allow us to suggest that the immune/inflammatory status of the respiratory tract after acute and chronic PM exposure was improved by the long-standing regular practice of outdoor endurance exercise compared to a sedentary lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Melo Batista dos Santos
- ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil
| | - Roberta Foster
- ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil
- Method Faculty of Sao Paulo (FAMESP), Av. Jabaquara, 1314, Sao Paulo SP 04046-200, Brazil
| | - Anne-Charlotte Jonckheere
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49 box 811, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcelo Rossi
- ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Luna Junior
- ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil
| | - Catherine Machado Katekaru
- ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil
| | - Matheus Cavalcante de Sá
- ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil
| | - Lucas Guimarães Pagani
- ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil
| | - Francine Maria de Almeida
- Medicine School, São Paulo University, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455—Cerqueira César, São Paulo SP CEP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Jônatas do Bussador Amaral
- ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo de Paula Vieira
- Post-graduation Program in Science of Human and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Av. Ana Costa, 95—Vila Mathias, Santos SP CEP 11060-001, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Rua Pedro Ernesto 240, São José dos Campos SP CEP 12245-520, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program in Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Universidade Brasil, Rua Carolina Fonseca, 584—Itaquera, São Paulo SP CEP 08230-030, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Anhembi Morumbi University, R. Jaceru, 247, São José dos Campos SP CEP 04705-000, Brazil
| | - Andre Luis Lacerda Bachi
- ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil
- Method Faculty of Sao Paulo (FAMESP), Av. Jabaquara, 1314, Sao Paulo SP 04046-200, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Rua Pedro Ernesto 240, São José dos Campos SP CEP 12245-520, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program in Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Universidade Brasil, Rua Carolina Fonseca, 584—Itaquera, São Paulo SP CEP 08230-030, Brazil
| | - Dominique Magdalena A Bullens
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49 box 811, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Clinical Division of Pediatrics, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mauro Vaisberg
- ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil
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Impairment on Cardiopulmonary Function after Marathon: Role of Exhaled Nitric Oxide. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5134360. [PMID: 30911346 PMCID: PMC6398013 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5134360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The endurance exercise is capable of inducing skeletal muscle, heart, and respiratory fatigue, evidenced by morphofunctional cardiac changes, release of myocardial injury biomarkers, and reduction of maximal voluntary ventilation and oxygen consumption (VO2) at peak exercise. Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate whether marathoners present cardiac fatigue after marathon and whether it correlates with pulmonary levels of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and pulmonary inflammation. Methods 31 male marathoners, age 39 ± 9 years, were evaluated by cardiopulmonary exercise test three weeks before and between three and 15 days after a marathon; eNO analysis and spirometry were evaluated before, immediately after, and 24 and 72 hours after the marathon, and sputum cellularity and cytokine level were assessed before and after the marathon. Results Marathon induced an increase in the percentage of macrophages, neutrophils (from 0.65% to 4.28% and 6.79% to 14.11%, respectively), and epithelial cells and a decrease in cytokines in induced sputum, followed by an increase in eNO concentration (20 ± 11 to 35 ± 19 ppb), which presented a significant reduction 24 and 72 hours after marathon (9 ± 12 e 12 ± 9 ppb, p < 0.05). We observed a decrease in the spirometry parameters in all time points assessed after the marathon (p < 0.05) as well as in cardiopulmonary capacity, evidenced by a reduction in VO2 and ventilation peaks (57 ± 6 to 55 ± 6 mL·min-1·Kg-1 and 134 ± 19 to 132 ± 18 Lpm, respectively, p < 0.05). Finally, we observed a negative correlation between the decrease in forced expiratory volume and decrease in eNO 24 and 72 hours after marathon (r = -0.4, p = 0.05). Conclusion Reduction in eNO bioavailability after marathon prevents the reduction in cardiopulmonary capacity induced by acute inflammatory pattern after marathon.
