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Wilson L, Jones B, Backhouse SH, Boyd A, Hamby C, Menzies F, Owen C, Ramirez-Lopez C, Roe S, Samuels B, Speakman JR, Costello N. Energy expenditure of international female rugby union players during a major international tournament: a doubly labelled water study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:1340-1352. [PMID: 38976911 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantify the total energy expenditure (TEE) of international female rugby union players. Fifteen players were assessed over 14 days throughout an international multi-game tournament, which represented two consecutive one-match microcycles. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and TEE were assessed by indirect calorimetry and doubly labelled water, respectively. Physical activity level (PAL) was estimated (TEE:RMR). Mean RMR, TEE, and PAL were 6.60 ± 0.93 MJ·day-1 (1578 ± 223 kcal·day-1), 13.51 ± 2.28 MJ·day-1 (3229 ± 545 kcal·day-1), and 2.0 ± 0.3 AU, respectively. There was no difference in TEE (13.74 ± 2.31 (3284 ± 554 kcal·day-1) vs. 13.92 ± 2.10 MJ·day-1 (3327 ± 502 kcal·day-1); p = 0.754), or PAL (2.06 ± 0.26 AU vs. 2.09 ± 0.23 AU; p = 0.735) across microcycles, despite substantial decreases in training load (total distance: -8088 m, collisions: -20 n, training duration: -252 min). After correcting for body composition, there was no difference in TEE (13.80 ± 1.74 (3298 ± 416 adj. kcal·day-1) vs. 13.16 ± 1.97 (3145 ± 471 adj. kcal·day-1) adj. MJ·day-1, p = 0.190), RMR (6.49 ± 0.81 (1551 ± 194 adj. kcal·day-1) vs. 6.73 ± 0.83 (1609 ± 198 adj. kcal·day-1) adj. MJ·day-1, p = 0.633) or PAL (2.15 ± 0.14 vs. 1.87 ± 0.26 AU, p = 0.090) between forwards and backs. For an injured participant (n = 1), TEE reduced by 1.7 MJ·day-1 (-401 kcal·day-1) from pre-injury. For participants with illness (n = 3), TEE was similar to pre-illness (+0.49 MJ·day-1 (+117 kcal·day-1)). The energy requirements of international female rugby players were consistent across one-match microcycles. Forwards and backs had similar adjusted energy requirements. These findings are critical to inform the dietary guidance provided to female rugby players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Wilson
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Scottish Rugby Union, Murrayfield Stadium, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Division of Physiological Sciences and Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7725, South Africa
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Premiership Rugby, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan H Backhouse
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Boyd
- Scottish Rugby Union, Murrayfield Stadium, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Catherine Hamby
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser Menzies
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Scottish Rugby Union, Murrayfield Stadium, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Cameron Owen
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Ramirez-Lopez
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Scottish Rugby Union, Murrayfield Stadium, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Stephanie Roe
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Samuels
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Centre for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nessan Costello
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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2
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Roberts CJ, Gough LA. Contemporary Themes in Dietary Intake in Rugby Union Players: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:3011. [PMID: 39275326 PMCID: PMC11397367 DOI: 10.3390/nu16173011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Rugby union is an intermittent team sport with variability in body composition and match-play demands between positions which requires careful consideration for individual dietary requirements. While previous reviews have detailed the macronutrient intake in rugby players, none have discussed the further determinants of dietary intake in this population. Therefore, the purpose of the current review was to summarise the current evidence detailing dietary intake in rugby union players, report on contemporary nutritional research themes, and provide recommendations for athletes, nutritionists, and other stakeholders. In total, eighteen articles report on dietary intake in rugby players, with only one of these detailing dietary intake in female athletes. Recent studies have reported on both protein and carbohydrate periodisation practices in rugby union players; however, there is currently limited evidence as to the influence of these on performance, recovery, and well-being. Factors influencing eating patterns, the impact of sports nutritionists on dietary intake, and food consumption in catered and non-catered environments has been explored in isolated studies. Nutrition knowledge levels in rugby players have been reported in several studies; however, the influence this has on dietary intake in rugby players is unknown. Collectively, despite new contemporary themes emerging in the literature concerning dietary intake in rugby players, the studies are isolated; as such, there is limited scope to the translatability of information due to heterogeneity in sex, level of play, and location of participants. Given this, future research should aim to build upon the themes identified in this review in combination to support practitioners working within their specific environments. This will subsequently build towards the generation of rugby-specific recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie J Roberts
- Research Centre for Life and Sport Science (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
| | - Lewis A Gough
- Research Centre for Life and Sport Science (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
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Tooby J, Till K, Gardner A, Stokes K, Tierney G, Weaving D, Rowson S, Ghajari M, Emery C, Bussey MD, Jones B. When to Pull the Trigger: Conceptual Considerations for Approximating Head Acceleration Events Using Instrumented Mouthguards. Sports Med 2024; 54:1361-1369. [PMID: 38460080 PMCID: PMC11239719 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Head acceleration events (HAEs) are acceleration responses of the head following external short-duration collisions. The potential risk of brain injury from a single high-magnitude HAE or repeated occurrences makes them a significant concern in sport. Instrumented mouthguards (iMGs) can approximate HAEs. The distinction between sensor acceleration events, the iMG datum for approximating HAEs and HAEs themselves, which have been defined as the in vivo event, is made to highlight limitations of approximating HAEs using iMGs. This article explores the technical limitations of iMGs that constrain the approximation of HAEs and discusses important conceptual considerations for stakeholders interpreting iMG data. The approximation of HAEs by sensor acceleration events is constrained by false positives and false negatives. False positives occur when a sensor acceleration event is recorded despite no (in vivo) HAE occurring, while false negatives occur when a sensor acceleration event is not recorded after an (in vivo) HAE has occurred. Various mechanisms contribute to false positives and false negatives. Video verification and post-processing algorithms offer effective means for eradicating most false positives, but mitigation for false negatives is less comprehensive. Consequently, current iMG research is likely to underestimate HAE exposures, especially at lower magnitudes. Future research should aim to mitigate false negatives, while current iMG datasets should be interpreted with consideration for false negatives when inferring athlete HAE exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Tooby
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Andrew Gardner
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Keith Stokes
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Medical Services, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, UK
| | - Gregory Tierney
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, School of Sport, Ulster University, Belfast, UK
| | - Daniel Weaving
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Steve Rowson
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Mazdak Ghajari
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Carolyn Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Melanie Dawn Bussey
- School of Physical Education Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Rugby Football League, England Performance Unit, Red Hall, Leeds, UK
- Premiership Rugby, London, UK
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4