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Combes A, Dekerle J, Dumont X, Twomey R, Bernard A, Daussin F, Bougault V. Continuous exercise induces airway epithelium damage while a matched-intensity and volume intermittent exercise does not. Respir Res 2019; 20:12. [PMID: 30654798 PMCID: PMC6337858 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-0978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While continuous exercise (CE) induces greater ventilation ([Formula: see text]E) when compared to intermittent exercise (IE), little is known of the consequences on airway damage. Our aim was to investigate markers of epithelial cell damage - i.e. serum levels of CC16 and of the CC16/SP-D ratio - during and following a bout of CE and IE of matched work. METHODS Sixteen healthy young adults performed a 30-min continuous (CE) and a 60-min intermittent exercise (IE; 1-min work: 1-min rest) on separate occasions in a random order. Intensity was set at 70% of their maximum work rate (WRmax). Heart rate (HR) and [Formula: see text]E were measured throughout both tests. Blood samples were taken at rest, after the 10th min of the warm-up, at the end of both exercises, half way through IE (matched time but 50% work done for IE) as well as 30- and 60-min post-exercise. Lactate and CC16 and SP-D were determined. RESULTS Mean [Formula: see text]E was higher for CE compared to IE (85 ± 17 l.min- 1 vs 50 ± 8 l.min- 1, respectively; P < 0.001). Serum-based markers of epithelial cell damage remained unchanged during IE. Interaction of test × time was observed for SP-D (P = 0.02), CC16 (μg.l- 1) (P = 0.006) and CC16/SP-D ratio (P = 0.03). Maximum delta CC16/SP-D was significantly correlated with mean [Formula: see text]E sustained (r = 0.83, P < 0.001) during CE but not during IE. CONCLUSION The 30-min CE performed at 70% WRmax induced mild airway damage, while a time- or work-matched IE did not. The extent of the damage during CE was associated with the higher ventilation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Combes
- URePSSS, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société, Lille, France
| | - Jeanne Dekerle
- Fatigue and Exercise Laboratory, Centre for Sport Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Xavier Dumont
- Louvain Center of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rosie Twomey
- Fatigue and Exercise Laboratory, Centre for Sport Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Alfred Bernard
- Louvain Center of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Daussin
- URePSSS, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Bougault
- URePSSS, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société, Lille, France. .,LAMHESS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France. .,Eurasport, 413 Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59120, Loos, France.
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Qin F, Yang Y, Wang ST, Dong YN, Xu MX, Wang ZW, Zhao JX. Exercise and air pollutants exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Life Sci 2018; 218:153-164. [PMID: 30582950 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to systematically review and synthesize scientific evidence for the influence of air pollution exposure and outdoor exercise on health. We conducted a literature search in the PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Web of Science for articles that evaluated the combination effect of air pollution exposure and exercise on health. Questionnaires regarding exposure history, or studies examining indoor air pollution were excluded. Each included study needs to have clear exercise intervention plan. The pooled estimates of the combination effect of air pollution exposure and outdoor exercise on health were calculated in the meta-analysis. The quality of each included study was assessed and the quality of evidence for each outcome assessed in the meta-analysis was also measured. Twenty-five studies were identified. Six studies addressed ozone exposure, four diesel exhaust exposure, six traffic-related air pollution, ten particulate matter (PM) exposure. Only peak expiratory flow (effect size [ES] = -0.238, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.389, -0.088) was found to be significantly decreased after exercise intervention in a polluted environment in the meta-analysis. Seven studies reported exposure to air pollutant during exercise was associated with an increased risk of airway inflammation and decrements in pulmonary function. Six studies discovered that exposure of traffic pollution or high PM during exercise may contribute to changes in blood pressure, systemic conduit artery function and micro-vascular function. The combination effect of air pollution and exercise was found to be associated with the increased risk of potential health problems of cardiopulmonary function, immune function, and exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qin
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Exercise Biological Center, China institute of sport science, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Song-Tao Wang
- School of Physical Education & Sport Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Nan Dong
- Exercise Biological Center, China institute of sport science, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Xiao Xu
- Exercise Biological Center, China institute of sport science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Wang
- Exercise Biological Center, China institute of sport science, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-Xiu Zhao
- Exercise Biological Center, China institute of sport science, Beijing, China.
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Leite MR, Zanetta DMT, Antonangelo L, Marçal LJ, Ramos D, Almeida Burdmann E, Paula Santos U. Burnt sugarcane harvesting work: effects on pulmonary and systemic inflammatory markers. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 30:205-212. [PMID: 30328727 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1494765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effects of burnt sugarcane harvesting on the plasmatic and urinary concentrations of the club cell secretory protein (CC16) and inflammatory systemic biomarkers in a group of sugarcane cutters. Methods: Seventy-eight sugar cane workers were evaluated. The plasmatic and urinary concentrations of CC16, a pulmonary damage marker and inflammatory systemic biomarkers were collected at three time points: before, three months after and six months after the onset of the burnt sugarcane harvesting period. All evaluations were performed at ∼7 am, before the daily work shift. In the three-month evaluation, a post-work shift assessment (acute effect) was also performed. Results: The age of the workers was 37.9 ± 11.0 years. The PM2.5 concentrations were 27.0 (23.0-33.0) and 101.0 (31.0-139.5) µg/m3 in the pre harvest and harvest periods, respectively (p < .001). Burnt sugarcane harvesting was associated with a reduction, throughout the work during burnt sugarcane harvesting (subchronic effect), in plasmatic and urinary CC16 concentrations. Acutely, there was a decrease in plasmatic concentrations. There were acute and subchronic increases in inflammatory markers (neutrophils, monocytes) and muscle damage markers (CK and LDH) and a decrease in red blood cells. Conclusions: Harvesting of burnt sugarcane was associated with acute and subchronic reductions in the plasmatic and urinary concentrations of CC16 protein and changes in systemic inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marceli Rocha Leite
- a Divisao de Pneumologia , Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Leila Antonangelo
- c Laboratório de Investigação Médica 03 (LIM-03) - Departamento de Patologia, da Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Lia Junqueira Marçal
- c Laboratório de Investigação Médica 03 (LIM-03) - Departamento de Patologia, da Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Dionei Ramos
- d Department of Physiotherapy , Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" Campus de Presidente Prudente , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Almeida Burdmann
- e Laboratório de Investigação Médica 12 (LIM-12), Divisão de Nefrologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ubiratan Paula Santos
- f Divisão de Pneumologia , Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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Zhou Y, Bao WW, Qian ZM, Dee Geiger S, Parrish KL, Yang BY, Lee YL, Dong GH. Perfluoroalkyl substance exposure and urine CC16 levels among asthmatics: A case-control study of children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 159:158-163. [PMID: 28802206 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have reported an association between serum perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and asthma. However, few studies have examined the possible associations between PFASs and the 16-kDa club cell secretory protein (Clara) (CC16) level, a prominent biomarker of asthma, among adolescents. METHODS We recruited a total of 231 asthmatic children and 225 non-asthmatic controls in the Genetic and Biomarkers study for Childhood Asthma (GBCA) in northern Taiwan from 2009 to 2010. Structured questionnaires were administered by face-to-face interview. Urine CC16 was determined by an enzyme-link immunoassay kit. Multiple general linear models were employed to examine the associations between PFASs and urinary CC16 levels. RESULTS Asthmatic participants had significantly higher serum PFAS concentrations overall than the healthy controls. After adjusting for confounding factors, urinary CC16 was significantly, negatively associated with PFASs, especially PFOS, PFOA, PFDA and PFNA, and especially among males, as follows: PFOS (β = -0.003, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.004, -0.002), PFOA (β = -0.045, 95% CI: -0.086, -0.004), and PFHxA (β = -0.310, 95% CI: -0.455, -0.165) among asthmatic boys, and PFDA (β = -0.126, 95%CI: -0.241, -0.012) and PFNA (β = -0.329, 95% CI: -0.526, -0.132) among non-asthmatic boys. Among girls, PFDA (β = -0.088, 95% CI: -0.172, -0.004), was the only PFAS significantly associated with CC16. Significant interaction effects (p < 0.15) on CC16 levels were found between asthma and PFOS, PFOA, PFBS and PFHxA in all participants. CONCLUSION Our overall results showed that serum PFASs were significantly, inversely associated with CC16 levels. Associations were stronger among males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wen-Wen Bao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhengmin Min Qian
- Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis 63104, USA
| | - Sarah Dee Geiger
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Katelyn L Parrish
- Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis 63104, USA
| | - Bo-Yi Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yungling Leo Lee
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Boukadida K, Cachot J, Clérandeaux C, Gourves PY, Banni M. Early and efficient induction of antioxidant defense system in Mytilus galloprovincialis embryos exposed to metals and heat stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 138:105-112. [PMID: 28033516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The present study aims to elucidate the stress response of early life stages of Mytilus galloprovincialis to the combine effects of selected metals and elevated temperature. For this purpose, we investigated the response of a large panel of oxidative stress markers such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substrates (TBARS) concentration) and metallothionein accumulation (MT) as well as selected gene transcription level and metal accumulation in mussels larvae exposed to a sub-lethal concentration of Cu (9.54µg/L), Ag (2.55µg/L) and mixture of the two metals (Cu (6.67µg/L)+Ag (1.47µg/L)) along with a temperature gradient (18, 20 and 22°C) for 48h. Cu and Ag applied as single or mixture were differentially accumulated in mussel larvae according to the exposure temperature. Sod, cat, gst and mt-10 gene transcription levels showed an important increase in larvae exposed to Cu, Ag or to the mix compared to the control condition at 18°C. The same pattern but with higher induction levels was recorded in larvae co-exposed to metals at 20°C. At 22°C, a significant decrease in mRNA abundance of cat, gst and sod and a significant up-regulation of mts targets (mt10 and mt20) were observed. RESULTS suggest that co-exposure to metals and moderate elevated temperature (20 and 22°C) significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and caused an increase of metal and metallothionein concentrations. In contrast, no significant change in lipid peroxidation products measured as TBARS content was observed indicating a protective response of anti-oxidative system. This study provides first evidences of the early and efficient protective response of antioxidant defense mechanisms in mussel's early life stages facing in multi stressors situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Boukadida
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, ISA, Chott-Mariem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia; University Bordeaux I, Laboratory of Oceanic and Continental Environments and Paleoenvironments, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- University Bordeaux I, Laboratory of Oceanic and Continental Environments and Paleoenvironments, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Christelle Clérandeaux
- University Bordeaux I, Laboratory of Oceanic and Continental Environments and Paleoenvironments, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Gourves
- University Bordeaux I, Laboratory of Oceanic and Continental Environments and Paleoenvironments, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, ISA, Chott-Mariem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia; Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Via Bellini 25 G, 15100, Alessandria, Italy.
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Update on the Mechanisms of Pulmonary Inflammation and Oxidative Imbalance Induced by Exercise. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4868536. [PMID: 26881028 PMCID: PMC4736402 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4868536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the generation of oxidative damage and lung inflammation induced by physical exercise are described. Changes in lung function induced by exercise involve cooling of the airways, fluid evaporation of the epithelial surface, increased contact with polluting substances, and activation of the local and systemic inflammatory response. The present work includes evidence obtained from the different types of exercise in terms of duration and intensity, the effect of both acute performance and chronic performance, and the influence of special conditions such as cold weather, high altitude, and polluted environments. Levels of prooxidants, antioxidants, oxidative damage to biomolecules, and cellularity, as well as levels of soluble mediators of the inflammatory response and its effects on tissues, are described in samples of lung origin. These samples include tissue homogenates, induced sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, biopsies, and exhaled breath condensate obtained in experimental protocols conducted on animal and human models. Finally, the need to simultaneously explore the oxidative/inflammatory parameters to establish the interrelation between them is highlighted.