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Chantler S, Wood-Martin R, Holliday A, Davison G, Crabtree DR, Readhead C, Jones B. The Frequency and Severity of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Rugby Players. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:323-221. [PMID: 38272040 DOI: 10.1055/a-2206-4751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the self-reported frequency and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) at rest and around rugby training and match play in male and female rugby union players. An online questionnaire was sent to registered rugby union players (sevens or fifteens). Thirteen GIS were assessed alongside perceptions of appetite around rugby and rest using Likert and visual analog scales. Questions investigating a range of medical and dietary factors were included. Three hundred and twenty-five players (male n=271, female n=54) participated in the study. More frequent GIS (at least one GIS experienced weekly/more often) was reported by players at rest (n=203; 62%) compared to around rugby (n=154; 47%). The overall severity of GIS was low (mild discomfort), but a portion of players (33%) did report symptoms of moderate severity around rugby. Female players reported more frequent and severe symptoms compared to male counterparts (p<0.001). Self-reported appetite was significantly lower after matches compared to training. There were no dietary or medical factors associated with GIS severity scores. This study describes GIS characteristics in male and female rugby union players. Half of the players assessed experienced some form of GIS that may affect nutrition, training, or performance, and should thus be a consideration for practitioners supporting this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | | | - Adrian Holliday
- Physiology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Glen Davison
- Centre for Sports Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Daniel R Crabtree
- The Rowett Institute, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Clint Readhead
- Head of Medical services, South African Rugby Union, Newlands, South Africa
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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5
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Posthumus L, Driller M, Winwood P, Gill N. The Development of a Resting Metabolic Rate Prediction Equation for Professional Male Rugby Union Players. Nutrients 2024; 16:271. [PMID: 38257164 PMCID: PMC10819669 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Determining resting metabolic rate (RMR) is an important aspect when calculating energy requirements for professional rugby union players. Prediction equations are often used for convenience to estimate RMR. However, the accuracy of current prediction equations for professional rugby union players remains unclear. The aims of this study were to examine the RMR of professional male rugby union players compared to nine commonly used prediction equations and develop and validate RMR prediction equations specific to professional male rugby union players. One hundred and eight players (body mass (BM) = 102.9 ± 13.3 kg; fat-free mass (FFM) = 84.8 ± 10.2 kg) undertook Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry scans to assess body composition and indirect calorimetry to determine RMR. Mean RMR values of 2585 ± 176 kcal∙day-1 were observed among the group with forwards (2706 ± 94 kcal·day-1), demonstrating significantly (p < 0.01; d = 1.93) higher RMR compared to backs (2465 ± 156 kcal·day-1), which appeared to be due to their higher BM and FFM measures. Compared to the measured RMR for the group, seven of the nine commonly used prediction equations significantly (p < 0.05) under-estimated RMR (-104-346 kcal·day-1), and one equation significantly (p < 0.01) over-estimated RMR (192 kcal·day-1). This led to the development of a new prediction equation using stepwise linear regression, which determined that the strongest predictor of RMR for this group was FFM alone (R2 = 0.70; SEE = 96.65), followed by BM alone (R2 = 0.65; SEE = 104.97). Measuring RMR within a group of professional male rugby union players is important, as current prediction equations may under- or over-estimate RMR. If direct measures of RMR cannot be obtained, we propose the newly developed prediction equations be used to estimate RMR within professional male rugby union players. Otherwise, developing team- and/or group-specific prediction equations is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Posthumus
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand;
- New Zealand Rugby, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health, Education and Environment, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga 3112, New Zealand;
| | - Matthew Driller
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, Melbourne 3086, Australia;
| | - Paul Winwood
- Faculty of Health, Education and Environment, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga 3112, New Zealand;
- Department of Sport and Recreation, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Gill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand;
- New Zealand Rugby, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
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6
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Curtis C, Arjomandkhah N, Cooke C, Ranchordas MK, Russell M. Estimated Energy Expenditures and Energy Intakes of International Female Rugby Sevens Players in Five Days of a Training Camp and Competition Preparation. Nutrients 2023; 15:3192. [PMID: 37513610 PMCID: PMC10383934 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the energy balance of international female rugby sevens (R7s) players in applied environments, this study estimated the energy intakes (EI) and total daily estimated energy expenditures (TDEE) during a five-day training camp (TRAIN) and phase of competition preparation (COMP) of equal duration. Tri-axial accelerometer devices were worn throughout both scenarios to estimate TDEE, whereas EI was estimated via self-reported food diaries. Energy deficits of -47% (TDEETRAIN: 14.6 ± 1.6 MJ·day-1, EITRAIN: 7.7 ± 0.9 MJ·day-1, p ≤ 0.001, d = 5.1) and -50% (TDEECOMP: 15.5 ± 1.6 MJ·day-1, EICOMP: 7.7 ± 1.0 MJ·day-1, p ≤ 0.001, d = 5.7) were observed throughout TRAIN (n = 11; age: 25 ± 4 years, height: 170 ± 6 cm, weight: 71 ± 7 kg) and COMP (n = 8; age: 25 ± 3 years, height: 172 ± 5 cm, weight: 72 ± 6 kg), respectively. Carbohydrate intakes were below the lower range of sports nutrition recommendations in both TRAIN (-62%; 2.3 ± 0.3 g·kg-1 BM, p ≤ 0.001) and COMP (-60%; 2.4 ± 0.5 g·kg-1 BM, p ≤ 0.001). For protein (TRAIN: 1.7 ± 0.4 g·kg-1 BM, COMP: 1.5 ± 0.1 g·kg-1 BM), intakes met the lower range of recommendations. Fat intake exceeded recommendations of the percentage of total EI (COMP: 39 ± 5%). Accordingly, the dietary strategies of international female R7s players may warrant optimization, as carbohydrate and fat intakes were less than optimal when compared to current performance-based sports nutrition guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Curtis
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds LS18 5HD, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nicola Arjomandkhah
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds LS18 5HD, UK
| | - Carlton Cooke
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Mayur K Ranchordas
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Health Research Institute and Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S9 3TU, UK
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds LS18 5HD, UK
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7
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Kasper AM, O'Donnell A, Langan-Evans C, Jones A, Lindsay A, Murray A, Close GL. Assessment of activity energy expenditure during competitive golf: The effects of bag carrying, electric or manual trolleys. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:330-337. [PMID: 35098891 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2036817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Golf is a sport played around the globe, with an estimated 42.6 million people playing within the United Kingdom and United States of America alone. To date, there is limited data on the energy expenditure of golf. The present study assessed the activity energy expenditure (AEE) of 16 high-standard (handicap under 5) golfers who completed three rounds of competitive golf either carrying the golf bag (BC), using a manual push trolley (MT) or an electric trolley (ET) (Stewart Golf, Gloucester, UK). Prior to each round, participants were fitted with an Actiheart® accelerometer (Camntech, Fenstanton, UK) to estimate AEE, whilst ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and enjoyment were collected following each round. Data were analysed using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA, with Hedges g effect sizes (ES) calculated. Mean (SD) AEE was 688 ± 213 kcal for BC, 756 ± 210 kcal for MT and 663 ± 218 kcal for ET (p = .05) although these differences were deemed small or less. The ET condition resulted in the lowest mean heart rate, moderate or very large from BC or MT, respectively. There were no significant differences in enjoyment although perceived exertion was lowest in the ET condition. In summary, we report meaningful differences in AEE between the three conditions (p = .05), with perceived exertion and maximum HR being lowest when using the electric trolley. Golf may be considered as an effective intervention to increase step count and improve physical activity levels across the general population regardless of transportation methods of clubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Kasper