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Mirowsky J, Gordon T. Noninvasive effects measurements for air pollution human studies: methods, analysis, and implications. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:354-80. [PMID: 25605444 PMCID: PMC6659729 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure studies, compared with cell and animal models, are heavily relied upon to study the associations between health effects in humans and air pollutant inhalation. Human studies vary in exposure methodology, with some work conducted in controlled settings, whereas other studies are conducted in ambient environments. Human studies can also vary in the health metrics explored, as there exists a myriad of health effect end points commonly measured. In this review, we compiled mini reviews of the most commonly used noninvasive health effect end points that are suitable for panel studies of air pollution, broken into cardiovascular end points, respiratory end points, and biomarkers of effect from biological specimens. Pertinent information regarding each health end point and the suggested methods for mobile collection in the field are assessed. In addition, the clinical implications for each health end point are summarized, along with the factors identified that can modify each measurement. Finally, the important research findings regarding each health end point and air pollutant exposures were reviewed. It appeared that most of the adverse health effects end points explored were found to positively correlate with pollutant levels, although differences in study design, pollutants measured, and study population were found to influence the magnitude of these effects. Thus, this review is intended to act as a guide for researchers interested in conducting human exposure studies of air pollutants while in the field, although there can be a wider application for using these end points in many epidemiological study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Mirowsky
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
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Scarpa MC, Kulkarni N, Maestrelli P. The role of non-invasive biomarkers in detecting acute respiratory effects of traffic-related air pollution. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:1100-18. [PMID: 25040251 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of non-invasive methods in the investigation of acute effects of traffic-related air pollution is not clearly established. We evaluated the usefulness of non-invasive biomarkers in detecting acute air pollution effects according to the age of participants, the disease status, their sensitivity compared with lung function tests and their specificity for a type of pollutant. Search terms lead to 535 titles, among them 128 had potentially relevant abstracts. Sixtynine full papers were reviewed, while 59 articles were excluded as they did not meet the selection criteria. Methods used to assess short-term effects of air pollution included analysis of nasal lavage (NAL) for the upper airways, and induced sputum (IS), exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) for central and lower airways. There is strong evidence that FeNO evaluation is useful independently from subject age, while IS analysis is suitable almost for adults. Biomarker changes are generally observed upon pollutant exposure irrespective of the disease status of the participants. None of the biomarkers identified are specific for a type of pollutant exposure. Based on experimental exposure studies, there is moderate evidence that IS analysis is more sensitive than lung function tests, whereas this is not the case for biomarkers obtained by NAL or EBC. Cells and some cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and myeloperoxidase) have been measured both in the upper respiratory tract (NAL) and in the lower airways (IS). Overall, the response to traffic exposure seems different in the two compartments. In conclusion, this survey of current literature displays the complexity of this research field, highlights the significance of short-term studies on traffic pollution and gives important tips when planning studies to detect acute respiratory effects of air pollution in a non-invasive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Scarpa
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Peters B, Ballmann C, Mcginnis G, Epstein E, Hyatt H, Slivka D, Cuddy J, Hailes W, Dumke C, Ruby B, Quindry J. Graded hypoxia and blood oxidative stress during exercise recovery. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:56-66. [PMID: 25871479 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1031164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Altitude exposure and exercise elicit oxidative stress in blood; however, exercise recovery at 5000 m attenuates oxidative stress. The purpose was to determine the altitude threshold at which blood oxidative stress is blunted during exercise recovery. Twelve males 18-28 years performed four-cycle ergometry bouts (60 min, 70% VO2max, at 975 m). In a randomised counterbalanced crossover design, participants recovered 6 h at 0, 1667, 3333 and 5000 m in a normobaric hypoxia chamber (recovery altitudes were simulated by using a computerised system in an environmental chamber by lowering the partial pressure of oxygen to match that of the respective altitude). Oxygen saturation was monitored throughout exercise recovery. Blood samples obtained pre-, post-, 1 h post- and 5 h post-exercise were assayed for ferric-reducing antioxidant plasma, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, uric acid, lipid hydroperoxides and protein carbonyls. Muscle biopsies obtained pre and 6 h were analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction to quantify expression of hemeoxgenase 1, superoxide dismutase 2 and nuclear factor (euthyroid-derived 2)-like factor. Pulse oximetry data were similar during exercise, but decreased for the three highest recovery elevations (0 m = 0%, 1667 m = -3%; 3333 m = -7%; 5000 m = -17%). A time-dependent oxidative stress occurred following exercise for all variables, but the two highest recovery altitudes partially attenuated the lipid hydroperoxide response (0 m = +135%, 1667 m = +251%, 3333 m = +99%; 5000 m = +108%). Data may indicate an altitude threshold between 1667 and 3333 m, above which the oxidative stress response is blunted during exercise recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Peters