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amy O'Donnell
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carl Langan-Evans
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adam Jones
- Tournament Golf College, Duchy College, Stoke Climsland, Cornwall, UK
| | - Alex Lindsay
- Tournament Golf College, Duchy College, Stoke Climsland, Cornwall, UK
| | - Andrew Murray
- European Tour Performance Institute, PGA European Tour, Surrey, UK.,Medical and Scientific Department, The R&A, St Andrews, UK
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,European Tour Performance Institute, PGA European Tour, Surrey, UK
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8
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Fernández-Valdés B, Jones B, Hendricks S, Weaving D, Ramirez-Lopez C, Whitehead S, González J, Gisbert-Orozco J, Trabucchi M, Moras G. A novel application of entropy analysis for assessing changes in movement variability during cumulative tackles in young elite rugby league players. Biol Sport 2023; 40:161-170. [PMID: 36636175 PMCID: PMC9806745 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.112965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify between-position (forwards vs. backs) differences in movement variability in cumulative tackle events training during both attacking and defensive roles. Eleven elite adolescent male rugby league players volunteered to participate in this study (mean ± SD, age; 18.5 ± 0.5 years, height; 179.5 ± 5.0 cm, body mass; 88.3 ± 13.0 kg). Participants performed a drill encompassing four blocks of six tackling (i.e. tackling an opponent) and six tackled (i.e. being tackled by an opponent while carrying a ball) events (i.e. 48 total tackles) while wearing a micro-technological inertial measurement unit (WIMU, Realtrack Systems, Spain). The acceleration data were used to calculate sample entropy (SampEn) to analyse the movement variability during tackles performance. In tackling actions SampEn showed significant between-position differences in block 1 (p = 0.0001) and block 2 (p = 0.0003). Significant between-block differences were observed in backs (block 1 vs 3, p = 0,0021; and block 1 vs 4, p = 0,0001) but not in forwards. When being tackled, SampEn showed significant between-position differences in block 1 (p = 0.0007) and block 3 (p = 0.0118). Significant between-block differences were only observed for backs in block 1 vs 4 (p = 0,0025). Movement variability shows a progressive reduction with cumulative tackle events, especially in backs and when in the defensive role (tackling). Forwards present lower movement variability values in all blocks, particularly in the first block, both in the attacking and defensive role. Entropy measures can be used by practitioners as an alternative tool to analyse the temporal structure of variability of tackle actions and quantify the load of these actions according to playing position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fernández-Valdés
- School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus, Pompeu Fabra University, Spain
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Barcelona, Spain
- Unió Esportiva Santboiana, DH Rugby, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dan Weaving
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK
| | - Carlos Ramirez-Lopez
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Whitehead
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Jose Gisbert-Orozco
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michela Trabucchi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Moras
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Posthumus L, Driller M, Darry K, Winwood P, Rollo I, Gill N. Dietary Intakes of Elite Male Professional Rugby Union Players in Catered and Non-Catered Environments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16242. [PMID: 36498314 PMCID: PMC9737971 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In professional rugby union, it is common for players to switch between catered and non-catered dietary environments throughout a season. However, little is known about the difference in dietary intake between these two settings. Twelve elite male professional rugby union players (28.3 ± 2.9 y, 188.9 ± 9.5 cm, 104.1 ± 13.3 kg) from the New Zealand Super Rugby Championship completed seven-day photographic food diaries with two-way communication during two seven-day competition weeks in both catered and non-catered environments. While no significant differences were observed in relative carbohydrate intake, mean seven-day absolute energy intakes (5210 ± 674 vs. 4341 ± 654 kcal·day-1), relative protein (2.8 ± 0.3 vs. 2.3 ± 0.3 g·kgBM·day-1) and relative fat (2.1 ± 0.3 vs. 1.5 ± 0.3 g·kgBM·day-1) intakes were significantly higher in the catered compared to the non-catered environment (respectively) among forwards (n = 6). Backs (n = 6) presented non-significantly higher energy and macronutrient intakes within a catered compared to a non-catered environment. More similar dietary intakes were observed among backs regardless of the catering environment. Forwards may require more support and/or attention when transitioning between catered and non-catered environments to ensure that recommended dietary intakes are being achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Posthumus
- Faculty of Health, Education and Environment, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga 3112, New Zealand
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
- New Zealand Rugby, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Driller
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, Sport and Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | | | - Paul Winwood
- Faculty of Health, Education and Environment, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga 3112, New Zealand
- Department of Sport and Recreation, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK
| | - Nicholas Gill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
- New Zealand Rugby, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
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10
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The effect of rugby training on indirect markers of gut permeability and gut damage in academy level rugby players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2545-2554. [PMID: 36053363 PMCID: PMC9613545 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05027-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To assess indirect markers of intestinal endothelial cell damage and permeability in academy rugby players in response to rugby training at the beginning and end of preseason. Methods Blood and urinary measures (intestinal fatty acid binding protein and lactulose:rhamnose) as measures of gastrointestinal cell damage and permeability were taken at rest and after a standardised collision-based rugby training session in 19 elite male academy rugby players (age: 20 ± 1 years, backs: 89.3 ± 8.4 kg; forwards: 111.8 ± 7.6 kg) at the start of preseason. A subsample (n = 5) repeated the protocol after six weeks of preseason training. Gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS; range of thirteen standard symptoms), aerobic capacity (30–15 intermittent fitness test), and strength (1 repetition maximum) were also measured. Results Following the rugby training session at the start of preseason, there was an increase (median; interquartile range) in intestinal fatty acid binding protein (2140; 1260–2730 to 3245; 1985–5143 pg/ml, p = 0.003) and lactulose:rhamnose (0.31; 0.26–0.34 to 0.97; 0.82–1.07, p < 0.001). After six weeks of preseason training players physical qualities improved, and the same trends in blood and urinary measures were observed within the subsample. Overall, the frequency and severity of GIS were low and not correlated to markers of endothelial damage. Conclusions Rugby training resulted in increased intestinal endothelial cell damage and permeability compared to rest. A similar magnitude of effect was observed after six weeks of pre-season training. This was not related to the experience of GIS.
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11
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Chantler S, Griffiths A, Matu J, Davison G, Holliday A, Jones B. A systematic review: Role of dietary supplements on markers of exercise-associated gut damage and permeability. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266379. [PMID: 35417467 PMCID: PMC9007357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition strategies and supplements may have a role to play in diminishing exercise associated gastrointestinal cell damage and permeability. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the influence of dietary supplements on markers of exercise-induced gut endothelial cell damage and/or permeability. Five databases were searched through to February 2021. Studies were selected that evaluated indirect markers of gut endothelial cell damage and permeability in response to exercise with and without a specified supplement, including with and without water. Acute and chronic supplementation protocols were included. Twenty-seven studies were included. The studies investigated a wide range of supplements including bovine colostrum, glutamine, probiotics, supplemental carbohydrate and protein, nitrate or nitrate precursors and water across a variety of endurance exercise protocols. The majority of studies using bovine colostrum and glutamine demonstrated a reduction in selected markers of gut cell damage and permeability compared to placebo conditions. Carbohydrate intake before and during exercise and maintaining euhydration may partially mitigate gut damage and permeability but coincide with other performance nutrition strategies. Single strain probiotic strains showed some positive findings, but the results are likely strain, dosage and duration specific. Bovine colostrum, glutamine, carbohydrate supplementation and maintaining euhydration may reduce exercise-associated endothelial damage and improve gut permeability. In spite of a large heterogeneity across the selected studies, appropriate inclusion of different nutrition strategies could mitigate the initial phases of gastrointestinal cell disturbances in athletes associated with exercise. However, research is needed to clarify if this will contribute to improved athlete gastrointestinal and performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Griffiths
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Matu
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Glen Davison
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Holliday
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Leeds, United Kingdom
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12
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The Effect of Rugby Union Match Play on Sleep Patterns and Subsequent Impact on Postmatch Fatigue Responses. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:852-861. [PMID: 35235907 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sleep is recognized as an important recovery strategy, yet little is known regarding its impact on postmatch fatigue. The aims of this study were to (1) describe sleep and postmatch fatigue, (2) understand how sleep is affected by contextual and match factors, and (3) assess how changes in sleep can affect postmatch fatigue. METHODS Twenty-three male rugby union players were monitored across 1 season (N = 71 player-match observations). Actigraphy was used during preseason to establish baseline sleep quality and quantity. Sleep was then measured 1 and 2 days after each match day (MD + 1 and MD + 2). Global positioning systems, notational analysis, and rating of perceived exertion represented external and internal load from matches. Subjective wellness and a standardized run were used to characterize postmatch fatigue 2 days prior (baseline) and at MD + 1 and MD + 2. Linear mixed models established the magnitude of change (effect size [ES]) between baseline, MD + 1, and MD + 2 for sleep and postmatch fatigue. Stepwise forward selection analysis ascertained the effect of match load on sleep and the effect of sleep on postmatch fatigue. Each analysis was combined with magnitude-based decisions. RESULTS Sleep characteristics and neuromuscular and perceptual postmatch fatigue were negatively affected at MD + 1 and MD + 2 (ES = small to very large). Kickoff and travel time had the greatest effect on sleep (ES = small). Wellness and soreness were influenced by sleep (fall-asleep time and fragmentation index) and collisions, respectively (ES = small). CONCLUSION Sleep quality and quantity were affected independently of the match load (ie, running activity) sustained, and changes in sleep marginally affected postmatch fatigue.
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13
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Naughton M, McLean S, Scott TJ, Weaving D, Solomon C. Quantifying Fatigue in the Rugby Codes: The Interplay Between Collision Characteristics and Neuromuscular Performance, Biochemical Measures, and Self-Reported Assessments of Fatigue. Front Physiol 2021; 12:711634. [PMID: 34776996 PMCID: PMC8586499 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.711634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotor and collision actions that rugby players complete during match-play often lead to substantial fatigue, and in turn, delays in recovery. The methods used to quantify post-match fatigue and recovery can be categorised as subjective and objective, with match-related collision characteristics thought to have a primary role in modulating these recovery measures. The aim of this review was to (1) evaluate how post-match recovery has been quantified in the rugby football codes (i.e., rugby league, rugby union, and rugby sevens), (2) to explore the time-course of commonly used measures of fatigue post-match, and (3) to investigate the relationships between game-related collisions and fatigue metrics. The available evidence suggests that upper-, and lower-body neuromuscular performance are negatively affected, and biomarkers of muscular damage and inflammation increase in the hours and days following match-play, with the largest differences being at 12–36 h post-match. The magnitude of such responses varies within and between neuromuscular performance (Δ ≤ 36%, n = 13 studies) and tissue biomarker (Δ ≤ 585%, n = 18 studies) measures, but nevertheless appears strongly related to collision frequency and intensity. Likewise, the increase in perceived soreness in the hours and days post-match strongly correlate to collision characteristics across the rugby football codes. Within these findings, there are specific differences in positional groups and recovery trajectories between the codes which relate to athlete characteristics, and/or locomotor and collision characteristics. Finally, based on these findings, we offer a conceptual model of fatigue which details the multidimensional latent structure of the load to fatigue relationship contextualised to rugby. Research to date has been limited to univariate associations to explore relationships between collision characteristics and recovery, and multivariate methods are necessary and recommended to account for the latent structures of match-play external load and post-match fatigue constructs. Practitioners should be aware of the typical time windows of fatigue recovery and utilise both subjective and objective metrics to holistically quantify post-match recovery in rugby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Naughton
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott McLean
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Tannath J Scott
- New South Wales Rugby League, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Weaving
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Solomon
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
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14
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"Fuel for the Damage Induced": Untargeted Metabolomics in Elite Rugby Union Match Play. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080544. [PMID: 34436485 PMCID: PMC8400368 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic perturbations caused by competitive rugby are not well characterized. Our aim is to utilize untargeted metabolomics to develop appropriate interventions, based on the metabolic fluctuations that occur in response to this collision-based team sport. Seven members of an English Premiership rugby squad consented to provide blood, urine, and saliva samples daily, over a competitive week including gameday (GD), with physical demands and dietary intake also recorded. Sample collection, processing and statistical analysis were performed in accordance with best practice set out by the metabolomics standards initiative employing 700 MHz NMR spectroscopy. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were employed to reveal the acute energy needs of this high intensity sport are met via glycolysis, the TCA cycle and gluconeogenesis. The recovery period after cessation of match play and prior to training recommencing sees a re-entry to gluconeogenesis, coupled with markers of oxidative stress, structural protein degradation, and reduced fatty acid metabolism. This novel insight leads us to propose that effective recovery from muscle damaging collisions is dependent upon the availability of glucose. An adjustment in the periodisation of carbohydrate to increase GD+1 provision may prevent the oxidation of amino acids which may also be crucial to allay markers of structural tissue degradation. Should we expand the ‘Fuel for the work required’ paradigm in collision-based team sports to include ‘Fuel for the damage induced’?