- a Cardioprotection Laboratory, School of Kinesiology , Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Christopher Ballmann
- a Cardioprotection Laboratory, School of Kinesiology , Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Graham Mcginnis
- a Cardioprotection Laboratory, School of Kinesiology , Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Erin Epstein
- a Cardioprotection Laboratory, School of Kinesiology , Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Hayden Hyatt
- a Cardioprotection Laboratory, School of Kinesiology , Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Dustin Slivka
- b University of Nebraska at Omaha , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - John Cuddy
- c Department of Health and Human Performance , University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - William Hailes
- c Department of Health and Human Performance , University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - Charles Dumke
- c Department of Health and Human Performance , University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - Brent Ruby
- c Department of Health and Human Performance , University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - John Quindry
- a Cardioprotection Laboratory, School of Kinesiology , Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
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Abstract
The health benefits of exercise are well known. Many of the most accessible forms of exercise, such as walking, cycling, and running often occur outdoors. This means that exercising outdoors may increase exposure to urban air pollution. Regular exercise plays a key role in improving some of the physiologic mechanisms and health outcomes that air pollution exposure may exacerbate. This problem presents an interesting challenge of balancing the beneficial effects of exercise along with the detrimental effects of air pollution upon health. This article summarizes the pulmonary, cardiovascular, cognitive, and systemic health effects of exposure to particulate matter, ozone, and carbon monoxide during exercise. It also summarizes how air pollution exposure affects maximal oxygen consumption and exercise performance. This article highlights ways in which exercisers could mitigate the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure during exercise and draws attention to the potential importance of land use planning in selecting exercise facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa V Giles
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada,
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Bussotti M, Di Marco S, Marchese G. Respiratory disorders in endurance athletes - how much do they really have to endure? Open Access J Sports Med 2014; 5:47-63. [PMID: 24744614 PMCID: PMC3979802 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s57828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory disorders are often a cause of morbidity in top level endurance athletes, more often compromising their performance and rarely being a cause of death. Pathophysiological events occurring during exercise, such as bronchospasm, are sometimes followed by clear pathological symptoms represented by asthma related to physical exertion or rarely by pulmonary edema induced by a strenuous effort. Both bronchospasm and the onset of interstitial edema induced by exercise cannot be considered pathological per se, but are more likely findings that occur in several healthy subjects once physical exhaustion during exertion has been reached. Consequently, we get a vision of the respiratory system perfectly tailored to meet the body's metabolic demands under normal conditions but which is limited when challenged by strenuous exercise, in particular when it happens in an unfavorable environment. As extreme physical effort may elicit a pathological response in healthy subjects, due to the exceeding demand in a perfectly functional system, an overview of the main tools both enabling the diagnosis of respiratory impairment in endurance athletes in a clinical and preclinical phase has also been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bussotti
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Marco
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marchese
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Milan, Italy
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Negri A, Oliveri C, Sforzini S, Mignione F, Viarengo A, Banni M. Transcriptional response of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lam.) following exposure to heat stress and copper. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66802. [PMID: 23825565 PMCID: PMC3692493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming is a major factor that may affect biological organization, especially in marine ecosystems and in coastal areas that are particularly subject to anthropogenic pollution. We evaluated the effects of simultaneous changes in temperature and copper concentrations on lysosomal membrane stability (N-acetyl-hexosaminidase activity) and malondialdehyde accumulation (MDA) in the gill of the blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lam.). Temperature and copper exerted additive effects on lysosomal membrane stability, exacerbating the toxic effects of metal cations present in non-physiological concentrations. Mussel lysosomal membrane stability is known to be positively related to scope for growth, indicating possible effects of increasing temperature on mussel populations in metal-polluted areas. To clarify the molecular response to environmental stressors, we used a cDNA microarray with 1,673 sequences to measure the relative transcript abundances in the gills of mussels exposed to copper (40 µg/L) and a temperature gradient (16°C, 20°C, and 24°C). In animals exposed only to heat stress, hierarchical clustering of the microarray data revealed three main clusters, which were largely dominated by down-regulation of translation-related differentially expressed genes, drastic up-regulation of protein folding related genes, and genes involved in chitin metabolism. The response of mussels exposed to copper at 24°C was characterized by an opposite pattern of the genes involved in translation, most of which were up-regulated, as well as the down-regulation of genes encoding heat shock proteins and "microtubule-based movement" proteins. Our data provide novel information on the transcriptomic modulations in mussels facing temperature increases and high copper concentrations; these data highlight the risk of marine life exposed to toxic chemicals in the presence of temperature increases due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Negri