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15
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Weaving D, Dalton Barron N, Hickmans JA, Beggs C, Jones B, Scott TJ. Latent variable dose-response modelling of external training load measures and musculoskeletal responses in elite rugby league players. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2418-2426. [PMID: 34112055 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1936406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Establishing dose-response relationships between training load and fatigue can help the planning of training. The aim was to establish the relative importance of external training load measurements to relate to the musculoskeletal response on a group and individual player level. Sixteen elite male rugby league players were monitored across three seasons. Two- to seven-day exponential weighted averages (EWMA) were calculated for total distance, and individualised speed thresholds (via 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test) derived from global positioning systems. The sit and reach, dorsiflexion lunge, and adductor squeeze tests represented the musculoskeletal response. Partial least squares and repeated measures correlation analyses established the relative importance of training load measures and then investigated their relationship to the collective musculoskeletal response for individual players through the construction of latent variables. On a group level, 2- and 3-day EWMA total distance had the highest relative importance to the collective musculoskeletal response (p < 0.0001). However, the magnitude of relationships on a group (r value = 0.20) and individual (r value = 0.06) level were trivial to small. The lack of variability in the musculoskeletal response over time suggest practitioners adopting such measures to understand acute musculoskeletal fatigue responses should do so with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Weaving
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Nicholas Dalton Barron
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
| | - Jeremy A Hickmans
- High-Performance Department, Netball Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Clive Beggs
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tannath J Scott
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.,Performance Department, New South Wales Rugby League, Sydney, Australia
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16
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Tierney P, Blake C, Delahunt E. Physical characteristics of different professional rugby union competition levels. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:1267-1271. [PMID: 34144858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether differences in physical characteristics (running-related and collision-related metrics) exist between four different professional rugby union competition levels. DESIGN We collected and retrospectively analysed microsensor technology data from players of two professional rugby union clubs that competed across four different competition levels: International rugby union, European Rugby Champions Cup, PRO14 club competition, and British and Irish Cup. METHODS Differences between competition levels were analysed using a one-way ANOVA test. The Tukey HSD test was completed to perform multiple pairwise-comparisons between the means of the competition levels and player positional groups. RESULTS Ten of the 12 microsensor technology derived physical characteristics were significantly different between competition levels. Collision load-, collisions-, and high metabolic load efforts-per minute all increased at higher competition levels. These differences were also noted across player positional groups. CONCLUSIONS The physical characteristics of rugby union match-play differ across competitions levels. Our data suggest that professional rugby union players require specific physical preparation for different competition levels. In particular, players are likely to need specific preparation and recovery for the higher collision intensity observed at higher competition levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tierney
- The Football Association, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Catherine Blake
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland; Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Ireland
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17
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Competition Nutrition Practices of Elite Male Professional Rugby Union Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105398. [PMID: 34070155 PMCID: PMC8158491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-four elite male professional rugby union players from the New Zealand Super Rugby championship completed dietary intakes via the Snap-N-Send method during a seven-day competition week. Mean seven-day absolute energy intake was significantly higher for forwards (4606 ± 719 kcal·day−1) compared to backs (3761 ± 618 kcal·day−1; p < 0.01; d = 1.26). Forwards demonstrated significantly higher mean seven-day absolute macronutrient intakes compared to backs (p < 0.03; d = 0.86–1.58), but no significant differences were observed for mean seven-day relative carbohydrate (3.5 ± 0.8 vs. 3.7 ± 0.7 g·kg·day−1), protein (2.5 ± 0.4 vs. 2.4 ± 0.5 g·kg·day−1), and fat (1.8 ± 0.4 vs. 1.8 ± 0.5 g·kg·day−1) intakes. Both forwards and backs reported their highest energy (5223 ± 864 vs. 4694 ± 784 kcal·day−1) and carbohydrate (4.4 ± 1.2 vs. 5.1 ± 1.0 g·kg·day−1) intakes on game day, with ≈62% of total calories being consumed prior to kick-off. Mean pre-game meal composition for all players was 1.4 ± 0.5 g·kg−1 carbohydrate, 0.8 ± 0.2 g·kg−1 protein, and 0.5 ± 0.2 g·kg−1 fat. Players fell short of daily sports nutrition guidelines for carbohydrate and appeared to “eat to intensity” by increasing or decreasing energy and carbohydrate intake based on the training load. Despite recommendations and continued education, many rugby players select what would be considered a “lower” carbohydrate intake. Although these intakes appear adequate to be a professional RU player, further research is required to determine optimal dietary intakes.
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18
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Inside the Belly of a Beast: Individualizing Nutrition for Young, Professional Male Rugby League Players: A Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 31:73-89. [PMID: 33321472 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Professional rugby league (RL) football is a contact sport involving repeated collisions and high-intensity efforts; both training and competition involve high energy expenditure. The present review summarizes and critiques the available literature relating the physiological demands of RL to nutritional requirements and considers potential ergogenic supplements that could improve players' physical capacity, health, and recovery during the preparatory and competition phases of a season. Although there may not be enough data to provide RL-specific recommendations, the available data suggest that players may require approximately 6-8 g·kg-1·day-1 carbohydrate, 1.6-2.6 g·kg-1·day-1 protein, and 0.7-2.2 g·kg-1·day-1 fat, provided that the latter also falls within 20-35% of total energy intake. Competition nutrition should maximize glycogen availability by consuming 1-4 g/kg carbohydrate (∼80-320 g) plus 0.25 g/kg (∼20-30 g) protein, 1-4 hr preexercise for 80-120 kg players. Carbohydrate intakes of approximately 80-180 g (1.0-1.5 g/kg) plus 20-67 g protein (0.25-0.55 g/kg) 0-2 hr postexercise will optimize glycogen resynthesis and muscle protein synthesis. Supplements that potentially improve performance, recovery, and adaptation include low to moderate dosages of caffeine (3-6 mg/kg) and ∼300 mg polyphenols consumed ∼1 hr preexercise, creatine monohydrate "loading" (0.3 g·kg-1·day-1) and/or maintenance (3-5 g/day), and beta-alanine (65-80 mg·kg-1·day-1). Future research should quantify energy expenditures in young, professional male RL players before constructing recommendations.
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19
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Chesson L, Whitehead S, Flanagan K, Deighton K, Matu J, Backhouse SH, Jones B. Illness and infection in elite full-contact football-code sports: A systematic review. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 24:435-440. [PMID: 33303368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Full-contact football-code team sports offer a unique environment for illness risk. During training and match-play, players are exposed to high-intensity collisions which may result in skin-on-skin abrasions and transfer of bodily fluids. Understanding the incidence of all illnesses and infections and what impact they cause to time-loss from training and competition is important to improve athlete care within these sports. This review aimed to systematically report, quantify and compare the type, incidence, prevalence and count of illnesses across full-contact football-code team sports. DESIGN/METHODS A systematic search of Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO and CINAHL electronic databases was performed from inception to October 2019; keywords relating to illness, athletes and epidemiology were used. Studies were excluded if they did not quantify illness or infection, involve elite athletes, investigate full-contact football-code sports or were review articles. RESULTS Twenty-eight studies met the eligibility criteria. Five different football-codes were reported: American football (n=10), Australian rules football (n=3), rugby league (n=2), rugby sevens (n=3) and rugby union (n=9). One multi-sport study included both American football and rugby union. Full-contact football-code athletes are most commonly affected by respiratory system illnesses. There is a distinct lack of consensus of illness monitoring methodology. CONCLUSIONS Full-contact football-code team sport athletes are most commonly affected by respiratory system illnesses. Due to various monitoring methodologies, illness incidence could only be compared between studies that used matching incidence exposure measures. High-quality illness surveillance data collection is an essential component to undertake effective and targeted illness prevention in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Chesson
- Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, United Kingdom; Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah Whitehead
- Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, United Kingdom; Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, United Kingdom; Leeds Rhinos Netball, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten Flanagan
- Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Deighton
- Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, United Kingdom; Delta Hat Limited, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Matu
- Leeds Beckett University, School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, United Kingdom
| | - Susan H Backhouse
- Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, United Kingdom; Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, United Kingdom; England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, United Kingdom; School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Australia; Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, South Africa
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20
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Stokes KA, Jones B, Bennett M, Close GL, Gill N, Hull JH, Kasper AM, Kemp SP, Mellalieu SD, Peirce N, Stewart B, Wall BT, West SW, Cross M. Returning to Play after Prolonged Training Restrictions in Professional Collision Sports. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41:895-911. [PMID: 32483768 PMCID: PMC7799169 DOI: 10.1055/a-1180-3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has resulted in widespread training disruption in many sports. Some athletes have access to facilities and equipment, while others have limited or no access, severely limiting their training practices. A primary concern is that the maintenance of key physical qualities (e. g. strength, power, high-speed running ability, acceleration, deceleration and change of direction), game-specific contact skills (e. g. tackling) and decision-making ability, are challenged, impacting performance and injury risk on resumption of training and competition. In extended periods of reduced training, without targeted intervention, changes in body composition and function can be profound. However, there are strategies that can dramatically mitigate potential losses, including resistance training to failure with lighter loads, plyometric training, exposure to high-speed running to ensure appropriate hamstring conditioning, and nutritional intervention. Athletes may require psychological support given the challenges associated with isolation and a change in regular training routine. While training restrictions may result in a decrease in some physical and psychological qualities, athletes can return in a positive state following an enforced period of rest and recovery. On return to training, the focus should be on progression of all aspects of training, taking into account the status of individual athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A. Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
- Medical Services, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Leeds Beckett University
Carnegie Faculty, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League Ltd, Leeds, United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town,
Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Bennett
- Rugby Union of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Applied Sport Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM),
Swansea University College of Engineering, Swansea, United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland
| | - Graeme L. Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores
University, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Irelan
- Professional Rugby Department, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Nicholas Gill
- New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, New Zealand
- Te HuatakiWaiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand
| | - James H. Hull
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andreas M. Kasper
- Professional Rugby Department, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Simon P.T. Kemp
- Medical Services, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Stephen D. Mellalieu
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan
University, Cardiff, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland
| | - Nicholas Peirce
- Sport Science & Medicine, England and Wales Cricket Board,
Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Bob Stewart
- Medical Services, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Stephen W. West
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Matthew Cross
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
- Professional Rugby Department, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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21