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale Vercelli Novara Alessandria, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Catherina Oliveri
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale Vercelli Novara Alessandria, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Susanna Sforzini
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale Vercelli Novara Alessandria, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Flavio Mignione
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale Vercelli Novara Alessandria, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Aldo Viarengo
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale Vercelli Novara Alessandria, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale Vercelli Novara Alessandria, Alessandria, Italy
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, ISA, Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
- * E-mail:
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Oxidants, antioxidants, and the beneficial roles of exercise-induced production of reactive species. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:756132. [PMID: 22701757 PMCID: PMC3372226 DOI: 10.1155/2012/756132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review offers an overview of the influence of reactive species produced during exercise and their effect on exercise adaptation. Reactive species and free radicals are unstable molecules that oxidize other molecules in order to become stable. Although they play important roles in our body, they can also lead to oxidative stress impairing diverse cellular functions. During exercise, reactive species can be produced mainly, but not exclusively, by the following mechanisms: electron leak at the mitochondrial electron transport chain, ischemia/reperfusion and activation of endothelial xanthine oxidase, inflammatory response, and autooxidation of catecholamines. Chronic exercise also leads to the upregulation of the body's antioxidant defence mechanism, which helps minimize the oxidative stress that may occur after an acute bout of exercise. Recent studies show a beneficial role of the reactive species, produced during a bout of exercise, that lead to important training adaptations: angiogenesis, mitochondria biogenesis, and muscle hypertrophy. The adaptations occur depending on the mechanic, and consequently biochemical, stimulus within the muscle. This is a new area of study that promises important findings in the sphere of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the relationship between oxidative stress and exercise.
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Kippelen P, Fitch KD, Anderson SD, Bougault V, Boulet LP, Rundell KW, Sue-Chu M, McKenzie DC. Respiratory health of elite athletes - preventing airway injury: a critical review. Br J Sports Med 2012; 46:471-6. [PMID: 22522585 PMCID: PMC3371227 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Elite athletes, particularly those engaged in endurance sports and those exposed chronically to airborne pollutants/irritants or allergens, are at increased risk for upper and lower airway dysfunction. Airway epithelial injury may be caused by dehydration and physical stress applied to the airways during severe exercise hyperpnoea and/or by inhalation of noxious agents. This is thought to initiate an inflammatory cascade/repair process that, ultimately, could lead to airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and asthma in susceptible athletes. The authors review the evidence relating to prevention or reduction of the risk of AHR/asthma development. Appropriate measures should be implemented when athletes exercise strenuously in an attempt to attenuate the dehydration stress and reduce the exposure to noxious airborne agents. Environmental interventions are the most important. Non-pharmacological strategies can assist, but currently, pharmacological measures have not been demonstrated to be effective. Whether early prevention of airway injury in elite athletes can prevent or reduce progression to AHR/asthma remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Kippelen
- Brunel University, Centre for Sports Medicine & Human Performance, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
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Heat acclimation decreased oxidative DNA damage resulting from exposure to high heat in an occupational setting. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:4119-26. [PMID: 22526251 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Heat acclimation is a physiologically and biochemically adapted process when species transition from one environmental temperature to one of the increased temperature. There is very limited epidemiological evidence on the heat-related impacts during exposure to extremely high heat in an occupational environment. This study sought to identify a potential biomarker of heat acclimation and the burden of heat on the body. The aim of this study was to elucidate oxidative DNA damage and heat acclimation through a self-comparison study design in navy boiler tenders, subjects exposed to extremely high heat in an occupational setting. Fifty-eight male soldiers who work in a boiler room were recruited for this study. The subjects were initially assessed with a health examination and body composition assessment before sailing. In order to compare the within-subject differences before and after heat exposure, the index-related heat exposure was collected before and after a routine 5-h work shift and 7-day sailing. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a useful marker of oxidative DNA damage was the measurement by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The median of the change in urinary 8-OHdG was 0.78 μg/g creatinine, as the urinary 8-OHdG after sailing was significantly higher than before sailing (p < 0.01). The urinary 8-OHdG was significantly decreased in heat-acclimated boiler tenders. Oxidative DNA damage was significantly decreased in heat-acclimated subjects. Urinary 8-OHdG can be used as a biomarker to assess the effect of heat stress as a result of occupational exposure to extremely high heat conditions.