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Geeson-Brown T, Jones B, Till K, Chantler S, Deighton K. Body composition differences by age and playing standard in male rugby union and rugby league: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2161-2176. [PMID: 32546054 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1775990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine differences in body compositionn between playing standard and age in male rugby union and rugby league athletes. The MOOSE (Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines for design, implementation, and reporting were followed. Studies were required to be in male rugby union or league and have body composition as the primary or secondary outcome. Data was required to be presented separately for positional groups and body composition presented as whole-body. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and CINHAHL via EBSCOhost. 57 studies were included for meta-analysis. Results highlighted significantly higher fat-free mass in senior elite than senior sub-elite or junior elite athletes for all RU and RL forwards. Small and non-significant differences were found in fat mass between rugby union playing standards and age categories. Rugby league senior elite forwards had less fat mass than junior elite forwards. Practitioners should prioritise training and nutritional strategies that maximise fat-free mass development, especially in junior elite cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Geeson-Brown
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League , Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England , Armidale, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club , Leeds, UK
| | - Kevin Deighton
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK
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22
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Costello N, Deighton K, Dalton-Barron N, Whitehead S, Preston T, Jones B. Can a contemporary dietary assessment tool or wearable technology accurately assess the energy intake of professional young rugby league players? A doubly labelled water validation study. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:1151-1159. [PMID: 31757185 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1697373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of energy intake is imperative in athletes; however traditional dietary assessment tools are frequently inaccurate. Therefore, this study investigated the validity of a contemporary dietary assessment tool or wearable technology to determine the total energy intake (TEI) of professional young athletes. The TEI of eight professional young male rugby league players was determined by three methods; Snap-N-Send, SenseWear Armbands (SWA) combined with metabolic power and doubly labelled water (DLW; intake-balance method; criterion) across a combined ten-day pre-season and seven-day in-season period. Changes in fasted body mass were recorded, alongside changes in body composition via isotopic dilution and a validated energy density equation. Energy intake was calculated via the intake-balance method. Snap-N-Send non-significantly over-reported pre-season and in-season energy intake by 0.21 (2.37) MJ.day-1 (p = 0.833) and 0.51 (1.73) MJ.day-1 (p = 0.464), respectively. This represented a trivial and small standardised mean bias, and very large and large typical error. SenseWear Armbands and metabolic power significantly under-reported pre-season and in-season TEI by 3.51 (2.42) MJ.day-1 (p = 0.017) and 2.18 (1.85) MJ.day-1 (p = 0.021), respectively. This represents a large and moderate standardised mean bias, and very large and very large typical error. There was a most likely larger daily error reported by SWA and metabolic power than Snap-N-Send across pre-season (3.30 (2.45) MJ.day-1; ES = 1.26 ± 0.68; p = 0.014) and in-season periods (1.67 (2.00) MJ.day-1; ES = 1.27 ± 0.70; p = 0.012). This study demonstrates the enhanced validity of Snap-N-Send for assessing athlete TEI over combined wearable technology, although caution is required when determining the individual TEIs of athletes via Snap-N-Send.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nessan Costello
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK.,Leeds United FC, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Nick Dalton-Barron
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, UK.,Catapult, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Whitehead
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK
| | - Thomas Preston
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Rankine Avenue, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, East Kilbride, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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23
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Morehen JC, Clarke J, Batsford J, Highton J, Erskine RM, Morton JP, Close GL. Development of anthropometric characteristics in professional Rugby League players: Is there too much emphasis on the pre-season period? Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:1013-1022. [PMID: 31766954 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1695953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rugby League is a team sport requiring players to experience large impact collisions, thus requiring high amounts of muscle mass. Many players (academy and senior) strive to increase muscle mass during the pre-season, however, quantification of changes during this period have not been thoroughly investigated. We therefore assessed changes in body-composition using Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) in eleven academy players over three successive pre-seasons and ninety-three senior players from four different European Super League clubs prior to, and at the end of, a pre-season training period. There was no meaningful change in lean mass of the academy players during any of the pre-season periods (year 1 = 72.3 ± 7.1-73.2 ± 7.2kg; ES 0.05, year 2 = 74.4 ± 6.9-75.5 ± 6.9kg; ES 0.07, year 3 = 75.9 ± 6.7-76.8 ± 6.6kg; ES 0.06) with small changes only occurring over the three-year study period (72.3-75.9kg; ES = 0.22). Senior players showed trivial changes in all characteristics during the pre-season period (total mass = 95.1-95.0kg; ES -0.01, lean mass = 74.6-75.1kg; ES 0.07, fat mass = 13.6-12.9kg; ES -0.17, body fat percentage = 14.8-14.1%; ES -0.19). These data suggest that academy players need time to develop towards profiles congruent with senior players. Moreover, once players reach senior level, body-composition changes are trivial during the pre-season and therefore teams may need to individualise training for players striving to gain muscle mass by reducing other training loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Morehen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jon Clarke
- Warrington Wolves Rugby League Club, The Halliwell Jones Stadium, Mike Gregory Way, Warrington, UK
| | - Jake Batsford
- Warrington Wolves Rugby League Club, The Halliwell Jones Stadium, Mike Gregory Way, Warrington, UK
| | - Jamie Highton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise & Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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24
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HUDSON JAMESF, COLE MATTHEW, MORTON JAMESP, STEWART CLAIREE, CLOSE GRAEMEL. Daily Changes of Resting Metabolic Rate in Elite Rugby Union Players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:637-644. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Johnston RD, Devlin P, Wade JA, Duthie GM. There Is Little Difference in the Peak Movement Demands of Professional and Semi-Professional Rugby League Competition. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1285. [PMID: 31681000 PMCID: PMC6802579 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has quantified the peak movement demands of elite rugby league match-play, but the peak accelerometer load or the semi-professional peak demands remain unknown. The aim of this research was to determine the peak movement demands of professional and semi-professional rugby league competition. Wearable microtechnology devices tracked the physical activity profiles of players during 26 professional (n = 351 files) and 22 semi-professional (n = 267 files) matches. Following each match, data were exported in raw form to extract the peak 1- to 10-min periods for speed, average acceleration, and accelerometer load of each player, using a rolling average method. To determine the difference between playing levels (professional vs. semi-professional) and position (forwards vs. backs), linear mixed models were used. The intercept and the slope were calculated based on the power law relationship to provide the peak, and rate of decay, of each dependent variable. Cohen's effect size (ES) statistic was used to determine the magnitude of differences between positions and playing level. There was little difference between playing standards, with only small differences in running speed, with a greater intercept and slope for the professional forwards compared with semi-professional forwards (intercept ES: 0.37; 90%CL: 0.19 to 0.55; slope ES: 0.35; 0.15 to 0.55). For positional comparisons (forwards vs. backs), there was no difference in running speeds at the professional level, but there was substantially greater running speed for backs compared to forwards in semi-professional competition, with small to moderate differences (ES range: 0.60-0.39). Both professional and semi-professional forwards showed small to moderately higher accelerometer load compared to backs, which increased with period duration (ES range: 0.22-0.79). Similarly, acceleration demands were greater for forwards compared to backs across both playing standards, with moderate to large differences (ES range: 0.52-0.96). Overall, the results of this study show that there is a small difference in the peak running speed for forwards in professional competition, but otherwise there are no meaningful differences in movement demands of professional and semi-professional rugby league match-play. Forwards display greater acceleration and accelerometer load across a number of rolling average durations compared to backs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rich D Johnston
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Devlin
- Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Football Club, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jarrod A Wade
- South Sydney Rabbitohs Rugby League Football Club, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Grant M Duthie
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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26
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Johnston RD, Weaving D, Hulin BT, Till K, Jones B, Duthie G. Peak movement and collision demands of professional rugby league competition. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2144-2151. [PMID: 31126222 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1622882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To quantify the peak movement and contact demands of National Rugby League (NRL) and European Super League (ESL) competition players were tracked during 10 NRL (166 files) and 10 ESL (143 files) matches using microtechnology devices. The peak 1- to 5-min periods were then calculated for average match speed (m·min-1), and acceleration (m·s-2) when 0, 1, 2, and ≥3 collisions per min occurred. Linear mixed effect models and Cohen's effect size statistic (± 90%CI) were used to determine the differences in movement profiles when collisions occurred. Compared to no collision periods, as frequency of collisions per minute increased, there were progressive reductions in running speed for most positional groups. The addition of 1 or more collisions per min resulted in average effect size reductions in match speed of -0.14 for NRL forwards, -0.89 for NRL backs, -0.48 for ESL forwards, and -2.41 for ESL backs. ESL forwards had the highest frequency of peak periods involving 3 or more collisions per min, 22% of all periods, followed by NRL forwards (14%), NRL backs (10%) and ESL backs (8%). This study highlights the peak movement and collision demands of professional rugby league competition and allows practitioners to develop training drills that reflect worst case scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rich D Johnston
- a School of Behavioural and Health Sciences , Australian Catholic University , Brisbane , Australia.,b Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK
| | - Dan Weaving
- b Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,c Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds , UK
| | - Billy T Hulin
- d School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences , University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,e Football Department , St. George Illawarra Dragons Rugby League Football Club , Wollongong , Australia
| | - Kevin Till
- b Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,c Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds , UK.,f Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union club , Leeds , UK
| | - Ben Jones
- b Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,c Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds , UK.,f Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union club , Leeds , UK.,g The Rugby Football League , Leeds , UK
| | - Grant Duthie
- a School of Behavioural and Health Sciences , Australian Catholic University , Brisbane , Australia
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27
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Costello N, Deighton K, Preston T, Matu J, Rowe J, Jones B. Are professional young rugby league players eating enough? Energy intake, expenditure and balance during a pre-season. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:123-132. [PMID: 30293523 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1527950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to the unique energetic demands of professional young collision sport athletes, accurate assessment of energy balance is required. Consequently, this is the first study to simultaneously investigate the energy intake, expenditure and balance of professional young rugby league players across a pre-season period. The total energy expenditure of six professional young male rugby league players was measured via doubly labelled water over a fourteen-day assessment period. Resting metabolic rate was measured and physical activity level calculated. Dietary intake was reported via Snap-N-Send over a non-consecutive ten-day assessment period, alongside changes in fasted body mass and hydration status. Accordingly, energy balance was inferred. The mean (standard deviation) difference between total energy intake (16.73 (1.32) MJ.day-1) and total energy expenditure (18.36 (3.05) MJ.day-1) measured over the non-consecutive ten-day period was unclear (-1.63 (1.73) MJ.day-1; ES = 0.91 ± 1.28; p = 0.221). This corresponded in a most likely trivial decrease in body mass (-0.65 (0.78) kg; ES = 0.04 ± 0.03; p = 0.097). Resting metabolic rate and physical activity level across the fourteen-day pre-season period was 11.20 (2.16) MJ.day-1 and 1.7 (0.2), respectively. For the first time, this study utilises gold standard assessment techniques to elucidate the distinctly large energy expenditures of professional young rugby league players across a pre-season period, emphasising a requirement for equally large energy intakes to achieve targeted body mass and composition adaptations. Accordingly, it is imperative that practitioners regularly assess the energy balance of professional young collision-sport athletes to ensure their unique energetic requirements are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nessan Costello
- a Centre for Human Performance , Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds , UK.,b Leeds Rhinos RLFC , Leeds , UK.,c Leeds United FC , Leeds , UK
| | - Kevin Deighton
- a Centre for Human Performance , Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds , UK
| | - Thomas Preston
- d Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory , Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre , East Kilbride , Scotland
| | - Jamie Matu
- e Leeds University , Faculty of Medicine and Health , Leeds , UK
| | - Joshua Rowe
- a Centre for Human Performance , Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds , UK
| | - Ben Jones
- a Centre for Human Performance , Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds , UK.,b Leeds Rhinos RLFC , Leeds , UK.,f Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC , Leeds , UK.,g The Rugby Football League , Leeds , UK
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28
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Naughton M, Miller J, Slater GJ. Impact-Induced Muscle Damage: Performance Implications in Response to a Novel Collision Simulator and Associated Timeline of Recovery. J Sports Sci Med 2018; 17:417-425. [PMID: 30116115 PMCID: PMC6090393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The implications of impact-induced muscle damage (IIMD) that results from participation in contact-sport are not well understood. The purpose of the present study was to implement a novel method of generating IIMD and characterise the implications of this on perceptual, biochemical and exercise performance parameters. Eighteen male recreational contact-sport athletes completed a single-group time series with measures assessed at baseline (PRE) and immediately following (POST) an IIMD protocol, with repeat testing 24, 48, and 72 h following the IIMD protocol. Biochemical indices of muscle damage (myoglobin [Mb]) and inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]), 15 m sprint performance, squat jump peak power (SJ-PP), and perceived soreness were compared to PRE using a one-way (time) repeated measures ANOVA with post-hoc t tests. Speed over 5 and 15 m were impaired for 48 h (7.5 ± 4%, p < 0.01) and SJ-PP was impaired for 48 h following the IIMD protocol (9.5 ±3 %, p < 0.01). Subjective soreness was elevated from baseline for 72 h (P < 0.01) following the IIMD protocol. No change in [CRP] or [Mb] was observed (p > 0.01). IIMD resulted in impaired ability to produce power and speed, whilst negatively influencing perceived soreness. These changes were most pronounced in the 48 h following the IIMD protocol. No change in muscle damage or inflammation indices were observed, primarily due to the highly variable response. Thus, the experimental protocol used in the present study may be used as a model to further investigate other aspects of IIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Naughton
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Joanna Miller
- Physiology, Australian Institute of Sports, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gary J Slater
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
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