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Irander K, Palm JP, Borres MP, Ghafouri B. Clara cell protein in nasal lavage fluid and nasal nitric oxide - biomarkers with anti-inflammatory properties in allergic rhinitis. Clin Mol Allergy 2012; 10:4. [PMID: 22309677 PMCID: PMC3395834 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clara cell protein (CC16) is ascribed a protective and anti-inflammatory role in airway inflammation. Lower levels have been observed in asthmatic subjects as well as in subjects with intermittent allergic rhinitis than in healthy controls. Nasal nitric oxide (nNO) is present in high concentrations in the upper airways, and considered a biomarker with beneficial effects, due to inhibition of bacteria and viruses along with stimulation of ciliary motility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presumed anti-inflammatory effects of nasal CC16 and nNO in subjects with allergic rhinitis. Methods The levels of CC16 in nasal lavage fluids, achieved from subjects with persistent allergic rhinitis (n = 13), intermittent allergic rhinitis in an allergen free interval (n = 5) and healthy controls (n = 7), were analyzed by Western blot. The levels of nNO were measured by the subtraction method using NIOX®. The occurrences of effector cells in allergic inflammation, i.e. metachromatic cells (MC, mast cells and basophiles) and eosinophils (Eos) were analyzed by light microscopy in samples achieved by nasal brushing. Results The levels of CC16 correlated with nNO levels (r2 = 0.37; p = 0.02) in allergic subjects. The levels of both biomarkers showed inverse relationships with MC occurrence, as higher levels of CC16 (p = 0.03) and nNO (p = 0.05) were found in allergic subjects with no demonstrable MC compared to the levels in subjects with demonstrable MC. Similar relationships, but not reaching significance, were observed between the CC16 and nNO levels and Eos occurrence. The levels of CC16 and nNO did not differ between the allergic and the control groups. Conclusions The correlation between nasal CC16 and nNO levels in patients with allergic rhinitis, along with an inverse relationship between their levels and the occurrences of MC in allergic inflammation, may indicate that both biomarkers have anti-inflammatory effects by suppression of cell recruitment. The mechanisms behind these observations warrant further analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Irander
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, and Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
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Gomes EC, Allgrove JE, Florida-James G, Stone V. Effect of vitamin supplementation on lung injury and running performance in a hot, humid, and ozone-polluted environment. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 21:e452-60. [PMID: 22092484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of vitamin C and E supplementation on lung injury and performance of runners were analyzed. Using a randomized, double-blinded, crossover design, nine runners participated in two experimental trials: a 2-week Vitamin trial (vitamin C = 500 mg/day + vitamin E = 100 IU/day) and a 2-week Placebo trial. At the end of each supplementation period the runners performed an 8-km time-trial run in a hot (31°C), humid (70% rh), and ozone-polluted (0.10 ppm O(3)) environmental chamber. Nasal lavage and blood samples were collected pre-, post-, and 6-h post-exercise to assess antioxidant status and CC16 as lung injury marker. Higher plasma (pre- and post-exercise) and nasal lavage (post-exercise) antioxidant concentration were found for the Vitamin trial. Nevertheless, this did not result in performance differences (Vitamin trial: 31:05 min; Placebo trial: 31:54 min; P = 0.075) even though significant positive correlations were found between antioxidant concentration and improvement in time to complete the run. CC16 was higher post-exercise in the Placebo trial (P < 0.01) in both plasma and nasal lavage. These findings suggest that antioxidant supplementation might help to decrease the lung injury response of runners when exercising in adverse conditions, but has little effect on performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Gomes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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